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7 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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33  WESi  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY    )4S80 

(716)  872-4503 


a^ 


6^ 


c* 


6^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 

1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 


n 


□ 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul^e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Ca''tes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
En 


ere  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Re\\6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  qun  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  uiie 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 


FTTf  Pages  damaged/ 
I      I    Pages  endommagdes 

□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

n    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

rrj/Showthrough/ 
I— lJ    Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualitd  indgale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  d  .driel  supplementaire 


□ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fagon  S 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu^  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


24X 


28X 


] 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grflce  A  ia 
ginirositA  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  Ail 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  en  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

IVIaps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


les  images  suivantes  ont  6x6  reproduites  avec  ie 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  lexemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmis  en  commenpant 
par  Ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  Ie  second 
plat,  selon  Ie  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernidre  ir.uige  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  Ie 
cas:  Ie  symboie  — ^-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE ',  Ie 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  6  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  6tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film6  6  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  6  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  ie  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

k 


^ 


THE   WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


THE   WORKS 


OF 


HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 


VOLUME  XVIII. 


HISTORY  OF  CALIFORXIA. 


Vol.  I.     ir)42  ISOO. 


SAN  FRANCISCO  : 
A.  L.  BAXCriOFT  &  COMPANY,  rUDLI.SIIEUS. 


£nterc,l  accnlinR  to  Act  of  Oongross  In  tlio  Yoar  1KS4,  by 

HUBERT  ir.  lUNCllOFT, 
In  the  Ofllco  of  the  Librarian  of  Conb-resg,  ut  Wuehiugt-.n. 


All  li'ujhfs  Iteserved, 


PREFACE. 


TiiR  pnst  of  C'alir<)niia,  as  a  -wliolo  and  in  oacli 
siU'CM^ssivi!  ])haso,  i'uniislios  a  rc^-ord  not  cxcclicd 
titlicf  in  vaiict  V  or  interest  l>v' that  oi"  any  Now  World 
pro\int'C.  From  the  time  when  it  \vas  a  mere  held 
ol'  eosmoL;rnj)hi('  eonjecture,  its  [)ositi(»n,  sonunvheiv  on 
the  wav  iVom  ^Mexieo  to  India,  heiiiijf  va'niel\  lixed  1)V 
such  hounds  as  Asia,  tlie  north  pole,  Newtoundland, 
and  Florida,  it  lias  drawn  npon  it  ell'  a  lihcral  shai'e 


o 


1"  tl 


le  world  s 


noti 


ce. 


Th 


le  perioi 


1  ofSi 


)ainsii  occupa- 


tion, of  spiritual   coiKpiest  and   mission   dcNclopmcnt 
I  o'rowiuL;'  out  of  Franeis(;an   ell'ort,    of  (juiet   [lastoral 

lil'e  with  its  lively  social   monotony,  is   a  f'aseinatin'jj 
I  suhjcct  that   in   no  part  of  Amei-iea  can   he  studie(l 

^  moi'e   advantageously   than   hei'(\      lOven   the   minia- 

I  tuic  s(ruL;';4les   hetween   chureh  and   state,  the  ])olit- 

ii'al  controversies  of  the  ]\[exiean  leuime,  the  i)lav  at 
WAV  and  state-craft,  are  i'uU  of  intei-est  to  the  readei* 
Avlio  can  foi'L!,'ct  the  mea^'re  outcome.  On  the  ocean,. 
as  on  a  j.ircat  maritinu!  hi^'hway,  California  Avas  visited 
hy  explorii's  and  traders  from  all  parts  of  the'  woi'ld, 
thus  esea}>in:jj  much  ot'  the  tedious  isolation  ol"  inland 
provinces,  to  the  manilest  enlivenment  of  her  amials. 
Over  the  mountains  presently  cameadNcnturous  path- 
tinders,  followed  by  .swarms  of  AnL>lo- Saxon  im- 
migrants  to   seek   homes  hy  the   Paeilie;    and   their 

(iii) 


<i 


IV 


PREFACE. 


I 


cxporionrcs  on  tlic  overland  way,  with  tlu'  dissonsions 
and  lilihustciinn's  tliat  followed  llicir  coniiii'^',  from 
the '{ iraliani  ail'air'  to  thu  'JJuar  FJa^'' I'cNolt,  I'ninisli 
iiiatti'i-  li»r  ;i  nan-ativu  not  wantini^  in  (h-aniallc  in- 
terest. Then  came  tlie  eoniiuesl,  the  eliaiiL^'e  <»t'  l!;>Lf, 
and  the  intei'ivi^-num  of  niihtaiy  I'lilu  undir  Ihe 
Ignited  States;  closely  followed  hy  the  crowning 
exeitiinient  of  all,  the  iHseovery  of  .gold,  an  event  that 
not  oidy  made  CaHfornia  i'anions  among  tlu!  nations, 
lint  im|>ai'ted  a  new  interest  to  the  country's  past. 
The  ^oM-niines  with  their  inunense  vicM,  the  anoma- 
lous  social  conditions  and  developments  of  the  'llush 
times,'  the  conunittees  of  \igilance  and  other  sti'ange 
phenomena,  lor  years  permilteil  no  I'elaxation  of  iht; 
world's  interest.  .Vnd  then  dawned  th^'  latest  epoch 
of  industrial  ])i-ogrcss,  of  agricultural  v/e;dih,  oftrans- 
contincMital  railways,  of  great  towns  t>n  the  I'acific; 
an  ej)och  that  in  a  measure  places  California  side  hy 
side  with  older  states  in  a  career  of  progressional 
pros[)erity. 

]\Iy  ivsources  for  writing  a  hist<My  of  California  are 
shown  in  the  accompanying  list  of  authorities,  and  in 
Chapter  II.  ol"  the  })resent  volume,  wliert'  a  classifica- 
tion of  the  authorities  is  given.  Existing  jii'inted 
material  for  su<h  a  history  is  in  the  aggregate  exten- 
sive and  valuahle.  Tlie  iamous  collectors  and  editors 
of  old,  such  as  Jlakluyt  and  Purchas,  the  standard 
historians  of  the  S[)anish  Indies,  Toi'quemada  and 
lleriera,  with  ^NTercator,  Ortelius,  and  all  the  school 
of  cosmogi'aphers,  aided  hy  such  sptcialists  as  A'ene- 
gas  and  Cahi'era  But'Uo,  published  what  was  known 
and  imagined  of  California  in  the  earliest  ])eiiod  of 
ilri  annals.     Then  the  early  navigators  from  the  time 


ruiirAci:. 


Kie  l»_v 


i;i  arc 

111(1  in 

ssilica- 

iiitL'd 

xtc'U- 

litoi's 

ndard 

a  and 

cliodl 

nowii 

.d  of 

time 


(if  La  rcrouso  and  A'ancouvci"  >;;nyo  nuidi  atten- 
tion to  the  liisioi'v  of  tlio  countrv  tln-y  \i--i'rd:  and 
^vilile  it!\v  of  tlnni  made  tin;  best  use  of  lluir  (i|t|»nr- 
tunitics,  vet  their  nari'alivcs  mav  l»e  j-c-ardid  as 
till'  morit  valnaMe  matciial  in  prinl,  uidess  we  fxcejit 
I'alou's  missionary  annals.  Meanwhile  I'deurien  and 
Xavanvte,  lilcc  Forstei-  and  .Duimy,  tnri.id  ihtir 
attiMition  to  (he  sunnnaiizin^;'  of  early  \(iya_;fs;  and 
others,  like  {''orhes  and  Mofras,  t;ave  a  more  |iiaeiieal 
s"<»|)e  to  thrir  ri'searelies.  J  )oenm('niary  I'ceords  wi-re 
jtrinted  from  time  to  1ini<'  in  Mexico,  and  even  in 
California;  arti(l<'S  moi-e  or  less  hi>torii-,d  foimd 
their  way  int(»  the  world's  jtcrloihcals.  and  inciition  of 
the  far-olf  |tro\inee  appeai'ed  in  general  worI\s  on 
Spanish  Anieiiea.  Forei-^'ii  j»ioneers,  foUowiii'^'  the 
Irad  of  Jiohinson,  deserihetl  in  print  the  conf'itiou  and 
]iros[)ects  of  their  new  home;  oNt-rland  inmiii;. ants  and 
explorers,  like  Uidwell  and  Jlastin^s  and  Fremont, 
pictured  the  western  coast  lor  the  heiielifc  of  otln'rs  to 
loUow.  The  coiKpiost  was  voluminously  rccoiiK'd  in 
tlocunients  ])rinted  by  the  government  of  the  I'nite;! 
States,  as  well  as  in  such  books  as  those  of  ('oltonand 
( 'utts,  also  making  C'alifornia  a  [iromineiit  topic  u\' 
ncv.spaper  mention.  From  tin'  finding  of  gold  there 
has  lie 11  IK)  lack  of  books  and  pamjihlcts  ]>ublislied 
in  or  about  the  country;  while  national,  state,  an<l 
nnmii  ipal  I'ccords  in  ^y\^<%  with  the  addition  of  iii'ws- 
papers,  ha\('  forever  aljolished  the  necessity  of  .search- 
ing the  unprinted  state  and  county  archives. 

Of   late    there    has    been    manifest    connnendable 
diligence   (ju   the   part  of  early  Califoinians   in    his- 


toi'i 


c    researcli. 


M: 


luv    pioneer    rennniscences    have 

V  1 


been  i)rinted    in    one  form  or  another,  one  journal 


Hi' 


I 


V 


'   i 


yl  1'i:i:fack. 

luiviii;^  lii'cii  (livolcd  liir  ycni'H  nlinost  ('A<lik;ivi'ly  to 
i\\;\{  liiltor.  A  few  (lociniiciits  of  llic  ol'.i  r  time  liavc 
Ki'cii  the  liij'lit,  willi  (•(tiiiiiiciits  l»vsiu-]i  iiK'ii  ns  Tnvlor 
and  r.v.ni-!,  who,  Yikc.  StilliiiMii,  li.ixc  ^l^l(^(•,l  (lie  old 
vov;i"v^.  Jolin  '|\  ])ovl*',  In'sidcs  i»ul»llsliiii'''  stntTal 
liistorlr.il  j)ai'ij>lilfts,  lias  edited  a  rtp'iiit  ol"  J'aloii'.s 
worhs.  St'Vcral  iiicii,  like  I  [opkin^  of  .'■iaii  I'l'aiiei.sco 
and  Wilson  of  Santa  ( 'in/,,  liave  liron'^lit  out  small 
collecti  )ns  of  ( 'aliloriiia  doenineiiis.  ( )iliei'  memorials 
ol'llie  ?de\i('aii  time  liave  Iieeii  1  laiislated,  jiriiitod, 
and  (•)  sonii!  exieiit  ntili/.ed  in  periodicals  and  le;^al 
records.  Some  meml»ers  of  the  1<".;  d  jirolossion,  siu-li 
as  ])v,ine]le,  lia\('  e\]iaii(!ed  their  hiiels  iiit(»  lormal 
liistory.  Sescral  old  narratives  or  diari(^-;  ol'  early 
event.;,  as  (er  instance  lliose  ol"  Jde  and  Sutte^r,  have 
Iteen  iccontly  |nd)lished.  JJeiijaniin  I iaycs  has  hei-n 
ail  indei'aligahle  collector  ol"  printed  it  ims  on  southern 
( 'aliroi'iiia.  ]ian<'ey  has  prc'sentul  in  criido  i'orni  a 
valu.iMe  mass  of  ini'ormatii>n  aoout  the  coiujuest. 
Specialists,  like  3dc(nashan  on  I  he  l)onner  j>arty, 
liavc'  done  some  laithl'ul  ork.  I'articularly  active 
lia\(!  heen  tlie  local  annalists,  headed  l»y  Jlittell, 
Sonic,  Hall,  and  (Jilhert,  whose  eliorts  have  in  sev- 
t-ral  instance^i  ^one  far  lnyond  inert'  local  and  personal 
I'ccords,  and  who  have  ohtaiiied  some  original  data 
i'lom  eld  roidciits  and  a  i»artial  studv  (»!"  docunuMitarv 
evidenc(\  And  llnally  theii;  are  a  lev.'  writers,  like 
Tuthill  a.nd  (Jleeson,  who  havv"j,i\en  t'le  work  I  jiopular 
and  creditable!  versions  of  the  conntr\''s  Li'eiu'ral  annals. 
The  services  of  the  lawyers  and  leijal  tribunals  in 
years  past  merit  lu>arty  recognition.  ~My  coips  (»f 
inx'ohmtary  legal  as.sistaiits  has  been  more;  mimerous 
than  that  of  the  twenty  skilled  colialKiraU'xrs  employed 


I 


rnrFACK. 


vil 


tlircctly  \>y  iiic  ns  clscwluru  cxiilaiiicd ;  and  tliou^U 
llu-y  liXuiniiK'd  l)iit  a  small  part  of  tin;  arrhivcs,  yet 
tlicy  fiMpIoyi.'d  llic!  iiiicst  talent  in  Urn  prol'tjs^ioii, 
lahorrd  lor  more  tl'an  twenty  years,  siiKmittrd  their 
wnik  io  tli(;  couii.  and  coUecttMl,  I  suspi^el,  lai'^er 
lies  than  I  .should  ha\  Icen  aide  to  |)ay,  Tiu'  noti  s 
of  these  woiicinen  wei'e  seatterud  broadcast,  anil  were 
])i'actieally  inaccessihle  in  le^al  hriefs,  printed  argu- 
mi-nts,  court  i'(>poits,  and  hulky  tomes  of  (.  stimony 
in  land  and  othei*  cases;  but  I  have  ccjllectcil,  classi- 
lied,  and  used  them  to  test,  corroboi'att'.  or  ,-:u[»[»l(- 
ineiit  notes  from  other  sources.  This  d  .plication  of 
data,  and  'Im  comments  of  the  profession  on  tl)'  thou- 
sands of  documents  submitted  altei'iiately  io  partisan 
Jiiut  and  judicial  coolness  in  tlu^  crucible  of  liti;^'ition, 
have  not  oidy  tloubled  tlu.'  value  of  those  papers,  but 
have  ^^^Teatl}'  aided  me  in  making;'  [) rope i' use  of  (jther 
tens  of  thousands  never  submittetl  to  such  a  test.  And 
to  documentary  evidence  of  this  class  should  be  added 
the  testimony  of  pioneers  elicited  by  interrogators 
Avho,  through  personal  interests  or  the  stibiKViui,  had 
a  power  over  reticout  witnesses  which  I  novor  pos- 


sess^ 


cd. 


But  while  much  credit  Is  due  to  investiixators  of 
the  several  classes  who  have  preceded  mo,  the  ])atli, 
so  far  iis  ori'4'inal  research  oli  an  eKtended  scale  is 
concerneil,  luis  to  this  time  remained  untrodden.  No 
wiiter  has  even  approximately  utihzed  tlie  informa- 
tion extant  in  print.  It  has  now  been  collected  and 
studied  for  the  lirst  time  in  its  cntiioty.  Yet  so  much 
further  lias  the  investi'''ation  been  carried,  and  so  com- 
l)arati\(,  ly  unimportant  is  this  class  of  data,  that  fur 


via 


VllEFACI-:. 


Ui' 


a  largo  part  <>f  tlu;  poriod  covered  —  naiiu'ly,  fi'oiu  1  7<)'.) 
to  1810 — the  cMiiipleteness  of  luy  rocord  would  not 
lie  very  seriously  idl'eetod  Wythe  destruction  of  every 
])age  that  has  over  boon  priutt.-d.  Xevor  lias  it  hoou 
tlu!  fortune  of  ;iny  writer,  aspiring  to  roooi'd  the 
annals  of  his  eounli'v,  to  have  at  the  sanio  linio  so 
HOW  a  Held  and  so  complete  a  collection  of  original 
and  vnuised  niatori;d.  I  may  claim  witliout  oxaggora- 
t!o)i  to  have  accumulated  practically  all  that  exists  on 
tho'  suhjoct,  Jiot  only  in  pi'int  but  in  manuscri})t.  I 
have  copied  tlio  public  archives,  hitherto  but;  ^"ory 
superficially  consulted;  and  I  ha\i>  ransacked  the 
country  for  additional  hundreds  of  t]iou>ands  of  orig- 
inal documents  whose  xcry  existonct*  was  unlaiown. 
J  have  also  tal;on  statements,  varying  in  si/e  iVoui 
six  to  two  tliousand  pages  each,  iVom  many  liun- 
(h'ods  of  the  early  inhabitants,  For  details  respecting 
these  now  snUi'ces  of  inl'ormatiou  I  refer  tlic  ro;ider 
to  the  lid  and  clKiptor  alreadv  cited.  ]t  is  tine  tliat 
now  documents  will  lie  found  as  the  years  pass  by  to 
throw  a  clearer  liglit  on  many  minor  j)oints;  l»ut  nt:w 
material — whatever  ik^v  talent  and  now  theories  mav 
do — will  necessitate  the  reconsti'uction  of  few  if  any  of 
t  iioso  chapters.  It  istomeamatter  of  pride  that,  using 
the  term  in  tin;  limited  and  only  sense  in  whicli  it  can 
ever  be  pro[)orly  apj)liod  to  an  extended  historical 
woi'k,  1  have  thus  been  able  to  exhaust  the  subject. 
]*ossibly  I  have  at  the  same  time  exhausted  the 
])atience  of  my  readers;  for  it  is  in  the  IIistouy  of 
( 'ALii'oi;xiA  that  1  have  entered  niore  fully  into  de- 
tails than  in  any  other  ])artof  the  general  work.  The 
jtlaii  originally  amiouncod  carries  me  Irom  national 
histoi'y  into  local  annals  as  I  leave  the  south  ibr  the 


1 


I 


n:r,rAci:. 


)iil(l  not 
)['  every 
i  it  l)c('ii 

'Ol'.l      till! 

iiuie   SI) 
oi'i^iiial 

^xists  oil 
•iljit.  I 
)ut  xwy 
kcd    ili(j 

of  ()iii_j- 
nkiiowH. 
!;',(■  iVoai 
iiy    liiui- 

pecting' 
u  reader 

tie  t]iat 
ss  l>y  to 

Ut  1U!\V 

!'s  mar 
any  ol" 

It,  iisiii'"; 

|i  it  eau 
storieal 
iiKii'ct. 


tot 


•J 
I  tl 


lO 


toUV    OF 

ito  (le- 


lio 


latioiia 


Ol' 


till 


111  ii'ili :  and  aiiioii;^"  tlio  iiortlieru  coiuitri*  s  oftlio  Paciiio 
Slate-;  ( 'alifoiiiia  claims  the  largest  spaee.  ^Fliat.  llii-; 
treatiiieiir  is  justitied  l»y  tile  cxti.'iit  and  variety  of 
tiie  eounlry's  annals,  jiy  its  past,  jireseiit,  .•nid  jum- 
^[)ee{i\c  iiii[)oi'lanee  in  the  eyes  of  (he  world,  will  not 
prohably  bo  (juostioiK'd.  Yet  wliilo  tlio  oompaiati\o 
jiiMmineiK'o  oftlio  toi)ii.'  will  doubtless  bo  a"pj)rovod,  it 
mav  bo  that  tho  a'''u'reL';;iti^  siiaoo  de\'oted  to  it  wiil 
seiMii  to  somo  oxcossivo.  l>ut  such  would  bo  the  ca-o 
if  Ihe  spaco  woro  ivduoed  by  oni;  half  or  two  thirds; 
and  siu'li  a  reduction  eould  oi;l\'  bo  madio  bv  a  radioal 
(•han;.;e  in  th(,'  plan  ol'  t!io  wori;,  and  a  total  sacrifico  of 
its  I'xliaustivo  eliaraciei'.  A  histoiy  (jf  ( 'alilbi'iiia  is  a 
record  oi' events  j'rom  yeario  year,  each  boiii^'  L;iviii  ;i 
s])aco,  iVoni  a  ^liort  ]iaragrapii  to  a  Iohl;'  chapter,  in 
jiroportion  to  its  importance.  .Vny  considorablo  re- 
duel  ion  in  spaco  would  inaiCo  of  the  worl;  a  mero 
chronological  table  of  events  that  woid>l  be  intolerably 
tedious,  or  a  record  of  solocteil  illuslrativo  events 
v*hich  would  not  be  history,     'iditit  the  lia])j)eniiigs  to 


le  ciironu 


led 


aro  Hot  so 


tartl 


iui'"  as  some  o 


ft 


lie  (les- 


tinv-decidiiiL!'  oveids  of  tl 


le  woriil  s 


hist 


orv,  is  a  stat< 


of  things  Ibr  which  the  \\ilier  is  not  I'l'sponsible;  an 


I 


vdiilo  from  a  certain  point  of  viev.'  it  might  justify  him 
in  not  V,  lit iuLT  of  California  at  all,  it  can  by  no  me;ins 


excu- 


nm,  iiaviiiu'  once  u 


^  ndertaken  tho  ta-~k,  iVom 

telling   the   wholo  story.     T\\o   custom   has   been    hi 
writin-''  the  annals  of  this  and  other  counti-ies  to  dwell 


ith 


n''th  on  one  event  or  eoocli  rocon 


led 


m  a  oooiv  or 


document  tho  writer  happens  to  ha\'o  seen,  and  to 
omit — for  \\ant  of  space  I — twenty  othei's  e![uall_\-  im- 
portant v.hii'h  ha\'e  I'scaped  his  I'esearch,  a  ]ia[i[iy 
lueaiis  of  condonsation  not  at  mv  command. 

lllai.  Cai...  Vol..  1.     2 


w 


1 1' 

ill 


I 


X  PRKFACE. 

There  will  Itc  i'ouiid  in  tlicso  volunu's  no  Ifinvj-diMwii 
iiari'ativcs  or  (lescrij)ti(>iis.  Jii  no  jmrt  ol"  this  scries 
has  ;.iy  system  ol"  coiKk-nsatioii  been  iiiDro  strictly 
applied,  I  am  lii-m  in  the  hclicf  that  the  ivcurd  is 
v.orth  preserviiiL;',  and  lor  its  completeness  I  ex[)ect 
ill  time  the  a[)i)reciati(ni  ;ind  a[i[)r(jbation  of  all  true 
Californians.  Unless  I  am  greatly  in  crioi-  re^■[)e(•t- 
in-'"  what  I  have  wi-itten,  no  intelliLCent  reader  desirinn' 
inlormati;)!!  on  any  jiarticiilar  event  of  cai'ly  t'ali- 
i'lrniau  histoi'V — inlnrniatioji  on  the  (bunding-  or  early 
annals  of  any  mission  or  ti>\vn:  on  the  dexclopmeiit 
of  any  p;)li(ical,  socird,  iiidiistiial,  or  reliL;i!>ns  institu- 
tion; on  the  occurrences  ol' any  vear  or  ))eriod;  on  the 
lite  and  character  of  any  oilicial  or  I'riar  or  pi-omineiit 
citizen  or  early  pioiu'cr;  on  tin;  vi.^it  and  nai-r;iu\'e  cl' 
any  voyai;\'r;  on  the  ad\entui'es  and  compositiou 
of  an\'  innniDfrant  iiart  v;  on  aiiv  hoolc  or  class  of  boojcs 
aixiut  ( "alilbi'nia;  or  on  any  one  or  any  j^i'oup  of  the 
incidents  that  make  ui>  this  work — will  accu;;e  nu'  of 
]ia\inL;'  written  at  too  ^reat  length  on  that  })artiiad;ir 
topic.  ^Vnd  1  trust  the  system  of  classitication  \viil 
enable  the  reader  to  select  Aviiliout  inconvenience  or 
confusion  such  portions  as  may  suit  his  taste. 

1\)  government  ollicials  of  nation,  slat',  and  coun- 
ties, wlio  ha\'e  allbi'ded  me  and  m\'  a^'ents  free  access 


to  Ihi'  public  archives,  oftoi  going  bcyo 


nd  th 


oincia 


obli'4'ationsto  i'acilitate  ni\'  investiu'ations,  most  heartv 


acKnow 


ledLrments  art'  due.      T  am  no  less  indebted  to 


San  Fi'ancisco  aiu 


I   1 


>isho[) 


Archbishop  .Memany 
^lora  of  Los  An''\'les  and  ^NFontercN',  bv  v.hose  ;iu- 
thority  the  pai'ochial  archiws  h;.\'e  been  placed  at  my 
(lis[)o.sal;  and  to  the  curatvS,  who  with  few  exceptions 
have  done  much  nK)re   in  a[»[ireciation  of  ni)    v,t)i'k 


';-(lr;)\vil 

strict  ly 
.•(•(inl  is 

cXpfct 

;ill  truo 

losilili;^' 
y  C'ali- 
i)i-  (.'ally 

()|i!llC'llt 

iiistitu- 
()U  tlio 
)ii)iiit".ib 
xiWv  <;!* 
idsitioii 
)t'  Itoiiks 


() 


f  tl 


10 


UK'  <)[ 

i'tirii],<r 


IK'O    r.V 


collll- 


;t'•(•O^S 


(liili-i; 


licarly 
)trd  to 
sli(»j> 


■)S<! 


r 

aii- 


inv 


rilKFACE.  xi 

tlian  simply  to  coiiijdy  with,  the  I'cfjuots  of  ilicir  su- 
]K'i'iors.  ^V(■kllo\vl^(l^•luents  aro  also  uwv  to  FatluT 
iioiiio  and  his  ]''i'aii(  iscaii  asst)ciat('s  at  Santa  ]);ir- 
hara  Inr  ]>crniitting  nio  to  cojty  tlu'ir  uiiiMvalk'd  cmI- 
li'ctioii  of  (loeuuR'nts,  the  real  crc/i/co  dc  iidsioncs. 
Xor  mubt  I  ftjr^et  tlu'  roprcsi'ntati\L's  of  iiatl\c  Cali- 
loiiiian  and  cai'ly  pioneer  lauiilies,  duly  mentioned  \.y 
name  elsewhere  in  this  histoi'v,  who  ha\e  n'enerously 
aii<I  patriotieally  _i;iven  me  not  only  their  pt'i'somd 
I'cminiscenees,  hut  the  piiceless  treasuics  i<{'  their 
I'aniily  archives,  without  which  docum^'nts  the  early 
annals  of  their  country  coidd  never  ha\c  hefii  written. 
Lastly  there  are  the  strong',  intellit^'ent,  and  eiu  rLi'etit; 
men  of  An^'lo-Saxoii  origin,  conspicuous  amoii'^'  the 
v.-uild's  lal'.er-ilay  huildei's  of  empire,  vJio  lia\e  laid 
ihe  foundations  of  the  fnllest  and  fairest  ci\ilizatIon 
ill  this  l;!st  of  temperate  climes- — to  these  for  informa- 
tion fn.rnislied,  wiih  a  heart  full  of  aduiiratiou  ami 
tiiist,  1  tender  mv  urateful  thanks. 


>tion^ 


v.orlv 


If  '<'{ 

'.I 


COXTEXTS  OF  THIS  \-OLL'.\[E. 


CHAPTLIl  I. 


I  N  T  u  o  1 1  [•  c  T  o  i;  V    ] .  i':  s  r  :m  i': . 


l\r,s 


[i'-uny  of  tlK.  X.„th  Mcxiran  Slate.,  ir.JO  to  ITnO-Corti's  on  the  Pacific 
CoMst-Hu  riaus-U!.^tacks-Xituo  tie  (aiziuau  iu  Siiialoa-  llur- 
ta.lo,  ];cccn-a,  aiul  Jiineuuz-Corti's  in  California— Diego  do  Guy.- 
ni;iu-Cabcza  do  Vaca-Xi/.a-l-lloa-Coronaao-Diaz-Alaivon- 
Alvaraao-Mixton  \\-ar_Xiuva  (lalicia-Xueva  Vizcaya-Mis.-ioii 
Work  to  lOOO-Cnn.iuest  of  Xe«-  Mcxico-C  ,ast  Vova-os-Sov.  i,. 
tecuth  Contuiy  AiuiaU-.Miasioii  iJi.stricts  of  Xiuva  Vizuaya— T.  no- 
liuaiica  au.l  Taialmmarc —Jcauif.s  and  Fianci.scan.s-RevJit  iu  XVw 
Jilcxico-Sinaloa  ainl  Soiiora-Kino  ia  riinoria-Vizcaiiio-(  l.ilf 
Kxi-oditiun.,-Ooupati,'.a  of  IJaja  CaUfornia-KiuhtecntU  Ceutiuy 
Aiiuals  of  Xcw  ^[cxico,  (J),i!inalma.  Souoia,  and  ilaja  California,  t<j 
thu  LxpuLiuu  of  tiic  jL'^iats  ia  17;;7 j 


CIIAPTITi  II. 


iiir.T.io(;K.\ruv  oi-  calivounian  iiisTonv, 

Li.V  '.'•  V,ituoiities-A  Catalogue  of  California  Books— Taylor's  List— 
iiui.oscdClas.siiication— Periods  of  lli-slory-Sixteeu  Hundred  'Jillrs 
before  IMS-Prinied  Mateiial-Kpo.  !i  of  Di^covny  to  ITOD-Coy- 
inograplues  and  Voyage  Collectio]i;i-Si,aui.sli  Jli.oVli  1T(;<)-I,s_'(— 
r.ook^  of  Visitors-Books,  Periodieals,  and  Doeunieiits-Tlie  .M.xieau 
Peiiod,  I'^Jt-lSIO- Voyages-Overland  Xarratives-First  Prints  of 
California— Works  of  ilcxieau  Antliors-dovt  lunient  Do.'uments— 
Ili.stoiies-Loeal  Aiuials-Ono  Tl-oiisand  Titles  of  ?,[aun..  riptn- 
Areldves,  Pul.lie,  .Mi«Mou,  and  Private-Vall,  j,,  and  Larkiu- I),,,  i- 
inent,.ry  'J'ille.s--Seattered  Corresi,ondenee-i  li.talions  of  Xatives 
an<l  I'ioihiay- Value  of  lieniini.seeuees— After  the  CoM  Discovery— 

iJanuserij.t.s— Lookii  i'linUd  in  and  about  Califi  luia '. . . 

(iiii) 


;;i 


XIV 


CONTENTS. 


k 


\      . 


CIIAPTKll   III. 

Till".     iJl'iuVKUV     ciF    <Al.Ii<ii;NI.\. 

].-.iJ-17(i.S. 

Ori;,'in  of  tlio  Xaiiie— Ciiiijcotnic* — S(r'/;i-i  of  K^plrnidiiin- Mr  IFalc's 
Di.scovcry  —  l-itci-  V;iii;itioiis  of  tlic  .N'.iliir— Who  I'irst  S;nv  AlUi 
< 'alifuinia? — I'llua,  Alaieuii,  1  >i,iz-- l'i\  <■  Ivsiicditioiis — \'(iya..'(;  <if 
.Inaii  I!(i(li';j,'.lL'Z  (iiliijili,  l.VI'J -,")^i;\]il<iratiiiM  fiDin  San  I'icuo  to 
ruint  CoiR'cjK'ioii—  I'crrclo  in  tlu;  Nmtli  --N'oyaro  of  Sir  I'raiiiis 
l)rai>i',  iriT'.l— N'lu  .'Inn  —  Drako  did  not  iJi.si'fivti'  San  I'ramisfo 
I'.ay — ^lap-i— 'J'ho  J'lnliivpino  .Sliiiis— ( !alli".s  ^'oyal.'(•,  loSt — Capo 
Milidoi'ino — V(iya;,'e  of  ,Srl)a.stian  KodiiLjiU'/  do  CeniiiUoii,  1.")!).") — 
TliLi  Old  San  ]'"l!tnci.si.'C) — Explorations  of  Soliastian  Vi/o;dno,  lliO'J-I} 
— Map — ]  )isi;ovury  of  Monturi'y — .\;.'iii!ar's  Xortliorii  Einiit — ( 'ahrci'ii 
]5ncno'.s  Work,  IT^U — Spanish  Cliart,  ITi- — 'i'iio  Xortliurn  My.stfry 
and  Jlarly  .Maps (it 

CHAPTEll   IV. 

j.roTivr.s  .\Ni)  niKi'AUATioN-;  rou  .'Spanish  occrrATioN. 

17ii7-i77t>. 

State  of  tho  Spanish  Colonics — Acciih'Utal  Awakcnini;  from  Apatlij' — 
]U\ival  of  Old  Motivis — Eear  of  tlio  liussians — Visitad(jr  Jose  do 
(Jalvc/,  (in  tlic  J'cninsula — Ciiaraetfr  and  Authority  of  tin;  ]Maii — 
Condition  (jf  ^VH'iirH  in  Lower  (Jalitornia — Instruetions  ami  I'lans  of 
Calvez  for  the  ()een])ation  of  San  l)iego  and  Monterey — .\.  Fourfold 
E.xpedition  tiy  Sea  and  Land — Vessels,  Troops,  and  Snjiplies — I'or- 
tolii,  ilivera,  and  Sei-ra — I'lans  for  the  ( 'on([ui--ta  E^piricual — (Jalvez 
Cousidts  the  I'ailre  i'residenlo — S.iered  Foreed  Lo:in8— Aeti\  e  Prep- 
unitious — Sailing  of  the  Meet  fnjui  La  l'.!.-;  and  ('a[ie  San  LiU'as  — 
!Mareli  of  tlie  Army  from  the  Northern  1  rt>nutr  —  l.,oss  of  tho  '.S;,ii 
Jose ' — Tidings  of  Suee(,'ss 110 

riTArTi:Ti  v. 

OCCITATIOX    OK  .^AN    Mr.Co — K.M'KIHTIoNS    I'.V   SKA    AND    I.ANO. 

17(i'.». 

Voyage  of  I'l  re/,  in  the  'San  .Vntouio' — Ariiv.d  in  San  liiegi>  E-ay — A 
Mirae'.i' -  l.'iseovcry  of  Santa  Cm/,  island —^Vaiiing  for  the  Capi- 
tana — N'oyage  of  \'ila  in  tliu  'Sail  Ciirlos' — Fages  and  his  Catalan 
A'oliinteers — Instruetions  liy  llalve/. — .\.  Seurvy-strieken  Crew — A 
I'estdiouse  at  S.-in  Diego — Arrival  of  llixcra  y  .Moncada — (  Vespi'.s 
I>iary- -Camp  and  Hospital  Moved  to  North  San  Diego— Coming  of 
I'ortoLl  and  Juinpero  Serr.i— Eeuniou  of  the  I'onr  JO.vpeditiolis  — 
'J'hanksgi\  ing  to  Saint  .loseph — 'J'lie  'S.in  .\ntonio'  .Si.-nt  to  Sail 
lila.s — INirtoJii  Sets  out  for  Mi.ati'rt'y — Fiaindiiig  of  San  Diego  Mis- 
sion— A  Latllo  with  the  Natives — A  ^libaioii  without  Converts 1-0 


'4 


COXTEXT^^. 


XT 


r.M:R 


ill 


110 


ll"  ^ 


1-JG 


CIIAl'TKK  VI. 

rii:sT  i.\ri:iJiTioN"  it.om  SAN  ]iii-.i:ii  To  ji(inti:i:i;y  and  .«an  niANcisco. 

ITC'.i. 

l\irt(i];i  ^Ifiirlics  fi-imi  ,Saii  llii'LTo — lli^i  r'diuji.'iiiy — rivspi"s.Tmir;i;il  Xnto 
on  '  k'(J!.'r;i['liy  luul  XoijioulMtuvc  - 'I'.iIjIc  nt  X.-iiiics  mid  llisliiiircs — 
I'irst  I5.'i|i!isiii  ill  ( 'jilifuniia— I'.irtliiiiiakcs  iiitlu^  Los  ,\iiuil>-'s  iiu^:.'iiiu 
—  All  lii.^i'italili'  lVi)pl(^  ;iiiil  l.in-i'  \'ill:i;.,a'M  iiii  llio  S.nita  r>,irli;ira 
Chaiiiiil  -Altoss  til.'  ,^i^•n•.■l  juid  d  iwi  llic  Sali'ian  Uivrr  Uii^iU'- 
ccs-^fiil  Siiirch  for  Moiitcivy— Causes  (if  t!ie  llrror-  Xnitiiwaiil 
iiliiii.L;  till'  ('liii.st — In  Mi;lit  nf  ]'(irt  Saii  Franciseo  iiiidcr  roilit  llcycs 
— Cuulu.sioii  ill  X.iiins — My.stciy  ( 'liarcd  i'.xiiinralinn  nf  tlir  IViiiii- 
sn!.!, — ])iM'ovfry  of  ii  Xow  and  XaiiicKi.^s  Hay  — ItiUini  vt  tlie  K;<i/(j- 
diiiou  U>  -MuuLuruy  and  San  1  )ic^r() lit) 

CHAPTEIl  YII. 

occrrATiox  or  mdnteiikv— rnrsiiiNd  m-  san   clnLns,   sav  antonio, 

AND     SAN     (lADiar.L. 

]77«)-i:71. 

AlTaii's  at  San  Diego — A  DisluarteiuNl  (loviiiMi' — CalifMrnia  to  l)i'  Alian- 
doncd  — i;ivi'ia'.-i  Tri[i  t)  tin;  Sa.itli  -rraycf  Answeivd — Airivid  of 
tlio  'San  Antiinii)" — Hiscowry  of  Moiitiiiy — In  Camp  mi  (.'ai'lntlo 
Bay — Found Iul; of  tlui  ri-csidioand  .Mis.^i.inoi  Sa;i  I' irlos— 1  V'siiati'lif.s 
Si'iit  Soutii  liy  Land  and  Sea— rorlolii  lAavis  Fa^'cs  in  (.'oniinaiid^ 
Kci-'uiition  of  the  Xiw.-i  in  .Mexico — 'IVn  I'adiva  Sunt  to  Caliluiiiia^ 
I'alon's  Meniorial — Mission  Work  in  tlii;  Xorili— Arrival  of  tho  Xow 
I'ailivs — Stations  Assigned — 1'oiindin.Mjf  San  Antonio — Transfer  of 
San  Carlos  to  Carinelo  Bay — Events  at  San  I  )ic^o — Desertions — IJe- 
tiieinent  of  l'ai'r<n»  and  (ioinez — Ksuililisliing  of  San  (ialniel — Out- 
rages 1  ly  Soldiers 1(1 1 

CHAPTEIl  YIII. 

riitHiREss  OK  Tin:  Nj;\v  i;sTA;iLisiiMi:NTS. 
177i:-177;i. 

Ilveutsef  177- — Seareli  for  the  Tort  of  San  Francisco — Crcspi's  Diarj' — 
First  1  Exploration  of  Santa  Clara,  -\lanieda.  and  Contra  Costa  (,'oim- 
ties — Fages  Discovers  San  I'alilo  Day,  Caiijuines  Strait,  ami  San 
Joaijuiu  liiver — llulicf  Sent  Soutii  — Hard  'i'inus  at  .MonUrey^ 
Biviiig  on  Bear-meat — Fages  and  Serra  (i.)  Soutii — I'ouiidiiiL,'  of  Sau 
Luis  Ohispo — I'^vents  at  San  Diego — A  (ihiarrel  hetwecn  Conmiaml- 
ant  and  I'lesldent — Serra  (iocs  to  .Mexiio— Cession  of  Lou>r  (ali- 
iViniian  Missions  to  l)oiiiinicaiis — Xew  i'adres  for  tin;  Xortliern 
Ksialilislinients — I'alou's  Jounity  to  San  Diego  and  Monterey  in 
177;i 1S3 


xvl 


COXTr.XT^. 


CTTAI'Tr.r.   IX. 

FinsT  A:;\r.\i,  i:i;imi;t;  m.ickas  l.\i;oks  tv  ?.!i;xTf'0. 

'""•'•  i\.,r. 

ralou's  llcport  cif  iJocrrr'.licr,  ami  .Scriii's  in  ^I;iy — roiiilitinn  of  Ciili- 
foniiii  at  C'loso  (if  till.'  First  llistoiioal  I'cridil — \amis  ,\]iiili('cl  — 
rri'.^ii'iio  ami  Five  I\Ii^•..■^ioIl:^ — i;-a[iLisiii?!,  ^latriaycs,  and  Jk'aths — 
( iiiitili.'s  Fi'iciuUy — I'l'u-iKihjtoval  Califoinian  Aroliitoctun —  I'ali.-iadu 
]]nolnsnivs — A,^'ric'ultu!-()  and  Stm-lc-i'ai.sini,' — Xow  Fronidio  FtCLiula- 
tions  of  S'-ptruiliiT  177- — Father  Jiinipi'i'o  iu  Jlcxicn — ^Icniorial  of 
Maivli— MfMHirial  of  Aiiril — San  Jjlas  llstalilisliuiont  iSavcd — Action 
of  tlio  Junta— .\ids  and  lU^fornis — lli-^^lanicutu — Ki,i,dity  Soldiers  fr 
California— Ways  and  ^Mcans — Scira's  F.cpoi't — Fro\i;-ional  Instnu'- 
tion-!  to  F'ngcvs — FiscaFs  lUpovt — daiilition  of  Fious  ]*'und — Final 
Aiiiin  of  the  Junta — lUvcra  Apiioiiitrd  to  Siueocd  Faucs — Initruc- 
tion.i — Frc'iiaratioiw  of  Kivcia  and  .\ii/.a— .'^f/ia  ilonioward  ISoinid.  .    !!)8 


C'iiArTi:ii  X. 

II  r.  (OKI)    OP    i;  vr.  NTS. 
1771. 

Want  ill  ;!ii'  Mission^! — Anr-a's  Fir.'^t  ]-]xpedition — Tlii'  Over!. "id  Fior.te 
fi'diu  .■■oiiora — ll<turn  of  I'.idro  .Iuiu'ikto— Rivoia  .Visimics  ihi;  Coin- 
nianil — IVparturi!  of  l-"a„'os— lv;]iloii;iii;  X'-ya'.*!.'  iif  I'civz  to  tho 
Xorthcrn  (oast — .San  ])i(;,'o  .Mi-isinu  Movi  d  from  Cosny  to  Xi]ia- 
guay — Coniin'4  of  Solilicrs  and  thiir  Faniili'.- — Third  lv:(i!oiali'iii  of 
San  Fi;inci;<(:o  F>ay — ..V  .Mission  Sito  Si-icctid — First  jli'.vo  on  tlio 
Frac'li  to  thoC'iir  r.iid  Seal  llocks — TroulJi  s  l)r;\vu(ii  the  Fr.nici.-- 
cans  and  t  Icivrni)!' I'i:;n-i  in  thi'  I'l'iiinsula — >!iich  Ado  jdi^ut  Xot!i- 
in;; — l\'lii"!0  dc  Xovi-  Appointid  ( iovoriior  to  Sn(-\'i.-cd  F -.rri  — Si cind 
Aniu'.ul  lieport  on  Mis.sioii  i'lo^rcsi -210 


CT-TArTER   XT. 

Kor.TiiEP.x  r.xri.oi:.\Tiov  and  ^'o^TIIT:r.^"  Pi.sA.-yrr.i;. 
177-.. 

A  C'aliforniadioniid  F'lrot — I'l-anciscau  f 'linjilaiiis — Voya'/c  of  Oiiiro'^  in 
the  'San  Ar.t(iiiio'— Voyau'o  of  Ayala  in  tlic  'San  (J.lrlos' — Voyauc 
of  lli'dta  and  FjodcLra  y  ("nadra  to  liic  Xorthci'ii  ('w.'ists— Di-icovfry 
of  'I'liaid.'id  Fi;.v  — I)i->ri)V('ry  of  r.i.drL:.!  I!:i>'  -  1 'catli  of  .liian  Fcrc/-- 
I'.xphaariou  of  San  Fianirisco  liay  by  Ayala — 'I'rip  of  Ijicita  and 
Falon  to  San  FrancisLO  tiy  Land— Fro]  aratioiis  lor  Xew  ^ii.-riions — 
Alton iiiic'd  jMuiiidin.'  of  Sail  .I'liaii  t'aiiistraiio — Midiu;iht  iHst ruction 
of  Saa  l)ioL;o  .Mi.-.-ion — .Martyrdom  of  I'iulic  .Taiinio — .V  Xi  lit  if 
Tciiur — Alarm  ut  Sail  Antonio "JIO 


^o^TI:^•T^;. 


X\  II 


(•iiAiT]:u  xir. 


r.\l'i;iilTIi>N.S    (II'    .\\Z\,    I'liNT,    AM)    cAiins. 


r\iiE 


CHAPTER   XTfl. 


•2:0 


vorsiiisv.  or  Tin:  ri;r.sii;iii  anh  :mi,-s|(in  or  s\\  iiiANcisro. 

I  /  7'>-I777. 
Am/.i's  Kxplonitinii  of  tlic  rciiiiisu!;i  of  S;in  Fraiiriso— Ttiiu'i'.iry  — Tho 
(jiliip  on  Mountain  J.akf — Siirviy  of  tiif  IVninsiil.i — AiT'iyo  ili:  l.iii 
l)(j|ort's — 'I'lip  to  tlio  (iivut  liivt'r — liluiidi  rs  of  Font  in  I'l.i  r<  :;tin^ 
(.'ivspf — lletuni  to  M mtoi'i'y — Orders  for  the  iMnuulatinii- A  Hit  at 
tlic  I'ailrcf! — Arrival  of  tlic  Transport  Vc.<si  Is— .M<iia.;;i  lAad-i  tlu; 
Colony  to  tho  I'ciiinsula — (.'amp  on  Lake:  l)olori'.s~('oinin,'  <>(  the 
'San  Cark)s' — Tiio  Prrsidio  Foiuuk'il — Now  jAploration  of  Fni'iid 
15aya:i(l  Uiodo  ^'all  Franui.sco— l''lij,'lii  of  tlic  Xativo.s^Forni.d  \h  !i- 
cation  of  tli(!  Mission— L)i.s<;ils<«sion  of  ]);it>^  Location,  an<l  Xann  — 
ICarly  ProLcrcs;^— Annal.s  of  1777— Visits  of  (lovcnuu'  and  I'l-rsi.lcnt 
and  Conunamlant :J70 

CHAPTER   XIV. 

jilssioN  r]iui;i:i:s.s  and  rri;r.i.o  i;r.r;i\NiNi:s. 
1771! -1777. 
liii'.ian  An'iu'lit  .'it  ?»Ioiitcrcy  — I'iri-'  .'it  Srin  Luis  (ilii-ijio — Al'air.s  at  San 
])icj;o — Kivira  and  Scrra— l!ui  .stabiisJinicut  of  t!ic  ^li.S'sion — Tlio 
l..o.st  JJcuistcrs — l''o".ndin;j;  of  San  .Tuan  C-ipistrano — I'athcr  .Scrra, 
Attacked — Fonndinjc  of  Santa  ( '!;ir.'t— ('lian'_'c  nf  C^spital  of  the  C.i'.i- 
fiirnias — (ioN'cnior  Novo  (Jonics  to  Miin!cr<'y  -  llivi'i'.-i  as  Licntcnant- 
pn'crnor  at  Lorcto  —  Frovincias  intivna.s  —  ( !o\ irnoi'.s  Jtcports— 
l'rcc.'uition~i  a_'ain-^t  Captain  Cmjlv — ^Invcnu'iits  of  Vcs.m'I.s  -  Xi-vi's 
Flans  tori  "i;iMiirl  Fst;d'li-^hiucnts — I'lans  furCiMin  Sui>|.ly- -l-Apiii- 
nu'nial  I'licMo — Fmuidin,:!;  of  ,San  .lose'  — fn  liau  Truulik's  i:i  «Iio 
Soulii  A  Suldicr  Killed  Four  Cliicftains  Sliot-Tlie  I'irst  Fulilic 
Ivvceniion  in  l.alifoniia "J'.H 


xiii  CONTEXTS. 

(•!IAPT]:i{    XV. 

A  DrcAi'i:  ro'.in  r.Ti.ii  — I'Ki  <ihi  ST  .--liKu.v  vi.r:.ir;i  cnviuiNori  m.vi;. 

A   I'fiind  (if    I'i('|i;ir;i(inii  -  Si'lioiicM   fur   lln'    I'litiur — ( IdvcfiuiK  ti^-    lie- 
i'oriiiH— I'lulilns— ( '!i;iiiiirl    Iv-taMisliinciit-'-   Xivc  \\jiiil.~i  to  llisi'ii 

imtl  is  MikU-  ('oldlicl — SiK'l-;illl(  lltdf  ('(PlillnilMtiuli  —  I'jii-ciiliiil  I'ov.iis 

('ciiifiiTi'il  oil  I'iidri"  .Si'iTii  -'J'tinr  «if  tlic  Missioi's  -  (^>ii:irnl  A\illi 
Xi'vc — Ili'flt'sinfftie  J'rt'i'ogntivi'  iiiid  Scciiliii'  Autlmiiiy  A  I'licr'.-i 
Sluii'p  l'nii:ticp — St'iiouH  Clmi'Ljcs  liy  tlu^  (inviriior MoMinLiits  of 
Vi's.scl.s — Al'lival  of  Alt('fiL.'!i  1111(1  l»(i(lci.'ii  fioiii  II  Xoi'tlicni  V(iyiii4(> — • 
TIk' J'iist  .M;iiiil.i  (liilli  111!  iit  Moiiteri'y — Luriil  Ilvt  uts  ami  I'ldirrcss 
• — rrt'siclio  I'lUiluinus ;'{17 

C'lIAriER  XVT. 

A  MAV  r.l'.cr.AMr.NTO— COLONISTS   ANTI  lUXUUlTS — LOS  AN'lir.I.KS   ForNliKD. 

17S1. 

Xi'Vc's  ]!(".;!ainoiitn  in  I'ciivo — Tiifpcotors  of  Presidios — f^tip]ily  Sy.^tom — 
Jlaliilitado — 'I'lu'  ."<aiita  IViihani  ('Iianiu'l  to  In;  Occu)iiL'd — Culouix.a- 
tlou  Sy.-itciii — Mission  Kxti'UKion — l'iv|iai'atioiiM  for  Xcw  j;.stalili?li- 
im'iits — IJivcrti's  IJccvnitin;,'  in  Sonnra  and  Sinaloa — Plans  lor  tlic 
March — C'uiiiini;  of  UivtTa  via  tin.'  (."olniado,  and  of  Znulsii  \ia  Lo- 
ri'to— Avi'ival  at  San  (lalnicl — Fonndin,'  of  ]^o.h  Aiiiclos- Xcvc"s 
Inslru'jtions — Xaniis  of  tlio  ()i'i;_'iiial  Suttlcvs — Marly  Pro/ic-s — 
l'"inal  ])i.>^;nl)alioii  of  Lands  in  I'Sti — Ma]!  of  Snivcy — San  .loso 
Distiiliulion  in  17^;' — M.ip  -Local  Itciiu: — Layiiiir  llic  ( 'oiin  r-stono 
of  the  t'hui'ch  at  Santa  Clara — ?iliivcmciit.-s  (.if  W-s^cl.s  and  -Mi.-Muii- 
arics ,'!;i3 


CHAPTER  XYII. 

rrr.r.LO-MissioNs  on  Tin;  i;io  coLonAi;o. 
17S0  17S-\ 
J'rclitninnrv  P.('s\nn('— Pr|iorts  of  flarcds  and  An7,'i — Pahnn  in  Mexico — 


Airicivita's  (,'hroni( 


le— Ym 


nas  (.'lamoron> 


for  M 


)f   (ieiicial  Croix — Padres  tJarci'.s  an 


I   ]>ia 


iss'onarie.'s — Orders 
the  (Jolorado— Xo 


(iifts    for    the    Indi 


-])isi;ust   of    the    V 


(-A! 


I" 


A  X.w  System— P 


if>;ion-i)Uelili)s 


rs  of  I'riars  C'urtailrd 


■  raiiei.sran 


( 'ritiii.-^ni — -V  Pan^'erous  ]vx|i(rinient — I'Vuin- 


ii;;  of  CoiKcji' 


San  Pedro  y  San  I'ahlo— Xanies  of  the  Culoni.-ts — Spani-h  ()|'|ii 
sion  -  l''wr(lioding;j  of  i»i.--aster — Massacre  of  .luiy  17,  ]7.'''i  -I' 
.Martyrs  — Fifty   Victii 


lur 


•Death  of   liivera  — Fruitless    F 


lorts   to 


Punish    tlio  Yiiinas  —  Captives    Kansoined  — Ivxpeditioiis    of    1':vj:v 


,18,  Koiiien,  an 


I  X(. 


TAIiR 


:ii7 


'.S 

8 

1 


■I 


mx'iTN-rs.  xlx 

C'HAlTi:iI  XVIU. 

ForsDiNf!   HI'  SAN    liiTN.wiAi I  1; \    AMI  sANiA    i;u:r.\i:\    ri:r<iiiio — 

lAiirs  (.u\  i,i;N(iK. 

ITvJ.  ,,,„^ 

lli'.iily  ti)  l'.i;„'iii-^Ii.-<siiiiiai'ioK  l".\]ii'>  tcil-  N'tvc'.s  InstnntiDin  ti>  ( )rti;;;i  — 
I'lcf.-iiitiiiriH  iiL'iiiiist  l>isiistrr-  liiiluiii  I'ulii  y-  IliJilii  nl  ( 'l;jiii,.;i  x  in 
Mission  System  -Siiii  I'.iiiiitivcntuiii  J'Ntjililishcd  I'ic>iiliii  of  Santa 
J!;iil)arfi — ^■isit  nf  I'"aL'(s  Arrival  of  thu  Trans] ii.r's  Xrwn  troni 
Mi'xit'ii — Ni)  Mission  Sii|i]pli.s  X.i  I'rii  sts — \"ii'rroy  in'l '  luarilian — • 
Six  l'"riars  llrfiiso  to  Serve  -('ontroj  (pf  'J'l  ni]ioraliti(  s  I'aise  Cliar^'i'H 
ai.'ainst  Nive  ('lian:;es  i:i  Misionaries-  I'aue.s  ,\])iiointe(l  (i'jv- 
criii'i- — Xi  ve  In.-] 'eel or  ( leni  ral  -lirsliaieiions  -  l''u;;itive  Neoiihyles 
—  Local  J'Aeiit.s  —  J)eatii  of  Maii^jii)  Carrilio — l)eatli  of  .liian 
Cresjii ;i7- 


Lo- 


1 1 ISU 

timo 
lun- 


;;:.:] 


CJIArT]:!!  XIX. 

lii'i.i:  ov  I'ACKS— (;i:.ni:i;al  i;i:citi!n. 

17s:t-17!K). 

An  I'neventfnl  Decadi' — Statistics  of  l'ro:,'ro.ss — Missions,  Prcsiilios,  and 
I'uetilos— I'opnlation,  '•  idrcs,  an<l  Xcupliytes  — I'edro  la^'ea  ]irini.'S 
lii.i  J'atnily  to  (.'alifornia— ])ona  Ijilalia-A.Iealons  Catalan — A  Mon- 
terey I'onrt.  Scandal — Faijes  and  Solci' — Insjii'ction  of  I'i'esidios — 
Seller's  J'ro|iosed  Jlcfiirnis  — 'i'ronliles  ^vi!ll  Jl.diililados -( lovernor 
and  I'ranciseans — A  XeVer  ]'".lnlin^'  Controversy — (leneial  l.'ejioits  of 
I'aloii  and  l^asuen — (.'liar_L,'es  and  Counter  Cliai-LTes-l-'rankini;  I'rivi- 
loL,'e — Cruelly  to  Xatives — ('lia|ilain  Service^l'atronato  I'ricis  for 
^lission  I'roilucts  —  Invi'ntories  —  License  to  JJctire  —  Natives  on 
llorscljucli— Mission  Ksuorts — Native  Convicts  and  Laliorcrs ."J^T 


o — 
I  era 
\o 
.!.« 
■an 
ind 

'es- 

|iur 
to 

■es. 


;!J3 


CHAPTEPi    XX. 

Rfi.K   OF  FAr,i:«,  iii:atii   oi'   si'r.iiA,  aM'  MissTf)N  pr>(>i:ui:sx. 
17^;M7'.H). 

]'rcsident  Scrr.i's  Last  Tonrs — Illness  and  r)eath — llnriul  and  I*'>nieral 
Honors — Jlis  Life  ami  ('liai'actcr — Succession  of  I'alon  and  Lasuen  — 
MuL;,lrte,L.'ni  as  N'ice-president — (.'ouliruiation — Xotii'c  of  I'.ilou'.s  I  lis- 
torical  Works — \'i(la  do  .luni'pero  Xoticias  ile  ('alifornia  Ma^) — 
I'roiioscd  I'hcction  of  tlio  Missions  into  a  Cnstodia  -New  Missions- 
Founding  of  Santa  IJarhara— Innovations  ]>efcateii — I'ivc  Years' 
I'roLrress — Mission  of  La  I'uri'sinia  Conceiicion  I'onndcd  — Larly 
Annals tOD 


Cl)XTi:?^TS. 


Ill  i,r;  or  i\i.i:,i 


CHAI'IKIJ  XXT. 

;    lnl;l.l(;N    l:i;i,\lln\s    ami   i'i  iMM  I'I:!'!"., 


Xd  I'laiN  if  l'<ircl',Mi('rs — Isoliitinii  (if  ('.ilifdi'niji — War  rmitrilnitioiiH 
.•i;,'iiiist  IJii'laiiil— N'ihit  i)f  till!  l'V(  ni'li  Vnynj^'cr  J^i  lVrmi.<i'--)li.H 
Jii-itnictiiiiiM— All  Hiisiiitiilile  llcci'piiiiii — Tlio  Suiiii:,'rr.s  at  S.m  Ciir- 
liw — i'"iito  of  tlio  I'lNiii'ililinii — Olwii'vatioiiH  on  iliii  (  uiiiitry  iiml  tliu 
Mi.--Hioti  Systfin-Ciiiiiiiicivi)— 'ilii!  Sall-tnuli' — 'I'lm  I'ur-tiaclo — Va- 
B.uli'f'H  I'roji'ct — A  I'ailui'r — Till!  Manila  (ialK'oii — Ciirii'iit  i'licin — 
Arrival  of  'J'raiiM|iijit  Vcssrl.s — Nortlii  rn  Viiya,;.'CM  of  Martinc/,  iiiiil 
i;ii:ta — liriH'i'al  AVaNliiii'.'ton's  Ship  tlio  'Ciilunibiii' — Tin.!  L'!ii.,'i)L'« — 
iI.\-g()V(jrnur  Ncvu  aiul  tlif  i'ruvincia.i  liitcniaa I-G 


CIIArTEll  XXII. 

iii"i.r,  ov  r.\(;i;s;  uxwu  i'.vknt.s  and  stati^tks, 

17V;-17!iO. 

I'lan  of  T-'h:i1  Aiiiialrt— Sail  liic','0  I'n>iilial  r>iHtrict— I'lvniilio  OlIiriaN- 
AltOic/,  .lu.-MJN'ilasniu;/ — Furcu  anil  I'lipulatiuii  —  I'.ui!ilin.,'s-(  !an  i>'m 
]^ifc— Iinlian  Aliiars — lv\|ili>ra;ions — San  l>i.'^;(i  Mis^iiai — .Inaii  I'i- 
gtlfrua — IliohdO — Matiri;:!  aii'l  .^pii  it  ii:il  l'n)L;ruSij~San  .liiaii  (';i]ii-;- 
trano—Circj^orio  iVnniriio — I'aliio  Miij;:'irt(L,'iu— San  (Jalnit'l—  I'm  Mo 
of  Los  An^cliJM— Si:ttlcrs — Ki'lix  as  Cuini^ionado— I'rc.siilin  of  S.inta 
l;/iil..ira — I'lan  of  Jjiiildiligs — A  Volcano  —  Si.lilit.'ia  Killiil  WliiU; 
j'ro.sinctin.^  for  Mines — Sail  rininavi'iitnia — I'lvsiilio  of  Muntcny— 
Ollicial  ('haiigis— Sni'^Toa  Davila— San  C;irlos— Xoricga-— San  An- 
ton!.>-  San  JiUid  01  lispo  — Jusu  Cavallur — ricsiilio of  San  Frainisco — 
J.iiMiliiiantH  Moravra  iiiul  (toii^ak'Z — La.sso  do  la  A'c/a—rrcsiilio 
Cliap<  1— Till!  ^lif.sioii — Framist'o  I'aiou — Miip  <'|  t!ic  Jlay— Santa 
Clara, — X'ow  thuu-li — Mur^uia --L'luli'.o  ilo  .mh  .^l^'■•  — \'iill>  j.)  a.i 
Comisioniiilt,) I"0 

(  'LVPTini  XXIII. 

Tiri.i;  oi'  KoMiUT. 

I7'.)l-17f).\ 

1  ifsignation  of  Pedro  Fa,';('3 — '  uisforof  the  Olllfcat  Loreto— Tnstnictions 
to  the  New  (ilovernor — '  ist  Acts  of  Fa^/cs — Life  and  (,'liaraeter — 
Arrival  of  Roincu — Fai'  i,;^'  Health — .(oiiniicy  to  Mnntiiiey— I'oli.'y 
with  the  l''riars— Fionieu's  Di'ath — \'isit  of  Mnlaspina  in  the  'l>(\<(n- 
liirita  '  and  'Alrevida' — The  First  Ami  rienn  in  California     ritpa  ra- 


tions fur   New 


Mi 


IS — Lasueii's    I'^llorts — Fstahlisliiii''  of   Santa 


Cruz — Annals  of  Fir.st  Decade — Iiidiau  Trouhles— Statiities— Cliureh 


CONTF.NTS. 


TAOB 


xxt 


Dnlicati"!  -1  Iiiiiin.','  Mill  —  ■MinfMitiiiio  —  Oiliuri'l-'"!;""  I'inli'cs  — 
AliMiHc)  ImJiIi'ij  Siilnzar — l;.iM'>inii>»  ]/>imz — Mniun  I  I'l  iiur  lf2— • 
Foiiinliii;.'  mill  I'liuly  Aiiniils  of  ■'■M.lriliiil  Misiii(;ii— liiiiiiui.il  rri.im — 
Aliuuuiu  KuIji— .^tiiiiatiiH -lisl 

CIIAPTKn  XXIV. 

iiiir,  iiv  Ai;KiM..\<:.\  — VAM  (irvr.u'.s  vi:-riH. 

IT'.iJ-IT'.H. 

Cii!iii<'il  nt  Miiiitcny  to  A])ii'iiiit  ti  'rriiiii'ir.ny  (Ii>vcrMr)r— An  illiifrn's 
Aii'i'Nsion — Aniviil  iit  Minitiicy — ('iilifoini.i  SipiuMtrcl  finni  I'ruviii- 
t'iaa  Iiitcni;iH — Anilla.'.':i'.s  I'lilii'v  '"iil  Acts — 'Jim  .liml.iii  ('i.loiiy  — 
Miritiiiiu  Airaira  niiil  I'lini  n  liclntiDiiH  — Xoitluiii  ]]\|i!i>r:itiiiiiH — 
Sjiiiiiisli  I'olii'y— 'l"lni  N'Hilka  (,)ucstioii— Vtiyau'o  of  tlni  'Sutil'  nml 
'Mcxifana'  -litjiiiidary  C<iiiiini-<^!oii — N'aiicmivcr'rt  I'ir.-^t  N'isit -!!(!• 
fcpticin  nt  S.iii  Fr.iiK'ificn,  Santa  (Mara,  mid  Muiitircy  -  laiiili.sli 
iJcMcrtiTH — 'i'lif(ii)V'  riior  in  a  l)il('iiiiiia — l'n'uaiitii)nsa^'i;in^t  rorii;.'!! 
VrsHi'ls — Kovilia  (!i.Lr<jilij'.-i  ]!(-|inrt— Atti:ni|)ti;il  Oocniuitinu  of  J5(j- 
<Ii','a — Vanc«)iivt.'i''s  Si'conil  N'isiL — A  ])is;,'ii.sti(l  Dnuiisiiiiiaii— Sum- 
jiii'ioiH  of  Arrillaua — IFos]iitaliiii;i  in  the  Smitli — Kiul  of  tlu'  Nootka 
Sittliui'iit — \'ain(iu\Lr'.s  l.,i>t  \'i.-it  —  His  Dhsi'i vation.s  on  (.'ali- 
f(jinia o( ) I 


:\An 
iMia 
hiic 


An- 
( t — • 
iiiio 

iiita 


I.' I) 


CHAPTKIl  XXV. 

lau:  OK  r.omcA,  rouKicN  i;i;i,Arii>Ns,  and  inui an  ai'iaiii.h, 

1794-1800. 

Piogo  do  Pjorica — Arrival  at  T/iroto — I>raiK'iforto  Viceroy— IVirica's  .Tmir- 
iioy  to  Monterey — Arrillaua's  Instriietions — Cliaini.s  of  Cdii'iirnia — 
lU'auin(5  of  I'lvonts  in  liorii'a'n  Term  of  Olliuc — C'oa.st  Ij.iiiu  r.-t — 
I'Miniised  Jteonforcenients — I'runeh  War  Contrihutiiai  — I'oreii^n  N'cs- 
seld — I'rucantiond— 'J'iie  '  I'liienix' — llrnnu'lilon's  \'i>it — 'i'lie  'Otter' 
of  BoHton— A  Yankee  Triclc — Anival  ol  Alljcini  and  tlio  (,'atalan 
Volnnteors  —  Mnj^'ineer  Ci'irdoKa's  Snrveys — \Var  with  l]n;,dand — 
Coasting  \'u:>.sids — ^\'ar  ContriUuliou — l)i.<ti'il  utiun  of  Foives — Map 
of  California — Tiio  'I'.liza'— Tliu  'JJelsy' — \Var  witli  l.'ns-ia— Indian 
Alliiirs — Minor  lli.istilitics — Canii)ai,^n.s  of  Aiuiidnr,  Ca-.tro,  and  ,M". 

la-a :,;]o 


ons 
1' — 

'■>' 

,i:U- 
IIM- 

uta 
ixli 


CHAPTi:!!  XXVI. 

lU'Li:  OK  itouicv — Kxri.oKAriiiNs  and  ni;\v  rorNUAiioNs. 

1704-1800. 

Search  for  Alisiiion  Site-!— Exploration  of  tlie  Alameda — San  rionito — haa 
I'ozus — I'^neino — I'ali'— La>iuen"s  Report— Konndation  of  Mission  San 
Jo.so   at   the  Alameda— Local  Aunal.-i   to    18C0 — Mission   San  Juan 


'^■■ft^A 


3cxii 


CONTEXTS. 


r.\r,E 


Baulinta  at  Popcloutclioin — Eartlifpiako — ^Mission  San  ^ligiiel  at 
Vahiil — Paclio  x\iit()iii(j  do  la  Coiicfpcinn  llorra— Tilinsiou  Sau  Fer- 
nuixlo  on  llcyca'  llanclio,  or  Achoi.s  Coniihavit — ^lissiou  San  Luis 
Eey  at  Tacaymo — A  New  I'liulilo — I'rcliniinary  ('orrt'spouilcnct; — 
SearcJi  for  a  Site — llyports  of  Alliorni  and  Cordolia — San  Franui^co 
and  Alaui'jda  llijoctcd  in  Favor  of  .'^anta  Cruz— Arrival  of  Colo- 
nists— Ki)iniding  of  tlio  Villa  do  IJi'aiicifortc — I'rotest  of  tho  Fran- 
ciscans— Flan  to  Open  Comnmnication  with  New  Mexico — Colorado 
Iloute  to  Sonora .".jO 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

MISSION    rUOGIlESS. 

1T!)1-1S00. 

Arrival  and  Pcparturc  of  Padros — ( ionrral  Statistical  View — Tho  Presi- 
dent— Episcopal  Powers — The  In(piisitioii — Pevilla  (Jigedo's  J'eport 
— Views  of  Sala/ar — Carmelite  Monastery — Pious  Fund  Hacienda — 
Controversies — Tho  Old  Questions  Discussed  Anew — Peduction  in 
Xumlier  of  Fiiars — Pctirenient — Travelling  Ex  [tenses — Cl'iijilain 
Duty — Gnai'do— Eunaway  Neophytes — Mission  Alcaldes— liulians 
on  Ilor.scliack — Local  Quari-els — Charges  of  Concepcion  do  Horra — 
Investigation — Pmrica's  Fifteen  Questions— Peplies  of  Coniandantes 
and  Friars — President  Lasucn's  Pepurt — 'i'he  Missionaries  Ac(piitted 
— Ecclesiastical  Miscelhiny '>'') 


m 


CHAPTER  XXYIIL 

rUEBLOS,    COLONIZATION,    AND   LANDS— INDU.STKIES  AND   INSTTTCTIONS. 

17!)1-1S()0. 

I'n"blo  Progress— Statistics — Jor<lan's  Pi'oposcd  Colony — Picports  of  Gov- 
ernment—Marriage Encouraged — Inns — Viow-s  of  Salazar,  Seaan, 
and  Costaiist'i — Women  ^Vanted— Convicts- — Foundlings  — Temn-e  of 
Lands — Puelilo  and  Mission  Sites— Chronological  Statement,  177^>- 
90 — Presidial  Puehlos— Provisional  Grants — Land-titles  at  ]'",nd  of 
Century — Labor— Indian  Lal)iM(.'rs — Saih)rs — Artisan  Instructors^ 
Manufacturers — Alining— Agriculture  —  Flax  anil  Jlenip  —  Stock- 
raising  tiOO 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

INDUSTKIES    AND    INSTITUTIONS, 
IT'Jl-lSOO. 

Commerce — Trade  of  the  Transports — Otter-skins— Projects  of  Marque/, 
Mamaneli,  Inciarte,   Punee,  Mcndez,   and   Ovineta — Provincial   Fi- 
nances— llaliilitados — I'aetor    ami    ('(.iniuissary — Couiplieated     Ac 
counts — Supplies  and  lie  venues — Taxes — lohaeco  Monopoly — Tithes 


CONTF.XTS. 


oM 


XNUl 


— Militni'y  T'orce  niul  Biotrilmtion — Civil  riowM'iiincut — Proposcil 
Soparatiou  of  tlic  Californiiis— Adiiiinistiatidi  of  JiiMtii,'C — -A  C'auso 
C'lli'lire — Kxccutioa  of  liosas — Ollifiiil  Can:  (A  !Mi)rals — U.so  of  Li- 
quors—Canililin^ — ]](liicati<)n — iJoriua's  Ktlort-i — Tlie  First  Scliools 
anil  Sciiool-iiiasUTS (i'J-4 

CHAPTER   XXX. 

LOCAL    EVK.NTS    AND    riiOOlllCSS — SUL'TIIKltN     BLSTKICT. 

1701-1800. 

iSaii  IHctzo  Prosidio — Licutciiasit.s  Ziifiiga  and  (irajera — ^lilitary  Force — 
JVipulatioii — liaii^lio  del  Key — Fiiianecs — I'residio  Duildinus — \'aii- 
eoiiver\s  Description — Fort  at  Point  Guijarro-s — Indian  Aflair.s — Pre- 
cautions against  Foreigners — Arrivals  of  Vessels — Mission  San  Diego 
■ — ToDcn.s  and  Marim  r — Statistics — San  Luis  llej- — San.Tuan  Capis- 
trano — Fuster — IJiiildiiigs — Pueblo  do  Los  Angeles — Private.  Karciios 
— San  Oaini'l — Onimas^San  Fei'nando — Presidiuof  Santa  Dilrbaia — 
OUicers,  l''orces,  and  I'opidation — Puiildings  and  Industries — Local 
Fviiits-  First  Fxecution  in  California — 'J'lie  •I'liceuix' — A  Qiiick- 
silvir  Mine— Warlike  Preparations — Death  of  Ortega — ?klissiiin  of 
Santa.  L.irhara — Paterna — llanclierias  of  the  Channel— New  (.'hnrcli 
— San  ijiieuaventura— La  Purisinia  Concepcion — Arroita (ilo 


I't 


of 


GOO 


i- 


CHArXER  XXXI. 

LOCAL   KVKNTS  AM)    I'lUiCUKSS — -MOXIKULV   LIsTIlICT. 

1701-1800. 

Montcry  Prcsid'o — ^lilitarv  Force  and  Inlialjitant.s — Ofilcei's — Lonn  Par- 
I'illa — ilernienegildo  Sal — Perez  Fernandez — Presidio  Luiidings — 
1  lattery — Eancho  del  lley — Private  Ilanchos — Industries — Conij.any 
Accounts— Indian  /id'airs — San  Carlos  Mission — Mis.-^ionary  (Jhanges 
—  Pasc\ial  ^lar'inrz  de  Areuaza— Stati.-tics  of  A.^rriculturc,  iave- 
stock,  and  Pnp\il.ilion — Vancouver's  I 'cst.'iplicju  —  A  New  Stone 
Church — A  Wiie-uiurder — San  Antonio  do  Padua  dc  Los  KoliK's— 
Miu'uel  Pier.'is— llenlto  (.'atal.-in — San  i^uls  Uhispo — Mi_ucl  tiirihet — 
Lartolonie  Cili— Indian  'i'louides 

CHAl'TER  XXXII. 

LOCAL    KVLXTS   ANi)   I'V.UCiKES.S— SAN    I'ltANCISCd  JIKISDICTIOX. 
17t)l-KS00. 

San  FrauiM.scr)  Ollicials— Military  I'orce — Population — I'iu.incc-  Prc-^idio 
l>uildin;;s — i'ian— Castillo  <lc  San  .'oaipiiu  at  b'ort  i'l'int  •-( 'iirdolia's 
Itcport -Itavages  of  Klenients— Kejiairs  —  IJattcry  of    Wrlia,   liiuna, 


at 
cov 


Piint-Vanci 


•"s  N'isils— Captain   Prow  n   -.Mines    Dis- 


ercd— .MlHiiii's    Company  -AV reck    of    tiie     'Sau    Ciiric 


■'i1 


d 


\    I 


XXIV 


COXTi:XT>?. 

TAOE 

'Eliza'— H.'iikIio  lUl  Rcy — Missirm  versus  Presidio — Tmliin  AlTairs — 
lluiKiv.iiy  Xcopliytfs — Amador's  Campaigns — I'lidre's  Cnielty — San 
I''iaii(i-,io  Mission — Fatlicis  Camlion,  Ivspf,  Dnntf,  (lareia,  and  Vvv- 
iiandiz — iuii!dini;s,  Statistics,  Indiistiius — ''iicMo  of  San  .Io.sl' — 
Inhabitants  and  Ollicials — Statistics — Hemp  Cidtuie  — l^o^.d  iiscnts 
— Proiios(.'d  Jlemoval — boundary  T>ispute — Santa  ( 'laia—  Pcfia  and 
Noboa— I'opiilation,  Agiiculture,  IkiiUlings,  and  .Manuiaotures GU'2 

CHArTER  XXXIII. 


CLOSK     OF 


liOUKJA   .S     lULK. 

ISOO. 


End  of  a  Decade  and  Ceutiny — IVjiica's  Polioy  and  Cliaraetev — Indus- 
trial Revival— Fruitless  Etlbrta — Ooveinor's  Relations  villi  ]"rini\s, 
Soldiers,  Xeopliytes,  and  Sv'ttlers — l^lTorts  for  Promotion— A  Kniglit 
of  Santiago — Family  Relations — Leave  of  Alisence,  Departure,  and 
Death — Arrillaga  and  Alberni  in  Connnand — List  of  Secondary  Au- 
tliorities  on  I'^arly  California  History — List  of  Inhabitants  of  ('aii- 
fornia  from  17'J'J  to  ISOO 7'2G 


;!lil! 


X 


Ct)-2 


AUTHORITIES    QUOTED 


IN    TIllC 


HISTOEY   OF   CALIFOPtXIA. 


72G 


[Thcf'f  nrc  more  than  one  thovfiinfl  flttett  of  vnrl'fi  nt'/itnV;i  '^tnif^i'lf"^  in  thcio  rohnrir^^  nnfl  vtany 
of  thrnt  it'intftl  In  /•>f'f-ii'>fr^,  n'hith  il)  nut  tipprnr  in  /A/x  ti^.  Tlitr  rtittilof/ni'  /.v,  Jfitrtni;  nnnjilctt'thtn-n 
t't  the  ilisroirrif  of  tjnhl  in  iSIf^,  und  jirttrfiraUi/  i*o  ilnict  tn  KjO.  The  onii^t-Unm  of  tttir  fhili'  tirA 
iji ncral  vovhA  of  rtfcnnct\  rfjchpcdiii:*^  etc.;  Kjnrrhfn,  <iildi'rsiirii^  orfitinnH^  uol  diirrll>f  Uit^lorirnl  in  their 
vntnrc ;  j'tfidifiiti'mn  entunrtlitifi  from  or  rflatinij  to  varionA  i'uiifonua  iitntitttlion!*^  asj-Ofiitlinntij  row 
2i<ini<>i,  ortlriy^  rhiu'vh»j^j  btmls^  ronrl.f^  rrhooji*^  */<■.;  tr^td  tn-irfs^  onnd;!  and  iiiniiiriptd  rr>jnInlion^^  itnt 
tcj-tdiook'i,  lrirf>!f  itnil  inisrrlttnwtni.H  jnddir  dortnncnis ;  ico/7.'s  of  fm'ioii  timl  srintrr ;  itrirsi,tiiiri->i^  and 
olhrr  KiHuVc'c  vliio-cn.  Them  )(oi7,a  in  Ihe  lujtjrrjnlr  h'ire  nffonhd  ine  miirh  inforni'diim  ;  in<!'  i  d  llirre  t.< 
I'n'dhi  (I  fidifirmttn  hooh,  pnmjddcf,  or  impi  r  in  nifj  LiUntnj  vhich  i.*t »(«»/  m  d  vrrtnin  fie»ye.  Itlslarifnl ; 
l-nt  sjutre  dm-A  nut  jiernill  ti  fall  rtUulo'jne^  itnd  I titn  ohJi>;rd  tn  nstrirt  fhe  U/tt  ti'ifh  fiir  rj^rvptionn  ^J 
lu'iteyi'd  (hit  hrtirs  diredJj  on  hitiiuri/.  Kc  rh.iptrr  ii.  of  /Ats  vohtnte  for  a  diiiiNljhvtioii  of  the  tt'orl.i 
here  wonrd.  ] 


All  (Piotcr  Villi  tlov),  Xaankpiirii^o  Vc!-s:iracli!u^     Liydcii,  17  7.  .■^' )  \'>h. 
«\l)!i(y  (lames),  A  Trip  across  tlic  I'laiiis  in  l.s,">0.     Xcw  Alliaiiy,  l.S.'iO. 
Al)l);itt  (Jolm  S.  C).  ('hristiipliir  ('arson.     New  York,  l;->7ti. 
Abcll  (.Vloxuiidi'i),  ('oiiy  of  agi'L't'iiiciit  (jii  Ixlialf  of  U.  S.  in  relation  to  island 

of  Saiit.'L  I'm/.  [oJil  Conu.,  l^t  Sos.s.,  Sen.   1",.\.   Doc.  b~\.     Wa.sliington, 

h<>-2. 
Alielhi  (ilinion),  t'orrespondeneia  del  Misionero.     MSS.  in  varioii.s  aroliivi.^. 
Aliella,  ( !!amoii),  Piavio  <le  iin  ]!e;.'istro  ile  lo.s  llio;^  (Irandes,  Ibl  1.      MS. 
Aliella  (  Huinou),  Xoliei;i  de  una  Uatalhi  entiv  ( .'riritiano.s  y  ( ienliK  s.  1.'jV)7.  MS, 
Al)iei.o  (lo-se;,  Asiiiitos  de  l;i  'J'esoreria.     MSS.  iu  vafioiia  archives. 
Al>rr;.,o  (Jo.s.'),  Cartas  yiAiro  la  Coloiiia  de  l.s:;!-.     I\IS. 
Aiir.-.uo  (Jiise),  Kel.'iiion.     MS. 

Aco.st.i  (losef  do),  liitoria  Natural  y  .Mor.d  do  las  Indias.     Scvilla,    '."iOD. 
Act;  of  („'<>ii;.;rcs3  Civatin.'j;  the  Oilier!  of  Slii^i;  in.'X'.'ounnissioiiei'.     S.  1''.    )SV;>. 
Aetas  de  i;ieocioncs.     MS.   In  Areliivo  do  ( '.ilifornia. 
Adam  ((ieor^e),  Drojulful  SuHeriii'.'H  and  Tlnilliii'4  Adventures  of  an  fJver- 

laud  Party  of  l'^ni;,Mant.-i  to  Califoiiiia.     St,  J^ouis,  1S.")0. 
Aildresses,     See  Sp'..>eelies. 
Adventuie-i  ('{'lie)  of  a  Cajitain'.s  ^Vif(^  .  .til  California  in   1S,"0.     '^^ew  York, 

e>e.,  I,S77. 
Ainianl  ((Instave),  The.  Clold  Sec  ];e\-s.     ri.ila.d-'lpliia,  ii.d. 
Aianian  (Liicas),  (.'euso  de  Califiirnia,  ISIVi.    M.S. 
Alanian  (Liiea.s),  ilistori.i,  do  Mejieo.     Mexico,  IS  l'.)-.V2.  5  voja. 
Alanian  (Liuan),  Snee.iosi  du  (,'aiifoinia  en  \:<\\.     ^IS. 

.(Mauiecla,  Alisiraetof  Title,  lots  17--0.  survey  of  .loiies.     San  I'ranei.-^co,  1870. 
Alanied;!,  Aruns,  ivueinal,  .Mes.senL'er,  I'o.'^t.  elc. 
^Vlumeda  County,  Ili.-<torical  Atlas.     San  i''nuicic<cu,  Ls7S.  alkiM  folio. 
liirtT.  c.u..,  V  .1..  I.    :i  (""■) 


i 


XXVI 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


r  iHM 


All),iiiv  (Or.  1  Tloiristor. 

^ll!,(ilro.s.-<  (The  slii).),  Log  of  a  Voyngo  io  the  X.  \V.  Coa'^l,  1800-12.  MS. 

A/hiiiroy.':  mid  Lijd'ia,  Coiiiimicacioues  rclnfivas.      1S1('.  ^Mrs. 

Alljci'iii  (l'o(ho),  CoiiuiiiicacioiifS   del   Tcnicuto   Cmoiul,   1711(5-1800.     ]\1SS. 

[Ill  (iiUbrciit  at'i.-liivL'S.] 
AHiiriii  (IVili'o),  I'iirceci"  sohrc  el  sitio  lie  lirancifoi-tc,  ITiHJ.     MS. 
Allium  Mrxifano.     Mcxici>,  LStl)  rt  .spij. 
Aicf(li)  (.\iit(Miio  (lu),  Dicci(jiiai'io  (lOognUico  Ilistorico  do  laa  Indias  Ocoidcn- 

talc.;.      .Madrid,  ITSlW).   ■")  vols. 
Alexander  (1!.  .S.),  (1.  J|.  ^leiideil,  and  (1.  Davidson,  lleport  on  Iiriyation  of 

San  .Joafjuin.     Washington,  1S7I-. 
Alexaiid.i'  (■).  II.),  !Menioii'on  [Xw  lloutesof  Cominnnieation  lietwecii  Atlantic 

and  I'acilie.     \Vasliington,  ISl!). 
Alger  (iloratio,  Jr.),   'J'lio  Young  Adventurer,     lloston,  1S7S;  Tho   Young 

]\Iiner.     IJo.^ton,  ]S79. 
Al'so]!))  (J.  1'.  (.'.),  Leaves  from  my  Log-book.     ^IS. 
Ali.iopp  ( Robert),  (.'alii'ornia  and  ii.s  (Joid  Mines.     l.,ondon,  1853. 
All  the  Way  Lxiund.     Lonilon,  ele.  (IS7,")). 
Almanaes.     A  great  nundjer,  only  a  few  of  vliieh  are  named  in  this  list  as 

follow.s:  AUa  ('aiuornia.    S.  F.,   ISlIS  ct  Keij. ;  California  M(  reli.'iits  ami 

iliners.     S.    V.,   IS.")?  et  se(j. ;  Califcirnia  Miii'.'r.s.   S.  F.,  Isil;  Calii'ornia 

rieiorial.     S.    l'\,  IS.IS  et  .«ei|.:   Cii.lii'oruia  Slate.     S.  1'..  18,14;   C'alil'or- 

niselicr   Volkska'ender.     s'.    F.,    lS."iS;   C.irrie  and   l)anioi>"H  Califoiiiia. 

iS.    F.,   ISoC;  .laeoby  (I'hihd,    Atinanaek  fur  ( 'al.     S.    F..    ISOo  ct  ,h((.  ; 

lvnight(\Vni.  II.),  liandhook  for  I'aeilic  Slates.  S.  F..  If;il2etseri.;  Langley 

(ilenry  (I.),  i'aeilieCinu^t.    S.  1'.,  ISfJSet  .sc(|. ;  /-i'., State.   S.  F.,  IH'.;>; '/-/., 

State  Itegister.     S.  F.,  1S,")7  et  ae(|.;  San  Fraiiei.:;co.     S.    ]•'.,  liS.i:),  ete. 
Alrio  (lleir.y  .).  X.),  j>ix  Ans  de  lli-.sidouec  (I'uu  Mi.ssiojinaire  duns  Ics  deu.'i 

Ca'iifornies.     Mexico,  LSIIO. 
Altin;ira  (.Ki.se),  Diario  de  la  Es'iieilieion,  1S"J;{.     M.-^. 
Akimira  (•lo.iv'),  .Journal  of  a  Mi^siuu-fouiiding  E.vpcdition,  IS'J.'J.    In  llutch- 

ings'Cai.  Mag.,  v.  .'iS,  llo. 
Aitura.s,  Modoc  Lhlependciit. 

Alvarjvlo  (-luan  Liiulista),  (.'ampnna.  de  Lai  Flores,  1S,"8.     MS. 
Alvarado  (,/uan  ]5auti.sta),  (  arta  Conlideueial,  7  do  Xov.  IS.'M.     MS. 
Alvarado  (.iuan  IJautidca),  Cart.i  en  i;ue  relita  la  Campaua  de  S.  I'lrnaiido, 

luieio  18;i7.     ^I'8. 
Alvarado  (.loan  Lauti.sta),  Carta  I'li  (|ue  nlata  los  .sucesos  do  Los  An:,'ele.'<, 

Feb.  im;7.     -MS. 
Alvarado  (luaa  li.-iutista),  (V.rtr.s  Itelaeione.s,  Ivcvolucion  ilc;  ISit-,").     MS. 
Alvar;'.ilo  (.laan  lia'.ilista),  Coniunieaeione.s  al  AyuntaniientJ  de  Las  .iVngelcs, 

EiKi  )  i,s:;7.    MS. 

Alvarado  (.Iuan  I'autistu),  El  C. .  .C'ronel  de  la!\Iili(  i.i  Civi-ja,  e'e.    [l>espacho 

de  ('a]iitan  a  favor  do  J.  .1.  \'allejo,  |     Monterey.  IJUie.  I  ..;(!. 
-\l\arado  (.Iv.an  I>.lut'^<la),  E!  (.'.  .  .  (iolxrnailor  In-.erino  di  1  Ivstado  Libre  do 

Aba,  Cal.  a  sus  JIabitantes,  ^klonterey,  Mayo  1(1,  l.s;;7. 
Alvarailo  (.luan  ISaulista),  (iobi  rnad.or  Constitucional,  etc.    [.Suprimieudo  his 

lluiplcis  lie  Admini»tradon?.'i  do  ^li.siones.  I     Montci'ey,  1  ]\layo,  JS40. 
Alvarado  (liuHi  IJauiista),  llistotia  di^  (Jalifornia.     M,S.    1S7(>.  .">  vol-i. 
Alvarado  (.luan  iJautista),  Instrueeioms  al  Prefect)  C'ustro.      1S4  ).     MS. 
Alvar.'ido    (.luan    IJaiitihta),    In.'itrueeiones   quo    debo    observar  *l   Vi.-.itador, 

1.840.     MS. 
Alvarado  (.hian  llanti.sta),  Instruceivines  (pie  deber/i  observar  cl  Yisitador 

lla.'tupll.      ISIil).     MS. 


ry 


Alvarado  (.luan  IJautlsta),  Maniliesto  del  <lobr.,  \{)  Mayi>,  lf>',7. 

Alvarado  (.luan  IJauti.sta),  Oiieios  Yarius  y  Cartas  I'articniaros.    MSS.    Ve 

nuuii;rous  in  diU'ermit  ]iublie  and  j)riv;ite  areliives. 
Alv.arado  (.luan  JJauti.sla),  [rroelanui  del]  (iei'e  I'olitieo  111  Nov.  1.8.".8. 
Alvarado   (.Tnan    IJautista),    [I'roe'ama   dtlj   (lobeinador   luterino,   !)  Julio, 

18;;7.     iMS. 


f 


r 


AITTIORITIES  QUOTED. 


XX^Tl 


500.     MSS. 

IS  Oocitlcn- 
i-rigation  of 
cii  Atl;intio 
riio  Yotm' 


tlii.s  li.-t  (13 
i'cli:;nts  and 
;  Califofiiiii 
)4;   Culil'of- 

(':i!ii'oiiii;i. 
105  c  t  S('((. ; 
<[. ;  Laui;!ey 
.,lH;;i; '/</., 

],s.v;),  t  to. 

lit!  lea  tkaix 


111  llutch- 

IS. 
I'Vrnaiido, 

Aiigck's, 

M\ 
Aiyolcs, 

I  >('spacho 

Liln'c  ilo 

lliciKio  ll>3 

.,  Js-k). 

".MS. 
Visitador. 

Vi»itaili>r 
>.  W'vy 
'.)  Julio, 


Alvarado  (-Tiian  Bautista),  [Proclama  del]  Gobcrnador  sobi'c  Dcsticrro  do  ]",x- 

traii;:er<ia.     1849. 
Ahiiiadii  (JuanBaiitiHita),Priinitivn  llcrctdniniiouto  dcl^rocn  Cal.,  IStl.  ?tIS. 
Al\';i'adi)  (Tuun  ]!anti>ita),  l!t\i,'laiii(.'iito  do  ex-uiitiioiR'H.     Monterey,  1S|:>. 
Aivurado  (Jium  liautista),  licglaiiuntit  I'rovitiioiiul  I'ara  AdiiiLiiiatraduics  di; 

.Mit,ionc.s,  Ks;!!).     :M8. 
,M\arado  and  Gastro,  Ksposicioti  contra  MiclicltonMia,  1S4.";.     MS. 
Alviso  (Josii  xiiitonio),  l)ucunientu:>  pani   la   llistoria  do   Caluornia.     Ms., 

ISIT-.JO. 
Alviso  (.Jose  Antonio),  Campafia  do  Xatividad,  1S4(!.     ^IS. 
Amador  (-Jose  Maria),  ^lenicn-ias  sobi'o  la  J  list,  do  Cal.     MS. 
Amador  (I'edro),  ])iario  <Io  la  J';x[)C'ilii:ion  paia  fundar  la  Mision  do  S.  .Joso, 

17!J7.     MS. 
Amador  (Pedro),  Kxpedicion  contra  los  f.;enti!er;  Saealanes,  1790.     MS. 
Amador  I Peilro),  i;?;pe<liento  do  ServiL-ius,  17Im-!)1.     MS. 
Amailor  (IVdr.)),  Papelea  del  Sar;;ento.     MSS.  lu  vari<Jiis  aivlnves. 
Amador  ( Peili(j),  Irevencionca  al  ('al)o  do  la  Ivseolta  do  S.  Jo~e,  1707.     MS. 
Amador(  l'eilro),i;e(.'onocimientode-de  Sta  <  Vii;';  Iiasta  >^.  Fraucisco,  17n<j.  MS. 
Amadijr  (Pedro),  Salida  contra  Jmlio.s  ( ieuliles,  IbOO.     MS. 
.■\mador  (.'onnty,  History.     ();dvland,  IS^I.  folio. 
Amelia  i'^lier\V(jo<l.     Pichmond,  l.s.'iO. 
Annriea,  Dcscrijieifin,  1710.     MS. 

.America,  or  lui  Kxaet  Description  of  llie  West  Indies.     Liindon,  \C,:'i~,, 
American  Antiquarian  Society,  I'rocecdinu'H.     Worcester,  1S20  ct  aeij. 
American  Kdiicalioual  Monthly.     New  Yoilj,  18(14  et  scq. 
American  and  l'"orei;4n  (.'lui-slian  Union.     New  York,  TSol  ct  scq. 
American  (ieoL'vaiiliical  and  Statistical  Society.     Xcw  Yfirk,  InoO  ct  S(!i|. 
Amcric.m  Quarterly  IJetri.ster  and  .>>iai;azino.      Pliiladeljihia,  1848  et  se(j. 
Amcric.'.n  Quarterly  Ucview.      I'liiladelphia,  ]8l'7  ct  scq. 
Aineviian  Iteview.      I'liiludelpliia,  Isll  cl  sen. 
American  State  I'aper.s.     IJo.stcjn,   1817-10.      12  vols.;    Washington,  1  So J-4; 

lsr,S^-(il.  folio.  ;50  vols. 
American!!  at  f^ca.     In  Nilcs' Re;;istcr,  xviii.  417. 

Amcci  (.John  (t.),  Rcptirt  on  .Mission  Indiansof  I'alifomia.    Wash  In '.;t  on,  1S7.'?. 
Ame.iii   (Tosij),    Cartas  do   un    C(jmercianto    Ivspanol.      MSS.     In   diirereut 

archives, 
A;iii;.;o  del  Pueblo.     Mexico,  IS'27  ct  .«cr|. 
Annilet  (The),  A  talc  of  Spanisli  Calii'ornia.     London,  18(!."). 
AnaJK'im,  (lazctle,  Peview,  elc. 

Anaheim,  Its  People  and  its  I'roduct.s.     New  York,  ISOf). 
Anderson  (.\le\andcr  ('.),  Xin'tiiwcst  Coast  History.     MS. 
Anderson  (Alexander  D. ),  Tlio  Silver  and  (!old  of  the  Southwest,  etc.     St 

j.ouis,  1S77;  Thu  Sd\cr  Comitry,  etc.     \c\v  York,  l.s77. 
Aniic"son  (David  (.!.),  Statement  of  i'iicatrieal  I'lvent-S.     MS. 
Audi  .s  n  (Mary  E.),  Scenes  in  th(^  Jlawaiiuu  Islands  and  California.    Boston 

lis,;.-,]. 

Amiiils  of  Convjress.    1 1st  to  ISth  Con;:rcss.]    ■\\  asjiimdon,  lS:;4-."i(i.    42  vols. 

Anmtal  of  Scieiuiiic  Discovery.     l]o;t(jn.  lS,j()-(;7.    Is70-i.   19  vols. 

Ani),;'.  til.  Universal  History.     London,  iMiil,  Ovols. 

Ansied  (!)a\id  T.),  'i'lie  Cold-seeker's  Manual.     Xew  York,  1849, 

Ant.'iony  (K.  M.),  .Siijkiyon  County  Pemiuiseenct!s.     MS. 


Antioch,  Leil.i^cr. 

Anza  (luan    IJautista),  DcKculnimiento  de  Sonor; 

An;:a  (.Jiuui  Pautistal,  Diurio  do  una  cxpcdicion  d( 


Calif. 


Nonol'a  ;i 


)rnia, 


Cal.,  i: 


1774.     M> 

S.  Praneisei 


.Mi. 


MS. 


Apuhil.c.\'ui  y  Torres,  Avcrignacion  en  Sonora  d 


•1  Ti 


dto  do  Lfis  j\.n''elcs, 


i8:j.j.    MS. 

Apal;it(;;.;ui  y  Torres.  Causa  se',;uida  contra  los  conspii. adores,  IS.'I 

Apodaca  (Virey),  Cartas.     ]M^S.    In  the  archives. 

Apoatolico.s  Afancs  dc  la  Compania,  de  Jesus.     Barcelona,  17o4. 


M> 


j.xviii 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


P 


iff  iiiiil'.. 


A]>pon.vi  (Flora  Ilaines),  Lihrariea  of  California.     Sau  Francisco,  1878. 

-lyv(//,  Li>.;-l).)(jk,  1S2I-,1.     iMS. 

At'Miu'cl  ilo  L'lvcios,  17S2.     ^IS. 

Aiiuici'l  (1(!  i^rcuiijs,  176S.     MS. 

Arcii  (I'raiici-iuo),  Dncmncntd.a  para  la  Ilistoria  do  Cal.     !MF). 

Ari'i!  (I'"raiicis('ii),  .Mcimiri.is  llistniicas  y  Doeunu'iitos  Ori'^hiiilos.     IMS. 

AiclL))alil  (John),  Why  '  Calit'ornia.'     In  Ov.iland  .Montlily,  ii.  4.11. 

Aichur  (L.),  SpfL'uh  (in  As.si'inlily  J]iU  Xo.  Ib2.     n.pl.,  n.d. 

Aiuliivu  del  j\.r/.ijbis|i,ido  do  San  Francisco.     !MS.  ,">  vols. 

Archivo  do  CalitVinii.i.     .MS.  '2~'.i  vols,   and  a  great  ninss  of  loose  papers, 

l)oeiuu(;nl.s  preserved  in  the  U.  S.  Siu'veyor-geueral's  ollioe  ;it  San  l-'ran- 

cisco.     Copies  in  my  Collection.     J)ivitled  as  follows:  I'rov.  St.   I'.ip. ; 

Prov.  Rec;  Dept.  St.   I'ap.;  Dept.  lie.:.;  Lcj;.  Uv.;  State  I'ap-:  ^<^'■ 

(Jovt.  iSt.  I'ap.;  Adas  do.  l^leceiones;  lJr:inds  and  Marks;  und  Unbound 

L)oo.,  q.  V.  f(u  full  sub-titles  and  fnrther  subdivisions. 
Arehivi)  de  l:is  ]\!isione3.     MS.   12  vols. 
Aicliivo  <iel  Oliispado  do  ^Monterey  y  L"S  Ang.des.     MS. 
Archivo  do  Santa  Jiiirbaia.      MS.    II  vols. 

Archuleta  (Florentino),  Conuniicaciones  l'odu;,'ogiea3.     ^IS.    In  tin?  archives. 
Aroo  Iris.     Vera  Cruz,  1847  et  seij.  folio. 

Areelio,  Paroeer  14  do  ,]un.  177.'!.   -MS.:  also  in  Palou,  Xot.,  i.  ,"(7-. 
Aiccho,  Itespuesta  ;!()  dc!  Jan.,  177''>.   ^IS. 
Argelo,  Ciilaveias  ^Mountaineer, 
Aigiiello{(;ervasio),]]soiiteiS(lonn  Ilabilitado  General  yDipnt:ulo.    MSS.   In 

public  and  j)rivato  archive^. 
Argiicllo  (<  lervasio),  (Jliservaciones,  iSKj.     MS. 

Ar;'iiel!o(Jose),  ibdaoion  do  lo  qui'  deehirarmi  los  sentilos  Sacalanes,  1707-  ^dS. 
Ar'^i.ello  (.lose),  llelacion  quo  forni.j  subrc  Indios  huidos  ilo  S.  Francisco, 

"  17!t7.     MS. 
Argiiello  (•lose),  Cir las  de  nn  (lobernador  do  las  California.?.    MSS.    Inlii; 

dillerent  archives. 
Argiiello  {.fo^^i'),  Inforiue  sobi-o  llaneho  del  Pi'y  en  S.  Fran'ci';cn,  1708.     MS. 
Argiiello  (Tose),  instruccion  (pie  li.a  do  ob.-^ervar  el  teuieuto  Jaiis  Argiiello  i.u 

S.  Fi'aneisco,  bSllO.     :MS. 
Argiiello  (.losi'),  Jlespue.sta  a  las  quince  Preguntas  sobi'o  iibuFOS  do  Misioneros, 

]7!'S.     MS. 
Argiiello  (faiia  Antonio),   Cartas  del   Couiandanto  y  Gobornador.    MSS.    In 

the-  dlii'erent  Jircliives. 
Argiiello  (laiis  Antonio),  lloja  do  Servicios  hasta  1S'2S.     MS. 
Algiieilo    (Santiago),   Correspondencia    del    Couiandanto   y  Prcfocto.    !MSS. 

Archives,  iiassini. 
Ai'giioUo  (Santiairo),  ('onwpondeneia  Particular.     !\IS. 
Aruian  (IF.  .M.  Van),  The  L'ublic  Lands  of  (.'alitorni:i.    San  Francisco,  1S7<>. 
Arniona  (Mafias),  Carta  do  1770.     h\  Doe.  Hist.  .Me.K.  sorio  iv.,  toiu.ii.  p.  loo. 
Aimsirong  (WiliianO,  '4',)  l]\nerioncos.     MS. 
Arna/  (.loSi),  Iteenerdos  do  L'n  Conioreiantc.     ^IS. 
Arran'Jtoi;',  (L'rancisco  do  i'anla),   Mejico  desdc  ISOS  hasta  18G7.     Madrid, 

187  1-2.  4  vols. 
Arrioivit.i  (J.  D.),  Crdniea  Seritfiea  y  Apostolica.     ^Mexico,  1702.  folio. 
Arrillac;!)  (Ilasilio.los<'l,  Jtecopilaeion  ilo  Lcye.'^,  etc.     ^Mexieo,  ISIlS-oO.   IG  vol-;, 
Arri  '^I'.'a  idose^  .loaquin),  Ijorrador  ilo  Carta  a  Vancouver,  170;t.     ^[S. 
Arriliii,.;a.  (.lose  .Joaqiun),  Corre-ipondoueia  del  (Jobernador.     MS.     Archives, 

passim. 
Arrilhi'^a  (.losi'' .Toaqnin),  llojas  do  Servieio,  1701-S.     MS. 
Arrillaua  (Jo-e  .foaquin),  Intoimo  solu'o  el  estado  ile  ludioa,  Misiones,  etc., 

1S()4.     MS. 
Arrillaira  (.lose  .loaipiin),  Tntomie  al  Virey  sobi'e  Drfensas,  17011.     M.S. 
Arrilla'ia  (.lose  .biaquin).  Papi  1  do  I'untos  para  eonociniiento  del  (iol)ernador, 

1704.      MS. 
ArriUaga  (.lo»e  Joaquin).  Pri'ceptos  Generales  p.ara  Coniainlantes,  ISOU.    MS. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


xxix 


iifllo  eii 


ISS.    Ii 


JiISS. 


rMadrii 


Ai'iillii'Jta  f.T'\S','  tToaqiiiii).  Ruliiciim  del  pslailu  (jue  gr.anliui  los  Pre  iidii)j  y 

i'lirl.los,  LSOlj.     -MS. 
Aviillu-ii  (.fiteoJoaipii'i),  Tostai.iciito,  ]<\l.     ^[S. 
AniiV!)  ilu  Iji  Ciifsla  (Fclipi),  C.iitai  ikl  Miniuiicro.     MS.     In  mijsiDii  an. I 

.secular  aruhivf.s. 
Aii'uyo  ilo  laCuesta  (Felipe).  ( Iramuiar  of  the  Mutsuii  Laiigua'^'c.    Xuw  Ydik, 

i.StJl;  also  original  .\l.S. 
Arrnyi>  ilu  In  Cuesta  (I'clijit),  .\  \'ni.'al)iilai'y  or  IMiraso  Bouk  of  the  !Miit.sim 

J^anu'iiaLio.     New  Vdiic.  ISIJI;  also  ori'.;iiial  MS. 
Avtoa;i;a  (lynat'io),  Tereei-a  E.xploraeii'ii,  ITTi*.  MS. 
Aiiociisiiou  (Antonio  <lci  la),   L'caeiilr.iuiieiuo  do  California,  I'J  Oct.  IG20.   In 

I'aL'lioco  and  Cardenas,  Col.  Doe.,  toni.  viii. 
Ashltiuner  (\\'illiaui),  lleport   upon   tlio   ".ViH)."  tlcjld  Quartz  Mine.     Sau 

Frauei.>eo,  isOti. 
A:-li!an.l  (Or.),  Tivlinys. 

Ashley  (1'.  K.),  ])oeunients  for  the  Hi-itory  of  C'alifoniia.     MS. 
Ashley  (U.  1!.),  Iteeoi'ds  kept  duii:!:j  j.)urney  made  by  lueinljers  of  California, 

Asboeiat ion  from  Monroe,  Mieli.,  to  (Ad.,  ISII).     M.S. 
jl--l'i  y  Vuni'louti',  Trulado  do  (.'ai>itiilaeion  do  los  Xavio.s,  IS'2.").     JIS. 
Assendily,  Sessions  uf   l.stii.     In  U.  S.  v.s.   Uolton,  -Vpp.     Uricf  U.  S,  Sup. 

t'oui't. 
Assoeialions.     Sec  Inatituti(jna. 
.■\storia,  Astorian. 

Al.iua.-io,  Causa  Criminal  contra  ..■l  Indio.  Abril  2(i,  ISDl.  MS. 
.\tlautio  .Monilily.     IJoston,  l.':)."i8  et  .«eip 

AtlanLic  an<l  I'aeilio  11.  I!.  Co.     Act  ■j;raiitin','  lands.     New  York,  ISOG;  Cir- 
cular.    New  York,  1S,'),>;  and  otiier  il(jcnnientH. 
.\tleta(i;i).     .McNico,  lS±totsc.|. 

Auliuru,  I'lacr  ller.ilil,  Stars  and  Stri[)cs,  Union  Advocate,  etc. 
Auger  (l.ldouard).  Voyage  en  Califoriuo,  18oii-;>.      l.'aris,  ki.")4. 
Au.jiin  (Xev.),  lleeso  IJiver  lieveillc. 
Australian  Ne\v.si)aper.i  in  .Meehanic-i'  Library  of  San  Francisco  .nnd  ebowhcrc. 


.\aiol 
A\ 


iio'^raii 


a,  Auto^r.ilica  do  I's  i' 


Mi 


u: 


MS. 


(T.  JI.),  Spc-eeli  in  U.  S.  II.  of  K>p.  March  -JT,  ISoO,  to  admit  Cali- 


fornia.    Washington,  lS"i!). 
Averill  (Charus  E. ),  Lifu  in  California.     I'.oston.   n.d. 
.\vcry  (Ijenjamin  I'arke),  Californiau  Pictures.     Xcw  York,  l.sy^. 
A\  ila  (Antonio),  y  otros,  Papeles  tocantes  ii  sii  sedicion,  \bVyl.     W.<. 
.\\i!a  (.fuan),  Xotas  C.iliforuianas.     MS. 
A\  ila  (.Maria  Inoeenta),  Cosas  do  California.     MS. 
Avila  (MiLTUeli.  Pocumentos  para  la  liisioria  do  Calif  irnia.     ^IS. 
.\\  ila  do  liios  (Catarina),  llecnerdips.     ^IS. 
.\yala  (Tadeo  Orti/.),  Jlcoiunen  di;  la  Iwta'li.stiea  del  Imp.  Mex.     Mexico,  IS:] 


Av( 


(F.  II.),  P. 


il  Ad 


veniures. 
.Avuntaniii'ntos,  Decreto  de  las  Ciirte 


M.- 


-Vzai 


Vi.'cntcs,  \S1\\ 
),  ( )rd( 


lo  ^[ayo,  ISPJ.     In  Mexico,  Lcyea 


i/a  I  \  iri'v 


M.> 


In  t! 


1"  arcluves. 


.Vxan/.a  (\irey),  Ynstruccion,  IS(K).     ilS. 


lfiV( 


les,  cti: 


Irnador, 


MS. 


.).  Ml 


.f  Ivirlv  Ti 


MS. 


liaird  (Spencer  !■'.),  Fi.shand  I'l-herics  [l.'ilh  (.' 


i; 


■t'.il.     Wa^ihinv'ton,  IS77. 


tUer  (I 


1- 


P.).  .Speech  before  Califoi'nia  Si'ualo 


Id.  Scss.,  Sei 
Pt  and  -Jd. 


Mis.  Do 


S.iu 


rani'iseo, 


IS.i-l; 


-■r  Ci!y  (Oi'.),  IK'ral. 


Ko  oilier  S[ice 


cnc. 


d,  Kern  County  ('alil'orniaii,  K' rn  County  ( 'on.rier,  Kern  County 
I'tte.  Sonthorn  Californiau.  clc. 


ddridge  (William),  The  Pay.s  of  "I. 


M- 


l'.ald\vin(K 


S.).  S| 


icecn  in 


U 


S.  ."-en, 


yu 


'11,  ls.")0.  .\dmissiun  <if  Califor- 


nia, etc, 


Washin''ton,  liS.JO. 


1  . 


XXX 


AUTiToniTi-;!':  quoti:d. 


r.,)ll  (\.  r..),  Sketch  by  a  rioneor.     IMS. 

];jllcii.sUMlt  ((.'.  W.  'J'.),   J)c.s(;lir(  ihuug  iiiciiicr  Iluiso  nach  ilon  (loMmiiicn. 

L'lilit'oriiions.     Scliiliiiii'^'t'ii,  l^ril, 
llallou  (John),  Tli<^  l.Mily  of  the  Wi'st.     Ciuciiiiiati,  ISrio. 
I'.ailoii  (WilliiiTii 'r. ).  Ailvi  iitiii'fs.     !MS. 
lialtiuuiii-  (.M(l.)i  I'aliiot,  Sun. 

llaiuTott  (A.  li. ),  Jiiary  of  a  .louniey  to  ()i'c,'.,'oii.     MS. 
]!aiK!-ot't  (llul)crt  llowc),  History  of  tho  I'acilic  States  of  'N'oi'tli  xVmorica. 

San  IVaui'iHi.'O,  l.SS'i  ct  S(m|.    "JS  vol:i. ;  Xativc  IL'ici'S  of  tliu  I'acillo  States. 

New  Yoili,  ls7.").  .")vo!s.;  ro]inhu''l'ri'iuiials.    San  Francisco.  '2  voIh.  ,  etc. ; 
llancrot't  (lluhi'it  Howe),  I'crsonal  Uliservations  in  Caliinrnia,  lS7i.      ^IS, 
ll.iuii'oft  l.ihi'arv,  MS.  Sciajt-hook:*,  containin::  chi.-silied  noted  uscil  in  writin"; 

Jiaiicvott  H  works. 
IJuucicil't  Liliiary,  Xewsijiaper  scraps  classilied  under  th(3  followin.c;  lieadinu-i: 

Academy  of   Sciences;    Aniuseuicnts  and   Ccleljialions;    Art;    Author.s; 

]!anl<s   and  Ijankiiii^;    IjiijlioLfiaiihy;    JUosra])hy;    Jiiiths,   Deaths,   etc.; 

Chaiitahlc    Institutions;  t'hinese;    Climate;   Constitutional  Convention; 

Counties;    Crimes  and  Society;   JvntlKiualcis;    Kdueat'on  and  Scliools; 

Fai-cs  anil  Ficii-'hts;  Fishciics;  Floods;  Fruit-iaisim,';  Indians;  Jou-nalisni; 

Kearncjism  ancl  the  W'oi'kinu'iiiei.'.s  I'ai'ty;  Lands;  l,ei.!;al;  Liliraiies;  l,iun- 

l)i-i- (j>iicstion;  Maiinl'actnres;  Military  Ali'aii's;  Mineial  S[ii  in,L'~;  Miniu'^ 

Stocks;  Miscellaneous;  ]Mo(loc  ^Va^;  Xi.'W  (JharliT;  Oil  and  I'eti-oleum; 

I'ionccr  C'eli'brations;   F(j!ilics;  ]'o))ulation  and  (Ailoni/atioii;  llailfoads; 

Uelii^ion;  Ftesonrccs;  ]ievenuo  and  Taxation;  lioads  an<l  lloutes;  .'■•iiip- 

]>in;r  and  Xavi.uation;  Silver  IJenionoti/ation:  State  Fairs;  SVock-iaisin.L;; 

Stories  aiul  Le'ieiids;  Tel c^'rai ills;  'J'radeand  < 'onnnerce;  Tri])s  aci'o,-.s  tho 

Continent  and  \'oyagcs  by  Sea;    United  States  Mails;   \\'ater  Supply. 

(is  vols.  4to. 
Landini  (duan),  Acusaeiones  contra  An;;el  Finnnri'Z,  ISIU-T.     ^IS. 
]'>anilini  (-luanK  Apuntes  I'oliticos,  ISoJ.      MS. 

Jiandini  (-luan),  ( ,'arta  Jlisti'irica  y  Oes^'riptiva  de.  C'alifoi'nia,  18"2*^.     !MS. 
llanilini  (■luan).  Carta  Particular  ii  Vidlejo  sohrc  cosas  politicas.      12  Die, 

ls:!0.     MS. 
Fnuidini  (Juan),  Carta  a  Vallejo  solire  llevoluciones.    .T  Die.  ISlii).   ^IS. 
Dan<liiu  (Juan),  ( 'onti'stacion  :i  la  Alinnicion  de  Victoria,  Is.'il.     MS. 
]iandini  (Juan),  (.'orrespondencia  I'articular  y  Olicial.     .MSS.     ^V  lai'.uo  num- 
ber of  documents  in  private  and  public  archives,  in  addition  to  those 

.■specially  named  in  this  list. 
])andini  (Juan),  Fl  i)ip!itadode  la  Alta  California  ;i  sus  Comitentts.   li  A'^osto, 

is;;;i.    :Me.\ico,  ],s;!;j. 

I'andiiii  (Tuan),  I  tiseursoantc  el  Ayunt.  dc  Los  Anpeks.    ^T^fayO)  i^."7.   MS. 

])andini  (Juan),  Docunuintos  ]iara  la  Historia  do  California.    -MS. 

IJaudini  (Juan),  Historia  tic  Alia  California.     MS. 

Damlini  (Juan),  Infomiacion  ilel  ^■isitador  Ue  Adiiana,  IS;!.").     ]\IS. 

Dandini  (Juan),  Maniliesto  a  la  l)iputaciou  subrc  ramos  do  llaciuuda  Terri- 
torial. 1.SJ2.     .^IS. 

Handini  (Juan),  Proyecto  de  Misioues,  1S4().      MS. 

liaiidini  (Juan),  Succsoi  did  Sur,  -Mayo-A'josto,  L'^,'>7.     MS. 

Danlield  (.[.  A.),  ]listoiical  Sketch  of  Volo  County.  In  Woodland  Yolo 
])eniocrat,  July  (i,  IS7(). 

I'anker's  MaLia/ine  and  Statistical  Kegister.     ]laltimore,  etc.,  181G  et  seq. 

llaidcs.     See  Listitntions. 

Uaninof  (Alexander),  Slii/noo]iissanic.     St  Petersburg,  18.'!,'>. 

]jarber  (.loiin  ^\'.l.  and  Jlenry  Howe.  History  <if  Westirn  States  and  Terri- 
torie-i.     Cincinnati,  \^i>~. 

I'arnard  (Ifelen  M.),  'J'hi;  (Jhorjx'nnini;  Claim,     n.p!..  n.il. 

liirnes  (Dc'm.as),  From  tlie  Atlantic  to  the  Paciiie  Overland.     Xew  York,  IStiti. 

]?.irnes  ((}.  A.),  Oregon  and  California.     MS. 

liarri  (Felipt'),  Olicios  del  Cob''-  de  la  Baja  California,  ^IS.  la  Prov.  St. 
Pap.  passim. 


I 


1 


I 
I 


S 

■^ 


I 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


XXXI 


MS. 
12  Die, 


ru'c  iiiim- 


ila  Tcrri- 
luil  Yulo 

•t  SUI|. 

11(1  Torri- 

Hik,  IStii). 
Fiov.  ,St. 


Barmw  (.Tnhr,),  T!iu  Life,  ^'(lya^,'l■s,  aiul  J.xploits  of  Ailniiral  Sir  I'iaiiLis  Drake, 

Ltiii(l..ii,  I  si:!. 
]!anir,\-  (Williaiii),  'i'lie  (leiieial;  or  Twelvo  Ni^riits  in  a  lluiiter'.s  Camp.    l>os- 

loil.    lNi',1. 

IViiiy  (W.  .1.),  Up  anil  Down.     Loiuloii,  lS7t). 

]5any  (H.  .\. ),  aii'l  I!.  A.  I'atteu,  Men  and  Memoi-ics  of  San  Franci.suo.     Sau 

Friincisco,  ISTii. 
r.avsto\v  (Ail'red),  Stateiii-'iit  of  a,  I'ionocr  of  lS-11).     MS. 
T.arslo\v(l).  P.),  Iteeoileetioiisof  lSt:)-,"jl.     :\IS.  ^ 
];.ir."l()\v  (ijooryo),   Iiitroiiiietory  Ailclress.     Sau  Fraiieisco,   IS.')'.);  other  al- 

(Irc-i.ses. 
liartk'tt  (Joliu  Riissoll),  rcrsonal  Xaviitive  of  jAiiloratinns  iiud  Tiieideiit.s  in 

'J'exas,  Xow  Mexico,  California,  etc.      New  Yoric,  IS.'il.  'J  VoL-i. 
IJartk'tt,  (.f<^liu  l!u.-;sell),  lit  jK.rt  on  the  Ijonndary  ijiiic  Iietweeii  the  U.  S.  ami 

Mexico.     |l)"Jd  Coni;.,  I'd  Ses^.,  Sell.  ]^x.  Doc.   11.)    Vraslmiytun,  IS.")!. 
Kartk'tt-,  (\Vashiii;^'ti.ii),  Stat  laeiit  of  a.  I'ioneer  of  ls|'.».     -MS. 
];artoii  (.lames  IL),  Statomcnt  of  an  Ivirly  Settk'r.     ^IS. 
IJarton  (Stei)heiil,  Ivii'ly  liintory  of  \'i.siiia.      Scrap-book. 
]]asellaiul>cliafliic!ion  Zcitiiic,  ISIiS. 

liate.i  (D.  ];.),  Four  Years  on  the  I'acilic  Cast.     ]iu.^ton,  lS."iS;  Lcston,  18C0. 
F>atca  (If.  W.),  Jlliistrated  TraAel.s.     Foiidon.  ii.d. 
Bates  (1.  (/.),  Jlejiortof  the  I'roceediuj^.s, . .  Wdl  and  Testament  of  Horace 

liaues.     San  J''rancisco,  hS7-. 
Ilittk'  Moniitain  (Xev.),  Messen'4er. 
Fauer  (.lohn  .\.),  Statement,  of  a^Fioncer  of  ISlt).     IMS. 
Fausmaii  (William),  Early  < 'alifornia.     San  Fi'aiicisco,  IST-. 
llaxlcv  (11.  Willis),  \Vhat  I  .saw  on  the  Western  Coast.     Xcw  York,  ISti.'.. 
lieaclfc  (.1.  1!.),  '1  he  Undeveloped  We.,t.     J'hiladelphia  [IST.'ij!  Western  WikU. 

(.'inciniiati,  ISTl). 
Fcadle's  :\lonthly.     Xew  York,  IS!!.")  ot  seij. 
Feale  (E.  F.),  Wa'^on  Foad  from  I'ort  Diliance  to  the  Colorado  Fiver.    [.']3tli 

Couv.,  l.st.Ses's.,  H.  Ex.  Doc.  ]-_'4.] 
Fran  (IMwiu  F. ),  see  Directories,  Nevada  County,  Cal.,  1H()7. 
Fc:!r  Fla- Papers,  181(i.     MS. 
Feard    (llcnry),    Ar,i:;umeut.     .John    Folaiid.  .  .Land   Claim,    "La   Fnciite." 

Wiushiiiudon,  IM)!!. 
Beckw  iiii  (10.  It.),   lu'port  of  l^xploration  of  a   Foutc;  for  the  Facific  ]l,iil- 

road  near  tlie  IJStli  and  ;!!)tk  Farallels  [;!;!d  Cong.,  Est  Scs.s.,  Jf.  Kx.  Doc. 

]'2U\.     AVashiiiLtton  [lH.31]. 
Fee  (!•'.  A.).  0[)cnin,i;  Ai'uiiment. .  .Chine-e  Tiiuuii;rntion.     S.  F,,  isyd. 
Fee  (Henry  J. ).  lU'collections  of  (.'alit'oruia  from  l.s;!(t.     ,MS. 
]'iccchcv   (F.    ^\'.),    Xarrative  of  a  \'o\'ai:e  to  the   I'acilic,  etc.,    in    IS'J.J-S. 

l.o'i.lon,  lS:',l,-2  vols.;  I'hiladelphia,  I.S.'i'J. 
F)cechcy  (F.  W.),  '/.'<i'i\o':y  oi  Yoyaijc.   See  llidiarilson  {.I.)  et  al. 
Fi'crs  ((ieor^c  A.),  N'asipu^z.     Xew  York,  1S7."). 
Felcher    (Edward),    Narrative  of   a  \'oya;,'e    round  the  World  in   ].S.1(i-l-2. 

Loii<lon,  I'vt.'i.   2  voLs, 
Fcldiii  (I)avid),  Speech  in  Sen,   of  Cal.  Fel).  0,  ISGG,  against  the  Fcpcal  of 

the  Spvcilie  ('ontract  Act.     .*<acramciito,  18(10. 
]'.eldcu  (.losiah).  Historical  Statement.  .MS. 
Frideii  (.(o.sialn.  Letters  of  a  Pioneer  of  FS-ll.  MS, 
];■  Ifarit  (Me. ),  Kt'puhlican  Journal. 

F>.  II  {\.  D.),  Arguments  in  favor  of  Innnigr.ition.     San  Francisco,  ]^'!C\. 
Fell  (ilor.nc),  lieiiiiniscciicfjs  of  a  PL.-inger.   L.  An.u'eles,  ISSI ;  als<j  scrap  book. 
VaW  (.1.  ('.),  obituary  Address  on  Death  of.     Sacr.imeuto,  iStJO, 
F'll  (W.  A.),  New  Tracks  in  North  America.     London,  IbTO. 
]!clh;ville  (111.),  Advocate. 
]jcllo\\s  (Henry  W,),  In  Memory  of  Tiios.  Starr  King.     l3iscourse,  r^Iay  1, 

i;'(il.     h-an  ]''rancisco,  1S(J4. 
Iklmuiit  (Nov.;,  Courier. 


w 


NXXll 


AUTiiomTir:s  quotfj). 


I    , 


Iii'iili.'ini   ((';illiou:i).  To.^timr)ny  in  behalf  of  tho  I'.   S.   vs.    .Siittcr.     "Xcw 

llilvilia.  '     Siiii  I'nuirinci),  ISOl. 
lleiiic'i.t,  Cliroiik'Ii',  Nuw  Mr.'i,  I'iiciliu  (.'Iiuit!iiii;iii,  'J'ribiuio,  etc. 
lluiiii'iii,  Oliiciiil  l)iiiiiiii(ut.i  i;i  iUliitinii  t(j  J.uinl  'I'ilks.     Suisiiu,  I'liii. 
]>u'iiiu:tt  (11.  (.'.),  (;iiiiu.'.i(.'  lial)!jr.     A  Li^L'tnro.     Sau  Kraiici.HOo,  1,S70. 
Bciiiittt  (lliury),  S|K(.:i.!i  in  L*.  S.  H.  of  \U;i<.,  Miiy  'J7,  I'S.iO,  on  Ailiiu:iii<)u  (-f 

(,'alitiiiiiia,     \\  a^liiiig'.ou,  ISJl,), 
Di'niictt  (.\  illianii'll,  Tlu' tjiicuo  ( 'asc.  n.[il.,  u.il. 
Iji'iilluy  (William  i;.),  I'luu.^ant  1'atli.s  of  tho  I'ucilic  Xorthwo.st.     Sail  Fran. 

cisfo,   \l:b>2. 
]'<ciitou  (.1.  A.),  Tho  Califc.i'nia  I'ilgrim.     Sacraiucnto,  IS.').'!. 
Ijoiitmi  (Thoiims  II.),  Ahridu'incnt  of  Pchatcs  in  Congress,  17">n-l.S."(5.     "Kcw 

York,  lS,')7-(il!.    Hivi'i;.;   1)(  fcuco  of  l'i'r:iioiit.      In  Xilcs' lifi/istcr,  Ixxi. 

I71i;  S;i(;iuh  in  I'.  S.  Si'iialo,  .July,  l.sls.    In  C'oii^'.  (ilohi',  I^it7-'S,  A]  i>. 

'J77;  Siici'ch  in  U.  S.   Sinato,  Jan.   1.5,  LSI!),  on  .\(l ji!(li(.'ati')n  of  haul 

Titlcii,  t'tc,  in  Now  Mexico  anil  California.     AVaiiiinujtun,  KsiJ;  Tliiiiy 

Ycar.s'  N'icw.     Xi'W  York,  18.VI.  '2  vols. 
r^'ivn,'!'!-  (.1.    1'.),  (Jollu'tion  ilu  Tmis  ks  ^'(>yagf•.4  faits  fiutonr  ilu  Momlc 

raii.-j,  178S-;).  0  vols. 
r>''ikeky,  Ailvm-iti',  l!i!ki'li\van. 
]!' rkolcy  (.Miai'Uily.     San  Fiamisco,  ISRO-I.  2  vuU. 
H'rvniuAr.'.  {.] .  M.),  Ycrilaili'i'a  ( '  lusn.  do  la  ii'.'vohieiou.     Toliica,  ISol, 
l!tiii:;l  (.Iu,\m),  .Mrnioria  do  im  Cdifoinio.     ;\IS. 
llriTcycsa  (.\nfoiiio),  lU'laciun  dt!  .sus  lu-'(;ii(.'nl",s.     'M'A. 
liriivyL'sa  iiud  CaniHo,  (.hianvl  at  t'oiionia,  ISKi.     M>. 
11:  rry  (1  !l'i,i-_;l'). 'i'lio  (Jold  if  C'aliuirnia.     London,  l>;-!f». 
Jji  .stard  (iliii'Mavontura),   l'a«toi-al  del  Conii.sariu  (Ifncial   do  InJias.    "JS  do 

Agosto,  IhlO.     MS. 
Efitaid  (i'.mnavontiua),  I'asto'.'al.     (i  iIu  Mayo,  I'llli.     I\I  >. 
licta^di  (Willi.i'.u),   A  Voya!:;o   round    tho  AV'orld.     I.,oiidon,   17'.!S;  London, 

17o7;  ahso  in  riukoi-ton".s  N'oya^'is,  vol.  ,\vi. ;  llarii.s'  Col.,  vol.  i. 
Btyer  (Moiitz),  Das  AuM\\auder'!n;:sliuoh.     I^oijizi;.',  l.S4(}. 
Ibai't  (Lucifu),  My  Ikunhk'.s  in  the  Xmv  World.     J.ondou,  l>s77. 
Lidloniaa  (II.  .!.),  suo  ])ir(fLolios,  Sacramento,  ISGl-'J. 
BidwcU  (.John),  California  in  1S4I-S.    :MS. 
Lidwoll  (John),  Journey  to  (alilornia.  n.  |.!.  |  |S1'J|. 
Jjigol'iw  (.rohn^  Le.s  ^kat^^-Ullis  D'Ann'si  [ue.     I'aris,  l.s;).'];  Memoir  of  tlie 

Life  and  I'nMic  Services  of  .lolin  C.  I'n'niont.     Xiw  York,  l8.)lj. 
]]ii.',','.s,  llutte  (^uuiiy  rvcgi.ster,  Silver  Ik'nd  Ib'iiorter. 
]'ii;:ler  (lleniy  \V. ),  iJiary  of  a  Mormon  in  ('alilornia.     MS. 
IJigler  (■iolnii,  Ailihvss  at  a  Meetiui,'  of  (.'iti/.eiis  of  Santa  Clara  County,  n.pl. 

ll;vV>];  Scrap  Look,  1S.")()-'J;  S|)eecli  at  Sacramento  July  11,  lSo7.    Sacra- 

nu'uto,  liSll7;  and  other  .'^iieiH'he.s. 
l]i,!,'lv  (('autell  A.).  Auriiodina.      Xew  York,  \^VX 
r.iUi'ng:*  (Fi-edei-ick),  Address,  Sept.  •_';$,  IS.il.     San  Francisco,  ISj4. 
r.ilson  (l). ),  Tlie  Hunters  of  Kentucky,  etc.     Xesv  York,  l'^17. 
r.io:ira])iiical  Sketches  in  S.  Jose  I'ioiKH'r,  lS7.S-S;i. 

Linl  (Isal.flla  L),  Lady's  Life  in  the  Locky  Mountains.     Xev,-  York,  1.S70-S1. 
liirnie  (Itoliert),  I'er.soual  Advenfur'js.     MS. 

Llaik  (<;eor;;e).  llepert  on  tho  Middle  Yul.a  Canal.     Sin  I'raiu'isco,  ISilt. 
lilack  (J.  S.),  Keijovt.-i  I  f  Cases  ar,f.,'ued  and  determined  in  the  Supremo  Court 

of  the  United  States.     AVashin';ion,  ISO;!, 
Blaeu  (or  .Tansz),  ,\merica.  {.\tlas  Maior).  Amstelaedami,  UKl'J. 
Llau'don  (Franci.s  William).     The  Modern  Gei):;ra|>hei'.     London,  n.d.  .">  vols, 
lilake  (William  1'.),   Ccologieal  l\econnaiss:inco  in  C.-difovnia.     Xi\v  \'orU, 

IS.'S.   4to;   The    Production   of   tho   I'reeioiis    Metals.     Xew  York,   etc. 

IMI!). 
Bhuichet  (F.  X'.),  Historical  Ski-tehes  of  the  Calholio  Church   in  (.)re^^on. 

Portland,  1S7.'^. 
Bledsoe  (A.  J.),  History  of  L)cl  Xurtc  County.     Eureka,  ISSl. 


'"^ 


AUTHOrjTIKS  QUOTIID. 


xxxiii 


tcr.     "New 


1807. 

.70. 
Vthiusaion  of 


.Sail  I'riUi- 


lS.-fl.  Xcw 
■i^istur,  Ixxi. 
,s  J7  S,  A)  \). 
Im  of  Liiii'l 
I8l;»;  Thii-ly 

du   Mollilc. 


is;;i. 

iiiliin.    "JS  do 
■.;S;   Louiloil, 

pi.  i. 


pinoii"  of  the 


iiinty.  ii.i'l. 


ik.  ISTO-Sl. 

L-O.    ISCt. 

ircinc  (Jiuu't 


l.d.    .")  Vnl-!. 

X,  \\-  \'(irk, 
y.iik,  lU'. 

ill  (.)rr-()ii. 


lilies  (William  1;.),  I'ai-idio.!  in  tlif  ]'a..illc.     Xcv.-  V.  1!:.  lP-^ 

IMnxoiii'j  (Is.iuc),  Vi^;ila;it;i!  Coimuitti'c.  by  ",'>:)  Si'i-ivtury.'  Mf*. 

li'imi  U'liili.     Varii.u.i  iiaiai>l:lct.-j  vf  dili'oiviit  lotl'.i'.s  of  llio  Hooioty. 

1!.)  le^a  y  Ciuidra  (Jiiiin  Fraiit-ihu'o),  Cumuiuu  do  l.i  N'avi';?i<'i'':i.  I77'i.    MS.. 

];<idc„a  y  ( 'iiadra  (•liiaii  I'raiici.jeo),  Xiivc'^'ai.inuy  ]Ju  ciilniiiiii  ".N»,  177!).     M.S. 

ni>d(".;ay  Cuiidra  (Juan  I'laiicisio),  Sc^imda,  .S;ilida,  177'.'.    MS. 

ljiilc;,'ii  y  L'uudra  ( luaii  I'mnciHco),  Via,!,'i)  do  177"i.    MS. 

1'.  .dir,  ( 'liriMiiou',  I'lvt:  I'lX'.-iS,  Moiliiii'4  Xi;\v;-i,  Staiidai'd,  etc. 

r.iV^.'^H  (William  M.),   IIi'miiiiHL-('iii.'CH  Irmn  Isji!.     M^. 

li.i.^^'s  (Wiiiiam  M.),  Trip  aurdsa  tlic  I'laiiis  in  IMli.    In  Ctilir.tog.'i  Tiilv.uio, 

l'>7i;  Xa^iii  i;(';,isiLr,  lis7'J. 
r.'ijoiuL's  (•liiaii),  JvL'L'iK.Tdo.s  Kobrc  la  Ilistoria  do  California.  ^IS. 
]io!L'of  (.l(iau),  ('ai'ius  du  uu  Ituso.     M.S. 

IJDiiill.i  (.)i)su  Maiiatiii),  UixiimL'iitn.s  para  la  Ilistoria  dc  Califoniin.     ^IS, 
1".  aiiila  (Mui  iaiio',  N'aiias  Cartas,  1S;;4-17.     MS.  Arcliivi"',  jiab-im. 
liuiHii-i'  (T.  !>.),  I^iff.  and  Ad  vent  arc  i  of  .laiuei  I'.  Ijccliwonrlli.     X.  Y,,  IS.iS. 
];i,iiayi'arti!u  (U.  IL),  Sjiani.sli  Anaiioa.     J.nndiin.  l^^iS.  'J  vols, 
liiuuiik  (.James),  'lac  ilormun.f  and  tlic  Silvir  ^liiu':'.     J^nndnii,  V-7-. 
lioulii  (.Sfivion),  Addicns,  Au^.  iS,  l.SOS.     ,San  Fianilieo,  ISOlSj  al.-o  Viiiiiiis 

addrcsso.s  iind  IcttiTS. 
Ijorliiin,  ravccur  del  I'i.-io.il  sobrc  td  Proyecto  do  aluii-  Comuniuaciou  tiitio 

Califjniia  y  X.  McNii-o,  ls;ll.     MS. 
Ir.jiic.i  (Uioj/o),  Castiijos)  fine  liau  do  siifiir  lu^f  Indios,  171'".    M''. 
UnivM  (Liio^'o),  ('onvvp  )ud>'nci,i  di  1  SrOiljLnuido;'.  17'.'!    IS'").     MS. 
Iwiicii  (Ditgo),  laformo  wulr.'o  coiiiuiiicaLiou  oou  X.  Mi  .■  ioo,  \~'M,     ^IS. 
1;  i:ic:i  (!Ji;';,'o),  Juiuinn;  do  XuoMi.s  ^lisiniu'S,  17!'0.     MS. 
li.'iioa  (l;io;.i(j),  InKtrutciim  dcdiii^ir  l.a  finidaciDii  du  Ura'U'if'ntP,  17!)7. 
I'.oiiua  (Dif;,'o),  Instniccioa  para  la  uiowlta  du  S.  Jnan  ]5;'.utis.:i,  17!J7. 
];  >;iiii  (l):(',.;o),  rrnycuto  s-.ohro  Divij^ion  du  Calii'c(ruia.i,  17Uo.     M.':^. 
iJ.ir  'uda  ( lu.sj  Cannt(i),  Xola.J  du  California.     ^LS. 
li.iidiida  (.iosu  k'..),  Apuntcs  llistoiiuos.     !MS. 
ll.iitlnvii'k  (J.  D.),  Tl.iuu  Year;  in  California.     London,  1'^'."7. 
ll.jouaiKi  (*  Ii.Tiinim  )),  CiiiniLjuliiuiuh.     l::io\v  Yodc,  l>rf;i.    \v'iih  Roljiuson  (AU. ) 

L'U\:  in  Cal. 
r  isuana  ((tuvuiamo),  E.scritos  Sucltcs  del  I'ad'.v.     !MSS. 
l!.ir>:uii(.Ma.5d. ),  Advuriisur,  (,'onMnui'i.ial  iluiluLiti,  JoiUiial,  Post,  TravuUur,  etc. 
Postoii  ill  llio  Xoitliv.(>;it,  Solid  ilea  of.     JNIS. 
1;  itoUo  (N'awiso),  .Analcsdul  tiuv.     M>i. 


MS. 
AIS. 


An' 


MS. 


lliitc'llo  (Xaruiso),  ('oniuniuacioneH  .Siiulta.i  do  ini 

Piiiiua  <!oiiui'al  do  lo;?  Uumcdios  I-l-ii^'.-inii  iitad''.s.     .'oiioina,  looS. 

1;  iLia  (P.  \].),  (ihiorvatioaa  anv  ks  llabitan:)  do  la  C.difoniio.     In  Xouv.  An, 

Nov.,  lii.  1  'iti. 
]'■  j'.ii  (t'.  !■;.),  0-5.su rvazioai  .sugli  Aljil..mti  dulia  Caliinini.i.     In  JJahaut  C'jlly, 

Pi>tv.s  (. '.  'i'.),  Addr.'ss,  S[)ueeh,  et(\ 

iJouclmcmi'':  (CJi.),  Xotiuu  ladustriullo  snr  la  Califovnip.     Lynn,  ISIO. 


liuLK-iiard  Ali'.iir,  Tu.sliinonio  do  Pii.sioncn 


.!<'  h 


.iitcs,  I5l6.    MS. 


P.oiinii  ri'Miiu.  or  tlieluild  Jluiitui'.s  Manual.     Xuw  \'oiU,  lS'y2. 

Ix'Win  (.\s.iM.),  Statuniuntun  San  Pa.soiial,  l.'i4().     MS. 

lii)\vur.s  (S,i[>!iun),  Santa  lio.^a  Lland.     In  Sniitlibonian  llup'.ft,  1S77. 

p.  >uiu  (All.;.  .1.).  ilydranlio  Minin,-,' in  Calii'orni.i.     ■'■an  I  r.uiui.suo,  lfS7.''. 

J'.o\\i(;  (Uiihard  1.),  Spcuoli  in  U.  S.  11.  of  }lv[).,  .Tuiiu  0,  lS.i;»,  on  t!iu.  t'alifor- 

ai.in  (,»iK'stioa.     Wasliiayton,  lS.")i). 
Piwlfs  (Siii-mul),  Across  tliu  CDiitiiiunt.     Sprin';!iolil.  ISiiO;  Our 

llaiLford,  etc.,  li(jl»;  The  Paciliu  Ihuhpad.  Uoston,  1  >!;!). 
I'l'vcr  (i.ansioa),  From  tho  Orient  tc)  tliu  Ocuidunt.     Xuw  York, 
Inr.aton  (.1.  S.),  Statumuat  of  a  Pioauur.     MS. 
liiauu  ((  liarlu.s  I.oiin'_'),  Tho  Xuw  West.     X.  w  York,  I*-!'.!*. 
Pra.^krtt  (Alliurt  (;.)V  lli^loi'v  of  tho  C.  S.  Cavaiiy.     X<  v.-  Y.-rk,  Imm. 
LiackuLt  (Alhort  C),  ladiaa  War  in  Califoruia  aud  Xuvuda,  l6JiJ-7.    MS. 


Xuw  AVust. 
1S7S. 


xxxir 


AUTi.roniTiKs  QroTim. 


■liiiJ 


llmck.'tt  fAlLcrk  f!.),  Lint  i.f  OiricnM  of  (^llif..nli  i  l!,iti:il!on.  ISlrt  7.     MS. 

llrac!:cn  i.Mlicrt  i!.i,  Ski'tr;!  (.f  I -t  l.'r  ;i,iiiiit,  New   V"i-k  N'l.liiiili  crs.     MS. 

Kliickctt  (AllM'td.l,  Skctrli  of  til.:  .MoiiiK.,!  liaM.iliMii.      M  ■;. 

IJr.uiril'iiti)  (villa  ili  ),  hii't/mica  ik'l  li-i'al  s'llirc  l'iiiiila'i"ii,  IJi'T.      Ml^ 

IJlMlii  iliHti.' (viUii  ill'),  J']l  Disc  Ti'tiiiii)  lie  S.  i''iriiain!.)  al  Viny,  ITI'T.      Mi^. 

liriiiiril'*!!.'  (villfi  lii'j,  Inrnrimt  ilcl  IJcal  'riiliuiiitl  hi)1i;i'  la  luuilatiun,  I7!l"i.   AM. 

jJi'iiiiL'ltMi'lo  (Viny),  iVuLuri/.ai'iuii  p.na  la  ruiiil.icioii  do  Nucvas  Mi.siuiic.s, 
I7!)(i.     MS. 

Ijiiuicif'ii'U)  (Viiuy),  il  IJai'ic.a  Mohro  Ijatci'iin  il'!  S.  i  niin.'i.s'j'i,  17'.'-'j.     MS. 

Ilr.iiicitoilt)  (Viri'y),  lu:jtniii'i(>ii,  IT'.U  7.     MS. 

Jlraiicii'oi'lo  (N'ircy),  \'i!rio.<  Olii'iiw,  17!)t-H.     .MS. 

Itrand-t  mill  .^fal•k^.     .MS.  1  vol.     In  Arciiivi)  do  (^'aliforiiiii. 

]li'!iy  (IMimind),  MciiKiir  i)f  a 'I'lip  t')  <'alifnriii.i,  IM!.     ?.1S. 

llivuk,  Spcrcli  ill  U.  S.  II.  i)f  Jirp.,  Martli  '_'.»,  l.S."ii),  mi  Uiu  Mufsa/j'L'  of  tlio 
I'lvadi'iit  ivlaliii^  to  Califoriiiii,     Wasliiir^ton,  JS.'it). 

r.i'fifii  (■Idliii),  I'iiiiuHi- Moiiioir.s.     MS. 

lli'i'iii  (l'aiiick)i  I'iiiry  of  ouo  of  the  iViiiiur  I'aity.  1'>I''.     ?1S. 

IJrcrotoii  (It.  M.),  liLj) :)i-t  oil  Mi's.^r.--  Dt'iialcy  and  ( 'o.'.-t  C;iiial  Project,  etc. 
San  I'liiiU-isLO,  l.SVJ;  olhiT  vopoits. 

llri^worioM  (i  li.'oryo  I).),  .V  Itido  from  [.us  Andes  ti  N'l'W  Mi'xi'o.  ]ii  liar- 
]pi'i'.s  .\ia'_'a;iiK'.      ISo.'l.  v.il.  vii. 

Uriliiiy,  or  llic  Ciilifo.nia  Suiiatoiial  lllcction.     San  l"ran<isco,  lyiiS, 

J^'.iifi!  aiirt  d'li  V'i'riini;;tiMi  Staatiii.     Lcipzi;,',  IS.Vt,  'J  vols. 

J^riufs  of  Caliiorniii  Stii)vc';iio  ( "o\irt  ami  ollur  coui  t.s,  mnv  than  .',('0')  in  rmin- 
l)(.'r,  alpout  l,Oi';)<it'  wiiii'li  I'outain  itnns  of  hi 'toiiiMl  cvidcin'r,  and  ovrr 
in,)  (if  wiiich  !i\\^  cited  in  my  iinLis  by  the  name.j  of  tliu  oiisctj,  Not 
named  in  tiii.s  list. 

Bri;;','.s  (('.  I'.).  Narrative  of  ISJG.     In  Xaiui  Report,  r,  An;,',  lil,  ls72. 

liriruow  (K.  L.),  Iteiuountei's  with  lndi:ins,  etc.     ,\IS. 

liroek  (Joseph  .M.).  jtecollcctioim  of  '4!).     MS. 

]',-ockctt  (L.  I'.),  Onr  Western  Kni])ir('.     rhikidelpliia,  etc.,  IbSl. 

IJro.lic  (S.  H.),  St.itcincnt  of  L(gal  Matters.     ]MS. 

Ih'ook'.yn,  X'idettc. 

J'.roiihhiii  (The)  .Mormons  in  CaliforniM.     From  a  iu;\vsp:i;ier. 

]]rt>oks  (!',.  S. ),  Alcalde  ( 1  rants  in  the  City  of  S.m  l''iMncisco.  In  T'ioncer. 
vol.  i.  \-l\). 

Britoks  K'hiirks  Woleott),  Cliincsc  in  Ca!ifonii:i.  S.  V.,  Is77;  K.nly  Mi^jra- 
tions  of  Ancient  Western  Xalions.  S.  F. ,  lS7(i;  E'lrly  Miiialious,  ()ri;,fiii 
of  (,'hini'so  Uticc.  S.  F.,  lS7ii;  Ja[)aiic.so  NVrccks.  S.  F.  I>s7(>.  Xevv.s- 
p.. pel-  Iteports  of  I'apor.s  on  ()ri.;iii  of  the  .lapane.so  I'aco,     Scijips. 

Brooks  (If.  S.),  The  California  Monntiiineer.     S  oi  Francisco,  IStil. 

]jroo!;)(l.  Tyrwliitt),  Four  Mont'is  anions,'  the  ( iold-lindcrH.  I.ondrin,  ISIO; 
Kcw  York,  IS  I;);  I'aris,  1S4!);  \'icr  ina;uidcii  ondcr  de  (Iniid  :oel;ers  in 
Oppcr-C'alifornie.  Amstcnhiin,  ISIO;  \'ier  Monate  nntcr  Uiddlindern  iu 
Oher  Kalifornicn.     Leiii;'i,v'.  IS4!);  Z'.ri  di,  18  !). 

Brooks  (•r..iiicu),  A  Seven  .Months'  l!un.     X.n"  York,  1872, 

r>r..ok.s  (V.  ('.).  A  ('"liiplcle  History  of  th.^  .\;.  xican  AV;ir.     Phil.,  1840. 

];rook  ••  (ii.  S. ),  Sjic(  eh  in  U.  S.  II.  of  Ivep  .^iiiic  i  1,  1S"!4,  on  I'aeilic  JIailriad. 
AVasliiii'.^tnii,  I ''.."4. 

Ih-os.s  (William),  Address  on  Itcsoitrces  of  Far  West.  Jan.  'I'l,  LSi'iti.  New 
York,  KS'UJ. 

I'rown  (Ciiiirlcs),  Faily  Ilveuts  in  ('alifoiiiiil.     AiS. 

I'rown  (i'.lam),  An  old  I'ionecr.    In  San  Jose  Pioneer,  .Tan.  20,  1.S7S. 

Brown  ill.  S.).  Karly  Days  of  California.     MS. 

Browne  (.1.  i;<ias).  Address  to  the  'renitnrial  Pioneers  of  Califoinla.  In  S.  F. 
News  Letter,  Sept.  1 1.  Is7.");  lluliei  t  IL  Bancroft  and  his  fjterary  I'lider- 
takiiigs.  In  Ovirland  Monthly;  Lower  Cal.  See  Taxlor;  Iteku  ion  de  los 
I)e1iates  lie  lii  Convencion  dc  Calit'oinia,  Set.  y  Oct.,  1S4!),  Xucii  York, 
1851;  li'eport  of  Dcoates  in  Convention  of  California.  Sept.  and  Oct., 
I84!),  AV;-.slih)gtoii,  I8,"i0;  Kiport  upon  the  Mineral  llisouiccftuf  the  States 


"^ 


AUTIIOKITIES  QUOTKD. 


xxxv 


sia  :.   MS. 

IllllcrlS.       ,MS. 

7.     MS 
17:17.     MS. 
iuii.  I7!i'>.  MS. 
jvas   Mi.-^iiims, 

(05.     MS. 


ilcsaago  of  tlio 


1  i'l'iijoct,  etc. 

iiio.     Ill  liar- 

ISfiS. 

r>,Or)')  ill  mini- 
[■111'!.',  ami  (ivi  r 
10   I'lisuhj.     Is'ot 

I,  1SV2. 
581. 

Ill  Ti'inorr. 

Kaily  Mi;,'i"i- 
aticias,  Oi'i;,-iii 
1^7i>.    Nuwij- 
f-'craps. 
(il. 

.(indoii,  ISH); 
>uiL;oc!:ei-s  in 
lokllimlurii  ill 


1..  1S!I>. 

ilic  JIailr  lad. 

'>,  1.'m',(),     Xew 


;,s. 

hia.     Tm  S.  F. 

aiy  I'lidor- 

,■■  imi  lb'  liis 

\  i!c'.  ;i  ^'()^k, 

pt.  .•liid  Oct., 

il  the  .States 


nnilTfiTitniit'S  Wixtof  )Ii<'l!'M'ky  Af.niiit.iiiiM,    W!is1iiii't<>ii,  I'^OT;  Wa.sli- 

iiiv'loii   iSiiS;    Sail  I'lMiici-cii.  IsiiS;   liiiinrt-i  up m  tlu'  .Mineral  II^■^oll^(■t■^l 

lit'   tliu    riiittii    St.'itfs.     \Va-liiii-tuii,    i.sii7;     lU-.iuuruu.s   of   tlu!    I'aciiio 

Sjiipi',  cti".,     S.iii  l''niiu'i.si'ii,  |S(;!». 
llryaiit  ( I'Muiii),  VoyjiuM  i-ii  ( "ilit'nriiit',   cti'.      I'aiis,  11. il.;    ^\'ll.■lt    t  .saw  in 

r.ilit'Mniia.     \cw  Vork.  IMS;  \,\v  Voil;.  Isl'l. 
J'.rvaiit  (Williaiii  ( 'ililni),  ilip^ioiv  cit'  tlic  liiitf  1  .statfH.     Xi:\V  Voik,  l.S7(J-;;l. 

•1  VdIh. 
nucarili  (\'iri'y),  ( j(!!niiiii'acioiii"i  iiI  Ckiii.  (Icii.  y  ( !.>Iii'.  ile  <'al.,  177--!'.    MS. 
I'.!ic.iic!i  (Xircy),  In-itnifoion  nl  ('  niiaiiilaiitt'  dc  Cal"-,  I77;>.    MS. 
ilir.iiTJi  (N'iivy),  FiiMtniccioii  d'l  Vic'v.     17  .\','o.stn,  177.'!.     .MS. 
Ilii.aiili  (N'iivy),  IiistriU'ciiiil  del  \'irfy.      ."dSit.,   1771.      >rS. 
iliunrcli  (Viicy),  I'rovidoiicias  d<i  \'irty.     'Jil  May.i,  I77:t.     MS. 
naijli.iuaii  (•laiii.s),  lii^tiiU'li.'ii.s  of  ilio  S.i'iut.iry  of  Statu  to  'J'ii.  ■<,  O.  Laikiii 

as  ( 'oiilidfutial  .\i,'riit  of  the  W  S.,  IM.").     'MS. 
llui'iiaiiaii  (•IniiR'.s),    In^triivtioiis  tn   N'mliii-.-i,  Oct.  7.   ISIS.     In  Cal.  and  X, 

Mi.v..  Mi'ss.  and  Dnc.     ls.>().  [).  (i. 
I'.nclli.i  (.Viitollio),  Cartas  di:  1111  \'(  liii.i  dc  S.  .To.-*.'.      MS. 
IJurlii.i  (I'V'lix),  \arr;aioii  sijbic  Tii  iiiima  I'asados.     M.S. 
I'.iillal.i  (.\.  v.),  {.'oiliii'r. 
lliilliiui   (!■:.   Ooiilcl),  .Six  M..iiliis  in  tlu.'  <;..1.1   .MiiifS.     PJiilaJolpIiia,    Isr^O; 

L.  .11. 1' '11,  ls.".0. 
I'.Mincttll'i'tc'iIl. ),  KrcollcctioiisandOpiiiiiiitsof  aiiOld  F'i'iiic!i:r.    N.  ^'.,  l.SS). 
Uaiiu'tt  (Pcti'r  II. ),  Itui'ollo  ■ti'iiis  of  tlw.!  I'ast,     MS.  2  so!-. 
Jlanu'y  (.fiuncs),  (.'ludiiolni^ical  liistury  of  tliu  I'iscovc'riuvs  in  tlic  .South  Sua, 

or  Taciiic  Oi'c.'in.     J^midon,  1M)I>-17.  4to.   "1  vols. 
Jaiiiis  (.\;iron),  Stiitcincut  of   V*i,:.;ilaiK'i;  Ciiiniiiittcc.     ]\IS. 
]iiirr(l!.  T.),  (.'Iiart  «lio\vin'^'  Aye,  itt'.,  of  OlUcci-.s  of  .State  and  .Meiiilicr.-i  of 

Li'j;islatiiri',  ISO.")  (J.     S.-nraiiunto,  l'i()(j. 
I'lUiris  (  Davis),  Xarrativc.     MS. 
Jlartnii  ■.o,lm),  Oilicial  and  Private  Lcttcr.s.     MS. 
Jlartnii  (Mrs  .M.  A.),  IJioi,'ra|iiural  Sketch.     MS. 

].iiit(.u  'Jlichard  i'.).  City  of  the  Saints,  etc.     J.oiidon,  isdl;  X.  V.,  1802. 
laiilim  (  ll'iluit),  Tlie  l'n;.;lisli  Ifero.      I.iindon,  1()S7;   l.oiidoi',  171(1. 
J'.iisliaell  (lli'iaee),  Cliaracterisf ii-s  and   I'rospeets   of  Cilildinia.     S'ln    l''r/in- 

cisco,  li'v")S;  .Moveini'Ut  for  a.  rnivursity  in  (.'alifornia,  ote.     .'^au   I'lan- 

cisct),  1S.")7. 
r.iistain;;iito   (.Vna.sta.sio),    E.scritos   del   ,Sr   rrcsidento   toeante  a  C;  liforni.i, 

l.s;i!l--2.     .MS. 
Uiistainaiite  (( Viilos  Maria),  AiMintos  paiiila  Histoiia  del  <!ol>ienio  del  r!eiicral 

^anta  Anna.     Mexico,  l.sli    ;!.     .MS.   .'{  vols. ;  also  print.     .Mc'.iio,  ISl'i. 
I'iiistaiiiuiito  (C/irlos  Maria),  Cnadi'o  Hi- ti'.ri.'o  do  la  Jle'voliicion  Mexieaiia. 

Mexico,  IS:i;i  7.   .")Vols.;   .Mexico,  US.'W  40.   0  vols, 
]'.ii>t:iiiiaiite  (Cailo.s  Maria),  l»i:uio  de  lo  tsiieci;il'.neiite  oeiirrido  en  Mexico, 

Si'pt.  dc  IS-H  a.Tunio  do  IM.'!.     .Mexico,  Is-ll-.').     MS.  -Ito.  4  vols. 
lUistaniaiite  (I'arhjs  Maria)   (iahiiiete  Mexicaiio.     Mexico,    ls;;ii-4l.     ,MS.  4 

Vols. ;  also  print.      Mexico,  1S4'J.  '2  vols. 
l!iist.'iiiiauto((  Virlos  ^I.aria),  Jip.'.asion  dc  Mexico  dclo.s  .Vii'jl  i-.\ni('ric.'inos.   MS. 
llilstJiinaute  ((Virlos  Maria).  Mi'didas  p.ara  l;i  i';icillcacioii  dr  la  ^\m('ri,-a  M<'X- 

icana.     MS.   IS-JO. 
]!iistain:iiite  ((,'arlos Maria),  VA  Xuevo  j'xuiial  Diaz  del  Castillo  I'l  !<ea  lUstoriadu 

la  Invasion  do  lo.s  Aiiijlo- America iir)s  en  Mexico.     Mexico,  ls47.  'J  vols. 
ISilstaliiaiite  ((.Viilo.s  ilaria),  .''^iipleini'lito  a  Los  'Tres  .Si;,los  de  Ca\d.     Jalao.'i, 

ls7'>. 
liustalii.iiite  (Ciirlos  ]\Iaria),  Vo/ de  1;i  I'.itria,  Conlinuacioii.     Me'dco,  1S,'J7-'.*. 

MS.   <)  Vols. 
I'.aller  (A.  \V.),  Resonrces  of  Montei'ey  (Amiity.     .S.in   VraneiH-.i,  1S7"), 

(  '  (S.I,  Descripcioii  Topo;_rr.Hica  de  .Misiones,  ISl.").     In  lleN'i'-ta  (  i.ntil',  i.  .'f'_'7. 
Cahalleio  (.Jo.su  tie),  listadistica  del  Lstado  Libre  dc  Jjonora  y  i?iiiuloti.     MS. 


mrr 


xxxvi 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


riiliot  f.Tiian),  EKpodicion  mI  VM'i  .lo  lis  Tiil.ires,  IRM.     :M:^. 

('alK)t  (JuMii  ,Miil  I\;ilni),  Caitiiii  ilu  dos  I'milts.     M.S. 

Cabntr.i  JJuuiio  (Joseph  (juii/alfz),  Xiivcgauiou  EspecvLttiva.     !M,iuil,i,  17'U. 

Cabrillo  t  Iirui  ];<i<lii,i,'UL';;),  lli'laiiin  (i  7)iari(i.    In  Florida,  ('  >].  ])oi-.,  17'!;  also 

ill  r.'.t;!i'.c'i  .-uid  (J.irduiiarf,  ( 'ul.  J).il'.,  ':i\'.   I'i'i.    (I'niiia'iiy  liy  Jiiaa  i'ac;;.) 
('aliiicii'r  1,  <,'ai)iciikK'ii)ii  do  KJ  do  Kiicr),  ISt7.     ^-L^. 
Cddwrll  (dcur^e  Alffi-d),  Sju'clIi  in  U.  S.  I[.  of  Ittp.  .Tunc  7,  IS.-jO,  on  tlio 

( 'ulif.ifida  iiiid  Toriitdiial  QuoHtions.     \\'aslaii;,'loii,  K'<,");). 
California,  17!:!),  in  \'ia;;cro  UniviT.sal,  .xxvi. 

(' lUfornia  .\cadeiiiy  of  Scioiicu^,  i'rocccdiiiiis  of  tlii'.     S.  J'.,  Is."),)  ct  .so(|. 
( '.iliforiiia  ALrriculturist.     Sail  .lo.s(',  1.S71  I't  **' 'l.  Jto. 
Califoniia,  .\.!l  aliout  Calii'oniia.     Sail  Francisco,  l,s70;  Id.,  1>7;!  and  Suj^plc- 

nicnt;  I<l.,  187'»  and  Sii]iiili'inciit. 
Cdifui'iii:!,  .\iaoniit  c^licctcd  fioni  custom.';,     [.'jlst  Cuii'.r.,  L-^t  .Sc.i.s.,  ][.  Lk. 

Doc.  V2.J     \Va.sIiiii;,'toii,  ISt!). 
Califoniii  Anllirnpo'.'i-aplai'  (.'Iwirf,  IS(J1  ct  pc((. 

Californi.i,  Appual  iii  IJclialf  of  tlic  Churcli.  Sept.  IR!!).    Xow  Yo"!:,  18-10. 
Call/or. liii,   Anival  of  llio   Slcanicr.     Fisii/al   in   ( '.Icbrutit-u  of  tiic  I'jlh 

Annivcr.a'.y,  l-'i.l). 'JH,  Is71.     S.;n  I'ranci.ico,  I.S7t. 
(Vilifoi  Ilia  I's  it  i;j.     San  I'"ranci;ifo,  I.SSJ. 
California  Arisooiatcd  I'ionrcrd  of  tin.'  'i\Tritt-iiial  I'ay-,  of  Cal.  in  Xow  York. 

itciiiii'ui  Is7").     Now  York,  ]s7'). 
('alii'ornia  liiolc  Society,  Annual  l;i'[)oits.     Sail  Franc.is'co,  IS-'O,  ot  iiCi|. 
California,   IUo'n'a]iliical  Sketches  of  the  Delegate-)  to  Con.  cntioii  to  fraino 

Xcw  C.i'.istitnti(ni.  1.S7S.     >S.in  I'raiici.scn,  liS7S. 
California  Cliaractors  and  .Mining  Scenes  and  SUetcIies,     San  I'lancisco,  ii.d. 
C  difornia  Ch.inis.     See.  Fremont. 
C.difoniia  (A.loicd  Ciii;:(nis,  I'rocecdiii'.s  of  Animal  Coiiveiilions.     San  I'rau- 

ciseo,  \Kd')  e;  .••(■(|. 
California,    Conii:ilcd    l^aws   liy   S.    (larliildu   and   1".    A.    Snytlcr,    I'vlO-;). 

licnieia,  ISVi. 
(':iliforiiia,  ConsUtulioii,  San  Francisco,  I'-Mll;  :d;so  in  Spani:-h. 
(alifornia,  Corre^-^pnndoniM;  it'lativc  to  llie  Indian  (li-tnrbaiiec;-!.    [lilLli  Cony., 

Isti-'cs.i.,  Sen.  Fx.  lAic.  'J(i.  |     Wasliin'iton,  IS.")."). 
California,  Cnrrcspondence  aiul  ileport  >  of  the  .Mexican  Gowiiuucnt,  I'liii  -1. 

n.iil.,  11. (1. 
Califorii'.i  Culiurist.     San  Franci  ;eo,  |S."),S-(iO.   I!  vol;-;. 
C.difi.rnia  .se  declara  Independieiite  de  ]Mi'xico.     2soV.  7,  IS.*]!).     (Montcrcv, 

is;i(i.) 

C.iliforiiia,  llnii.'jrants' tJiiidc  to.     London,  IS-IO, 

Caliiornia,  J^s'iablecimieiito  y  I'ro.nresos  d;;  las  !\Iisioiies  d..'  la  .Vnlipia  Cal- 
ifornia.    J;i   Hue.  Hist.  -Mix.,  i^er.  iv..  t'lin.  iv. 

California,  Jv-talili  aliment  of  -Mint  and  I.,i^;liL-!ioiiHes.  [Iilst  Coii'.,'.,  l.st  .Se.s.j,, 
JI.  J:x.  Doc. -17. 1    Wadiin.udon,  1S.'>(».' 

California,  Fresh  Water  Tide  Lands.     San  I'raaciseo,  U'.i!;). 

(.'alifornia  (.ieologieal  Survey.  I'hiladelpaia,  eU;.,  ISol;  >aii  I'^raneisco,  etc., 
1S(;7. 

California,  <^dds  naar.     Amsterdam,  1S4'.). 

Caliiornia  (Jold  Legion's,  ^\'ilh  a  full  account  of  the  Mineral  l!e.-ources, 
etc.,  New  York  (IS I!)). 

California  Crape  ('allure.     IJeport  of  Commi.<sioners,  San  Fr.iiici  co,  JSiiJ. 

California,  Hardy  Impeaehmi'iit.     Sae-r.inunio,  iSd:.'. 

Califoiiiia  Honioi^raplde  Chart,  KS(il  et  se(|. 

California,  ll'usiraleil  Hand- tJorik.     Lond'Hi.  l'-i7i'. 

(.'.difornia  Indians.  l!e|iort  'I'lalive  to  the  Colcini/aliiin  of.  [DIM  (.'oir.'., 'Jd 
Se.-s.,  S.  n.  Ex.  Doe.  H.] 

('difornia,  hidn-. trial  Intires(sof.     San  I'ranciseo,  ISdlJ. 

<  aliiorni  I  In>nraiiei' ( 'oiinni--'i(in''rs.     Annual  Iveports.     S.  F. .  I'-v'iS  ct.  ^-cq. 

California,  liii^.a^iuii  in  Sa.n -Jiaipain  ;uid  Tulare  i'iains.     haciuiacuto,  F-j7.'J. 


9. 


AUTnOEITIES  QUOTED. 


XTCaXII 


nib,  17:it. 


■.,  17-;  also 

luaii  r.iLi:, ) 

S50,  oil  tlio 

ct  St'(|. 

aiil  Supiilc- 

L'ss.,  n.  Kx. 

,'a 

/■i:.,  1840. 
of  tiiu  '2oih 

Xcw  Yovk. 

.jii  t.)  framo 

aucU''i),  11. il. 

4 

.     San  I'niu- 

>) 

,lti',    1S50-3. 

[:!llb  O'liLr., 

v 

ifiit,  l^.LJ  4. 

(M'.'ntcvcy, 

|\ii[i  :ua  Cal- 
,    l.-it  Scso., 

|hi  ijci>,  elo., 

Tic.imrccs, 

1  Con-.,  'ja 


,;tii,  1'j73. 


r.nlifornia,  Its  fJoLl  .ontl  its  Tiilinhitants.     London,  IS.'f).     2  vols. 

(  alitoiiiia,  I'a  Past  History;  It.-s  I'rosi'iit  Position,  otc.     London,  IS.'O. 

(  alitmnia,  .roiiniala  of  A.ssinilily  and  Suiiato,  1st  to  '2-t(Ii  sp.-sions,  1.S">0-S1; 
V  itii  .\iiinnilicts — !  01}  Volumes  in  all — Lontainin,^'  all  publii;  <locuniciit.s 
jiiint  (1  liy  till!  .statr,  wliicli  arc  citud  in  my  notcil/V  tlair  titles  aii<l  dates, 
tiio  tillo  f(jiisistiiig  of  '(Jalitornia'  followed  by  one  of  tlio  following'  liead- 
iiiLjs:  Aft;  Ailjiitaiit-fjonci'ar.s  Pi'port;  .\uiiciiltural,Miiiiii;r,and  Mcc!:an- 
ii.d  .\i-t.s  Collet;!',  i;(j]iiirt.s;  Asseniljly,  link's;  .\itoviicy-;;cnc'i'ai,  l!c]>orts; 
r>,,nl;(  'iiUiinissiom;r.s,  l;i.]:orts;  IjrilHnyiiuxsti.-'atiii','  Conmiiito;';  t.'itixen'.s 
I'.iiid  Ijijiik;  Cuiinniin  SL'liO(jl.s,  Act:-,  (tc;  <  'or|ioi'ation.s;  Deaf,  Dumb,  and 
];liud  Listitutt':  ]>hK-ati(jiial  Directory;  l.lectois;  Pecs  and  Salaries; 
]■'i.^lic'l•ic•s;  Inaa-ural  j\ddi'e.s.scs  of  ( loveinor.s;  liisano  Anyliini  Itepo't'; 
Insuraneo  Coaiiiiis,-.ioners;  Land  Act.};  Laws;  Memorial.-!;  ,Me>.sa.','eM  if 
(i.jve*iors;  Militia;  Mints  and  Miiiiii';;  Pionci  r  Silk  (.irosver.s;  I'olitieal 
C'ldu  Amendments;  Public  ].aiid.<;  Itevcnuu  Law.s;  .Sacramento  P.ivcr 
I)i-,.inai,'o  Di.strict;  Sacramento  \'a!ley  lni;.ratioii  and  iS'avi;j;;;tiui',  Canal; 
Sciiool  J.,a\v;  Secretary  of  State,  Itcjiorts  ;  Senate  and  As-endily  liills; 
Ki-iKite  Standing  ;aid  .Joint  Jlules;  Special  Me.s.iajfc.-j  of  (Jovcvnor.i;  State 
A:n'ici;liiiral  Society,  Traiisactii'iis;  Siatc  Ikjard  of  .Afrricnllnro;  State 
lJ:>irdof  lirnltli;  State  llnanl  of  Kipialization ;  State  Capital  Coiiiniis- 
■■^iniicr.-;;  State  Controller,  Annual  l!e;^.iji\s;  Slate  l.)ocinncnt.s;  State  Ceo- 
1-:  i.,t.  ];eport.<;  .State  llarlun'  C(-)mnii.s.jioi;oi's;  State  l^ibrary,  Ucport.'i; 
St.:te  Miaeralogi.st,  ^\nnu;d  P;  ;iort.s;  State  Prison.  Report:;;  State  Pefurni 
Scliool,  ileportci;  State  Superintendent  f>f  Pubiie  lnhtviiction,  llepol•t^•; 
Sc.tc  'J'caehcrri' A.ssociation;  State  Te.iciier:.' Institute;  Stale  Trca.snrcr, 
j;  poiti:  Surveyoi'-LCeiieral,  ll'-pi)rts;  Swamp  and  Ovcrllowed  Luiiils;  Tide 
l.iiids;  Transportation;  AVomaa's  .SnHia.'4e. 

ridiforiiia,  .Tonrnal  cf  Pdncation.     San  Jos.',  187')  ct  Rcq. 

<  'difornia  Labor  Excli:ui,ue.   [Various  publ'-ations.  I 

Califi'iiiia  Land  Coniiiiitsion.  Correspondem  c  |l>:'d  Coii^.,  Lst  F^'cs.s.,  11.  E>:. 
P''c.  Pill;  copy  of  Inbtnictions  [Id.,  Sen.  Ex.  l)oc.,  "JfiJ;  liat  of  cases  iu 
jlol'inan'.-i  ]!eports. 

C.ilifiirni^i  L^ind  1  ities,  (^'opies  of  in  I'.  S.  .Surveyor-genoraPs  Ciiii  c,  IS^.'j-."). 

( '.difornia  Land  Titles.     Pemariis  of  Mcssr.s.  Piielp.s  and  Sargent  in  U.  S.  11. 


of  Pep.,  Juno  lv>.  1SG2.     Wasliinglon,  lS(i: 
Cilii'oruia,  Last  Xiglit  of  the  Ses.-ioiiVf  the  Le.^iLlati 
i\v  .lounial  and  Literary  Pevicw.    San  I'l 


liikiriih-r 


Li 


Sacramento,  ISOt. 

SCO,  lSi;_'  et  KUll. 


shitive  Sketches.     Se 


( '.I'i 


apj 


]!■ 


'a  Leiiiit-Iature.     ])ireetorv;  Sketch  L'>oU,  ct' 


•   d'  "'iniia,  Leyc:i  [statutes  in  S]i;n! 


icrani(>iito,  IS.'iO-GS.  17  vols. 


(',ii;n 


Ah, 


'irnai 


ilP. 


•■  and  .M<iunt:i 
1 


ill  i  raneifco. 


1' 

il  et  .sC(|. 


ji.sco,  18li-L 


i  M.!ilic.d  (la;<ette.     San  Fiaaei.ico,  PSiJ8  ct  s^pf). 


<  '..lif'irnia  Medical  Soeioty,  Transa  .dons.     Sacrauienfo,  1S.")7  et  seq. 

(  alii'orni.i.  Meimn  ial  d  Le,i;i>!laliire  to  Con-ress  cai  Llanuer.s  of  t'hiiicsc  Luni 


<  alifo 


gration. 


HI  Iraiicisco, 


iSO-J 


niia  Morc.'intile  Journal,  ISUO.     San  Pi 


CalifiFvnia,  Me.s.svuo  transmil  tiii.^  constiluti 


l.'-CO. 


( 


Doe.  ;;;).]    Washin-ton,  KS4t». 


n.    [;;h-t  Con-.,  1st 


■■)ess. 


n.  i: 


difi.rnia  Nautical  M;e_'a 


<  alilMrnia,  Xcw  Constitution. 


San  Prancisoo,  bSO'J  et  seep 


in  rianeiseo, 


lS7!t. 


(' 

Calu' 


Xi-tl 


tali 


Scoltaiui  Klamath  Pivers.     Yreka,  IS.Ti. 


ornia 

iiiento,  IN.'.!);  other 


hern  Pa  ill  cad,  J^nghiceis'  Peport  of  Surveys,  PSr<9.     Sacr.i- 


ports 


C.difi'Miia,  Xotes  on.     Aew  York,  IS.'O. 

( 'aliforiiia,  Notieias.     See  Sales. 

<aliin)iiiii  Paeilio  llailroad  Company,  Articles  and  Py-Iaw-. 

various  reports. 
Calii'einia  Pionecr.s   (Sei  iely   ofk  Aiiiiversaries;  '""ortstitntion  nad    P.ydaw.:; 

CdaudE.xeuifcion;  biuUi;uralCer(.iiieiii(.s;  Uiuticnund  Poem;  P  ports,  etc. 


ejr,  IbdS; 


t 


XXXVlll 


AUTII0rJTU:3  QUOTED. 


C'ulifovnia   Pioncpva,  €(>[>%•  of  Areliivcs.     M.'-  ,    Purtriiils  in  Lihiaiy  of  the 

Society;  Scrap-book. 
<';;lif>  niiu  lii'iiocrs,  SkotchrH  of  Fifty.     MS. 

Calii'oniia  l'l•i^sc>ll  Comiiiis.-ion,  Aiiiuial  lli'iiorta.     San  Frfincisco,  ISOti  ot  sci(. 
Caliicjiiiia,  Project  .for  ^liiliUo  ('lass  (,'uloiiics.     ii.pl.,  n.il. 
CaMfoniia,  Piililic  Lands  of.     San  Francisco,  DSTli. 

('Mlifoniia,  iJclicf  of  Settlers  in.     [40th  C'onj;.,  -Jil  Scss.,  H.  Mis.  Doc.  23.] 
t'alifoinia,  iJcports  of  Cases  in  Supremo  Court.     San  Francisco,  etc.,  Ibol- 

81.  .")S  voIm. 
(alifornia,  liuuml  ^'alley  Indian  lleservution.    [t;!d  Cong.,  l.st.  Scss.,  Jf.  Kx. 

Doc.  118.] 
California  Statistical  Chart.     Sacramento,  .T:ni.  1,  \S"u 
California  Statutes,  l.st  to  'Jltli  Scss.      Sacramento,  etc.,  l.S,",0-81.  21  vols. 
C.:iifoniia  Supreme  Court  IJriefs.     Sau  Franci.ico,  etc.,  18.")2  et  .so(p     Sec  also 

lJrief.s. 
California,  Tarif  lie  Douanrs  dc  la  v^ilifornie,  ISol.     Paris,  18.11.  4to. 
C::lifornia 'reaclur.     Sau  Francisco,  ISO.'i  et  scip 
(   ill foinia 'i'ext  Hook.     San  Francisco,  iSo-J. 
C.ilifornia   \'<)lui;teer.«,   Corrc'-pondLUce   Itclativo   to   tlie   Dischavjo.      f.1f*ih 

Con.'j;.,  ist.  S(ss.,  JI.  Kk.  Doc.  1:',8.  |     \\'ii;-lun;;ton,  1  ■'!(!.">  ct  scj. 
California  Wine,  Wool,  and  Stock  .hinniat.     San  Francisco,  IS.'ilietseq. 
California  Wi,rkin'.;mcn's  Party,  An  l^jitonie  of  its  liisc  anil  Pro^'rcss.     San 

Franei.'-co,  ls78. 
Calif;)rnia  and  New  Mexico,  Message  and  Documents,  1848.    [IJOt'i  Cjiig.,  2(1 

Ses:s.,  II.  i:x.  Doc.  1.]     W'a' hington.  1848. 
California  an<l  ..'ew  ^Nlexic  o,  Mcssa'.-e  and  JJocuments,  ISoO.    [.'Uat  Coug.,  Ibt 

Se.ss.,  II.  Kx.  Doc.  IT.]     V,'asliin.,'ton,  I84'J. 
(''alifornian  (Tiie).     San  Francisco,  lN8;)etsc(p 
Califoriiian.     See  Jlontcrey  (.'alifornian. 
(.'.lUfornias,  Pc 'laniento  i'rovisional.      177.>.   .MS. 
< 'alifornias,  'Junta  de  Fomento,' (j.  v. 
<'a!:fornie,  Histoiro  Chrctienne.     Planey,  18."il. 
California,  Se.s  Pessources  ( li'iu'rales,  etc.     San  l'''i'anci--cf),  PSflf). 
( 'aliiondm,  AusfiiluHclie  Mitt!ici!un;.;cu  iiher.     S;;n  I'rancisco,  1870. 
Californien,  Anilientische  Xaelirichtcn  iilicr.     liremen,  l.'^l'.t. 
Californien,  liatin;elier  fill'  Answanileri  r  nacli.     l.rcnieii.  ISl'.t, 
Californien  nud  Seine  Goldminen  ^litllieilun-en  aus  iler  tjeo^raphie,    Krcuz- 

nach,  18)f». 
Calirornien  ^:ein  Mincn-l'er-lian,  etc.     Casscl,  1S(;7. 
C;ilistu;-a.  (/alisto;;an,   l'"i-ce  Press,  huP  pendent  (.'alistocan,  Trihnno, 
Calleja  (Virey),  Connniicaciones  al  ( Jol'''.  dcCal.,   I8l.'!-P).      ?ilS. 
Calleja  (\'ircvl,  Kespuefita  ilel  Ciuariliau  al   v'irey  suLre  I'l'dycctor,  do  Cal., 

i7!l7.     >iS. 
(^aha'.y    Pie.Mjyterian   (.'Inirdi,    llistoric.il   Slxctch.      San   Francisco,    ISlit); 

JIanual,  etc. 
Calvo  (Ciiarles),  Pecneil  Compl't  des  'J'raiti's  do  PAmcricpU'  Latinc.      Paris, 

18(.2-'i.    Kj  vols. 
Camden  (William),  -\nn;des  Pvcrvm  Airlijaivm  et  liilicrnicarvm,  etc.     I.nu- 

dini,  Uil.">-27.  2  vols. 
C»ni]iMi.,ii  of  f,os  An;,'e'es,  1847.     In  Mcntircy,  Califnnii.in.     .fan.  28,  1847. 
Ciinplieil,  A  Concise  History  of  Simnish  Anicric.i.     Jjondon,  1711. 
Camiiliell  (.1.  F.\,  My  (Jircular  Xotes.      London,  ls7(i.  2  vols. 
C^,in;.lie'l  (.1.  II.  I,  Sj'eechin  U.  S.  II.  of  Kep.,  Apr.  8.  18'li',  on  Pailroad to  tlio 

J'.iciii,'.     Aj.iil,  1S'J2.     AVashinut.m,  lSi)2. 
(  ,  iicelad  I  (.luan  l.opez),  Itnina  ilc  la  Nueva  l^sijana.     Cadi^,  1811. 
C.iMcel.ida  (lu.in  l,o[ie/.),  PI  'I'elriiiafo  Mexiraiio.     t'adiz,  18i;{,  et  scq. 
I'ancel.id.a  (.Inan  Po[)e/),  ^■erd.•ld  Saluda.     Ciidiz,  ISl  I. 
( 'aiii/ares  (.lose),  |)i,iriodc  I7i>l).     -MS. 
(  aiirivn  (Iv  S.).  llistiuyof  (.'alifninia.     P.ostim,  I8."i4. 
Ciirciilja  (Manuel),  Infornie  del  llabililudo  Ccnerul,  1707.     MS. 


'm 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


XXXIX 


.ihraiy  of  tlio 
0,  IStili  ct  Kuij. 
?.  Doe.  2:3.1 

L'O,   etc.,    1^.1 1 - 

SLSi.,  If.  Ex. 

■SI.  21  vol<. 
scij.     Sl'c  also 

il.  4to. 

■har.-jo.      [?,Oih 

>!il)  ct  i^cq. 
L'nyivs.s.     San 

:50th  C'jiig.,  2.1 

;>i«t  Cou--.,  itt 


1S70. 

[iliio.    Ki'cuz- 

miio. 

yi.'ctor,  lie  Cal., 

uicisco,    18(J!); 

itiuo,     r.uis, 

Ml,  I'te.     Emi- 

Jiin.  2S.  1S17. 
il. 

{iilli'dadto  tliu 

.11. 

I't    S'JIJ. 


r.irL-aki  (Manuel),  Oficios  .1. 1  ll'i1>ili;.i.l.)  ri.ncv.il.     M,^. 

C'aiilnici  (Xicolas),  .Mi'inoria!  it^'iUvu  siis  ilesciilnimicntus,  otc,  en  la  ralifomia. 

Jii  l';ii'litcc)  anil  (.Vadcnas,  ('nl.  |)uc.,  toin.  ix.  4J;  ii('lauion  tlfl  ilcscubri- 

iiiicnlti  (I'l  ( 'alil'oriiia.     In  LI.,  toni.  ix.  .'!'.). 
(arniauy  (•John  If.),  A  llcviiw  of  thi)  V(ar  lSi!(>.     San  IVancisco,  isoy. 
Can- (E/;ra  S.),  Tlio  I'atroiisof  lln-lian.lry,  tto.     San  l'i:;n(.ihCo,  J^'7'3, 
(  HIT  (.lolin  E.)     S(jc  Analu'ini,  ils  I'eniiU!  and  its  IVoduc^t*. 
Cani'^ir  (Xichola;)),  Aiitiiliii>','raiiliy.     ^IS. 

Caniilo  (Anasta!<i(i)  Miicha.s  L'ai-tas  dol  C(ininiidantc  dci  St;i.  IViiOiar;',  etc.    MS. 
( '..nill. I  ((_';irlus  Antonio),  ('arias  del  Dipntado  d(^  Alta  (V.l.,  In:!I-2.     MS. 
(.aiiilli)  ((.Vnlos  Antonio),  Cartaa  al  (Itneral  \'all'  jo.     I)ii;.   18;!0.     MS. 
Cai'illlo  iC.irloa  Antonio),  ( 'onvs[iondonria,  M;.<iH]ani'a.      MS. 
C'ariillo  (L'arlo.s  Antonio),  Discuiso  ul  tomar  el  niando  i)olitiL'0  on  Los  ^Vngclus, 

()  Die.  ISiu.     ^MS. 
Caniilo  (Carlos  Antonio),  Exposicion  sohro  cl  l-'umlo  ri-oloso.    Mfxi'jo,  1S31, 
CaiTdlo  ((Viiltjs  Antonio),  ri'ilinunto  do  lloos,  \bl{.   .MS. 
CaiTJllo  (i»onun.u()),  (^'aitas  Sueltas.     MS. 

Caniilo  (Domingo),  Doenininitos  j)ara  la  Ifisttoi'ia  di'  California.     MS. 
Carrillo  (Joacinin),  I'.stiitos  en  varios  Aichivos.     MS. 
Caniilo  (Josl),  l)oeunicntos  ))ara  la  Ilistijiia  do  Califoriiia.     MS. 
Cari'illo  (.Fo.so  Antonio),  ;\crion  du  S.  Pedro  contra  li;s  Anicii.'anos,  lR4(i.   JIS. 
Caniilo  (Josi!  Aucunio),  Coniiinieacioaes  Vaiias  del  Diputado  y  Mayor  Gene- 

ral.     MS. 
Cari'iilo  (-lulio),  Xarrative.      MS. 

Carrilio  (Mariano),  Tc.stanienli>  e  Invontario.     17S2.  MS. 
(.'.m-iilo  (i'eih'o  (_!.),  Doeunicnt'is  jtai-.i  la  llistoria  cle  C.il.     MS. 
Carriilo  (ilainumdo),  ].,ms  Ivliiicii  s  dc  .Monteii.:y,  18III*.     MS. 
Carrillo  (Ltuiniun.do),  Instnieeiun  (pic  obscrvaiii  el  Coniauduute  de  E;-Colta  do 

Siaini'.s.     MS. 
Carrillo  (ilaiinunilo),  Papjles  del  '^'■a])itan,  17'*")  et  .^-eq.     MS. 
Carroll  (Anna  lliia),  Tlie  S,ar  of  llu.'  \\\tu.     >,\v>-  Vork,  ).-.">7. 
Carr.  !l  [W.),    i>r  S'jo.'t,  Tlic  Vi^iianee  Conunittee  and  The  Church.     San 

ErancLsco,  IS.jtj, 
Car.scin  (.J.  il.),  Ivuly  Eccollrctions  f>f  the  Mines,  etc.     Storkton,  l.^.")2. 
Cai.son  City  (Xev. ),  Aiaie;  1,  S.ate  lle.'istcr. 
Carvallio  {<.  N.),  Inciuents  of  Ti'uvel  and  Adventure  in  the  J'';ir  \\'e.st.     Now 

Y. 'k,  1  ;.v-. 

Caiy  I't  il-  1.1.1..  i!.),  Cold  from  C.ilif'ornia,  Eeeture,  M.ai'i'h  2.'i,  lS.*ill;  The  Sail 
I.'i-.:i"i-  o  N'i^ilauee  Coniniittee.     In  Atlantic  Monthly,   vol.  xl.     Dec. 

<  ss^ '.'..  Ki,!i;jrant  Handy  fiiiido  to  California.     Loiulnn.  n.d. 

'ii--fi.  •  i"...i:.cne).  The  Is.-.iie  in  California.  LctUr,  .\iig.  27,  l^liL  San 
Inui  icj,  ii];  Keni.nks,  etc.,  tor  the  cession  to  tliu  C.  P.  R.  R.  of  Cal, 
c'l  .  ..  I-  .  of  Coat  Island.  Wa^h.,  lS7;{;  Speech  on  the  Chinese  Evil. 
\'\'a.-.i..  1.71.);  and  other  .spcechci,  etc. 

C,'ij=>iii  (i'riuK  i.-.),  .\  Eew  I'aets  aliout  ( 'alii'oriiia.     ^IS. 

Castauares  (lose  ^laria).  Causa  criminal  contra... y  II  Icfonsa  Gonzalez  por 
adultcrio,  iSol).     MS. 

Casta fiarcs  (.lo.ii;  Maria),  Causa  scirniila  Cmitra  Ana  ( ii.nzalcz.  Adullcrioiie.l. 
M.  C,is,:i''i:;res  y  Alton,  a.  (juii/ah'/.   pi;;;;.     MS. 

Casta narcs  (.dauucl),  California  y  .siis  Males,  lAposicion  ISII,  In.  Id.,  Cul. 
Doc,  21. 

<  taiiaris  (.\'annel),  Carta-;  di  1  Adnii!iisirail"r  do  la  ,\il";in:i.     MS. 

'■  .    tanares  (Manue'.),  Coleccion  do  |)i.icitnicntiis  rc!.ui\"us;d  drparl.imento  do 

Californi.'.s.     ^lexieo,  1^1,"). 
(    -i .  'e  'o  (.\n  h'es),  \'arias  ( 'altasdi'l  ( 'apitan  y  ( 'oinisiiinado.      MS. 
C'.if  '■>  (.\nioiiio  del),   Menioria  solire   las  -Nlinas  de  Az(i'_'ue  de  .lUiierica, 

>..e\ico,  l,s71. 
Castiho  (E(  lipc),  Itinerario  dcsde  Sunura  hasta  Cal.,  IMr>,      ]\IS, 


Custiih.)  Ae^ielc  (Luis),  Con.-icjos  al  t 


oliiaiii 


lunle  dc  ."sta 


iSoG.    MS. 


i 


m 


i  ■ 


xl 


AUTIIOIUTIES  QUOTED. 


rastiHo  Xc.rrcU)  (Luiw),  Rscritus  del  Jiicz  tic  Distrito.     MS. 

(.'iibliilo  Xcgicto  (Luisi,  E.Npii.siuioii  (jiie  diii;,'i'  cl  .j  lu/.  do  iJi.strito  nl  Ayniit, 

do  iiOS  Aligoics  siibic  cl  I'liiii  JiovoIiKiouiiii')  do  ^loiitoioy,  1,S,"(J.     MS. 
Castii)  (.Josi'),  i.'un(>spi)iidoiici;i  oliciid  y  rartiouliir  del  CioiuM'iil,  lts2ij-4(j.   !MS 
( 'asu'o  (Josi-),  iJcoivtiis  <lo  la  J)iiiutaoii)U  oii;;i;la  on  Cuiigrosn  CuiistituyciiU', 

Nos.  1-10.     iioutonv,  l,s:!0. 
Castro  (.I'lsi'),  I'.l  C ,  I'lo.^idoiito  do  Cun-iiv.-io  CniLstituyciito.     (I)os]>ac!io 

do  Con:nol  lv-;j)eilido  li  I).  .Inau  li.  Ahaiinki.)  -M(jntoroy.  11  Die.,  iS.'ifJ. 
Castro  (.lusi),  (Ji\kii  dol  Com.  (<oii.  aecrca  do  J^iiiiLnadui  do  lus  E.  U.,  0  x\vv. 

)S1.-,.      .MS. 
('astro  (.(I'So).  I'roolania  do  1.')  do  Nov.,  1S;!(!.     ]\loiitcroy. 
( ';isli-o  (.M;io:ui(i),  <  arla.s  ilol  Saryi.iito.     JLS. 

(.'astro  (.Macario),  l)iario  do  sii  ,l-J.\|icdicioii  a  l.is  Itaiiohcrias,  17fO.     !MS. 
Castro  (.Manuoli,  Carta  ;'i  1).  I'io  I'ieo.     liivolucioii  do  I'loios,  1847.     MS. 
Castro  (.Miimol'.  l   'I'ta.s  do  uu  I'rifocto.    MS. 

<  "astro  ( .Maimol,      '.   itos  ]iaiii.  la  Hi.- ttiri  i  do  Califoiuia.     MS.  2  void. 

< 'astro  (.\!amii.i),  _i  n  Soiiora,  7  •)uiiio,  lSi7.     MS. 

Castro  (MaiiiU'l),  I{c  dj  la  AUa  Caliioniia.     ^LS, 

( 'astro  (Mau'.ii.'ll,  Sii.s  .         loios  IMMioos.      MS. 

Castro  ('l'il)urciu),  Taiiolos  do  uii  .J  no/,  y  I'rofocto.     MS, 

Caatroviilc,  -Vr^jiis. 

(.'atali'i  (.Magiu),  C'arta  solno  Xootka,  l71-)4.    MS. 

( 'a!iu;i  t-Ma^iiiil,  (,'oiTosriijudoiicia  dol  J'.iisiomro  do  St.i  Clana,     !MS. 

Catcci.vHio  ],olilioo  ario;,ludo  d  la  CoiiSLiLuoioii  do  la  ^luuarquia  Espanola, 

ISl'J.     -MS. 
( 'atliolic  World.     Kow  York,  ISGj  et  soq. 

Cauwot  (i'ioi :'(.')  inid  Ch.  i)a(iiiortnay.    Lottvos  Califurnicnnes.    S.  F.,  1.S70. 
Cavo  (Andrea),  Los  Tros  Si:,'io.s  do  .\ioxico.    I\io.\ijo,  l6,'yU-S.  IJ  v.jIs,  ;  Mo.\ii.o, 

1>S.-,L'. 
(!oljallo.<5  (KnniO'.i),  XXIV.  CapiLulori  cii  Vindieaoion  do  Mi'jieo.     Mad.  ISM. 
Codulario,  A  (,'oi!ocli<;u  iiuwtly  2*1SS.  folio.  .">  v(/s. 
Central    I'lieilio   JJailroad   Cuiupany,    Ainuuil    lieports,    ]!y-la\v.s,   uuinoroiis 

paiiii-!i!cls. 
CeniUi  (t.'uri  pie),  Iliijtorical  Xuto-liooks,  lblJl-4(i.     ^ilS,  ,")  vols. 
Corriili  (iJiii  iiiUe),  Kaiuiiliu;s  in  Caiil'Mriiia,     M.-'. 
Covalkw.     L'o  ol  Soiior  Covado.s,  do  la  situaeiou  actiu.l,  del  rian  do  .Jalisco,  y 

d^'ltkii.  I'ra^M.     Moxi'o,  l!i...'>. 
Cliaiuliorlain  ('- iiarlo.s  Jl.),  .Staieiiient.     ^LS. 
t'liaiiiberlaiii  (Jehu),  Mcr.ioir.s  of  Caiiiorida  sinco  IRIO.     ^IS. 
Cliaiii'iorlaiii  {\\ .  Jl).  and  Harry  L.  Wells.     Soo  \ii1ki  County  ITi.stcry. 
Ckandoso  (Loiiis  (.'Iiai'Ies  A.  von),   Adelliort  von  (_'iKniiisK)'s  U'erlic.      V'ierto 

Anlla:;e.     iJi.rlin,    l.'>.',().  ti  vols. ;   lloiso,  iniliuled  in  pi'eeodiiij,';  llemarks 

and  ()\  iuions.     lu  Koiy.ebne's  \  oy.,  ii.,  iii. 
ClianijKigiiL'.c  ( lean  1).  .Jo.sopli),  L(;  joiuio  \'oya.i;;our  en  Californio.    I'aris,  1.S5-. 
' 'liamlie.-.:j  (William),  A  Visit  to  Salt  Lake.     i.,(ind'jn,  lb.'!i7. 

<  liapin  (E,  1!.),  Loniiniseenocs  of  ii  Suryeon.     JSIS. 

(  har'ion  (Kdoi.iuil),  J.o 'I'our  du  . Monde,      I'ai  is,  i  !e..  ISdl.   4to.   iJ  Vols. 
Chevalier  (Aiieliel),  Cn  tho  I'robablo  I'ail  in  tlio  \'u!iie  of  llold.    !No\v  York, 

LSoI). 
C!iicat;'o  (ill.),  Post,  Times,  Tribune,  oto. 
Chico,    iJatte    Cininty    I'ress,    liutiu   County  Jiccord,    Caucasian,    Evenin\; 

Itccord,  lado;.  Xorlheru  Enteri)ri.-e,  Kovicw,  etc. 
Cliieo  {M;ni.iuo),  Aloeueion  del  <lolii".  a  hi  Junta  l)ept.  1  .lunio  It'"'.).     ]\IS. 
C'hico  (Maiiyjio),  El  C (,'oinandanto  (ieneral  y  Cole  I'olitioo  do  Alta  Cal. 

A '.nui  llabitanU's.     JNIonterov,  Ju.Iio '..'4.  1n;;0. 


( 'hieo  (.Mariaii'i),  El  I.' 
terey,  II  .\iavo  If 


, (iefo  tSuporior  rolilioo  oto.  ;i 


sus  llabitantes.     Mon- 


Cliieo  ^.^.arianol,  I'ii-eurso  pveiiuneiailo  '20  de  M;i 


MontL 


(hieo  (.Mai  i 


1 


iiAr.r.'o  iMuuiieiado  'li  i.e  .'..ayo.     ->iouteuy 


l;s;;(j. 

1  Not). 


Ciaoo  (]\liaiai  o),  Lsoiitoi  del  (jlc.bcinauur,  l6oli,    iMS. 


Iti-!' 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


xU 


ito  ill  Ayuiit, 

i.s;;(j.    MS. 
iS'jiMti.  :ms 

,'uiistituyfiitt.', 

?.     (Dcspaclio 
l)i.'.,  l.s;!i). 
E.  U.,  G  Inuv. 


!f).    MS. 
8-17.     MS. 

lis.  2  vols. 


MS. 

uia  Kspafujla, 

S.  v.,  IS70. 
\\ih.;  Mexii-o, 

.     .Ala.l.  lS'»i. 

n'.s,   iiuiacioud 

s. 

1  lie  Jalisco,  y 


|instii-y. 
Jciiic.   "  V'icrto 
|iii;.';  1  tenia  rks 

I'aiis,  185:;. 


Aow  Ydik, 


an,    J",wniii\; 

.  I-:;.     MS. 
,lc  Aha  (_'al. 

laiitc's.    Mull- 

IMU). 
1.   )SoO. 


.Coristi- 
2  vols.: 


i 


t'liico  CMiiriano),  T)oa  Palabraa  .soLrc  Mcmoria  <kl  Ex.  Golieniador  Doblailo. 

(Juniia  jiiati),  1M47. 
Chiles  (.Wei.h  J  J.),  Visit  to  California  in  1841.     :MS. 
('hiiiese  in  ( 'alifoinia;  C'oolio  Trade;  Innuigration;  Question;  Testimony;  etc. 

Many  ])aniiililcts. 
(Iiuate  (I).)  anil  K.  \V.  Moore.     See  San  ])iego  anil  Southern  California, 
(horis  (Lotus).  Voyaf^o  rittoresfjue  autour  du  Monde.     Paris,  1522.  folio. 
(  iironielu  Annual.     San  Franeiseo,  1SS2. 
Churi'lies.     See  Institutions. 

Ciiuiniiati  (O.),  ( VnnnierL-ial,  Enriuircr,  Times,  etc. 
Civil  Si  rviee  Ueforni  Association  of  California,  Purposes  of.     San  Francisco, 

LSnI  ;  other  pamnhlots. 
Clark  (Francis  ]).),  A  Pinnecr  of  1847.     In  S.  .Tosr''  Pioneer,  July  o,  1870;  Pnll 

of  Survi\ors  of  the  l.-st  l!ei.'inient  of  ZS'ew  York  Volunteers.    X.  Y.  1874. 
Clark  ('  lalcn),  Keminiseenees  of  the  Old  Times.     MS. 
Chiik  (liirani  C),  Statemeni  of  I'acts  from  IS.TI.     ^NIS. 
Chiik  (Mrs),  Antipodes  and  i      "nml  the  A\'urld.     London,  1870. 
Ciark  (Snnnu'l),  Lifo  and  l,)eaL%  oi  Sir  Francis  Drake.     London,  1701.  4to. 
(  lai-ke  (Asia  IJooth),  The  J^lder  and  the  Youn;_'er  liootli.     Poston,  LS82. 
Clarke  ((Jharles  K.),  Speech  on  Admission  of  (."alifornia  in  U.  S.  11.  of  Kcp., 

INIav  I."!,  IS.'iO.    ^\' ish.  1S,")();  Speech  on  California  Claims  in  U.  S.  Sen., 

Apr.  2.-),  1848.     A\ash.  1848. 
Claudi't  (l'\  0.),  (iold.     New  V/estminstor,  1871. 

ClaviL;cri)  (I'raneisco  Savei'io),  Storia  della California.     Venczia,  1789.  2  vols. 
' 'lemens   (.1.),  California  Territorial   Governments.     Speech  in  U.  S.  Sen,, 

May  1(1  and  20,  ]8.-)0.     Washin-ton,  IS.m 
('leveland  ((I'hauncey  F.),  Speech  in  U.  S,  11.  of  l!ep.,  Apr.  19,  1850. 

tulion  of  (.'alifornia.    Washington,  18.")0. 
Cleveland  (liicliard  J.),  Narrative  of  Voyages,     Ca-iihridgc,   1842. 

P.o:,ton,    IS.")!), 

(  lippinus  from  the  California  Press  hi  regard  to  Steam  across  the  Paciflc.   San 

Francisco,  1800. 
Cloverdalc,  News,  Pcvei'lc. 
( 'lulls.     See  Institutions. 

(  Iviiiau  (.Tames),  Diai-y  of  Overland  Journey,  1844-G.     JIS. 
<  lyman  (James),  Note  Look,  1844-0.     .MS. 
Coast  Peview.     San  I'ranciseo,  1871-80.      1.")  vols. 
(jjilinan  (John),  The  Pound  I'rip.     New  York,  1870. 
CoHey  I'l'itian  J.),  Argument  against  ^IcCIariahan's  Claim,  n.pl.,  n,d. 
Coignet  (M.),  Papport  sur  les  Klines  dc  Ne\\-  Almaden.     Paris,  1800. 
Cuke  ( Henry  J.  I,  A  Hide  over  the  Pocky  ^lountains  to  Oregon  and  California. 

Li'udon,  lsr)2. 
Ciile  (Ci.rui'lius),  Australian  Mail  Line.     Speech  in  U.  S.  Sen.  July  9,  1870. 

A\'a>liiMgton.     n.d.;  and  various  Speeeiies. 
( 'die  (I;.  Ili'Verly),  Statement  on  Vigilance  C  mmittee  in  San  I'raneisco.    MS. 
• 'ule  (William  L.),  (,'alifornia— Its  Scenery,  Climate,  etc.     New  York,  18;  I. 
Coleccinn  do  1 'uiaimentos   Ineditos  para   la  llistoria  de   I^spi^ua,     iladiid, 

1842-80.     71  vols.     [S.  F.  Law  Lihrary.] 
Culcgio  Senihinrio  de  Maria  Sautisima  de  Guadalupe  de  Sta  Ines.  '  Constitu- 

ci'iiiL's.     MS. 
Coleman  (William  T.),  Vigilance  Committee  of  'oG.     MS. 
Colfax  (Xe\-. ).  iMiterprise. 

('ollege  of  (alifornia.     Oration  and  Poem;  and  various  pamphlets. 
Ci'lnnial  Magazine.     London,  1840etseq. 
Coliinix.ieion,  Cedula  Ileal  eontinnundo  el  Ecglamcnto  del  GoL'-  Neve  1781. 

JiS. 
Colton,  Advocate,  Semi-tropic. 
Colton  (Waltei'),  Correspondence,  1840-7.     MS. 
Colton  (\Valter),  Deekand  Port.  New  York,  1850;  New  York,  18G0;  The  Land 

of  (iiild.    New  York,  1800;  Three  Years  in  California,    New  York,  1850. 
IIi.sT.  Cal„  Vol.  I.    I 


■'•••«r. 


dii 


AUTnoniTIES  QUOTED. 


Review  for  1S7C. 
Ill  Junta  (le  Fo- 


Aiit();;rui)h  of  Mt'iuljers, 


Columbia,  Citifrcn,    Clipjirr,    ]S,')4,    Cn/otte.    lSri4.     ITci'ald,    !\rinin^'  Difit, 

(la/cUc,  -Mu'ririns,  IfS.Jl,  Xcus,  Star,  Times,  ludcpt.  iiupublic,  etu. 
("'olnwi,  liidtiic'iiiltiit,  Sun. 
Coliisa  Cmiiiiy  Annual.     I'lilusn,  1S7S. 
Culutia  ('null  y,  lii.^tory.     San  I'laiicisco,  ISSO.  folio. 
('i)l\  in  (Tlionias  A\'.),  Life  of  a  rioiiccr.     MS. 
('(iinliiLT  (('.),  \'i)ya;,a!  au  ({olfe  dc  ( 'alifoniie.     Paris,  n.d. 
(.'ijiinnerrial,  Tinamial,  and  Mining  Interests  of  Califoruiar, 

San  Tiaiici.ico,  I  ^77. 
Conijiarra  A-^iatieo-MexicaiKi,   Plan  y  Rcgliiincnto,  1825. 

iiu'iito  d<:  ( 'al. 

Conii  ania  Jlxcran'^'f-'ra  do  ^Muntercy,  Cuadcrno  do  (jrdcnos,  ISP.i.     !M.S. 
( 'oinpanics,  Mining,  Agricultural,  ( 'uninu'rcial,  ete.     See  liisatutioua. 
Ciinisiook  (A.  ^I.),  Statement  on  ViLjilanco  Committee.     MS. 
Cone  (.Mary),  Two  Ycar.s  in  Cali t'oriiia.     Cliieago,  1870. 
Conferenoia  celrbrada  en  el  Presidio  do  S.  Francisco  cutre  Sola,  Kotzcbue,  y 

Coscof,  iSlti.     MS. 
rongixvsional  ]  )ebateo  |  IStli  to  '2r>th  Congress].     Waslu  182-1  et  acq    14  vols. 
Congri'ssioiial  ( dobe.      Washington,  bSIJtiet  secj.  4to. 
Congressional  Speeclies.     A  t'ollection. 
Conklin  (iv),  PiCLuresi|ue  Arizona.     Xew  York,  1S7S. 
Connor  (.John),  Farly  California  JJeeolleetions.     MS. 
C;incju  'st  cf  California,  A  very  large  number  of  newspaper  accoTints. 
CoiKjuest  of  California,  )84(j-7     ^'arious  Jtoma  and  JtcpfU'ts.     In  Xilos' Reg- 
ister,  l\xi.-iii.     See  index,  'Cal.,'   '  Kearney,'  '  i'reiiii'iit,'  'Stockton.' 
Consejo  (icner.d  do  Pueblos  I'nidos  do  Cal.,  I'ando  de  Mayo  IH,  ISlLi.     MS. 
Constitucion  J^sjianola  de  1S12,  Piaiiilos  del  \'iiey  sobre  .'^u  jur;!,  1S:2().     ^!S. 
ConstiLiilionid  Convention,  Declaration  of  Rights 

I84;i. 
Contemporaiy  Piograpliy  of  California's  Representative  Men.    San  Francisco, 

ISMI.  4to.  2  vols. 
Conversation,  I'ractical  and  Philosophical,  on  the  Subject  of  Currency.     Saa 

Francisco,  \i-',{j'u 
Conway  (.Jcihn),  Farly  Days  in  California.     !MS. 
Cooke  (Philip  St  (l(V).^  Conrpiest  of  New  Mexico  and  Ca'ifomia.    Xew  Yoi'k, 

1878;  .lournal  from  Santa  Fe  to  San  Diego.    [30th  Cong.,  Spec.  Sess., 

Sen.  Die.  •_'.  I     ^Vasllington,  1S4!<;  Scenes  and  Adventures  in  the  Army. 

Philadelphia,  18.''>7. 
Coon  (il.  P.),  Annals  of  San  Francisco.     MS. 

Cooper  { I  )e  ( i  iiy).  Resources  of  San  J^uis  Obispo  County.    San  Francisco,  lS7o. 
Coojier  (llllwood),  Forest  Culture,  etc.     San  Francisco,  187U. 
Coo[ier  (.bihn  P>.  i!.).  Accounts,  1.S27.     MS. 

Cooper  { lohn  15.  1\.),  Caatas  Miscelaneas  do  un  Xavegantc,  1824  ct  scq 
Cooper  (.lolm  15.  11.),  Log  of  the  Call/uniia,  l8;j'J-42.     MS. 
Copper  City,  Pioneer. 
( 'op]K'ropolis,  Courier. 

C..rdobatAi)ierto),  Cartas  del  Ingcnicro,  I70G-S.     MS. 
C('irdoba  (Alberto),  Infornie  acerca  del  Siiio  di;  l>ranciforte,  1700. 
Cordoba  (Alberto),  inforine  al  \"irey  sobre  l)efensas  de.  ( 'al.,  17llti. 
Cornwailis  ilvinahan),  'I'he  New  l-^l  1  lorailo.      Loiulon,  1808. 
Coronel  (Antonio  P.),  Cosas  de  California.     ^IS. 
Coriini;l  (Antonio  F.),  Documentos  jiara  hi  Ili-itoiia  de  California. 
Coronel  (ignacioi,  (,'artas  de  nn  Maestro  de  Fscuela,  18o4  et  sec^. 
Corrco  .Vti:intico  (I'^l).     Mexico,  bSli.")  etsei(. 
Correo  do  la  I'l'deracioii.     ^Mexico,  182()  et  secj.  folio. 
Corres|ionclciicia  de  Misiones.     MS. 

Cortaiiib(  rt  iKichard),  Peiiples  et  Voyageurs  contcnipornins.     Paris,  1SG4. 
Cortes  ( lie 'nan),  Aulo  ile  Posesion.      In   Col.  ])(H'.   Jind.,  toin.  iv.;  Cartas; 

Historia  de  .V.  Fspana:  Mtinoiial.    In  Col.  Due'.  Ined.,  iv.;  and  Dilierent 

works,  as  cited  in  my  llist.  Mex. 


MS. 


MS. 
iMS. 


MS. 
MS. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


xliii 


^  Fill  ill';,'  Dint, 
public,  etc. 


jview  for  1S70. 

Jimta  do  Fo- 

l.     M.S. 
itutious. 

a,  Kot:;cbnc,  y 
.^t  scq    1-1  vols. 


0Tint3. 

In  Xilcs'  Reg- 
'  'Stockloii.' 

in,  is-w.    MS. 

,  ISJO.     MS. 
h  ot  Mciuljors, 

San  Frauciiico, 

luiTciicy.     Sau 


a.    XinvYovk, 
in  thu  Army. 


raiicisco,  1875. 
ct  scq.     MS. 


MS. 
lU.     MS. 


a.     MS. 
I.     MS. 


•aris,  1S04. 

iv.;  Cartas; 
and  Dili'crcut 


C'orwin  (Mosps  P..),  Spcfcli  in  U.  S.  11.  of  llcp.,  Apr.  9,  ISuO,  to  Admit  Cali- 
fornia.    Wasliington,  lt>.")(), 
:>       Cosmopolitan  Monlliiy.     San  Francisco,  1874  et  Kcq. 

'       Costau.^i'i  (Mi,-"cl),  l'iari(j  llisturico  do  los  Viagcs  do  mar  y  tierra  licchos  al 
norto  do  California.     Mixico,  177<). 
Costaii:^o  (ISli.Uuc!),  Historical  Journal  of  tlio  Expeditious  by  Sea  and  Land 
^  to  tlio  Is'orth  of  California.     London,  1790. 

C'lstaii.si'i  (Mi.niicl),  Int'iiriiicsobro  v\  I'royccti^ do fortiticar  los  Presidios  do  Cal. 
I7!)l.     MS.     lu  Pmart,  Col.  Dou.  Mexico. 
„,       Cota  (Pablo),  Diario  do  Fxpliiracioii,  179S.     MS. 
■^       Cota  (1  Iiiiilcrnio,  Leonardo,  flannel,  Palilo,  and  Valentin),  Varias  cartas.  MS. 

tCota  (Valentin),  iJocumciiLos  para  la  Historia  ilo  California.     MS. 
Coulter  (Joliii), -Vdventurcs  on  the  AV'estcrii  (Joast.     Loudon,  1S47.   -vols. 
Coulter  (Thomas),  Noted  on  Upper  California,  18.'i.").     In  Lond.  Ceog.  Soc, 

Jour.,  V.  59. 
County  registers,  polMists,  laws  ami  regulations,  and  otlior  oilieial  publica- 
tions, cited  by  name  of  county  Imt  not  named  iu  this  list. 
CoiirLs.     See  Institutions. 

Coutts  (Cave  .1.),  Diary  of  a  March  to  California  iu  1848.     -MS. 
aS       Covarnil)ias  (Jose  Maria),  Coi-rcspondencia  del  Secrctario.     ^IS. 
M       Cox  (l.-:aac),  .iViinals  of  Trinity  (.'ounty.     San  Francisco,  18o8. 
'M       Coxe  (b.iuiel).  Description  of  Carolana.     London,  17--;  other  (Hlitions. 
'^^       Coyner  (Dasid  II. ),  Tho  Lo.sL  Trappois.     Cineiniiaii,  l.S.")9. 

Cram  (Tiiomas  J.),  liejiort  (Hi  tlio  Oceanic  routes  to  Cal..  Xov.  lS,"(i.     [.Tlth 
;,  ('ling.,  I!d  Sess.,  Sen.   Fx.   Doe.  51.  |     ^Va..hington,  18.")(!;  Topograiihieal 

M  J\lemoir  on  t!i''  nepaitnient  of  the  i'aeilie.     [oitVa  Cong.,  'Jd  Sess.,  11.  E\. 

■i  Doc.  114.)     Washington,  ISo!). 

Crane  (Janicj  .M.),  Tho  I'ast,  Prciuiit,  and  Future  of  tho  Pacific.  Sau  Fran- 
ci  ico,  l.S.j(i. 
'i  Crary  (Oliver  B.),  Statement  on  Vigilance  Committee  in  San  Francisco.  MS. 
Crescent  City,  Courier,  Herald,  bS.')!,  Del  Xorto  Record. 
Crespi  (Juan),  Oiario  do  la  lApedieion  dollar.,  1774.  In  Palon,  Xot.,  i.  C"24. 
Ciespi  (Juan),  ])iario  del  registrode  San  Francisco,  177-.  In  Palou,Xot.,i.4Sl. 
(.'lesjii  (Juan),  Primera  Fsjiedicion  de  Tierra  al  Dcscubrimiciito  del  Puerto  do 

Sin  Diego,  170;).     la  Palou,  Xot.,  ii.  VX 
Crespi  (Juan),  \'iago  do  la  es])C(liciou  do  tierra  de  San  Diego  a  Montorev, 
;;•  ITliJ.     In  Palon,  Xot.,  i.  "JSo. 

:'        Ci'oix  (Teodoro).  Coinuiiicaciones  del  Com.   fleu.    do   I'roviiiciaa   Internas  al 
liob''-  de   Cal.,  1777   et  seij.   .MS.     la   I'rov.    St.    I'ap.,   i.-iv.  and  oUier 
arcliives. 
Croix  ( i'codoro"!,  Di-sviosiciones  para  la  Oiierra  A  los  Yumas,  17S2.     MS. 
Croix  ( Tiodoro),  Instruccion  .sohro  Donativos  en  California  para  la  (luerra  cou 

luglalerra,  17^1.     ISiS. 
Croix  (i'eodoro),  Instrucciones  al  Capitan  Rivera,  1779.     !MS. 
,!        Croni.  e  (TiLm  Fey),  Xatural  Weali'i  of  C.diforuia.     SauPraucisco,  ISCS;  Id, 
\'  ■with  iUiistration;}  and  corrcetion.s. 

Crosby  (i;.  <).),  Fvenis  in  (.'alil'ornia.     MS. 

Crov.ell  (J.),  Spe'(!ch  in  U.  S.  H.  of  Rep.  Juno  .'],  ISoO,  ou  Admission  of  Cali- 
fornia.    Wasliington,  IS.'O. 
Cuesta.     Sec  'Arroyo  lie  la  Cuesta.' 
Carrey  (John),  Incidents  in  ('alifornia.     !MS. 
,r         Culler  (0.  S.)     See  Directories.     Sacramento,  18(10. 
'I         Cutis  (.lames  Madison),  Courpiest  of  California  aud  X".  Mexico.    Phila.,  1847. 

Dall  (Caroline  H.),  My  First  Holiday.     Boston,  18S1. 

D.dl  (W.  IL),  Lonls  of  tho  Isles.     In  Overland  Monthly,  xii.  .")'22. 

Dalles  (Or.),  .Mounl;iiiieer,  Oreg'on  Fepublican. 

Dally  (Henry  .1.),  Narrative  from  1,840.      M^, 

Daineron  (James  P.),  Autobiography  and  Writings.     ,*!an  Francisco,  1877. 

Dampier  (Wm.),  Xew  Voyage'round  the  World.     Loudon,  1G09-17U9.  4  vols. 


xliv 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


1  "}i 


fe 


iiihliil 


III 


'!   1 


' 


D;in:i  (C.  \V.),  The  flro.-it  W.>t.  Boston,  ISOl. 
l).iiiu  ( I);iviil  l>.).  'J'lui  J''irciiiii!i.  Ijdhtnu,  l.S.")S. 
Iauiu  (i;icli:n(l  11., .Ir.),  '\\\<>  Wars  Iji'Ihic  tlio  Mast.     Xew  York,  1840;  New 

Y(.rk,  is'iT;  r.nstDii,  IST.'i;  lloston,  ISSO. 
I';.ii;i  (Williaiii  (!. ),  Letters  of  ;i  Tiiulcr.     MS. 
Dana  ((Juilkiini)  (I.),  and  ViL'i;iii.L'  Moraga,  Lista  de  Extrangeroa  en  Sta  Lai- 

l.aia,  is:{(i.     MS. 
I'auti  (Antouii)),  Diaiio  do  uu  TirconuLiiuionto  do  la  Alameda,  1705.     IMS. 
1  lariiu  (V.),  ra'llcecionL'.s  il  h'H  Californioo  6  ]Ii,.pan<j-Anifiican().s.     San  J'"ran- 

cisco.     [ISdl] 
DaiiliiMiIiis.s  (John),  I'.iographical  Ski'tches.     In  S.  .Josu  rioneer,   ^lar.  li,'>, 

IS7.S. 
I'aviil.son  ((Icorgc),  Biography  and  I']ssay  on  Inigation.     MS. 
Davidson  (liuorge),  Coast  I'ihjt  of  California,  etc.      Washington,  ISOO. 
Davidson  ((Ic'(jr;;e),  Diroetoiy  for  the  Fainlio  (Joast.     Wasiiington,  ISGS. 
Davis  (Horace),  An  open  lA'ttcrto.    San  I'raueiseo,  ISHO;  and  various  speeches. 
I'avis  (.lolin),  AVorlds  Ilydrograiihical  Description.     London,  lo'Jo. 
Davis  (\Vill;ai)i  II.),  liusiness  (^irixspondencc.     M.S. 
Davis  (William  11.),  (ilimpsesof  the  Past  in  California.     MS.  2  vols. 
] '.•ivi.-,\ille.  Advertiser. 
DAvity  (Pierre),  Le  Monde  ou  la  Description  Gcneralc,  etc.     Paris,  1C37. 

folio.  ;j  vols. 
])ean  (Peter),  Occnrrcnee.s  in  California.     MS. 
J^o  ];o\v(.r.  ]  ».  P>.),  De  J  low's  iJeview  arid  Lxlustrial  Resonrecs.    Xew  Orleans, 

etc.,  l.S,")l-7.  7  vols.;  Encyclopedia  of  Trade  ani'  Commerce  of  the  U.  S. 

London,  ]K')-l.  'J  vols. 
I'ecreto  del  Congreso  Mejicano  solire  ( 'olonizaeion,  18  Agosto  1S'J4.     MS. 
Dccreto  del  Congreso  ^Mejicano,  secnlarizando  las  Misiones.     17  Agosto  ISoIl. 

In  Ariillaga',  Kecop.  is;!!!,  p.  10. 
Decreto  d(,' las  Cortes,  4  Ihiero  1S|;|,  Sernlarizacion.     IMS.;  al.so  in  Mexico, 

Leyts  Vigeutes  I,S7!),  |i.  .")();  Dwinelies  Col.  Hist.  Add.  'JO. 
]>i'er  Lodge  (Mont.),  riii1ei>eiident. 

]»egroot  (ileiirv).  Tile  Doiiiier  Party.     In  Ovi'rland  Monthly,  v.  38. 
I'ei  Mar  (Ah'xander),  A  History  of  the  Precious  .Metals.     J.oiidoii,  1SS9. 
Jii.laiiu  (Aiiiasa),  The  (.'entral  Paeitie  Lailroail,  or  '411  and  'CD.     San  I'raneisco, 

ISIJS;  Life    on  the  Plains,   etc.     Xew   York,  1S(1I;    Old  ]]loek"s   Sketch 

I)ook.     Sacramento.  l.S.")(»;  Penknife  Skelelies.     Sacramento,  1853. 
Delessert,  Ia's  IMines.     In  Lovue  des  ])eux  IMondcs.     Feh.  1,  1S4'J. 
Del  Norte  County,  History  of.     See  Bledsoe,  A.  J. 
Demarcacion  y  Division  de  las  Indias.     In  I'acheco  and  C.irdenas,  Col.  Doe., 

XV.  40!). 
Democratic  Members  of  Legislature  of  California.     Address  of  the  Majority 

Feb.  1S.J4.     Sail  Francisco,  l.S.")4. 
Democratic  State  (Jouvention,  Proceedings  Feb.  1852.     Sacramento,  1852. 
Dempster  (C.  J.),  N'igilance  Coinniittec.     .M.S. 
lien  (Nicolas  .\..).  Letters  of  a.  Pioneer  Doctor.      MS. 
I'eiit,  Vaiitinc,  and  Co.,  Claim  for  Supplies  to  Indians  in  California,  1851-2.'" 

Washington,  ii.d. 
Departmental  Kecords.     MS.    14  vols.     In  .\ivhivo  do  Cal. 
Departmental  State  Papers.    IM.">.   20  vols.    In  Areliivo  de  Cal.;  Id.,  Angeles. 

12  vols.;  Id.,  Benieia.    5  vols.;  Id.,  Beuicia  Custnmdiouse.   8  vols. ;   Id., 

Beiiieia  (,'oin.  and  Treas.   5  vols. ;  Id.,   Benieia  Profecturas  y  Juzgados. 

(i  Vols. ;  Id.,  Benieia  Military,  vols.  53  to  b7:  Id.,  Monterey.  8  vols.;  Id., 

San  .lose.   7  vols. 
Derby  (IC.  IL),  The  Overland  Bonte  to  the  Pacific.     Boston,  18(jn. 
iXrby  ((i.  H.),  and  11.  S.  Williamson.     Bejiorts  on  ( loology  and  Topography 

of  California.     [31st  Cong.,  1st  Sess..  Sen.  Ex.  D(jc.  47.1     Wasli.,  KS-iO. 
I'e  Iviqiort  (.\.  1''.  D.),  Californians  ami  .Mormons.     Now  York,  ISSl. 
Dia:-.  del  Castillo  (IJeinal),  lli^toria  Yerdadcra  do  la  CoiKpiista  do  la  Xueva 

E.spana.     Madrid,  lt)32.  4to. 


I 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


xlv 


York,  1S40;  Now 


gorod  oil  Sta  Ijui- 

la,  171)5.     JIS. 
laiiDS.     San  I'raii- 

'ionccr,   !Mai'.  'j;>, 

S. 

,'ton,  lS(iO. 

Ill,' toil,  1S(J8. 

varions  sjiuoclios. 

ill,  KVJ,'). 

S.  '2  vols. 

ate.     Paris,  1037. 


OS.    Xcw  Orleans, 
loi'cu  of  the  U.  S. 

;o  18-24.     :MS. 
17  Agosto  1833. 

;  also  in  Mexico, 
•20. 

,  V.  38. 

lOiulon,  1880. 

.     Sail  I'raneisco, 

1  ]]lc.nk".s  .Sketch 

'iito,  1853. 

,  18-1!). 

jdciias.  Col.  ].)oc., 
if  tlie  ^lajority 
Liiiouto,  1852. 

Llifornia,  1851 -"2.' 


ll.;  111.,  Angeles. 
Ise.  8  vols.;  Id., 
Iiras  y  Juzgados. 
Toy.  8  vols.;  Id., 

J]  son. 

laiul  'l^JpograpllV 
Wash.,  1850. 
i,  1.S8I. 
Ista  do  la  Nucva 


Biccionario  Universal  delfistoria  y  de  ricografi.i.  Mcxico,1853,  Ito,  lOvoIs,; 
.Madrid,  l8KJ-.")0.   -Ito.   8  vols. 

l)icl;iiisoii  (John  K.),  Speeches,  Correspondence,  etc.  New  York,  1807.  '2 
vols. 

l»ictaiiion  sobro  Tnstrucciones  al  Gohr- do  Californias  1825.  In  Junta  do 
Fonieiito  do  ( 'al. 

l'i_'-!er's  Haudhook  (The),  .ind  Truth  about  California.     Sydney,  1810. 

Inlko  (Charles  \Vent\vorth),  Greater  Ihitaiii.     I'liiiadelphia,  ISU!).  2  vols. 

Iiiputaciuii  do  l;i  Alta  California  (La  Ecsiua.),  i'l  sus  llabitantes.  ^Monterey, 
(J  Nov.,  18.')(). 

l.'ireetories,  Los  Angeles;  Marj'avillc,  Amy;  Nevada  Co.,  Bean;  Nevada  and 
Crass  Valley,  Thompson;  Oakland,  Stilhvell;  Pacific  C'l'^ist  ]>iisiiir:;s, 
l.aiigley;  Placer  Ciuinty,  Steele;  Plaeerville,  Fitch;  Saeraine'ito,  Col- 
ville;  San  Fraiieisro,  Uishop,  Calvilh',  ( la/.lay,  Harris,  PoLiardus  and 
Labatt,  Judicial,  KinibiiU,  Langlev,  Larkiii  and  lieldeii,  Li;  Count  .Mid 
Strdiig,  Morgan,  I'arker,  i'ottrr;  San  l-'raneiseo,  California,  and  Nev;:da; 
San  .losi',  liisho]^  Colalian  an<l  I'unieroy;  San  Joa(|ain  Cuuiity,  IJerdiiie; 
Santa  Clara;  Solaim;  Stockton,  ISogardus;  Tuolunnio  Couiily,  IJeckiii- 
(Uiiii  and  Wilson;  \'allejo,  Kelle}' and  I'reseott;  Watsonville. 

Tiislurnell  (i.),  Iiillueiicc  nf  (Tiniate.     New  York,  1S(;7. 

l>i;tMiann  (<  arl),  Narrative  of  a  Seafaring  Life  from  1SH.      !MS. 

\r\  (John  A.),  Spuoehes  and  Occasional  Addresses.    Si^w  York,  1801.   '2  vols. 

I  'i  vi'ii,  Tiilmnc. 

I  'i\(m  (William  Ilepworth),  'llie  AVhito  CoiKjuest.     London,  1^70.  2  \'>h. 

I'Mctriiia.  para  los  Padics  iK:  Familia.  Caita  do  inia  No\"ia  do  ^loda  ;i  su 
fiituro.     [En  verso. j     SoiKHiia  ( I8.')8]. 

I '■•(■uiiiciis  .sur  I'lfistoiro  do  Californie.     In  Petit-Tliouars,  Voy.,  iv. 

hnouineiitos  para  la  llistoria.     ISHi  -S.    In  Los  Angeles,  .Southcni  California. 

h'n-uiiient(is  para,  la  llistoria  ilo  C.iliforuiii.     MS.  4  vols. 

l>ocuiiieiitos  pai'a  la  Jli>toria  do  .Mexico.  Jloxico,  1853-7.  ' ')  vols.  4  series, 
serio  iii.,  in  folio  and  in  four  parts. 

1  i^iiiieueeh  (I'jnuianue'),  Seven  Yi'irs'  llcsidcnco  in  thoCrcat  Deserts  of  Norih 


unerici 


London,  1800.  2  vols. 


l''iniiiiguez  (Manuel),  Ksciitos  de  uu  Panehero  y  Prefecto.     ^FS. 
I'niiiinguez  (Francisco  A.),  and  Silvestre  V.  Escalanto,  Diario  y  derrotcro  jiara 
descubrir  el  eaminodo  Santa  Fe,  etc.    In  hue.  Hist.  .M(/x.,  serio ii.,  i.  377. 
1 'oiiuat  (Li'on),  L'l'^tatdo  Californie  en  1877-8.      Paris,  1878. 
I''"ilittle  (William  (i.),  Journey  to  San  Framnsco.     ^18. 
I  I'Diliiuuy  (Alcide),  \'oyago  I'ittoresipio  dans  les  deux  Anii'riipics.     Paris, 


ls:!i;. 


I  "..aulas 


,S]icech  in  U.  S.  Sen.  June  20,  28,  1S50,  I'ublio  Lauds  in  California. 
Washiuuton,  1850. 
1  >-u;_'las  (!  )avi.lt.  Letter  to  Jfartnell,  1S33.     :MS. 
I  i.iU.u'las  (Sir  James),  Private  I'apers.    1st  and  2d  series.     !MS.   2  vols. ;   \'oy- 


agc  from  tlie  Columbia  to  Cal.,  1,841.     MS.     In  Id.  J 


I'oiiglas  Citv,  Trinity  (.iazctte. 

I  '"U-cIl  ( 1',.  j'.),  Jouriial  and  Letters.     :MS. 


ounial 


y  City,  (^lurier,  Los  Xietos  X'allcy  C 


nwiu 


nviilin'llle 


Dei 


rat,  .Mountain  ^MessciiLrer,  Sierra  Advocate,  Sierra  A'_ 


Sierra  County  News,  ,'<icirii  l)cuiocrat,  Standard,  etc. 
I 'hum  (James),  Siatenient  of  \'i,L:ilance  Committeo  in  .San  Fr.'incisco.    !MS. 
l'.'ylc(J(ihn  T.),  Address  at  Inauguration  of  New  Hall  of  Santa  Clara  Col- 


ic 


Aug.  !),  1S70.    S.  F..  1S70;  Ad. 


foi-uia.     S.  F.,  187 


the  llailroa.l  i'olicyuf  Caii- 


M 


Ihief  History  of  the  I'ious  I'uii.l  of  ( 'alifornia.   ii 


W< 


emoraiK 
ster.  1,S74. 


lum  as  to  the  Hiscov.jiy  of  the   Pay  of  .San    Fr; 


Drake  (Francis),  Drio  V<iornaanie  Zeo-Toiit.n.     In  Aa,  Naauk.  Ve 


The  I'Vimous  Vovaue.     In  lf:d<hn-t's  \'o\-.,  iii. ; 


rs.  x\  ill. ; 


is  Drake  Ii 


d. 


ii.pl.   (lO;!!)  |:  Tlu! World  Encompassed.     London,  1028.  4to;  The  World 
Eiicoinp-asscd  [llakluyt  Sue.  ed.]     London,  1854. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTRD. 


fii:!!;' 


Drnmn,  Copy  nf  a  Sptini^Ii  Pivuiki  of  IT'^O.     MS. 

Pniiils,  I'roririliiii^n  at  Aiiiuiiil  Scs.-jioiis;  otlicr  panii)hletfi. 

Diiiuli:  (Mai'iiiiio),  ('ansa  (.'liiuiual  cuiitia  ul  Alc.ildei  dc  S.  .Ti).S('',  ISHl.    MS. 

])u  llaillv  (liilonaifli,  Ijva  Aiiit'rii.aili.-i  fiiir  lo  l'acili(pi('.    Jii  Itovuc  ilcn  J.)i  nv 

.Moiiiles,  J'uli.  IS.")!). 
Diiluiiit-CiUy  (A. ),  \'ia;,';.;iii  intoi'iio  ill  Globo.     Tciriiio,  IS-U.  'Jvdlu.;  Voyayc 

aiilijuv  (111  Mniulc.      I'aiis,  liS.'!,"). 
Puiiu't;;  (Fiaiitisco),  Carta.s  tlil  I'adrc  Jli.sioncri),  1771   IfH  I.     MS. 
IMiiiliar  (Ivhvanl  ll. ),  IJoniaiice  of  tlio  A;jo.     Xcw  York,  18(i7. 
Dmicaii,  (L.  J.  ('.),  Si'ttliimiit  in  SoiUlurn  Oriyoii      MS, 
Dimiu'.s  Xott's  tm  San  I'ascual,  I'lKi.     MS. 
Diiniavt'ii  (Ivirl  of),  Tlu^  (iriat  l)ivi(lo.     New  Yoik,  1S7(). 
Diu'aii  (Xarciso),  Cavta  al  (loli"'(-'liico,  l.l.Iuiiio,  1S;>(!.  .MS. 
Diiiim  (Narci.so),  CoriTiiponduiicia  du  uii  ^lisioiiero  y  riv-idontc.     !MS. 
Diiraii  (N'arciso),  Tritica  solivo  la.i  rii^VL'iicionL'.i  do  Jviiaiii;ipatniiU,  ISII^!.    JLS. 
Ihuan  (Xaiviso),  Iiifunno  del  Actual  Kstado  do  las  Jliisioiu';,  I.Sti.     IMS. 
Diiraii  (Xarciso),  X'otas  d  una  Circular  <'i  liaudo  di:  Ilclicaiiilia,  louli.     MS. 
Dura  a  (Xarciso),  Xutas  y  Coiuciitarioti  al  Baudo  dcEcliei.udia  sobru  Miiiioiics, 

IS'M.  MS. 
Duraii  (Xarciso),  Proycctos  tic  Seculari/acioii,  ISHH.     !MS. 
Durlcec  (1(^1111  L.),  Statement  on  \'igilance  (Joinniittccs  in  San  Francisco.  MS. 
Dutcli  Flat,  I'hiijuircr,  I'oruni. 
Dutcli  Flat  Swindle  ('i'iic  ( \vviit).     R.  F.  n.d. 
l)\vi'U'l!o(.To!in  \V.),Addrc:i  before  the  I'ionccrs.   ISOC.  S.  F.   l.^fi;  Colonial 

Iliotory  of  San  Franeiseo.    S.  F.    ISUIi;   S.  F.  USi;7;  [Drake'.s  Voy.-.ge,  a 

]lc\  icw  (,f  r,ryauf:i  Hist.  U.  S.]    In  S.  F.  bulletin,  Oct.  5,  1S;S;  Oration. 

Oi  t.  S,  l,s7().     In  San  iMancisoo,  Cent.  Mem.,  81. 
Dye  (Job  F.),  I'ionecr  llecoUeutions.     In  iSta  Cruz  Sentinel,  1SG9;  I'ionecr 

Scrap-book;  lUcoUcctiouB  of  California.     MS. 

Kardlr\--Wilmot  (S.),  Our  Journal  in  tlic  racifie.     London,  l.S7n. 

Karil  (.'[ohn  ().),  Statesnent  of  1S!0.      .MS. 

Fai'Lc  ■.trrintiii.'^inCalirnrnia.  ACollcclionof  all<locument:-printedl)oforclS4S. 

I'^artliijUalLc.     'J  he  (lieat  Ivirtlujuake  in  San  Francisco     S.  F.  IStlS. 

Katon  (Hcm-y),  I'ioncer  of  ISIiS.  MS. 

l^chciindia  (Jose  Maria),  I'ando  sobro  Eleccionos,  IS'28.     JIS. 

Lcheandia  (Josu  Maria),  Carta,  que  diri;;o  ;'i  1).  Jose  Figueroa  en  defcnsa  do  lo 

que  ha  lieeho  jiara  scciilarizar  la.s  i\lisionc3,  ISllIl.     JIS. 
Fcbeandia  (Jose  Mana),  Decreto  de  Eniuncipaciou  a  favur  do  los  Xeofitos, 

1820.    MS. 
Echcandia  (Tosij  Mar(a),  Dccrcto  do  Sccularizacion,  0  Enero,  1331.    !MS. 
Eclic.india  (Josj  ?ilaria),  Eseritos  Sueltos  del  Com.  (ieneral,  ISJo-,'],'}.     MS. 
Eclicandiii  (Jos6  Maria),  Plan  para  Convertir  on  Pueblos  las  IMisioncs,  IS'JO-.IO. 

MS. 
Echcandia  (Jos.;  ^laria),  Picglaniento  para  los  Encargados  de  Justicia  en  las 

Misiones,  ]^?,X     MS. 
Echoandia  (Jose  Alaria),  Rcj.'lamento  de  Secularizacion,  18  Xov.  18u2.     MS. 
1-clieveste  (Juan  Jo.^e),  'IlegUimento,'  <pv. 
V.cn  de.  Espaua.     Mexico,  18.j;?-4. 
Eco  X'aeioual.     Mexico,  lSr)7-8. 
]]co  do  Occidcntc.     (luaynias,  1878  ct  scq. 

i:del!nan  (Ceorge  W. ),  ( biido  to  the  Value  of  California  Gold.    Pliil.,  1850. 
I'ldinburf^'ii  Preview.      i'Minbiir'rh,  1802  et  seq. 
Edward^i  (Philip  L.),  Diary  <if'a  Visit  to  Cal.,  18^7.     MS. 
Eliot  do  Castro  (Juan),  Papeles  Tocante.s  I'l  su  arrcstacion,  181.".     MS. 
Elliot  (Ceorge  11.),  Tiie  Presidio  of  San  Fraiuiseo.     In  Overland,  iv.  ?,?M. 
Eliis  (Ceorge  E.),  Tlie  Fed  :\Ian  and  lli<;  Wliitc  Man.     Boston,  18!i-_». 
Emory  (^V.  11. ),  Xotes  of  a  ]\!ilitary  Pcconnaissancc.    [.lOtli  Cong.,  1st  Sess., 

Sen.  Ex.  Doe.  7.]    Wasliiuglon,  L'vlS. 
Escalaute  (Sylve.stro  V'elci:),  Carta  de  28  de  Octubre,  177''.     !MS. 


a 


AUTlIOniTIK.S  QUOTED. 


"xlvii 


41.  'J  Vdl.i.;  Voyage 

11.    MS. 

1807. 


S. 

•^idwitc.     MS. 

iios,  l,S4t.     IMS. 
11(1  ia,  i;i;ii5.     ilS. 
iiilia  ijobrc  Misioiifs, 


San  Francisco.  MS. 

^.  V.  1S(U);  Colonial 
[I)i'ako"s  Voj'.'.yo,  a 
ct.  ."),  1S7<S;  Oialitm. 

liuul,  1SG9;  riuncur 

in,  ISTfJ. 

aprintcd  before  1S4S. 
i.  F.  1S(JS. 

MS. 

'■o:i  en  (lifcnsa  do  lo 

S. 

or  (le  los  Xc'utltos, 

•ro,  ISni.   MS. 

1,  i.s-r)-.".:5.   MS. 

.Misioncs,  18'20-.30. 
do  Justicia  en  las 

.s  Nov.  is:;'2.    ■\is. 


,id,  riiii.,  isrio. 


181.-).     MS. 

.-ciland,  iv.  .1.10. 

^t<ui,  18,S-J. 
Ill  (-'uuy.,  Ist  Se.s.s., 

MS. 


Kscandiin  {Mjinnc!),  and  Joso  1).   Itasoon,  (3bscrvacionc's,   Foudo  riadu.so, 

Mi'xico,  1S4.'). 
ICscubar  (.Xgnstiii),  Canipafia  do  184(j.     MS. 
Ksioliar  (Marcoliun),  (,'arta;i  do  mi  Aleiilde,     MS. 

Ksuiuk  ri)  (.lo.st'!  A^jn.itin),  .M'jnioria  s  del  JJiputadu  do  Cliilinahna.  Mixioo,  184S. 
Ksc'iidoru  (.lost'  A.'^aiiitiii),  NoUoiu.i  l^slaili.-slicas  do  L'liilui.dina.  Me.\ii,-o,  lbo7. 
Ivs[iaria,  Constitucioii  ilo  ISli'.     MS. 

Kspanolcs,  Li.sla  do  lo:i — (jno  ban  jirestadtj  .Tiiramcnto,  IS'JS.     MS. 
I'lsiiliiosa,  (di-'inc  n'a),  Ajiiiiitos  Urovo-i  y  Xotas  lIi:5ii'iricaH.     ^IS. 
F.spiiKJ:  a  (Ua'aul),  Fstiidio.s  llisliirioo.s.     In  Soo.  ^^Icx.  (Jcog.,  iSoL,  v.  4:29, 
Iv^plaiiilian,  Sorgas  of.     l.'dO,  and  later  oilition.s. 
IvlaMooiiniontos  lliisos  on  California,  l;.ii'J-41.     MS. 
K.^trll  (laiiRs  M.),  .'■poooli  in  Hall  of  l!op.  Saot"  in  connection  witli  Vij,'ilance 

ConniiiUoo.     n.])l.     )8.")7. 
]''.sti'ncv,a  (Toni.'is),  (.'artas  dol  Fadro  Misionoro.     !MS. 
F.sti'ada  (.fd-si'  Mariano),  Corroi^pondonoiado.sdo  178.">.     ]\IS. 
Fatraila  (lo.io  Fanion),  Coiminicacioiios  \'avias.     MS. 
Fslrada  (.bv^;  Fai.ion),  Lista  do  F.\tr;-.ngoro:i  on  Montcroy,  lSi20.     MS. 
F.studillo  (Jo.so  Man:.),  DatoH  lli-^tiu'iotj.s.     MS. 

IvUmli'.lo  (.loso  .Foaipiin),  ].)(joiuikiiIos  para  la  Ili.storia  do  Cal,     ^IS.   '2  vols. 
Ivsiuilillo  (Josi'  Mali-!),  llojus  do  Sorvicio.     MS. 
Fs'.iidillo  (.lo.-so  ^laii.t),  Infornio  soliro  los  I'^viilos,  18-0.     ISIS. 
Kstiidil'.o  i.Tuso  Maria),  liiftnnio  sobro  Oiioios  do  C:'.pollan,  lS-20.     ^IS. 
K.studillo  (.Tuso  Maria  .'.nd  JodJ  Antonio),  Carta.-j  dol  I'adro  o  Jlijo.     -MS. 
Ktholin,  Loiter  on  llo::s,  1S41.     MS. 
Furtka,  ]">oniocra'Jo  Stanilard,    Evening  Ilorald,    I'^voning  ."-'tar,   Humboldt 

Fi.iy  .Touriial,  Ilniiiboldt  Times,  National  Index,  Northern  Indopondont, 

Siuiial,  Wo.st  Coast  Signal. 
FvanLioli  t  {'J"li( ),  San  Francisco,  1872  et  :eq. 
Fvaii:i(.\lbort  S.j,  A  la  California.     San  Fr.inci.sco,  187.1. 
J.vai: ;  ((loor;.'e  M.),  A  liisioiy  of  tho  Disouvory  of  (lold  in  California.     Tn 

llinil'.s  Mcndiants"  Mag.,  xxxi.  .'iS.'). 
yiwiiu:-  (P.ichard  S.)  and  H.   AV.  lIo:i.  ]:av,-,  Translation,  Voyage  of  Cabiniu. 

In  U.  S.  (loog.  Siirv.,  Wheeler,  vii.,  Areli., 'JU,'). 
F.xpedicnto  solire  el  niodo  do  di\  idiisi'  las  niisionos,  1770.     MS. 
Ivxpcdionto  t;obrc  las  Euferniedado.s  de  la  'I'ierra,  lt>0.").     MS. 
ll\[iod:onte  sobro  lteoiproea:i  Qiieja.i  del  ( lobornador  y  Religioso.s,  1787.     ^IS. 
llxpui  ion  of  Citi;:enH  of  the  U.  S.  from  Upper  C:d.     President's  Moss.  ['iSth 

Coir;.,  LstSesi.,  .Sen.  Doe.  liOO.]     Wa.h.,  184:1. 
F/ijuer  (Igiiaeio),  I'demorias  de  Cosas  Fa.sadas.     MS. 

San  Francisco,  18C0. 


]"al/uiii  (rjonlbrm),  Agrionltnral  Lands  of  Califoi'nia, 

I'ae-.  ir.iiley  do  Firnuui  C.difurniaiias.     M.S. 

I'aeultad  de  Conhrniar,  17S1.     MS. 

r'a..^..-i  (Poilro),  ('DUioiilario  sobi'o  el  Informc  del  Cajiitan  Soler,  1787. 

l-'aqes  (I'edri.i),  Correspondenoia  del  Coinamlaiito  y  G(.bi'.,  1781  et  .'-.cq. 

I'ages  (I'edro),  Infonue  sobro  Conioreio  eon  Liupies  do  China,  1787. 

I'a.^o.'i  (I'odro),  Iiiformo  General  do  ]\Ii:,ninie^:,  1787.     MS. 

Fages  (IV'dro),  Infinnos  I'arlioularowd  GoIj'''  lioiiieu,  1701.     MS. 

Fagos  (I'odro),  Iiistrneeion  para  el  Cabo  do  I'soolta  do  Angeles,  1787 

Fages  (Pedro),  Iiiitrneeioii  para  la  Escolta  de.  Purisima,  1788.      ^bS. 

Fagx.;  (Pedro),  r...;ti'ueoion  jxira  la  IvseoUa  de  S,  Mignol,  17S7.      ^IS. 

]"a,'.;o;i  (i'edi'o),  Iiistrneeion  para  sn  Vi;igo  ;i  California,  !7''rt.     ^IS. 

l'age:j  (Podio),  Iii^^iruoeionesal  Coniand.into  Iiitorino  do  Monterey,  1783, 

Fago.-i  (Pedrol,  Papel  do  Varios  Puntos.  17!»1.     MS. 

]-'agos  (I'odro),  Foi.reseiitaeion  Contra  bjs  Frailos,  178.").     ^IS. 

1  .•i:.,es  (Poilro),  Voyage!  en  Californio,  17()0.     In  Nouv.  .\ii.  Voy.,  ci. 

I'air  (Lnnra  D.),  (iliieial  lioport  of  the  Trial.     San  Francisco,  "lb71. 

Faiivld'.d  (.lolni  A.),  Sketch  of  Life.     :MS. 

Faiiiily  Deiender  Magazine.     Oakland,  1881  et  scq. 


MS. 
MS. 
MS. 


7.    MS. 


MS. 


xlviii 


AUTIIOmXIES  QUOTED. 


I       'Li 


'•'.f 


.'.'.    MS. 


[Tho 


Fmi'iiIkuh  (Eli:';i  W.),  Califonii.i.     Ih-T>i>i)1n  iiinl  Out.     Xcw  Ynik,  IS.'rt. 

F.uiiliMiii  (I.  T.  or  Tlio.-i.  .).),  Ivn-ly  l>ayM  t>(  Calit'oniia.  I'liil.,  Isdii;  Life, 
AihiiiUin.s  1111(1  Tnivils  in  L'ul.  I'ictdiial  nl.  N.  Y.,  Is."i7;  Lite,  Ad- 
vuitiuvs,  and  Tnivils  in  (,'al.  X.  Y.,  is-ltl;  N.  Y.,  iHli);  \.  Y.,  I8,j0j 
N.  v.,  IS,".;{;  Tnivi'lH  in  till)  Caliloniia-i.     N.  Y.,  ISJt. 

Fanv<!l  (Jaiiit's  i).),  .Statciiunt  ul  \'igilaii<<;  < 'uiiiiiiittics  in  S.  F.     MS. 

'I'ar  W'c-^t,'  L(ittiis  fmni  ('alil'onii:i.     In  lloiiohilii  Fricml,  Xov.-Di'c,  184G. 

Vny  (Calcli  T.),  llLstoiiail  Fact.s  on  Califoiiiiii.     MS. 

l'\'Mlix  (!'.  A.),  L'On'yon  vi  Ics  cotiH  dv  I'lJuOan  l'iifili<|U(;.     ^al•i^^,  ISlli. 

l''i  rnaiidc/  (.losi').  Comus  do  CalitViriiia.  MS. 

I  I  riiandt/  (.losO),  liocnniintij.s  jiaia  la  Jlistoiia  di:  Califoniia.     MS. 

l'\i'liaiiil(V,  (Just'  /I'ntJli),  Cartas  Siioltas.      MS. 

I'finaiidi/  (M:inu(!),  Carta  did  I'adri'  Ministii)  do  Sta  Cruz,  IT''*^.     MS. 

I'Vriiiiiidr/dc  Siiii  Vict'iiti;  (.\i,'iistiii),  CiniiUMioafioiicsdilCaiiiiiii^o.  I'-'.'.'. 

I'V'ny  (ilyiKilitt'),  iJfsi'riiitidu  dt-  la  Nduvi'IIi!  Calii'iiriiic.     I'aris,  lS."/0. 

Fida"l;;ii  (Salvador),  Tabla  di;  Dtscubi  iniiunto.i  do  i~<.M.   MS. 

J'idal.;o  (SMlvailor),  Via,L;o  do  \1'M).      MS. 

J'iclil  (Sto[ili(ii  .7.),  I'orsoiial  JtciiiinisociK'ort  of  ]']arly  Days.  n.]>l.,  n.  d.;  Somo 
Account  of  the  Work  o'.     n.id.,  issl. 

Figncroa  (Jose),  Anniicia  a  los  (jdifoinios  .su  llc^^'ada,  10  Fncro,  ls;);i. 
lir.st  siicciiiKii  of  Calil'oriii.'i  iirintiii;.'.] 

l''i,L'riC'ioa  (Jose),  llaiidi)  contra  Jlijar,  ]S'M.   !MS. 

J'"igucroa  (.Jose),  Jjandu  en  tjuu  puliliea  la  Uesolueion  do  la  Diput«aci(JU  coutra 

llijar,  is;;4. 

J'"i;,'neroa  (Jos(''),  Corres]K)udencia  del  flcfo  Ptjlilito,  1S"-J  ,",     ?,IS. 
]'"igiieroa  (.J(jsu),  Cosa.s  Financieias  de  California,    ISot.     MS. 
I'igiieroa  (Jose),  I)is(.'urso  dc;  A|iurtiu'a  do  la  Di[)utaeion,  ISIJi.     MS. 
Figiieroa  (.Tose),  VA  Coniandaiito  ticiicrul,  otc,  illoa  llabituutcs  del  'J'erritorio. 

!Montcii'iy,  Ifi  iMarzo,  ls:{,"). 
Figiui'oa  (J('sr),  j;i  Coiii;iiidaiito  Tlcneral  y  Oefu  Politico  de  Alta  Cal.  A  .sn.i 

IIal)itant"S.     Monterey,  IS.'!,"). 
Figueroa  (.Jose),  Tnfornio  al   ilinistro   de   (Jnerra  soltre   Aconteciniientos  do 

lKil-'2.     MS. 
Figueroa  (.Jose),  Infurnio  en  quo  se  oponc  al  I'royccto  do  Scculari/.acion,  IS,",'!. 

:ms. 

I'igueroa  (.Tos(j),  Instnicciones  Gcncralcs  para  el  Oohiovnodo  Cal.,  I'^ll'J.    MS. 

I'iyueroa  (.lose),  ?dauiliestu  d  la  Kepi'ibliea  ^lejicaiia.     ^louterey,  It'lJo. 

FJLineroa  (.lose),  The  .Manifesto  of.     S.  Franei.sco,  l>v",">. 

l''ii,'ii(roa  (.Tosc),  Oliservaeiones  de  iin  Ciudadano.      MS. 

l'"iguenia  (.lose),  Plan  de  Propios  y  .\rliitrio.s.     Monterrey,  0  A.cjosto,  1834. 

i'"igneroa  (.Jose),  Preveiicioneti  Provisionaled  para  la  lOniancipaciou  de  Indies, 

is;;;!.    ]\is. 

I'igneroa  (.T(]si),  rjegl.-iniento  Provisional  para  la  Seeularization.     Monterrey, 

!)  Aijosto.  ks;m. 

Fi'Tdla  (.lames).  Statement  of  Events  in  Early  T)ay3.     MS. 

i'indlay  (Alcxandc^r  (i.),  Diri'ctory  fur  the  XaviL'ation  (jf  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

London,  IS.")!;  Li.Lrlit  Jfouses  in  the  AWrrld.     London,  ISdT. 
rire  I'liilerwriters.     An'-iial  lieports,     San  I'^ranciseo,  IbOj  et  seij. 
First  Steamship  Pioneers.     [Smii  I'raneisciy,  1.S7L]  4t(j. 
Fisher  (Walter  ^M.),  The  Californiaiis.     San  Fraiu'isco,  187(i. 
Fitch  (liuillernio),  Xarrativ.-i.     ,MS. 

l''iteli  (Henry  ]).),  Causa  Criinin.al  por  Matrinionio  X'ulo,  \K)0. 
l"iteli  (llem-y  D.),  Letters  of  a  Merchant,  lS-_'(i  et  sei..     :MS. 
]''iteli  ( ill  nry  1).  and  Jo.sefa(J.),])oei.inieiitos  para  la  llistoriade  California.  MS. 


:ms. 


i'itc 

Fil>: 


L^'fa  C. ),  Xarraeion  de  una  California.     ^IS. 


lid  ((.).  1'.),  Calif. 


Xaslivillo,  1S70. 


I'Mtzgerald  (O.  P.),  Education  in  California.     ^IS. 


I'l.ig;.',  Jteporfc.    [JMthCc 


1st  Sess.,  Sen.  I'iX.  Doc.  1(17.1    Washington.  ISoo. 


I'leurieu  (Charles  Pierre),  Introduction.     In  Murchaud,  Yoy.,  i. 
Flint.     See  Pattie's  Xarrative. 


^ll 


AUTIIORITIE.S  QUOTED. 


xlis 


Miil..  Isc,;);  Life, 

l.V)T;  LilL',  A(l- 

ll»;  N.  v.,  18.J0; 


.  ]•'.     MS. 
S'uv.-lUc, 

1840. 

•mis,  1S40. 

.     MS. 

ITtis.    MS 
iria,  18.  lO. 

MS. 

i.]il.,  11.  (1.; 

Some 

uTo,  1"^;'.:'.. 

[Tho 

)ipiitaciijn  cuiitra 

.     MS. 

sh-t.     MS. 

Los  del  'JVn-itorio. 

c  Altii  Cal.  ;i  .sn.l 

oritfciiiiientoa  ilo 

ilari/.auuin,  IS.*],*?. 

CaUW-'.    MS, 
|fri.y,  lb',io. 

Aerrx^to.  isr.4. 
liticiiJii  'U^  Imlios, 

lull.     Muiittii'ey, 

|l!  Tacific  Ocean. 
C-T. 

Jt  SC(J. 


I).     MS. 

Ic'iilitoniiii.  MS. 


lisliiii''toii, 


1855. 


ririrrs  M()s''  ^Tiirin),  f'lrta.i  vaiia?>.     MS. 

I'ldivs  (JuH.;  .Maria),  liifuiiiiu  iil  (lob'-do  Sonora,  5  Fcli.  1S77.     In  .SonorciiMC, 

.Mar.  .-),  is  17. 
Elori'S  (.l<is'!  .Maria),   liifi)riiii)  ilu  5  I'd).   1817,   y  Corrcs^ionikncia  coii   hn 

AiitoriiiaiU'H  do  SiiKua,     .MS. 
I'lort'a  (.T"iso  Mavia),  (Jlicios  del  (,'omaiidanto  fionoral,  1810.     MS 
I'l'ics  (.Mi;-;iicl),  Keciu'idod  llist<nieii-<  de  California.     MS. 
riijiis  (Viivy),  Ii;stnic(iiiii,  I7S!).     MS. 
I"lii;,'.;o  ('''''■"'l''*'  ^^'•)>  Vaiiiiiis  Lettc'iH,  1S41  ct  .ii'(|.     MS. 
rols(Jiii  (■!.  L.),  ('nrri'spoiiilencu  of  the  (^uarteniia!iter,   1S40-8.     In  Cal.  and 

X.  .Mex.,  Mess,  mid  Doe.,  IS.m 
]'i>ndi)  i'iad(}s<>  do  ( 'alit'onii.iH,  177.'}.     MS. 
Inndo  I'iad.iso  do  Caliloinias,  Duercto  I'l  Oct.  1812.     MS. 
l'(.ii(li)  riadosD  de  <  'aliloriiia>i,  I)eiiiostraciuii  do  Ion  siiKjdo.s  (jiic  adeuda  A  lu3 

I!cli-in.so.i,  ISll-.'M.     iMS. 
I'undo  I'iadoso  do  (.'alifornia.s.  Ley  y  Kccrlamento.     Mexico,  IS;!."!. 
]"o!is(  e,v  (Faliian)  and  (,Vulo,s   Urriitia,  llistoria  (Jeneral    do  lieal   Hacienda, 

.Mexico,  ISl,"),  Is-H)-,-,;).   0  vols. 
I'niit  (■losi),  Varios  i;serilna  del  'I'eiiiL'iite,  1700  et  seq.     JIS. 
loiit  (iVdro),  tlounial  of  a  .loiirmy  from  Souora  to  Monteix'y,  177'>.     MS, 
]  (jote  (U.S.),  Siieeeli  on  Admission  of  California  in  U.  S.  Senate,  Aug.  1 ,  I8."i0. 

\Va^'iiii,u'ton,  1850. 
I'l  iliL.i  (.Mexander),  California,  A  History  of.     London,  1839. 
l'oil>es  I. lames  A.),  Letters,  I8;{;,'-4S.     :^1S. 
I'md  (ll(  nry  L.),  Tlie  liear  Flag  iiovolutiou.     MS. 
I'oiest  Hill,'  I'iaeer  (."ourii'r. 

I'orsce  (I'eler  A.),  Five  Years  of  Crime  in  California.     Ukiali,  ls(»7. 
I'eiv-iter  (■iohu),  I'ioiiecr  Data  from  18IV.2.     MS. 
I'ciis'.er  (.Tolin  Ileinliiild),  History  of  Voy.iges  and  Discoveries  in  the  Nortli. 

Loud. Ill,  1780.  'Ito. 
F'ort  Point  and  .Meatrazas  Island,  Iiifornuition   in  regard  to  fortifications 

being  erected,     [ollil  Cong.,   1st  Sess.,  ]I.   l]x.  Doe.  8'2.]     Washington, 

18."i;j. 
Foster((t.  0.1,  TheOold  Ee-ionsof  California.    Xcw  York,  1S4S;  X.Y'.,  1840, 
]'\iHter  (Stephen  C),  Aii-tdcs  from  '47  to  '!!).     ,MS. 

I'oster  (Stephen  (.!.),  First  .Vmerieau  in  Los  .\iigoles.    In  Los  Angeles  F^xpress, 
]''oster  (Stepiien  C. ),  Various  AVritiiij's,     !MS. 

Fourgiimd,  1'he  Prospects  of  ('alifoinia.     lu  California  Star,  April,  1848, 
Fouler  (.lohii),  liear  Flag  lievolt.     .M,S. 
I'owlcr  ((Jiiii),  Siieeeli  in  U.  S.  II.  of  Itep.,  'March  11,  IS.jO,  on  Constitution 

of  California,     AN'asliiugtoii,  FS.JO. 
I'raiikiin  ( lleiijamiii).  Corners,  1S4!).     In  S.  V.  Alia,  ]\Iareli  S,  1877. 
I'las^ir  (•).  D.),  liciiort  on  the   [minensc  Resources  and  X^aturul  ^^'ealth  of 

California.     Xew  York,  IS()8. 
Fra/ee  (\V.  D.),  San  Ijcrnardiiio  County.     San  Dernardino,  1870. 
I'ree  Aiiiei  ieaii.     Vera  Cniz,  l847et.se(|. 

I'reclon  (W.  '1'.),  Oration  before  I'ioncers.  Sept.  9,  1857.     San  I'miR-Lsco,  1857, 
I'reniery  (JaiiieLide),  Mortgages  in  California.     San  F'raneiseo,  1800. 
l'r('mont  ( li --sio  Ik'iiton),  A  Year  of  American  Travel,     n.  p.,  187S. 
Fri'iiioiit  (.r.i!]n  (',),  California  Claims  in  Congress.     In  liOth  Cong.,  1st  Sess., 

H.  lapt.  817;  Sen.  liept.  75;  Htiuston'a  lloorts; — ,'>od  Coiil;.,   1st  Sess, 

H.  Ex.  Doc.  17;  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  4!);— -Jd  Sis-i.,  H.  Fix.  Doc.  L!;  Sen.  Ex. 

8;— ;)4tli  Cong.,  1st  Sess.,  Sen.  Doe.  l(i();  Sen   ICx.  Do<-.  (;.",;  Sen.  :Miseel. 

74;— ;!(it!i  Coiig.  l,'~t  Sess.  H.  Ifept.  7;  Id.  Cou;tv:'laims'Jl)4,  JJU;  Sen.  Itept. 

108.     .Vlso  ( V>lig.  (ilobe  1847-8,  l85i;-;};  iilid  many  seattert  d  documenls 

in  the  various  archives;  (.'orrespondmee   ls:i-7.     ^IS. ;  Correspond'iice 

1847-8  in  Stockton's  Life,  App. ;  Court  Martial.   E.xtraet  in  .Sc(jckton"s 

Life,  App.;   Court  Martial    1847.     In  .'iOth  Cong.,    1st  Sess.    Sen,    Ex, 

Doe,   ,■),":    Disi'us.-.ioiis  in  (Anigress   on    his   trial   and    scrvicis,    |S47  8. 

Cong,  doljc,  1847  S.   Index,  'F'rOniout";  Geographical  Memoir  upon  Up- 


I 


' 


1 


AUinORITIES  QUOTED. 


licrCalifoniin.     W/isliingtnn,  ISIS;  Pliilaileliiliia.  lS4f>.   fHOtli  Cong.,  Ist 

iSt'ss.    iScn.  Mis.  J4SJ;  I.s  liu  hoiiust?   Is  lie  caiiatjU''/  n.pl.,  ii.il. ;  Life  of. 

Xcw  Yorli,  IS'A'r,  XaiTati\'o  of  Kxiiloriu;^' l^xiicililioii.    Xcw  Y'ork,  1S4!); 

Not  a  lioinan  Catholic,     ii.pl.,  n.il. ;    Ofilcr-s  ami  ( 'oiiv.spuiuleiiL't',    1S47. 

In  Citit'a  CoiUiiK-'sl ;  I'rivato  and  I'uhlic  Character  Vimlicalcil,  ]>y  James 

lluchaiian.     Is'ew  Y<!i-k,  n.il.;   lic^iort  of  j^xplvniii^'  lO.'cpcili'iiuii.     Wus.li- 

iui;ton.  lS4o;  I'aiiiiihlets.    A  Collection;  Fremont  Sony:jtcr.    Xcw  York, 

IS.jo;  r.oston,  ]1<M. 
Fremont  (.lohu  C. )  anil  W.  11.  Kmory,  California  Guiilo  IJook.     Xcw  York, 

1SI!». 
Frerc  (Alice  ^I.),  The  Antipodes  and  Pioiind  tlie  ^Vorld.     London,  157<\ 
Fresno,  ]'!xpo;-itor,  llcpuhlican,  Scott  Valley  Xews. 
]'"ri  'net  (I'rncot),  La  Californic.     Faris,  ISii.";   FarLs,  1SG7. 
I'rink  ((leorgo  \\'.),  Vigilance  Committee.     ^LS. 
Fiix'liel  (.luliiu;),  Ccnlriil  America,   Xorthei-n  ^Mexico,   and  Western  United 

Stales,  iSevcn  Ycar.s  Travel  in.     London,  IS.'jI). 
From  J']i),';land  to  C.ilit'ornia.     Life  amoii;,' the  ^lornions.     '.Nicramentii,  LSDS. 
Frost  (.Toiin),  Ifisltjryof  (,'alifornia.     Ar.luirn,    ISol);  Xcr  York,    lo.V.);  Fic- 

torial  History  ul  Mexico.     Fliil.  LSO-_'. 
I'rost  (Thomas),  llalf-lloiirs  with  the  J'lnvls  I'.xplorers.     London,  etc.  [1870.] 
I'urbcr  ((leorgc  C),  The  Tw.lvo  Jlonths'  Volunteer.     Cincinnati,  lyj'J. 
Fuster  (Vicente),  llf^'V-t'o  dc  Defunciones,  177.'>.     ^IS. 

Gacota  del  Cobierno  de  ]Mexieo,  172S-1S21,  1S2.3  ct  seq. 

Gaecta.  Imperial  do  ^Mexico.     ^lexico,  1621-^.  IJ  vols. 

(lalindo  (Jose  J>,i.scl)io),  ApnnLcs  para  la  IIL-storia  di:  California.     Jl;3. 

(lalit:'.iii  (I'.'iiniianucl),  Notice  Biogr.ipliiipie  .siir  Laniuof.    InNoiiv.  An.  Voy., 

cxxv.  -m:]. 
(!;ilvo/  (JosJi  de),  Corrcsponden(,'ia  con  el  Padre  Lasuen,  170;'.     JI^'. 
Ciilvci  (.FoHc  de),  Fijcritos  sueltos  del  Vi^itador  General,  17ij3-7'').     ^IS. 
Calve;'.  ( los,;  de),  Instruccion  (pic  ha  de  01j.icrvar  J).  "N'iceuLe  Vila,  c.i'.itan  del 

.S'.  (Yu-!o.%  17C9.    :M.S. 
dah'c;',  (Tw  ,'i  dc),  Instniccion  ipic  ha  de  OI)S','r\ai'  el  tcnleate  D.  I'cilro  Fagcs, 

170!).  :\is. 

Calve;;  (Virey),  Comnnieaeiones  al  <  loh''.  do  California,  1730-5.     r^IS. 

(.^alve.;  (Virey),  Inslrucrii.ii  forma  da,  en  virtud  do  real  <n'deu.     ^hjxico,  17S(). 

Calvcx  (\'ircy),  In^iiruccionc..  al  C!ob''-  Fa;j;cs,  17313.     }<l>^. 

(larecd  (I'lancisco),  Diario  y  Derroteio.     In  Doe.  Hist.  Me.\.,  ser.  ii.,  i.  '2'2o, 

(Jarcia  (Inoccnlc),  llechos  llisti'>ricos.     il^^. 

Garcia  {,h).i''\  ]].),  I]pisodios  Ilistijrieos.     ^IS. 

(iarcia  (Marceliiio),  Apunt(!  sobre  el  (.Jcneral  ^liehcltorena.     !MS. 

(.larci.-i  I'iic.;,o  (I'rancisco),  C.'irta  I'aatoral.     Mexico,  ];MJ. 

(Jarcia  I'ic^o  (Franci.sco),  Carta  Fastoral  contra  la  costinnbre  do  azotar  ;l  los 

Iiulios,  Junio  SO,  13,%.     M.S. 
Garcia  Fie^o  (Francisco),  Corre.spondencia  de  nu  ^Iit>ionero  y  Obi.-ipo.      ^LS. 
Garcia  Diego  (Francisco),  Farecer  del  F.  Fiscal  sobre  el   1'royecl.o  do  Secular- 

i;;aeion,  13;;:).     MS. 
Garci.-i  Die^;o  (Franeijco),  Feglas  (pie  propone  ei  F.  Frcfceto  para  Cobierno 

interior  do  l.'i.'j  ex-mi:;ioncs,  lolJj.     MiS. 
Garden  of  the  World.     Foston,  13.'>(j. 
Gardiner  I'Me.),  Home  Journal. 

Garibay  (\'irey),  Comunicaciones  al  Cobcrnador  de  Cal.     ilS. 
Garijo  (Agn.  tin),  Carta  del  F.  Guardian  en  (pie  da  Xoticia  do  la  Rovolucion, 

131 1.     M.S. 
Garner  (William  F.).  Letters  of  a  Fionecr  of  18i!l.     Yui. 
{^arnica  del  Caiiiil'.o  (Xicanor),  llecucrdo;;  sobrc  California.     ^IS, 
(iaini.s.i  (•Tames  ]?.),  ICarly  Days  of  ,San  I'lanci.-eo.     ^LS. 
G.'iry  (Ceor;;e),  The  Foaming  Fadyc,.!.     .MS. 

(Ja:-ol  (Jo:ii  ),  Fxp(  diente  i-;obre  v'apellane.s  de  Fn    idios,  l!02.     MS. 
Gaiiol  (Jo.-.c),  Lctias  ralcnle:.i  del  i'.  Ciu.iidian,  IbOii.     M.S. 


nOth  Concr.,  1st 
.,  11.(1. ;  Life  (if. 
.w  Vwrk,  KS4<); 

lUlulL'ilL't',      1S47. 

;itc(l,  l>y  Jmiir's 
ilit.itjii.  ^V:loll- 
jr.    New  York, 

k.     Ni;w  Yolk, 

iJou,  1«7<\ 


Vcstcrn  United 

cniiucuto,  18(58. 
ork,    lo.VJ;  I'ic- 

luii,  etc.  [1S70.] 
lati,  VooO. 


la.     M;5. 

Niouv.  ,\ii.  Voy,, 

U.S. 
1-7).     MS. 
Vila,  ca;,itau  del 

D.  Peilro  l\yjs, 

MS. 
^Mj;doo,  1780. 

ser.  ii.,  i.  -^'j. 


IMS. 

li!  azotar  ;l  lo3 

Oljispo.      MS. 
lo  do  Scciilar- 

para  (.iobicruo 


la  rkCYolucion, 
MS. 
MS. 


AUTnORITIES  quot]:d. 


u 


flay  (Fr'.'.itTick  A.),  Sketclifsof  Ca]i''(ii-!;i:i.     n.vl.,  ii.d. 

(i('!'.;ial  Absoiiatidii  of  California,  Minutes  of  Ani:ual  ^Icctings.  San  Fran- 
cisco. 1!n")7  et  !--e(j. 

Oerman  (Joai  i'.nd  Luis),  Sneesos  en  California.     MS. 

(ieiiius  of  l^iberty,  Vera  Cruz,  1817  etRCii. 

Gcrstachcr  (I'lTidricli),  Avontnrcii  (rinic  Colonic  (^l'uli^3Tant3  en  .\mi'rii|U('!. 
I'ai-is,  18,").");  (..V.lifornisclie  Ski::/;cn.  Leipzig,  18,"jt);  (iold!  lun  Calil'or- 
ui.-.cln'.s  lA'l)i'nsl)i!.l  aii:3  deiii  yali^'o  lb4',).  Lcip;;iij;,  1838;  K;ilifor:iien.s 
Colli  u  (V,iuck;<i;!)er-l)i.,trict.  Lcip:.i,L':,  l^■l'.);  Dcr  iLlciuc  Gol.l^^raljer  in 
C'alifoniien.  Leip::ig,  n.d. ;  Kreu::  und Quer.  Lcip;i;;,  18C9.  3  vjIj. ;.  Xar- 
rativc  of  a  Jonrney  round  tlie  W'.irld.  Loid.  r>j.'i;  Xev.-  Yo;l;,  K:,"i-1; 
IIei.;en.  Stuttgart,  etc.,  lS.").')-4.  5  vol?. ;  Sceneii  ("le  la  \'io  Car.fo.nLnne. 
Ci'.icve,  18()9;  TrrveV?.  London,  1854;  \\'e.<,,crn  Landd  and  W'csLcrn 
^^^,;er.'i.     London,  18C)4. 

Clil)l)oii;;  (I'Vanei.s  A.),  anil  IVanci;!  X.  Kelly,  Letter  relative  to  ai)propriaticn 
for  creciionof  lightdiousc  on  Tacilie  Coast.  [.'Jod  (Jong.,  lut  ivej.;.,  II.  Ex. 
])mc.  li;;.]  Wa::'!ington,  IS,"),'];  lle.5ol'ition  ealliiig  for  Corre.:pondenco 
rel:ilivc  to  claim  [;!l)d  Cong.,  '2d  Ses-!.,  Sen.  ]];<.  Duo.  B'.'i].  \\'aaliing(,on, 
18o;{. 

Cdbson  (II.  (I.),  Addre'=.s  at  the  Fourt'.i  Annual  Ban'nut  of  New  York  (l^ali- 
rornia  l'ioiircr.s.     In  San  Jo::i5  Tii^ueer,  IVIj.  13,  187.'. 

(dlisiin  (0;iu),  (.'liinainan  (n'V/hito  Man,  Vv'liicli?  San  Fraiieif-eo,  187";  Tlio 
Cliiiie.'e  ill  America.     Cincinnati,  1877;  other  articles  oi\  Cliincjc. 

(Iidi!in';.i(i  looi'gc  II.),  The  ca.se  of— Contractor  on  the  Overkiud  ilail  lloate. 
\\'a.liingt(Ui,  li'iiO. 

Cift  (Ceorgo  W.l,  The  Settler's  Guile.    Stockton,  1837. 

( lii't  (lieorgo'W.),  Something  about*  ';:!iforiiia.    ^laria  < 'junty,  S.  Hiifael,  1875. 

( lilbcrt  (i'niiik  T.),  Sec  lIi^J;'ol■ie.s  of  Sail  .Joa([uin  iuid  Y(.ilo  CVjuniies. 

Ci!lc;;pic  (Archibald  H.),  CoiTe:;ponde!ico  (;f  a  C,n-eni;nent  A^ent.  }dS. 

( lide;-pic  (Chi'.rle.'i  V.),  Vigilancj  Committee.  MS. 

Ciiuriti  (Daniel  ('.),  IJuilding  (>f  ti'c  Univer-sity.  Inaugural  Address  Xov.  7, 
187:,'.     San  i''ranci.ic,o,  1872. 

Ci hoy,  Advocate,  C;'Jit'ornia  Le'uhr.  Independent,  Te].'gra!n,  Uni(.in. 

Cleci-on  (\Vil!i;!in),  lli.story  of  the  Cadiolic  Church  in  Caiiiornia.  San  Fran- 
cise;),  1872.  2  vols. 

(disiin  (i;.),  .lournal  of  Army  Life.     San  Francisco,  1874. 

Cent  I-!iind,  A;'];'j:d  to  t!:o  CalitVn  .lia  JieL'gation  i:i  Ceiigrcss,  1872;  Proceed- 
ing:! <  f  tho  Cliiimber  of  Coniircrce.     S.  F.  i;'.72,  etc. 

(.nd.hiiil  (Frederick  F..),  V.'lierc  to  Lmi^'rate  and  V.'Iiy.    New  York,  ISCO. 

i  ;oihVey  (.bilm  F.),  Ar;runient  In  re  City  of  Lo.j  Angeles  vs.  L.  McL.  Laldwiu 
et  al.     San  I'raneivco,  1.S78. 

(iold  ri.-'.d;'.     Xvitc3  on  the  Diwtribntiou  of  (^lold.     London,  18311. 

Ciildd-'inder,  Adventures  of.    London,  1830.  .'ivol;. 

('.oloviiin  (V.  V..),  Voyage  of  tho  Kmnclitdht,  VM~)-l'X    la  Matcrialui,  pt.  iv. 

( Ionic:';  (low(-),  Diario  Ciirio.so,  177o-!X;.    Li  Doc.  Jli.st.  ^.Ic.n;.,  serie  ii.,  to.a.  vii. 

(Millie:;  (•loR(j  .Joa(|uiu),  Cart.ia,  l,".'!!  et  «c(j.     MS. 

( \><\n<:::  (-Tuan),  Diario  do  Cosas  X'otablcrt,  IV.V.Ct.     MS. 

Conic:',  (ri;:ui),  Doenniento;!  para  li  Ili.itoria  do  (.Vdifornia,  17S3-1830.     MS. 

Come;'.  (Itafael),  I^scritos  Vari..:3  del  Liccneiado.     MS. 

(ioiiie.;  (Vicente  P.),  Lo  ipie  Sa1)o  do  C::li,',<rnia.     JIS. 

Con;<alc;;  (Diego),  C;irta.s  del  Teniente,  1781  et  '.>cq.     MS. 

(i.in;';dc.;  (lose  Maria  do  .Tc-su:;),  Cv.-tii ;  d  I  l.idre  Z:icatecauo.     ]\IS. 

Conziilcz  (Miiuricio),  M(.'iU(iri:in  ('.■i'ifiiriii:;ii  :».      MS. 

(■(on:<ii!ez  (.Mauvicio),  PapeU'S  Originaie.i  llist('iricos.   MS. 


('«on;',ali'Z  (Itafael),  Correspoudeneia.    MS. 
(oini'akv,  (liafael),  Diario  de  Me:deo  a  C:i!if' 


M.S. 


x'rienci.-ii  (le  nil  8olilailo, 


Mr 


C.'n;:a!e.;(P-!facl>,  Kx] 

(!on;alc/.  j'l'eodoro)  La.s  Itevolucione.;  en  Calitoriiia.   MS. 

(iood  Teinp'ar.s,  Consiitutioi)    Picieeedi 


ele. ,  of  v:n  ioim  lodges, 
(loodiicli  (I'raiik  1).),  'J'he  'rnliulc  Look."   S.ai  Francisco,  18G7    4lo. 


lU 


ATTTIIORITIES  QUOTED. 


Goodrich  (Samuel  C),  Ili.^tory  of  the  Indians  of  Xortli  and  South  America. 

J!(jston,  1S44;  IJostoii,  IS.V);  Ilostdii,  l.s(i4. 
Coodycir  (W.  A.),  < 'oal  ^MiucH  of  tlic  AV'cstcru  Coast.     San  Francisco,  1877. 
("Iiittfrivdt  (Jdhaim  Lndwi;.'),  Xouo  \\fll.     Franckfurt,  Ki.').").  folio. 
<lou,L;cnlioim  (Adelaide  and  duey),  Histrionic  ^Ii-iiidir.-i,  etc.    S.  F.  1830. 
(loycocchea  (l'"elipc),  Diario  de  J'-xploraeion.  17U8.   MS. 

(Joycocchca  ( lAilipe),  Escritos  del  Coniauilaiite  de  Sta  liarhara,  1 7SS-180G.  MS. 
(loycocchea  (Feli[)e),  ^ledio.s  para  el  Foineiito  do  (^'alifDrniat;,  ISO.").    MS. 
(loycoichea  (iVIipe),  Olieio  InstructiTO  para  el  T.-ii'e-  11.  Cavrillo,  ISO'-'.   ^IS. 
(ioycocclic.a  (Felipe),  llespucsta  d  las   Quince   I'rcguntas  sobro  AIjusos   do 

MisiouerdS,  170S.  ]\IS. 
Graliani  (J.  D.),  IJcport  on  IJonndary  Lino  between  U.  S.  and  ^lexico  [.""Jd 

C'on.y.,  LstSess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  Il'l.]     Washin,^'ton,  l.l.jl. 

<  Iraliani  (Mary),  Historical  Keniini.scenees.     San  Franei^sco,  1S7<>. 
(iraliani  (Isaac)  and  .Toliu  A.  Sutter  in  Xcw  ^Mexico.  Sonic  Facts.  MS. 
Ciraj'^ra  (.\utouio),  Escritos  del  Comandanto  do  S.  Dieuo,  17!M-0. 
(;rajera(.\ntniuo),  Eespuesta  A  las  (Jiiinco  rreguutas,  17l)'J.  MS. 
(Irautsville,  AV'eekly  Sun. 

(jrass  Valley,  Foot  Hill  Tidings,  National,  Union. 

Gray  (A.  ]). ),  Ivesolution  conmuiiiicatin-;  re]iort  and  map  relative  ti)  Mex. 

Boundai'v.     [IVId  Cone..  'Jil  Sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  ,").").]    Wash.  18r),3. 
Gray  (\V.  11.),  History  ofOrc-on,  171)-'- 184!).     I'ortland,  1S70. 

<  ireat  lU'.u'isters,  cited  by  name  lA  county.     Xot  in  tlds  list. 
Greeley  (Horace),  Overland  .Tnurncy.     Xcw  York,  ISUO. 
Green  (.Vlfred  A.)  Life  and  Aihentures  of  a  '47er.     MS. 
(_;reeu  (Talbot  II.),  Letters,  1841-8.     MS. 

Greenliow  (Ilobert),  History  of  Oregon  an/l  Galifornia.  Boston,  1844;  Lon- 
d^'u,  1814;  Xew  "S'ork,  184.j;  Boston,  lsl.">;  Boston,  1847. 

Greenliow  (Bobcrl:),  ^Memoir,  Historical  and  I'olitical,  of  tlie  Xortliwest  Coast 
of  Xorth  America.    [•_'(ith  Cong.,  1st  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  174.1    Wash.,  1840. 

(Sreenwood  (Clrace),  Xew  Life  in  Xcw  Lands.     Xcw  York,  !S7.'!. 

Gregory  (Joseph  W.),  Guide  fiu-  California  Travellers.     Xew  York,  IS.jO. 

(ircgson  (.James),  Statement,  ISk")-!).     M.S. 

<  ;rey  (Williaia),  A  Ficturc  of  I'ioneer  Times  iu  California.     S.  ]■'.  IRSl. 

( Iriliin  (Jdlin  S.),  Documents  for  the  History  of  Califoinia;  San  Pascual.    MS. 
Griluii  (Joliii  S.),  .Luunrd  of  I84(i.     MS. 
<;ri'_'sbv  (.Vohn).  I'ajicrs  of  ISIC-S.     MS. 
Grijalva  (.Iiian  Fablo),  C.irtas  del  Tonieiite,  1704-lfiOn.  MS. 
(o-ijalva  (.Tuan  Pablo)  I'.xplicacion  del  Begistro  desdc  S.  Diego.     IM^. 
<lrijalva  (Juan  Pablo),  Informe  oubre  les  Bancherias  exploradas  jwr  P.  Mari- 
ner, 17!).').  MS. 
Grimm  (Heiiry^  The  Cliinoso  ]\Iust  Go.     ,San  Franciscjo,  1870. 
Giiiir  haw  (William  B.),  Xarrative  of  Events,  lS48.-,"i(l.     MS. 

<  iuadalajara,  Gaceta  <le  Gobieriio.     Guailal.ijara,  18'21  et  scij. 

Guerra  ( Francisco),  ct  al.    lnvestic;atioi)s  of  ji  charge  against  as  Revolutionists, 

1848.     J  IS. 
Guerra  (.lose  iViitonio),  Cartas.     ]MS. 
(!ucrra  (Pablo),  Conumicacioues.     MS. 

( luerra  y  Xoriega  (-lose),  Correspon  lencia  ilol  Capitan.     j\IS. 
(iiuria  v  Xoriega  (Jose),  Deterininacion  .sobre  su  Ida  a  Mexico,  6  Instniccion, 

lsli».     MS', 
(bierra  y  Xoriega  (Josi.''),  Docnmentos  jiara  la  Hist,  de  Cal.     ]\IS.  0  vols. 
Guerra  y  Xoriega  (.FoseK  Ocurrencias  Ciiriosas  de  18IJ0-i.     ^IS. 
Gueri'.i,  entre  .Mexico  y  h's  lOstaiios-l'nidos,  ,Vpuules.     ^lexico,  1848. 
Guerrero  (iMvincisco), 'Cartas,  18.')0-4(!.     .MS. 
( lueirero  (Vicente),  Soberano  Estado  di-  Oajaea.     Oajaea,  1833. 
G.iia,  de  Forasteros.     Mexico,  !7'.I7  et  sci[. 

Gutierrez  (Nicolas),  Carta  ( )licial  drl  ( Ide  Politico,  4  Xov.  ISIiD.     AIS. 
Guf.iiri-e;'.   (Xicolas),    |I'iib!ica   el    Det'ieto    i-eimieiido   his    Maiidos,    )■   toma 

poscsioii  del  Gobieriio  Politico.]     Monterrey,  "J  linero,  IH'M. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


liii 


iut]»  Ainoi'ic.a. 

mcisco,  1877. 

lio. 

F.  ISjO. 

BH-ISOG,  MS. 
0.1  .MS. 

lo,  1S02.  :ms. 

o   Aluisos   do 

Mexico  [.'i'Jil 

13. 
.  MS. 


tivn  til  Me?c. 
li.  ksrj.3. 


n,  1814;  Lon- 

rtliwcst  Coast 
Wash.,  ISW. 

rk,  18.10. 

'.  is^;i. 

'ascual.    MS. 


"Al>. 
Ipor  1*.  Jlai'i- 


Ivulutionists, 

[ti«tmccion, 
()  vols. 
M8. 


s   y  toma 


# 


Gutierrez  (Xicolds),  Tiirins  Caitas  i}v]  Capitaii  y  Oefc  rolitico,  isn'2-n.  _  MS. 

Gwiii  !\Villiam  M.),  Arguiiieiit  ou  the  Suhject  (if  a  I'aeilii;  Kaih'oad.  ^V;lsh., 
1S()I);  Congress  llceoi-d.  n.]il.,  )i.d. ;  Land  Title-i  in  Califoniia.  Sjieeeii 
ill  iv|.ly  to  Mr  lii'iitoii  in  V.  S.  Sen..  .Tan.  '2,  ]>3ol.  Wa.-ili.,  Is.M;  Xavy- 
yai'd  and  Dry-doek  in  <  'alifurnia.  Speech  in  U.  S.  Sen.,  .March  'I'.i,  ISo'J. 
"Wasli..  IS.vi;  ];eniark.-i  in  U.  S.  Sen.  Apr.  11)  and  'JO,  l.S,V_',  on  Deliciency 
Alipropriatioii  IJill.  Wiish.,  lS,")-_';  Speecli  in  U.  S.  Sen.  Jan.  l."},  JS,').'!,  mi 
Bill  to  E.staltli.sli  a  Itailuay  to  tlic  I'aeilic.  Wash.,  IS.J,');  Sjieeeh  in  V. 
S.  St'n.  .March  l2,  lS."i;i,  on  'L'ransportatioii  of  U.  S.  Mails.  Wash.,  IS.");!; 
S]K'ecliis  in  the  Senate  of  the  U.  S.  on  Private  Laud  Titles  in  Cal. 
AVa.sli.,  ISdl;  other  ijj'eeches. 

Owin  (William  .M.),  Memoirs  on  Jlistory.     MS. 

ILahcrslinin  (A.  W.),  North  Pacific  Snrvcyin,!,'  an<l  Expl.  Ex.     Phila.,  1858. 

Jiacke  (William),  (,'ollection  of  Original  \'oyages.     London,  l(i',)I). 

llaliln,\  t  (llicliard),  'J'lie  Principal  Navigatious.     Loud.,  l.VJD-  KiOO.  f(jlio.  .'? 

vols.;  cited  as  llakluyt's  Xuy. 
] lale  ( Edward  I'^verett),  liarly  Maps  of  America.     Worcester,  1874;  Ilis  Level 

IJe.st,  etc.    Boston,  l87o;  The  Xanic  of  Califoi'uia.     In  Amer.  Auti([.  Soc. , 

Proc,  Apr.  18U2,  45;  Quceu  of  California.     In  Atlantic  ^louthlv,  xiii. 

■J(3.-.. 
Hall  ^Charles  Victor),  California.     The  Ideal  Italy.     Philadelphia,  1,S7."). 
ilall  (Edward  11.),  The  (ireat  West.     X.  Y.,  18(m;  X\  Y.,  ISiill. 
Hall  (FiTileric),  History  vi  San  >J(jse.    San  Fi'aucisco,  1871;  Sau  Jose  History. 

Sciapdiook.     Erom  S.  Josii  Pioneer,  Jan.  1877. 
Hall  i.lolin),  Peinarks  on  the  liarhoiirs  of  Cd.  |  jJelng  extracts  from  the  log  of 

tiie  L>iJi/  J:i(u-hii:ood,  ]8l'-_'.]     In  Forbes'  Hist,  (,'al.,  App. 
H;dl  (W'ilham  M.),  .'Speech  in  favor  of  a  National  Railroad  to  the  I'aeilic. 

July  7,  1847;  Xew  York,  IS,")!}. 
Hallcck  (Henry  W.),  Correspondenec  r)f  the  Secretary  of  State.     Pvpj-S.     In 

Cal.  and  N.   Mex.,  Me.-;s.  and   IXk.,  l.snO;    .Mexican   Land  Lav.-.s.    .MS.; 

jieport  on  Land  Titles   in  California.     [;il.st  Cong.,    1st.   Sess.,   H.   ]1\. 

Hoe.  17.]    Wash.,  ]s:,0. 
Hallev  (William),  (,'eiitcniiial  Year-book  of  Alameda  County.    (  .dvlaiid,  ls7(i. 
Hamilton  (N'ev.),  Iul:iu;l  Empire. 

jlaneock  (Samuell,  Thirteea  Years'  Resideuco  on  the  Xorthwi  st  (,'oast.    MS. 
Hanford,  Public  tJood. 
Hansard  (T.  (1),  l^iriiamentary  Debates  from  180;>.    London,  1.S1--77.    [S.  1'. 

Lau'  Libraiy.] 
llanUiilicrgh  (J.  R.),  .Answer  to  charges  filed  with  the  Conmiissi(jncr  of  the 

(leueral  Land  (Jlliee.     San  Francisco,  1,S7.'?. 
Hardin^o  (Ihiima),  Fiiiiei.'il  Oration  on  Thomas  Starr  King.     S.  F.,  18(34. 
Hardy  I  Lady  I)u''ii")   TluonLih  <-'itics  and  Prairie  Lauds.     London,  18SI. 
Hari;rave  (WilKani),  Ctilitornia  in  184(3.  MS. 
Haro  (i'ranci.-ic  j),  Cartas  Sneltas.   ^IS. 

Haro  y  Pcialta  ( Virey),  ( 'omunicaciones  nl  ( iobicrno  do  California.  ^IS. 
Harper's  New  .Nloiithly  Magazine.     New  York,  1S.")(3  it  seij. 
Harris  (John),  Navigantiiim.  .  .ISiblioiheca.     Loinloii,  1703.   folio.  'J  vol.s. 
Harrison  illenry  W.),  i'.atllr-Eirlds  .and  Naval  lv\ploits.     I'liila..  1S.")S. 
Hart  (.Vllierl),  .Mining  Statutes  of  the  U.  S.,  Cal.,  and  Nev.     S.  F.,  |S77. 
Hartinan  (Isaac),  Brief  in  .Mis.-ioii  I'ases. 
Hartniaiiu   ('  arl),  (,n'ouraphi.s..li-Stati.sUschc  liesehreibung  von  Callt'ornien. 

Wiiiiiar,  1810.  'J  vols. 
Hartinanii  (•Inh.  .AdolplO,  Disscrtatio  Cfcograpliica  de  vero  Califonii;e  ,situ  et 

Coiiditiiriu'.     .Marbai-,  17;!0.  4to. 


Hart. 


I  Icrcsa  (le 


Ni 


itiv.i  <le  una  Matinna  de  Cal.     MS. 


Hartii.  II  (William  V..  P.),  Coiivi  ntion  of '40.     Oi  iginal  Pecords.     .MS. 


Hartii.  11  (William  E.  P.),  Diari 


Haiti 
Hart 


isitadorOeu.  de.Misiones.  l.s;!<,)-40.   MS. 


(Willi. im  E.  1'.),  laiulish  Coloiii/aiiou  in  California,  IMI.     .MS. 


IKll   ( 


Wi 


iani  E,  P.),  .Miscell.iucous  Correspoudeuee  from  18'J'J.     MS. 


'i 


Uv 


AUTTTOPJTIES  QL'OTED. 


Ilarvcy  (Mm  Daniel),  Life  of  Joliu  ^rcLuiigliliii.     :M.>^. 

llusting.i  (LiuiKl'drd  NV.),  ]']iiii',fi;iiits'  (liiiilc  to  Orcgi'ii  ami  California.     Cin- 
cinnati, 1815;  Lcltui's.     ISHj-S.  MS.;  New  History  uf  Oregon  and  Cali- 
fornia.    Cincinnati,  ISIO. 
ITaswcU  (lioljcrt),  \'oyagc  of  the  Columhla  licdlviva,  1787,  1791--.     MS. 
Ilavilali,  Courier,  ^liner. 

llav.c:!  (Horace),  Missions  in  California.     San  Francisco,  18,")G. 
llawky  (A.  T.),  llunil'ol.lt  County.     Eureka,  l,s7!). 

Ilawlty  (A.  T.),  Tlio  Tresent Condition,  etc.,  of  L.  Angeles.    L.  ^\aigelc8,  1870. 
Ila'.vlcy  (David  X.),  Ok<crvaticins  of  >len  and  Things.     !MS. 
llaye.^  (]3enjaniin),  Criminal  Trials  at  Los  Angeles.     MS. 
IIayc;i  (lienjainin),  Diary  of  a  .Tournry  Overland,  lS19-."0.     MS. 
Hayes  (ijcnjainin),  Dneuinei'ts  for  tlie  History'  of  California.     j\lS. 
llayea  (lier.janiin),  Immigrant  Xotes.     IMS.  and  Scraps. 
Hayes  (iJer.jauiin),  Land  Matters  in  California.     MS. 
Hayes  (i.'enjaniin),  Liot  of  ^'el;oels.     MS. 
Hayes  (lien  jr.niin),  Mexican  Laws,  Xotcs.     MS. 

Haye.i  (Denjainiii),  Jdis.sion  Look  of  Alta  Cal.     MS.  and  Scraps.  2  vols. 
Hayes  (lienjaniin),  Xotcs  on  Calif(jrnia  Ali'airs.     MS. 
Ha.ye.s  (Denjaniin),  Fapelcs  Varios  Originalcs.     MS. 
Hayes  (uenjaniin),  San  Diego,  Legal  History.     Scraps  and  !MS. 
Hayes  (Cenjaniin),  Scrap  Luoks,  ]S.J0-7i.   l'J!)vols. ;  under  the  following  .inly- 
titles:   Agriculture;   Arizona.    0   vols.;    California   Xotcs.    5   vols.    I\I><. 
and  I'rint;  Calif'^rnia  Poets-  California  I'olitic--.    10  vols. ;  Constitutional 
Law;  Cuj-aniaca  Case.  il.S.  and  Print;  I'larly  Califoi'nia.  Decisions;  Li<l- 
ians.  5  vols.;  Los  Anjeles  County.    10  vols.;  ^Icniorahilia ;  Mining'.    13 
vols.;  Monterey,  Santa  Larbara,  etc.;  X'atural  Phenomena.  .'Ivols.;  Pa- 
ciiic  Interests;  Jlailroads.   Ovols. ;  San  Perna.rdino  ('{.lunty.  4  vols. ;  San 
Dieg'o,  Five  Year .3  in.  -l  vols. ;  San  Diego  County,  Local  1  Listorj-,  3  vols. ; 
Southern  California,  Historical  Items.  -J  vols. ,  SoutJiern  C.difornia  Pol- 
itics. '1  vols.;  Southern  Califoi'nia,  WilniingtoUj  etc.;  Studies  in  Politics, 
7  vols. ;  Supremo  Court,  18GS-7'4. 
Haywards  Journal,  Alameda  Advocate,  Plaindealer. 
Ha::litt  (Vv'm.  Carev,),  (ircat  Cold  I'lclds  of  C.ivilxio.     London,  1S02. 
Hoa!(Ll)urg,  Adverti-'jer,  Democratic  Standard,  Lntcrpri.se,  Review,  Russian 

Piiver  llag. 
Heap  ((iwinn  ILn'ris),  Central  Ilonto  to  the  Pacific.    Philadelphia,  lSo4. 
Hearn  (F.  C.),  California  Sketches.     MS. 

Hebard,  Speech,  ^hn^•h  1 1,  1830,  on  Constitution  of  Cal.     Wash.,  1850, 
Hcceta  (liruuo),  Di;irio  del  Viagc  do  177"'.     ^IS. 
Hec'.'la  (iinino),  L  :pcdicion  ^hiritima.     lu  Palou,  Not.,  ii.  229. 
lleceta  (I'.nnri),  Se.",unila  LNiiloraeion,  177.").  MS. 
Heceta  (l)riuio),  Via':u  do  l77o.     MS. 

Hecox  (Adna  A.),  ]ji;)grap'.!ieal  Sketch.     In  S.  .Tose  Pioneer,  Aug.  1S7S. 
Hecox  (Adna  A.),  A  Drief  History  of  tlie  Introduction  of  ^Methodism.    In  S, 

F.  Clnistian  Advocate,  1803. 
Helper  (llinton  P.),  The  Land  of  Cold.     Paltimorc,  185,"). 
He:i.;ha\v  (.Ljsiah  S.),  Hi  ^toric.al  Invents.     ilS. 

Hernandez  (Josj  Jliirfa  P.),  Conijiendio  do  la  (icografia.    Mexico,  1872. 
Uerrera  (Antonio  dc),  Historia  (;encral  do  los  Heehos  de  los  Castellanos  en 
las  1:  las  i  Tierra  I'irmc  del  Mar  Oceano.     ^Madrid,  1001.  4to.  4  vols; 
JIadrid,  17-0-;;0.  folio. 
Herr<'ra  (.In  c  .Nhiria),  ('au::a  contra  el  Comisario  de  California,  1827.     MS. 
Herrcra  (.Jose  iMaria),  Lscritos  del  Comi.sario.     -MS. 
Herrick  (William  F.),  t^urrcnt  Events  from  IS.-).!     IMS. 
Hesjierir.n  (Tlie).     San  Francisco,  18.">8-()4.    11  vols. 
Heylyn  (i'eter),  Co'<iuo';raiihy.     I.ondon,  1701.  folio. 
Hijar  ;C,irlos  X.),  Cali<oriu:i,  in  l.s:!4.     MS. 

Hijar  (,Io.^e  Mai  la),  Iiiotrurcioucs  del  Cefo  Politico  y  Director  de  Colonizacion, 
I8i)4.     In  Figueroa,  IMan.  11. 


■^, 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED, 


IV 


liforuia.     (.'in- 
(-■ydu  anil  Cali- 

1-2.     MS. 


Aiigelcs,  1870, 


S. 
MS. 


s.  2  vols. 


following  snl>- 
.  5  vols.  :m>!. 

Constitutiiinal 
Decisions;  Ind- 
ia; Minin;;.  13 
la.  3  V(j1s.  ;'  Pa- 
y.  -1  vols. ;  San 
Jstory.  3  vols.; 
('\i.liiornia  I'ol- 
ilics  in  rolitica. 


,  1S02. 
view,  Ilussian 

iliia,  1854. 

Ish.,  1850. 


Lug.  ISTS. 
Iiodisni.    In  S, 


CO,  187-2. 
['aslellanos  en 
•Ito.  4  vols; 

|lS27.     MS. 


I  Colonizacion, 


Hi  jar  (T  .m'  Maiia),  Instruccioncs  del  Gobicmo  al  Comiisionado,  1845.     MS. 

llij;ir  (.Jiisi^  r.lai-ia),  Varias  Cartas.     !M.'i 

H  111  !;!cy  tWiiliani  ('.),  L'da  nt  a  Tioncer  of  1847.     ^IS. 

Jline!;li'y  (William  S.),  Lcttcr.s  of  a  .Sea  Captain.     !MS. 

liinds  (jiicliard  L>. ),  Dotany  of  Voyage  of  tlic  Stilpfr.tr.  London,  1S44; 
lle'rions  of  \'ogctation,  California  Kcgion.  In  Lulehcr'a  Xar. ,  ii. ;  Zoulugy 
of  the  Voyage  of  tlio  Sn/^ih"r.     London,  1844. 

lUni-'.s  ((l-.v^'-avu:-).  Voyage  round  tlio  World.     ]]uflalo,  1850. 

llinton  (Ilichard  J.),  ilantlbooU  of  Arizona.     San  Francisco,  1878. 

lILstorical  }.Ia'ja::inc  and  Xotc.i  and  Queries.     Lo.-.ton,  etc.,  ].S",7-(iO.   15  vols. 

Ili:.t.jry  of  tlic  Bear  Flag  lievolt.     lu  Mies'  Register,  Ixxiii.  110. 

llitclicjck  (Lleorgo  1). ),  Stateraeut  of  Itauiblings.     MS. 

llitteU  (.lulin  S.),  Tlie  Commerce  and  Indnstriea  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  8au 
Franci:ico,  loS2.  4tii;  'i'hc  lIi.;tory  of  the  C;)ttonv.-ood  Frospeciing  K\- 
pcdition.  In  Alta  California;  llistory  of  San  Francisco.  S.  F.  1^78; 
Jiinir.iiour.  In  Overhuul  ]Moiithly,  ii.  1.54;  The  Liiuanluur  Chiim.  S.  F. 
1857;  Mining'  Life  at  , Shasta  in  1840.  In  Diet/,  Oi;r  lj;iy.s.  lol;  Xotes 
of  Calii'ornian  Pioneers.  In  llutc!;ings'  Cal.  }^Iag.  v.  2^!:);  Oi'ation  at  tho 
NiucLeenlh  Anniver.sary  (;f  California  Pioneers.  S.  F.  loo');  Papclea 
Historic  sde  1810.  MS.;  Resoiircca of  California.  S.  F.  loG:);  S.  F.  I'':)7; 
S.  F.  1874;  The  Resources  of  Vallcjo.  Vallejo,  ISiJ'J;  Spoliation  of  ^lex- 
ical! (jrant  Holders  in  California  by  U.  S.     In  Hesperian,  iv.  1 17. 

IlittcU  (Tlicodore  IL),  Adventures  of  James  Capon  Adams.    S.  F.  18d0. 

Hobbs  ( lames),  Wild  Life  in  llie  Far  West.     Hartford,  1875. 

Holi'inann  (Ileinniann),  Califoriiiea,  Xevada  und  ^Mexico.     Pascl,  1871. 

llo.'i'man  (Ogden),  Opinions  in  }ilijbi>ni  Cases.  S.  Francir:co,  lo50;  Opinions 
in  variji'.s  other  cases;  1' 'sports  of  Laud  Cases.     San  Francisco,  V6,>2. 

IToit  {C.  AV.),  Fraudulent  ^Icxiean  Laud  Claims  in  California.     Sac.  IGiJO. 

Jli)!iiiKla  (Alex-. ),  LaCalifornic  et  les  IJoutes  Interoc'aniipics.    ]]ruxellc3,  1853. 


!'• 


Holland  (C!".arli!s),  ^liues  and  Mining.     In  Coast  lte\i;'U-.     1; 
lliiUistcr,  Ads-ance,  Central  C.difurnian,  Enterprise,  Telegraph. 
Jiiiino  Missionary  (The).     Xew  York,  KSKi  et  Kei|. 

Hiiiuer  (CIi;rles),  -Memorial  for  eoustruetion  of  San  I'rancisco  }iL;rinc  Hospital 
[;«d  Cong.,  l.st.  Sess.,  11.  Kx.  Doc.  .".4].     Vv'ashingtnn,  1853. 


IL 


Our  Kiio\vled''o  of  Cal.  and  the  A'.  AV.  Coast. 


A  large  iiumber  of  publications  cited  1', 


Albany, 
name  of 


oiiKs  (ilcnry  A 

lfs70. 
1  [oineL^tead  Associations 

the  Association. 
Honolulu,  Friend,    1813  et  seq. ;   Ilawinian  Spectator;   Polynesian,   1857  et 

scfp;   S:uidwich  Island   (la;iette,    IS.UJ  et  setp;   .Sandwich  l.ilaial   X'ews, 

l';}!i  ct  seq. 
Hooker  (W'm.  J.)  and  (\.  A.W.  Ariiott,  Potany  of  Captain  Peechey's  Voyage. 

Louil(>n,  1801.  4to. 
Hopliins,  Trar  jlations  of  California  Documents,    n.p.,  n.d. 
Hopkins  (U.  T.),  Common  Sense  applied  to  the  Immigrant  Question.     San 
'Francisco,  1,870;  Taxation  in  Calilornia.  S.  F.  l.ssi;  andotli  r  pimplilets. 
Hoppe  (.).),  Callforiiiens  Ccgenwart  und  Zukunft.     P>aUii,  1810. 
Hi'ppcr  (("u'.i'les),  Xarrative  of  a  Tioncer  of  1841.      MS. 
ILkii  (;lo:;ii  p.),  lloru'a  Overland  Oaidc.     X'ew  York,  18,52. 
Horra  (Antonio  do  la  Coiieepcion),  Representacion  al  Virey  contra  los  Misi- 

onerondc  (Jal.,  1708.  M,-i. 
Howard  (Vo'ney  ]■].],  Speech  in  U.  S.  II.  of  Rep.  against  Admission  of  Cali- 

fonii;i,  June  11,  l,S,j().     Washington,  l!S,5U. 
Howard  (W.  D.  M.),  Comniereial  Correspondence  from  1838.     MS. 
Howe  (.r.  W.),  Speech,  , lane  5,  IS.V),  on  C.diforni,a  Qn(':ition.     ^Vadl.  1S50. 
Hiibiicr  (be  Parol!  de),  A  Ranilde  roiiid  the  World,  1871.     Xew  York,  1  ■•74. 
Hudson  (Pnvid),  Autobiogr.iphy.     MS, 

Hiiglics  (l':!i.^;il)eth).  The  California  of  the  I'adres.     San  Francisco,  bS75. 
Hughes  (.(ohn  T.),  California.    It-i  lli,-,tory,  etc.,  Cineiiina,ti,  I'.bS;  Cincinnati, 

1840;  (.'incinnati,  bS.50;  Doniphan's  l^xpedition.   Cuieiimati,  1810. 


l:  'f 


Ivi 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


i     • 


ITnisU  (Piolii'i't),  XiUT.'itivcs  of  Voyngcs.     Lomlon,  ISHG. 

Jluniason  (W.  L.),   I'loiu  lliu  Atlantic  Surf  to  tliu  (lolilcii  Gate.     Hartford, 

l.S(i'J. 
niinil)i)lilt  (.Mex.  ik'),  Ivssai  I'olitiquc  sur  Ic  KoyaumodclaNouvcllc  Espagne. 

I'aris,  Isll.  folio.  2  vols,  and  atlaa. 
IlumljoUlt  (Akx.  <lc),  TaLlas  Estadiatica.s  del  Rcyno  du  Xucva  Espaua  en  el 

afio  do  180;5.  iMS. 
Jiuinholilt  County.    Its  llcsources,  etc.     See  Ilawley,  A.  T. 
Jiunt'.'i  Men-liaiits'  ]Maya;cine.     New  York,  1S:J!»  et  .seq. 
Iluse  (Chailus  ]•].),  Sketch  of  the  History  and  Itcsourcesof  Santa  Barbara  City 

au(' <  ouuty.    Santa  iiarbara,  IS7t!. 
H'ltciiin'.;^'  Illustrated  (California  ^MaLjazine.    San  Francisco,  1S57-G1.  5  vols, 
llviic  {(Jeor^e),  Historical  Facts  on  California.  jMS. 

Jliarra  (Tnan  Maria),  Cartas  Varias  del  Tcnientc.  MS. 

ItlahoCitv,  (Id.)  World. 

Me(\VillJani  I!.),  Bear  Flag  Revolt.  MS. 

lie  (Wiliiain  11.),  Biographical  Sketch.    [Clai'cmont]  ISSO;  Who  Conquered 

Caliloniia?     [Claivniont)  J 880. 
Ilnstraciou  Mexicana  (La).    .Mexico,  IS'il-S.  4  vols. 
Iiiilependciicc  (Cal.),  IiiJ"o  Independent. 
Indcpendcui'c  (Mo.),  Mission  Ivxpo.sitor. 
Indios,  (Joutcstacion  al  Interrogatoriu  de  1812  por  el  Prcsidentc  y  los  Padres 

sobro  costunibres,  181.").     MS. 
Iniborf,  Intcrrogatorio  del  Snpvcuio  (~;(jlucrno  sipl)rc  Costumbres,  1812.     MH. 
Industrial  Magaxiue.     San  Francisco,  ]8(i7etsen. 
Infornie  de  lo  mas  L'eculiar  de  la  Xiu.'va California,  17S9.  MS. 
Infornie  sola'c  Ins  Ajustes  de  Pobladores  do  la  Juina  de  Los  Angeles  y  dcmas 

de  las  I'roviucias  de  Californias.     Dec.  ;iO,  1789.   !MS. 
Inger.soll  (i.rncst).  In  a  Redwood  Logging  Camp.     In  Harper's  ^lag.,  Ixvi. 

I'Jl-.".. 
Iniciativa  de  Ley,  1827.     In  Junta  do  Fonicnto  dc  California. 
Iiucstra,  JOxpeilicion  de  Cal.,  184,").     In  Amigo  del  Pueblo,  Scpt.-Oct.  1S45. 
Institutions,  associations,  societies,  companies,  onlers,  churuhes,  banks,  clubs, 

Courts,  etc.     Publications  cited  in  notes  by  luiniu  of  tlie  institution,  etc.; 

but  nio.st  of  them,  not  historical  in  their  nature,  are  omitted  in  tliis  list. 
Instruccioues  d  que  debe  sujetarse  la  Coniisiou  nonibrada  por  estc  .Vyunta- 

niiento  de  ^Vngeles,  ;!()  !^layo,  ls.'>7.   MS. 
Instrucciones  para  Tribunales  de  I'l  Insti'ncia.     [1824]  MS. 
lastruccioncs  (jiie  los  Viivyes  dc  Xucva  llspanii.     Mexico,  1SG7. 
Iiivestigaeion  sobre  la  !Muerte  de  los  Religiosos  enviados  u  larcduccion  de  log 

gentiles  del  I'lio  Colorado,  1781.   MS. 
lone,  Amador  Times,  Chronicle,  < 'ity  Xe\\s,  Riverside  Independence. 
liiarte  (Francisco',  Contcstacion  li  la  llxpresion  de  Agivivios.     ^Icxico,  1832. 
Irving  (Washington),  Adventures  of  Bonnc\  illc.     New  York,  ISliO. 
Iturbidc  (Agustin),  Cartas  de  los  Scnores  ( Icnei'alcs,      Mexico,  1821. 
Iturrigaiay  (Virey),  Conmnicacioncs  al  (jobr.  do  California.  ^IS. 

■Jackson,  Amailor  Dispatch,  Amad(jr  Ledger,  Sentinel,  Press. 

Janssens  (Agustin),  Documcntos  para  la  Historia  de  California.     MS. 

dansscns  (Agustin),  ^'ida  y  Aventuras.     ^NIS. 

Jay  (William),  Review,  etc.,  .Mexican  War.     Boston,  1840. 

Ji'ukins  (.John  S.).  History  of  tho  AVar  between  U.S.  and  ?>Iex.    Auburn,  ISol ; 

United  States  I''xploring  Expeditions.     Auburn,  ]8.")0. 
Jimeno  (.losi!'  .foaqnin  and  Antonio),  Cartas  de  los  do.s  Frailes.     ^LS. 
.limeuo  Casarin  (Mamicl),  Es(;ritos  del  Secretiirio  dc  I'lstado.     MS. 
John  Ihdl.     I  Loudon  ncwspapei'.  I 
.)ohns(ja   (Daniel  IL),  and  Cornelius  Vanderbilt,   Correspondence,  etc.,  for 

Transpf.iiling  Mails    r!a  the  Isthmus.     [.'KJth  Cong.,  Jst  Sess.,  Sen.  Ex. 

Doc.  4o.]     Washington.  18j'J. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ivii 


rttc.  Hartford, 
nivellt!  Espaguc. 
iva  Espaua  en  el 

ita  Biirbara  City 
1857-01.  5  vols. 


"SYlio  Conquered 

:nte  y  los  Padres 

l.res,  1812.     MS. 

i. 

Angeles  y  dcmaa 

■per's  Mag.,  Ixvi. 


pt.-Oct.  1S-1.J. 

,  banks,  clubs, 
instituliim,  etc.; 
itteil  iu  this  list. 
)or  e«tc  Ayiinta- 


rc-Mluccion  de  loa 

iiilcncc. 
Mexico,  1832. 

MiO. 

\b-2L 
■MS. 


a.     jSIS. 


Atiburn,  1851; 

M.S. 
MS. 

(Irnce,  etc.,  for 
Sess.,  Sen.  Ex. 


Johnson  (Tlieodore  T.),  Califuniia  and  Oregon,  or  Si-litM  in  tl'.e  flnld  lleL'ion. 
I'hil.,  I'OI;  I'hil.,  IS.'iT;  i'liil.,  lt>Oo;  .eights  in  the  Gold  lagioiis.  >;.  V., 
ISUI;  X.  v.,  1.S-.0. 

.l.ilmstiMi  (A.  li.),  Journ.al  of  a  Trip  uith  the  First  1  .  S.  ])ra,L.'iMins.  ISJO. 
|;!()th  Cong.,  1st  Scss.,  II.  Ex.  Doc.  41.]  Washington,  lo>8;  In  Eniory'si 
Xdtes.  . 

.Icucs  (Jnhn  C),  Cartas  Comerciales,  1S;U  et  seq.  MS. 

JuiK.s  (Tlioina.-i  Ap.  C),  Agresinn  en  ( 'alifornias.  1S12.  In  Mexico,  !Meni. 
L'elac,  ISM,  An.  87-!t^;  At  Monterey  in  1M2.  |J7th  dnv^.,  ;iil  Sess., 
II.  Kk.  Doc.  1()(!.]  Wasliington,  1812;  IMiscellamuiis  I'rdclaniatidns, 
ISi:);  Unpuljlished  Xarrative,  1842.  From  Los  Angeles  Southeiu  Vine- 
yard, May  22,  18:.8. 

.Tone's  (William  Carey),  Iteport  on  Land  Titles  in  California.  Washington, 
],s,")0;  Tlie  I'ncblo  (^>uestion  Solved.     San  Francisco,  18GU. 

.loneslioioiiyh  (Tenn.),  Sentinel. 

Juarez  (Cayetaiio),  Xotas  sobre  Asuntos  de  Cal.     MS. 

,li;lii,>  (.V'.s;'.r,  Co.-as  de  Indios.     MS. 

.lunta  do  5  de  Al)ril  de  17'.H  en  Monterey.     MS. 

.liinta  Consultativa  y  l-^cononuca  en  Monterey,     184.3.  ^IS. 

, I  unlade   Iwinionti)  de  C'aliioriiias,  (Ajleecion  de  los  Tr.abajos.     Jlex.  1827. 

.1  unta  de  <  Jnerra  y  Kendieion  do  Monterey,  4  X'ov.  18;>(i.     MS. 

.Junta  I'liiuera  de  (luerra  en  Monterey,  4  Oct.  17(J9.     MS. 

Kaliinia,  l^eacon. 

Kearny  (SUphenW.),  Orders  and  Correspondence,  1847.  In  Cal.  and  X'.  Mex., 
Mess.  &.  ])nc.  bS.")0;  rroclanialion,  Mareli  1,  bs47.  Original  MS.;  al.so 
in  print;  Jteport  to  Adjutant-Oeneral  .lones,  Mareli  ],'>,  ls47.  [."ilst 
Cong.,  1st  Sess.,  H.  V.\.  Doc.  17,  p.  283.]  ^Vashington,  IMS;  INpiuls 
of  San  I'ascual.  [liOtli  Cong.,  1st  Sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  X'o.  ."ilLi-KJ.] 
Wa-hin-ton,  184S. 

Kellcv  (Hall  .J.),  A  History  of  tho  Settlement  of  Oregon.  Sprin.Lclield,  ISllS; 
Memoir  on  Oregon,  ]8;j!t.  [2.")th  Ciing.,  ."id  Sess.,'j[.  liept.  l()l.]  Wash- 
ington, 18.")S;  A  Xarrative  of  Events  and  I)illicnlties.     Jlostun,  1852. 

K'elly  (lleorgc  Fox),  Land  I'rauds  of  California.     Santa  loisa,  1804. 

Kelly  (William),  An  Jvxeursion  to  California.     liOndnn,  ISol.  2  vols. 

Kendriciv  (John),  Correspundeneia  soliru  Cosas  do  Ximtka,  17!)4.     MS. 

Ki'rn  (l^dward  .M.),  .Journal  df  Exploration,  1845.    In  Sinqisou's  lUqit.,  477. 

Kerr  i.r.  (i.),  The  Chinese  (lUiestion  Analyzed.     San  Francisco,  1S77. 

Kcir  (Itiibert),  (General  History  and  Collection  of  Voyages,  Ivlinburgh  and 
l.iiudon,  1S24.     18  vola. 

Keysci-  (SibastianK  Memoir  of  a  Pioneer.     MS. 

Klili  liiiikiif  (K.),  Zapiski  o  America.     St  I'etersburg,  1801. 

Kin^  (('!;u-ence),  .Mountainet'ring  in  the  Sierra  Xeviola.     Jloston,  1S74;  1SS2. 

King  (Thiimas  llutler),  California;  Tho  Wonderuf  tho^Vge.  Xew  York,  ].S50; 
Itepnru  on  Calil<irnia.  "W.-ishington,  18.")  (message  of  i'resident,  ^larch 
2il,  iN-d.     yist  Cong.,  1st  Sess.,  H.  I'lx.  D.k'.  .V.».'| 

King  of  William  (.Tames),  Assassination  of,  etc.  S,in  Francisco,  ]S,"iO;  Family 
Srriqi-hook. 

l>^ing"s(.)r[ih;in,  Visit  to  California,  1842-.'l,  Scrapdiook;  also  in  I'])ham"s  Xotcs. 

Kiiik\-  (.)msc])1i  M.),  Leinaiks  on  (Chinese  Immigration.    San  J'laiiciseo,  i^77. 

Kip  I  !.roiiar<l),  California  Sketches.     ^Vlbaiiy,   |S,"i(). 

]\ip  (Win.  Inuo'aham),  Historical  Scenes  from  the  Old  .Jesuit  Missions.  Xew 
York,  IS75;  Last  of  tiie  J.ieatherstockings.  In  Overland  Monthly,  ii. 
4(17;  and  other  works. 

KirchiioirCI'lu'odor),  Keiseliilder  iind  skizzen.     X.  Y.,  1S75-0.   2  vi.ils. 

Kirkp.itrirk  (CJiarles  A.),  Journal  of  1SI!».     :MS. 

l\niulii  CJ'hoinas),  Jvirly  I'lvents  in  California,  of  a  Pioneer  of  '45.     MS. 

Knight  ('I'honias),  liinillretion.s.     MS. 

Kniglit  (Win.  H.),  Sera|i-bo(iks.  40  vohui"  .. 

Knigiit's  I'trry,  Stanislaus  Index. 

Jll.-^T.  Cal.,  \'oi..  I.    5 


Iviii 


AUTIIOrjTIES  QUOTED. 


Knic'lit's  Lnndin'r,  Xcnvs. 

Kii<i\  ('I'lii'iiiMS  \V.t,  'j'lic  Uii(Uiv,'roin)<l  Wi.iM.     II;;vtf')r(l,  1S78. 

Kiililrr  (Cliarli's),  Win-?  I'roductinii  in  ('.ilifornia.     Ms. 

Kot/i'liiii!  (Oiti)  von),  Xi'\v  Voyi'^c!  round  tlio  Woi-M.    Luiulon,  ls:iO.   2  vuls.; 

ViiyiiTo  (pf  Disciiviry.  J^ond'Hi,  IS'-'l.  ',i  vuls. 
Kris/c\v:  Id  (Mirli.'u'lK  .Vct.s  of  tho  M:nuliis.  .MS. 
Kiiuzcl  (IKiiii  icli),  Oli[Mr;ilifoniioii.     Darmstadt,  1S4S. 

Labor  A:.'it.'itor»;  or  tlio  I'.attlo  for  T-roail.     San  Francisco,  1879. 

],MCt  (loanno  (Ic),  \ovv.s  Orbi.s.      llalav.,  Kl.'SIi.   folio. 

L;i  J'ayctto,  Dcnioi'riliu  iSfn.incl. 

l^afuir  1  (( ial)ri('l),  Voya^'os  autour  du  ^^olnl^•.     Paris,   ISl,*].  2  vols.;  Paris, 

I  Ml.  .S  vols.  4;o. 
La  I!;m|io  {hy.'.n  Francois).  Abr(;^'o  do  I'Histoiru  Gt'iu'ralc  des  VoyaL,'es.  i'aris, 

ISKJ.  21  vols.  .ui(l  atlas. 
LaUc|iort,  Avalanche,  (Jlcar  Lakn  Courier,  Clear  Lake  Journal,  Clear  J^aUo 

'J'inies,  ].uke  County  Jjep,  Lake  ( 'ouuty  Democrat. 
Lakeside  .Monthly  (Tlief.     Chicago,  1872. 

Lamiiertiu  (Ciiarles  de),  Voyu^;e  |)ittoresi|uo  en  Californie,  etc.      Paris,  1S.")1. 
Lamotto(lL  D.).  ^tattnunt.     MS. 

Lanccy  {'riioniaM  ('.),  Cruise  of  the  Dale.     Scrap-book,  from  S.  .lose  I'ioneer. 
Lander  (i''rcderick  W.>,  iieniarks  on  a  tlouble-track  Laihvay  to  the  Paeilic. 

AVashin'4tou,  IS.'l. 
Lane  (.|ot'('|)h),  Autobim/rniiliy.     ^IS. 
Laugley  (llciny  C),  Trade  of  the  I'aeific.     San  I'ranciseo,  ],'i70.     See  also 

Jjiivctoi'ie.s. 
Lan.!.'silorll'((r.  IL  von),  Voyages  and  Travels,  lS0;!-7.    Loud.,  lsl:!-ll.  2  vols. 
La   Pei'ouse  (i.  (1.  F.  de).  Voyage  autour  du   Monde.      I'iii'is,    17!)''.   1   vols. 

atla-!.  folio;  Voyage  round  the  W'orlil,  17;^">-'S.     London,   17!'S.  ;>vols.; 

Jioston,  1>:ul. 
Laplace  (Cyrille  P.  T.),  Campagne  do  Clrcunnia\-igatiou.     Paris,   lSll-,")4.  G 

Vols. 

La  Porte,  Mountain  Messenger,  Fniiui. 

Lardiu  r  (DionYssiiis),  Ilistory  of  .Maritime  and  Inland  Di-'covery.     London, 

i.s:;o.  .'(vols. 

Lario^i  (Ivstolano),  Vida  <le  su  Padre,  flannel  Larios.     ^IS. 

LarioJuJusto),  Convulsioncs  en  (.'alifornia.     .MS. 

Larkiu(Thom;;9  (.).),  .Accounts  I.S27-12.     .MS.  4  vols. 

Liirkin  (Thomas  (.).),  .Accounts  lS40-r)7.     ilS.   17  vols. 

Larkin  (Thonrrj  ().),  Correspondence  CHici:il  and  Private.     ^LS. 

Larkin  (Tliomas  (). ),  Description  of  (.'alifornia,  ISl.").     MS. 

Larkin  (Thomas  ().},  Documents  for  the  Jlistorj-  of  California,  LS.in-')!].     JLS. 

»  vols. 
Larkin  (Thomas  (").),  .lournal.     Tn  Alonterey  Californiati,  Feb.  27,  '17. 
Larkin  (Thouias  (J.),  Letter  to  '.Mason  fro:n  San  Jose,  ^iaj'  20,  P'iiS. 
Larkin  (Thomas  O.l,    Lettcr.s  to  Sec.   of  State,  June  1   and  2>>,   ISIS.     In 

Foste)''s  (i(]ld  Pegions. 
Larkin  (Thomas  t).).  Notes  on  the  Personal  Character  of  Calif(jrnians,  ISl."*. 

.MS. 
Larkin  (Thomas  0.),  Ol'icial  Correspondence  as  U.  S.  Consul  and  Xavy  Agent, 

ISII-').     .MS.  2  vols. 
Larkin  (Thomas  ().).  Pa] icrs  Unbound.     ^IS. 
Lark-n  (Thomas  ().).  Private  Itecord  of  Lots  sold,  ISin-rd.     .MS. 
Larkin  (Thomas  (),),  U.  S.  Xaval  .Agency  .\cconnts.     MS.  2  vols. 
Las.-o  de  la  Veia.  (Jose  LainonK  K^eritos  del  .\UVrez,  17sl  et  seij.     MS. 
Lasuen  (I'crniin  I'ranciscot,  Carl.-J  de  ll^^i.  MS. 

Lasuen  (Feiniin  I'raneisco),  Carta  Kobro  I'undaeion  de  Misiones,  Ul'l.     MS. 
Lasuen  (I'crmiii  l''rancisco),  Cart:is  al  \'isitadoi'  (ieneral  (Jalvez,  17l)S.     M.S. 
Lasuen  (IVrmin  Francisco).  Corrcspondeneia  dil  I'iidre  y  I'residente.     MS. 
Lasuen  (Feiiniii  Francisco),  Fundacion  de  Misiones,  17i'7.     Carta.s.     ^NIS. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


lix 


,  1878. 

idoii,  IS'M.  2  Tula,; 

1870. 

;«.  2  vols.;  rmis 
Ics  Vo3aj,'e.^.  I'aris, 
iilinal,   Clear  Lako 

,  etc.     Palis,  1,S.")4. 

im  S.  .Ti)s6  Pionocr. 
vay  to  t!io   i'acilic. 

I'O,  1870.     Sec  also 

.1.,  ]si;!-l.l.  -2  v,,ls. 
aris,  17!JS.  4  vuls. 
•  Ion,   1708.   .')  Vols.; 

Paris,    1811-.')1.   0 
scoTcry.     Lojiduu, 


MS. 

1,  ]8no-.-(5.     MS. 

1..  -27,  '17. 
y,,  lS-48. 
.11.1  -28,  1848.     Ill 

,'aliforiiiaiis,  184."). 

,  ami  Navy  Agent, 

MS. 
!  v..ls. 
.■t  .secj.     MS. 

>l.es.  171)1.     MS. 
Ive/,    171)8.      MS. 
isiilelite.      Ms. 
Cartas.     :MS. 


T.asuen  (Fcrmiii  Francisco),  Iiiforiiic  do  17S.^.  M.S. 

I,a~ileii  (I'eriniii  I'raii.),  liit'oiiiie  sohreSitid.s  jiara  Xiicvas  Mi.-.ioiu  s,  ]71'(i.    MS. 
l.asiieii  (Feriiiiii  I'laii.),  liifoniies  llieiialesdo  la.s  Misioiies,  I7!';i-18(ll'.     MS. 
Lasiic'ii  (I'eriiiiii  Fraii'Tseo),  liepresent.acioii  soliro  Ins  Puiitos  repie-ciitudos  al 

(loliieiiio  por  el  P.  Aiitouio  (1(!  la- CDiice|Kioii  [llorraj,  IMOO.      ■SIS. 
l,atliaiii(Miltou  S.),  Peniaiks  oil  Over), iiid  Mails  in  U.  S.  Sen.,  May  lil),  I8(;(). 

Washington,  iMiO;  Spei^eli  on  I'aeilic  IJailroad  in  I^.  S.  Sen.  .luiu;  IJ,  I8;ij. 

IVikiaiore,  KSIiJ;  Speeeli  on  Steiinislii[is  lii'tween  San  Franeiseo  and  i.'liiiia. 

Wasliiiigtiili,  iN.'i.");  and  otlicr  .Sin'cciics. 
L;iur  (P.),  li"  la  Pi-odnctiiiii  des  Mctaux  Pi-i'eieux  en  Californie.     Paris,  lS(iJ, 
l.aiits  ((I.),  Kalit'ornia.     Anisterd.ini,  |S4!). 
l.iu  -.11  (.James  S.),  Antuliiiigr.iiiliy.  MS. 
j.i  !■  (./oiiii  1).),  Miirinonism  I'nviiled.    St  Louis,  1877. 
i.rc  (|)aniel)  and  .1.  11.  I'rost.     Ten  Vears  in  Oregon.     Xew  York,  1844. 
I., v>e  (.lacol)  1'.),  P.ear  Flag  Pcv.dt.     MS. 
1,.  r>e  (.Jacob  P.),  Claiin  tor  (Aiii-tnii'tion  of  ^lonteiey  Wharf.     1840.    [.'JOtli 

Ci.lig.,  -Jd  Sess.,  ][.  Itep.  1274.1     Wasli.  181(i. 
1..r-r  (.lacol)  P.),  Letters  from  Islitl.     MS. 
I.  c.-e    (Uo-salia  N'allejo),  llistmyof  the  M)sos.'  MS. 
Ligal  ]iiiljlioatioiis,  law  text-hooks,  enimty  and  nmnicip.il   regulations,  re- 

)iorts,  etc.    Ste  Califnniia,  San  I'laiieisco,  Prii  fs,  etc.     ^lany  bilcli  works 

are  not  named  in  this  list. 
Le "islativc  Peeords.   MS.   4  vnls.    In  Archivo  de  Cal. 
I.,  ide^dorir  (William  A.),  Letters  of  the  U.  S.  Vice  Consul.   :MS. 
J.iLmd  (Charles  (Jodficy),  Tlie  Union  Paeiiic  Jt.ailway.     Phil.nh'lphia,  18f;7. 
Le  Netrel  (Edmond),  Voyage  autour  dii  Monde,    liS2li~'.l.    In  Xoiiv.  An.  ^'oy., 

xlv.  1  •-•!). 
i.r-.lii'  (Mis  Frank),  California.     Xc^w  York,  1877. 
l.r.'or   (.lohii  I^rastus),   'i'ho    Atlantic    to    the    Pacific.     Poston,    ls7.".;    1'ho 

Voseiiiite,  i[s  History,  <'tc.      Provi<lence,  1S7;1. 
Lett.M-f.  M.),  California  illustrated.     Xew  York,  1S.">2;  PictorialVicwofC.il. 

Xew  York,  18.">3. 
l.evetu".'!  Scra[»  l)(jok. 

i.iljio  d;3  Ijitficora,  archivo  de  la  I'aniili:!,  I'htndillo.     ^IS. 
i.iiiiaiitour  (.lose  Y.),  Ajmntes  solire  la  Cansaeoiitra  Augusto.Toiian.     ]\Ie\ico, 

IS."i,"i;  (J]iiiiion  delivered  l(y  Ogden  lioliinan  in  the  Ca.ses  of.     S.-in  l'r;i.'i- 

ei.ico,   l!S,"i8;    l*ainj>]ilet  relating  to  tlie  (Jhiim  of.     .San  ]''raiicisco,  IS,")."!; 

Limaiitonr  (,^ase.    M.S.  volume  of  diKunients  in  S.  F.  Law  Liljiary;  and 

various  documents. 
Liuairs  (Virey),  Iiitendeneias.     MS. 
I.iascliiiteii  (.1.  H.  Villi),  Peys-(  Jhesclirift  Van  de  X"avig;itien  dc'  Portugaluy.^crs 

ill  t)rienlen.     Amstri  liedam,  l(i!)L   folio. 
I.i|  piiicntt  (Sarah  .J.  (.'.),  Xew  Lifi'  in  Xc^w  Lands.     Xew  York,  187."!. 
i.ippiii. Mitt's  Maga/ine.      Pliil.-ideljihia,  ISliS  et  seq. 
Li -.ilde  (Peiii-o).  Peconocimiento  (k^  Tierras,  17II7.     ^IS. 
Little  (-101111  T.),  First  'S'ear.s  of  Cal.  under  L'.  S.     MS. 
LiMiinore,  laiteijirise,  JLrald. 

l.iverinore  (Uohert),  (Jccasional  Letters  from  18l?0.     IMS. 
l.loyil  (15.  P.),  Lights  and  Shades  in  San  Francisco.     San  Francisco,  1S7G. 
Loa  a  la  ^'il■gell.     Papel  de -Mision.     M.S. 

l.oh:,clieid  (\V.),  The  Chinese;  AVliat  Tiiey  Are,  etc.     San  Fr.incisi'o,  1S73. 
I.oc.il  histories,  .see  name  of  county,  to\x  .i,  cu'  author. 

I.oi-kw.iod  (P.  A.),  Vigilance  Comniittec  Speeches.     San  Francisco,  18.V2. 
LimH,  \'alley  Peview. 

I.o;.'-hooks,  Fragliienls  from  tlie  LaiLin  Collcrtion.   ;>  vols.   M.S. 
Loin ]  IOC,  Pecord. 

Liiinlon,  J'A'ho,  I'lngineer,  (ir(,icer.  Mechanic's  Mag.izine,  Morning  Po^*",  Spec- 
tator, Times,  etc. 
Lope/  (Daldonicro),  El  Guardian  a  los  Padres,  proliibiendo  el  uso  de  Carrua- 

jcs,  1820.   .MS. 


X  ArjIIORITIKS  QUOTKD. 

.(ppcz  (15;il(l(iiii(i()),    i;i  (lu:irili;iii  .'il   I*.  I'lvsi.loiitc  solirn  cosifiii  ilr  Mi.sionos, 

Is-JO.   MS. 
^(ppc/,  (lljiltlidiuTip),  (itia'jiis  del  I'.  (!iiiinli;iii  iil  ^'il■^'y,  ISIO.  MS. 
,iilH'/  (lliililoiiicrii),  iiii(l   If-iilro  -\I(iii.si>  Sala/iir,   < 'iiltii  dc  hm  riulri'ii  dc  Stu 

Cni/,  17!) I.   MS. 
.mil  (.Idliii  Ki'.isl),  'I'liu  Xatiinilist,  in  \'aiK'iiiiV(  r  Island.    J,(ind.,  ls()(i.  'J  vols, 
.iiriu/alia.  (.\)Milinaria),  Mtniurias  di:  l;i  Jl(  ata.   ^IS. 
jirtto,  Liliru.H  do  Misiim.     MS.     |  in  iio.<su.ssiiiu  of  ().  Li\urniuiL'.] 
.iiH  .\nL;c'lL'.s,  ,\i-id]ivo,  ('(i|ii('.s  and  l].\lracts.   !MS.    ")  \v\s. 
.IIS  .An^'cU's,  iVynntamicntu  UcTiirds.     ^IS. 
.OS  An^oK's,  Crunira,  Jv\|iii'ss,  Jlir.dd,  .Mi'iidiunal,  Mii'rnr,  Miirnin.L;  .Tmmial, 

Xcws,  ]!('|)nlilu-an,  Slai-,  Sud.  Cal.   IVist. 
.IIS  Angi'liH,   i  li.stoiical  f'kctcli  of  (Ky  llayts,  Warnui',  and  'W'idnoy).     Lns 

Anj;oKs,  Is7t). 
.IIS  .AiiLiflcs,  lluniis  in.     Sue  McT'liL-r.^on,  AVilliani. 

.us  Anijc'les,  Jii.stani'iii  do  Itot^idm'o.s  y  X'l'rinns  ssuln'o  Tiorras,  ISIO.     MS, 
.lis  jVn-olcs,  Jiista  do  Ins  I'uidailiircs,  luvalidos,  yA'ooinus,  16l(J.     MS. 
..OS  Anyolos,  Ordoiuinzas  do  la  (jiudiul.     l<os  Augolos,  ISOO. 
.OS  Aiigolos,  I'adnin,  ITS  I.     iMS. 
vos  Aiigoloa,  IJoglanionto  do  I'dlioia,  1827,  MS. 
.i/sAngolos,  ]!('|iarti(.'iou  do  Solaro.s  y  Snortos,  1780,  ^IS. 
.II.S  ^Vngolos,  Jtovisi'd  (Jrdiiianrcof  thot'ily  of  J^os  .Angclos,  185.1.     Loa  .^Vligo- 

los,  ISdU.   -J  vols. 
^iis  Angok's  Connty,    Historical   Sketch  of  (\a.  Lowiu   and  Co.)     Los  An- 

goU'S,  l!S7(i. 
.(IS  .\n:;Llos  t'ouiily,  lli.stnry  of  (I'lionipsnn  and  AVost).     Oakland,    KSbO. 

Atlas  f.iliii. 
jiiiiis\illo  (. Ky.),  Courior-Joni'nal. 

.w\v  (('iinradi,  .Mior  odor  Sorliancn  Bnoli.     Ciilln,  l.'iOS. 
.(iw  (I'l'odorick  1''.),  Olisrivatiuns  in  I'larly  Cal..     -MS. 
.liWtr  Lako,  llnllotin,  Olisii'voi',  Sontinil. 

.udlciw  (I'itz  JIngli),  'I'lii^  Jloai't  of  tlio  Contini'iit.     Xow  York,  1870. 
.ngii  (l'\'lipo),  Cartas  A'ai'ias.     ]MS. 
.11,-11  (.Iciso  del  C.iinion),  X'ida  do  nn  TJani'hcro.      MS. 
.all  ^Miguel),  Jvxposiciiin  dt'l  I'adro  (luardian  .■^obio  Jit'd\i(.'cion  do  Misioiicros 

on  Cal.,  17'.lll.     ]MS. 
Luyt  (Joanuis),  Jntroduotio  ad  Goograpliiuni  Novani  ot  A'otoroin.     Trajocti 
'  acl  JMionuni,  Hi!)'-'. 

Mo.Mlistor  (Hall),  Statomont  on  A'igilancn  Couiniittoo.     MS. 

JiloChiistian  (Patrick),  Xarrativo  on  ricar  l'"lag.      MS. 

!MoClollan  (li.  (Uiy),  'J'Lo  Coldcn  Stato.     I'hiL,  etc.,  1S7-;  ricpnlillcani.sni  in 

America.     San  Francisco,  180!). 
McCloskcy  (.1.  J. ),  Tlio  Karly  Diaiua  in  California.     In  San  Josu  I'ionoor,  Dec. 

i;!and  U,  1877. 
McCluro   (.A.  Jv.),  Throe  Thonsand   Miles  through  the  Itucky  iMountains. 

riiiladol|>liia,  l.sOll. 
:McCiilhiin  (William  S.),  California  as  1  Saw  it.     r-ufTnlo,  IS.m 
i\Ic('uo  (.lini),  'i\\  entv-ono  Years  in  ( 'alifnrnia.     San  Francisco,  n.d. 
McDaniels  (W.  ]).),  j'iarly  1  >ays  of  (alitm-ni.-i.     MS. 
?.lcli(iii.-dd  (1).  (1.  Forlios),  llrilish  Columbia.     London,  1803. 
'Mcl>oui:al  (F.  11.),  Tile  Doinier  Tragedy.     In   I'aciiie  liiiral  Press,  Jan.  21, 

LS71. 
■SIcDougall  (.Fanios  A.),  Speech  on  Pacilic  Railroad  in  U.  S.  U.  Rep.  Jan.  10, 

l.s.'ij.      Washington,  18."i,"). 
McFiii'lano  (.James),  Tlio  Coal-regions  of  America.     Xew  'S'ork,  1873. 
?dcFio  (Matthew),  V'ancnuvor  Island  and   llritisli  Cnlundiia.      London,  180."). 
McCarrahan  (William),  The  IJuiiksilvcr  Mines  of  ranoelio  Crande.      Wasli 

inuton,  1800;  iNleniorial.     A  Collection  of  Documents.     San  Francisco, 

1870. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ixi 


li.n  <lr  Misioncs, 

MS. 

s   I'ailrc'H  ill'  Stik 

„1.,  ISdti.  '2  vols. 

IIOIT.] 

Mniiiiii.L^.Timniiil, 
I  ^Vialu■y).     J-"'* 


s  isin.  MS. 

ISUi.     M.S. 


1S5.").    Loa^Vii^c- 

id  Co.)    Los  An- 

Oukluua,    1880. 


ork,  1870. 

oil  «lo  Misioneros 
jtcniii.     'J'nijceti 

rvCpuliUcaiiism  in 
nsi'Tionow,  Dc'L'. 
L'ky  ;Mountiuiis. 

SCO,  11.(1. 

a  Press,  .Tiiii. '21, 

]I.  r.cp.  -Tun.  Ki, 

,rk,  ISTIl. 
I.      Lomlon,  ISd.). 
(IraiiiU'.     \V;isli 
iSuu  Fi'iincisco, 


M,(;!;islinn  T  F.),  Klstoiy  of  tlio  Doiiiur  I'iiity.     Tnickcf,  ISTO;  S.niFian- 

.is.-o,  isso. 
.M,  (l.>u:i!i(l'Mwiiril),l'act.S('oiici'niiii'.,'tlii'  Oi'L'aiii/Mtioii  known  as  tlio  'Homi'ls' 

ill  S.    1''.    I'ost,  .\o<-.  I,  is7'>:   Naiiati\('  of  iVihcntiiii;  wliilo  imisiKMl  \ty 

\'i;;i.'.'UiiT  ( 'oMiiiiittcc.      ,San  I'l'.-uici.SLO,  i.S,")7. 
Mrilv.iiMi!  (  Willianii,  Sivcti'lirs  of  Scent  ry  and  Noten  of  rcrsoiial  Advciitmo 

ill  ('iililoiiiia,  etc.     ]'iiiia<lcliiliia,  iS.'iO. 
M,i\;iy  (.losi  pii  W.),  lti't'olli:(;lioiis  of  ii  Ciiiif  'J'tadcr  in  llio  lludsoli'd  liay 

( '.iiii|iany.     MS. 
MiKiiisiry  (i  icor;,'i'),  PaiHTs  on  tlic^  History  of  California.     MS, 
.Mil.<  an  (  i'iiiis  M. ),  SiicimIi,  .Jiiiu!  ."•.  iS.'iO,  on  Constitution  of  Cal.    AVasli.  1850. 
,Mid'l;<r.-on,  l.i'ttcrs  of  .'iianila.     |  fn  various  ncus[ia|icr.s.  | 
.Mil'licisiin  (\V.),  JioMus  in  Los  Antitlcs.      l,os  An;,a'lus,  |S7.'1. 
M((,)U('in  (.Tolin),  .Spccili,  .luno.'i,  is.")(>,  on  Ailniission  of  (Jal.    Wash,,  ISot). 

M.\Vi!lio  (\V.),  Sjurcli,  March  1,  |S,"il) tin'  .XdniLssion  of  Cal.   n.^l.,  n.d. 

.Maclia<lo  (.\ntoniol,  Ivsuritos  do  iin  Snidico.      .MS. 

M.uliad,)  (.liiann),  Tii'u'iios  I'asachis  do  ( 'alifornia.     MS. 

.Ma'lclcno  (Henri  do  la),  i.e  Coin  to  ( iaston  ilo  liaonssetdioiillion.    Paris,  1870, 

M:iL;lianos,  St  l'"rancis  and  I''ranciscans. 

Ma-uiri)  (.li'lin  J'rancis),  'I'lio  liish  in  AnicricM.     Jsew  York,  lS(i8. 

Mailorena  (.loso  .Joai|nin),  (,'artas  Suclta.s.     ,MS. 

Malaiin  (.luan),  Correspoiidencia.     ^MS. 

M.ila^pina  (Alejandro),  Xota  di'  Oficiales.     MS. 

Mala.--iiiMa  (Alejandro)  and  .Jose  de  Pu.stauiaiite,   Carta  al   P,  Lasnen,  y  KoS" 

jnusta,  17!»i.     MS. 
Maltcd'.run,  l.a  Sonor;v  et  ses  Mines.     P;ii'is,  ISlIL 
Mauiiiioth  ('ity,  Herald,  llonur  Minin;,'  Index,  J.akc  Miniit-^  Ivcvicw. 
MaiiL:iiio  (Fernando  J,),  lIes[ineHta  du  I!)  do  .lunio   177.1.     in  Palou,  Xot.,  i. 

hsO. 
Maurow  (John  P,),  Stati'nu'iit  on  X'i-ilance  Ccjnjniittues  in  S.  F.    ^IS. 
Mans  (.Matthew),  'J"i;i\cl.-i  in  .Minini;  histricts.     ^IS, 
Manslield  (I'Mward  ]).),  Mexican  "\Var.     Xew  York,  181!). 
Mandi  y  Lahore^)  (dosej,  Ilistoria  do  la  Marina  l']spanola.     Madrid,  185-1.  -Ito. 

'J  Vols,  and  atlas. 
Mavi-liaud  (Ftieiiiiei,  Voyacro  antour  du  Momle,  17(10  "J.     I'.-iris,  n.d.   .")  \o!s, 
.Marcon  (. lilies).  Notes  i^ioii  the  l'"irst  J)iscoveries  of  Cilifornia.    Wash.,  1S7'~'. 
.Marcy  {\V.  L.),  (,"oniinunications  of  tlu^  Secriitary  of  War.     1840-8.    ill  CuU 

a'lid  X.  :\Iev.,  Mess,  and  I>oc.,  |S-|S;  Jd.,  IsllO. 
Marin  County  History  (.Mley  JJowen  &  Co.)     San  i''ranei.sco,  1880. 
.Maii|io.a.  l''rei;  I'ress,  (la/.ett(.',  ?ilail. 

Maiiposa  Ivstato,  It.s  I'ast,  Present,  and  l'"iitur«'.     Xew  York,  1S(J8. 
Maild''ville,  -\l[iino  (.'(jurier,  Alpine  Si;inal. 

Maikof  (.Mexey),  itiiskio  mi  Vostotehnoni.     St  P  tersliur;.',  ]8.")(). 
Maiqiiiiia  (\'irey),  Coinuiiicaciones  al  (loljr-  de  (,'al.,  I.SOO  et  .se(|.      ^IS. 
Mariiuiiiez  (Marccliiio),  Cartas  del  Paili(>  al  Cohr-  Sola,  Ls21.     JNIS. 
IMaiTon  (  Feli])a  Osiina),  I'apidos  ()ri;.'inales,     ^IS. 
Man-on  (i'elipa  Osniia),  'lIecuei'<los  del  I'asado.     ^IS, 

Marryat  (Frank),  Mountains  and  Mole  Uills,    Xcw  York,  IS.").");  T.oudou,  18.')."). 
-Man'xat  (l-'rede'rick),  Xarrativo  of  the  Ti'avols,  etc.  of  Monsieur  \'iotet.    Xe\7 

Sorlc,  1S4:{. 
Marsh  (John),  Letter  to  Connnodoro  Jones,  18I'J.     MS. 
Marsh  (•lolin^  Letter  to  ix'wis  Cass,  ISIO,    In  Pachoeo  Contra  Costa  Gazette, 

l>ec.  -Jl,  18(J7. 
Marsh  (.lohn),  Letters  of  a  I'ioncer  Doctor.     MS. 

Mar.-hall  (II.),  Speech,  Apr.  :!,  IS,")!),  on  Cal.  Message,      Wash.,  lS.-)(). 
Mardiall  (Ilenrv),  Statement,  18i;J.     :MS. 

Marshall  (T.  W.  M.l,  Chiistian  Missions.     Xew  York,  ISOl.  2  vols. 
Maisludl  (W.  C),  'J'iii'ou-h  .\iuerica.     London,  IsSI. 
-Martin  (Juan),  Msit.a  a  los  Ccntiles  Tularenos,  jsol,     MS. 
Martin  (Thomas  S.),  Xarrative  of  l'"reinont"s  Ivxpuditioii,  1S4j-7.     ^IS. 


'i 


Ixil 


AUTIIOIUTIKS  QUOTMI). 


Mni'tiiir:',  riii'i|niii(V  I"iitrfjiii:c,  I"\[iri'«s. 

Miiitiiu'/ (lyiiiu-io),  DitViisa  I  >ii  i-iila  ;il  ('oiiiiitul.inti' (li'iuntl,  ISW.     MS. 

>r,iitiucz  I  iLril.iri'i),  iMitr^icl.'i  .1  lin  Kiuu'lirrias  ilil  'I'ul.ir,   Isllj.     MS. 

Mjirliiii'/ (li;iiiK'ii>),  Mscritds  \'iiiiiis.     MS. 

^Iiii'tiiu./,  (liiiin  AiitiPiiiii),  C(jncs|n>iiiU'liii:i  (kl  I'ailic.     MS, 

Miiitiui/  (Ivstcviui  .Icjsi')  ami  <inii/ulc»  l.()[)LZ  ilu   Hani,  Ciialta  I Aiilunuioii, 

ITSS.    ]\1S. 
Marvin  (.roliii  (!.),  Tin-  T,a\v  I'lstablisliiiii;  ( 'ii!iiiii'>ii  Seliools.     H.  F.,  ls,"i,'l. 
MaiAivillc,  Apjical,  (Jalil'miiia,  Jlxinis.;,  JIcniM,  Xmtli  Califuriiiaii,  Xoilliuiii 

Stati  small,  Stamlard,  'I'dr'^'raiili. 
Mar\svi!lc  and  ]'■(  iiiciii  Xatinnal  Kailroad.     l.'ciioit  of  DiigiiicLTs  on  Suivcj-. 

'Marysvillc,  ls:i:i. 
^[as^^(■;^  (IJaitlioldiiii'),  lidacion   I'lara  dtl  XayaiiUi,  IT"''").     MS.     In   I'inait, 

l'i)l.  J'lio.  Mi'xico.     Misiniiis. 
Masiiii  (.loliii  ^'.1,  I.utti'r.s  (if  U.  S.  Soc.  Xav.  to  ('niiiiiiaudi  rs  in  (.'al.     l.s!(i-7. 

Ill  ( 'lilts' CoiuiiU'st;  Sijceuli,  May  '2~,  1S,")0,  nu  Admirf.sinu  of  L'alifuiuia. 

Wasli.,  IS.-.O. 
^r.Mson'n  HaiidliKok  to  r*alifiiriiia.     l.oiiiloii,  IS.'O. 
Mason  (llifliard  15.),  ('alit'oniia  and   lur  (iold.     liiiiort  to  tlic  secretary  of 

Mar.     Wasli.,  ISoO. 
Ma'icn  (llicliard  1!.),  Mi:  ('cllancoiisi  I'nu'lainations,  ISIO. 
Masuii  iKiidiard   !>.),  Orijrrs  and  ('on-i'siiondtiirL-  r>f  tliu  Military  (Jovirnor, 

)S!7  S.     In  Cal.    and   X.    Mix.,   .Mi.'^s.   and  1)ol\,    isriO;  also,  MS.  [In 

airliivcs.] 
Masdu  illicliard  !>.),  rriRlaiiiation,  X'ow  '_'!>,  1SI7.     In  lOnglisli  and  Spani.vli, 

Moiiiiivy,  IS  17. 
Mas.sclt  (Sti'iilicii  (.".),   T)i'iftin'^'  About,     X^iw  Voik,   ISIi.'!;  I'Api  licnccs  of  ;i 

'liter.     MS. 
Malriialiii  didia  T-^toriy  Kiis.kikli  Zassiloiii;,'.     St.  I'cli'r.'ibnrg,  l.-^Gl. 
M;irtlio\vson  (T.  ]).),  (."'••difdi'iiiji  Alliiirs.     MS. 

Maiiro'lc  (I'ralK'isco  Ant'iuio)  ])iaiio  did  \'ia;,'i' do  1,    Sonora,  177").     MS, 
Manii'llo  ( I'^-ani'isL'i)  Antonio),  ( 'oin[ii.'iidio  de  X'oticias,  \'i;i,'^o  do,  1771.     MS. 
MauieHi'  (I'lani'isi'o  Antonio),  .Toiirnal  of  a  \'oyaur  in  1775.     Loiidou,  17!50. 
Maiinlli-  (Fr.iiR'i.sio  Antonio),  X'avoL;acion,  1771'.     ^IS. 
.Miivwill  (R.  T.),  \  isit  to  ^lontfivy'in  lSl-2.     .MS. 
.Miiyir  (I'l-aut/),  Mexico,  Aztvc,  Spani.sli,  etc.     Ilartfoid,  IsrrJ.  2  vols. 
^Nlayi'i'  Mairasrripts.     A  coUcL-lion  of  oO  copies  from  .Mcx.  aiLhivcs. 
jVIayliold,  I'aitei'iiriso,  I'astor. 

Mayuc  (U.   ('.),  Four  Year.s  in  llritisli  ( 'olmiiliia.     LiMidon,  l>i(J-. 
Mazathin,  I'inu's. 
Miadu  (IMwin  It.),  Tlio  Cliinosu  Question.     Xew  York,  1^77. 


Meadi. 
Moad. 
IMrclia 


I.ak 


;.raiiios).  The  firaliam  Allair,  1S40.     MS. 


Institute  of  San  F 


1'' 


18. 


'i7  et  fieij. 


lu'port  of  Industrial  l']\l;iliitions. 


MelhiM  (Francis),  Diary,  iSHS-tO.     :MS. 


iMd'ius  (Franc 


id  llcnrv),  Littcr.«.     MS. 


Ml 
Mf 


iiiit; 


Indt'jH'iident  l^i.-p.-itcli,  West  (.'oast  Star. 
.'ino  Wai-,  Majority  ami  Minority  Jieport.-i  of  the  Joint  Special  Co 


n  !•  r;;iKi>;  o,  ii.i 


M 


cnildcuio 


County  llistoiv.     San  Francisco,  IRSO. 


Mencfce  (C.  A.),  II 


isiorical  anil 


]), 


i;tc. 


Mc 

?il 


(.Tc 


ipi 


1.' 
Mi 


rilitivi 


Iclidiook  of  Xapa,  Sonoma, 


juez),  Fxiii 


itc  di' ]'a|iclcs  tiicaiitcsa  la  ^k'.taii/a 


do  Indios  lieclia,  por  Olden  di'l   1'.  Ministro  do  S.  llafacl,  IS."."!.     ^IS. 
ircaiitile   Lilirary   A>siiciation.      -Vnniial   llcports   of    rrciideiit,   etc, 


San 


I 


ram 


isco,  IS,'),")  et  si'([. 


Moron  tor's  Atlas.      ]')[>'.)  et  f-cq. 

Mi'irod,  People,  San  .loaipiiii  N'alley  Argus,  Trihum 

Merced  County  History,     Sau  Francisco,  ISSI.  41o. 


AUTIIORITIK.S  QUOTF.r). 


hiii 


ral,  ls;!().     MS. 
NlO.     MS. 


"uiiilii  IlNiiloriuioii, 

f.    S.  I'.,  is:,.-,, 
.lifmuiaii,  N(  rtlii'iii 

ii^iii(.'i.'r.s  nil  Siiivi  y. 

1.    MS.     Ill  .I'iiiait, 

ci-.s  in  (,',il.     IS|(i  7. 
issiuu  of  L'alifuriiia. 

to  the  societal y  of 

Military  Governor, 
iS.'iO;  also,  MS.  [In 

uyli.sh  and  Spaiii.-.Ii. 

";  F.\pi  liciujcti  of  :i 

burg,  ISCJl. 

a,  177:..     ?.IS. 

;cdc,  1771.     MS. 
■5,     Loiidou,  17SU. 

IS,--2.  2  void, 
archives. 

ISO-'. 


itrial  E\l:i!iitious. 


jiiit  Speeuil  Cum 


)f  Xapa,  Soiionia, 
nti's  ;i  la  ^l.-itaiiza 

s:;:!.    :ms. 

iideiit,   etc.      Sail 


•'J 


Mnvlmntsi'  Kv^lmngo  Trices  Current  and   Siiipiiing  Li^t.     .San  Franciaco, 
lM.'iO-'_'.  -Ito.  :i  voIh. 

M'l-iiri/,  ]'l\[iccliciilt' dc  Ilivesti;,'ilcion  sol>re  la  ea)    ma,  isl.l.      MS. 

.Mdcditli  (\V.  .M.),  :MiricelhineoU8  rroclauiations  liy  .SixiLta'y  "-'f  'I'*-'  Treaa- 
lu'-,  ISJ|>. 

M  ivv.'i  111.  r  (Henry  .Mwnrth),  T.y  Sea  and  i'y  Land.     Li/iidon,  I.S7I. 

M(iidl  (.Ximii^  Jt<c(ilIe"tionH  of  San  Kraiui,  eo.      MS. 

M,  \ie;^ii  i;ord(  rTrouMetl  l,")lliCong.,  IstSe.ss.,  J[.  j;\.  1  <!■-•.  l.'ij.   Wash.,  b77. 

.\lr\ii;iii  r-iiiii)iliivy,  Kcohitiiiii  respeeting  adjir.tiiH  lit  and  naynient  of  tiio 
!?:;,()0!).<'.(!')  |::"llh  Cnnj,'.,  IstSe.s'.,  Sen.  K\'.  ]»iie.  ."i7|.     Wa>liiiiulun,  I.s.m. 

Mi\ii'aii  Oicau  Mail  and  inland  ('(iiiiiiaiiy,  Jleimits.     \e\rYoik,  IS,")!!  et  m'|. 

Mixi'an  War.  A  Cn'leetion  of  U.  S.  (ioverninent  ]>iieilincnl.s,  Sciupw, 
!'.  iii]'!dets,  etc.      !•_'  vol;. 

Mexican  War.  Mes.ia;;es  of  the  President  fHOtli  Cong.,  Ist  Suss.,  II.  Ex. 
l)(ic.  (iO;  S<'ii.  Kx.  I].     Wa;,-hin'-'t(>n,  1S17-S.  •_•  vol-i. 

McNican  War  I'l'lie).     Il^IItroes.     i'hil.,  IN'O;  i'hil.,  ISIlO. 

.Ajcxici),  Acta  (,'on,4ituti\a  do  l;i  !''cderaciiin  Me.siciaa.  Mexico,  Is-Jl;  Actaa 
dc  hi  .Imita  <lo  Miiicria,  l.Sl(l-7.  MS.;  .Nciuiih)  do  la  .liinta  thft  literrii 
y  Ileal  Jlaeieiida  (Miiiomsl  I77-.  MS.;  Araiuel  (leiural  do  Aduanas 
Maritiniaij  y  Fronteri/.ab.  Mexico,  ISl'i  ft  ^cfj.;  Arre-lo  I'l-ovidonal 
de  la  Adiiiinis'racion  de  .luslieia  '_'.'!  .Mayo  ls:;7.  In  An  illapt,  lucij). 
1S,'!7,  p.  .'>!");  Ba.seJ  y  Icycs  CinistitueiniKdes  de  la  I!c|iii\ilicii  .Mei.icana. 
Mexieii,  181)7;  Cokccion  do  lX'ciet<j.s  y  Ordene.s  ile  inleici  ('i)iimn.  M  \ieo 
ISoO;  Coleceiou  do  Leycs  y  Decr-tos,  iS.'t'.MI,  KS14  S,  jS.'iO.  Mexico, 
ICii'd-'J,  (J  vols.;  (.'olcccion  de  Urdene.s  y  I.leeielos  do  la  SuIh  rana  .liuita 
I'rovi:*.  (iiiljern.  Mexico,  lSl29.  4  voln.;  Constitiieion  reclcial.  Mexico, 
Iti'-'l  et  seij. ;  Pecreto  Kohro  I'asaportes,  etc.,  ISJS.  In  Sciiiiii(U".i  Civil 
Law,  Spain,  .'JKJ;  I)iario  del  (loliieino  de  la  l!e)>ul)lica  Mexicana.  Mexico, 
1S!'.>  et  secj.;  Mstailo  ^layor  (lelieral  del  lljii'i-ito,  Ivsealal'on.  Mexico, 
L'.'i-I;  l']xposicion  del  Mini.stro  d'j  Hacienda  IMS.  ilexieo,  jslS;  liistriic- 
ci' n  Provisional  Uic.  'J_',  1SJ4,  Mexico,  ISJI;  Lc\c.s  Con.siitnciwn.-deij. 
2:  Die.  18::!).  In  Arri!la;;a,  llrcop.  IS.Sd,  ;]i7;  Leyci  Vi-cntes  1 11  ls:2!l; 
MciiKdias  dc  (Inerra,  Hacienda,  .Tusticia,  llelacimu  s,  etc.  Mexico, 
18i2il  et  sei].  [Annual  JU'port:!  of  the  Jlcxiean  g()\eriinient  in  iis  dill'er- 
ent  depaiiiaents,  cited  l).v  name  and  date.  Xearly  all  contain  iiimu  or 
less  on  California,  About  i!00  voI:j.];  Providencia  do  la  Siipieiiia  Corte, 
II  \ov.  ]y'.i~.  In  Arrillac-'a,  Kecop.  Is.'iS,  p.  07-;  Reyhinieiit  1  para  la 
('nli)nizacion,  Pi'JS.  MS.;  Ilog'aniento  do  la  Diieceinii  do  Coli'iii/acion. 
!Mc\ico,  18!'j;  ll(  :;laiiieiit  )  do  l^leicioncs  I'J  .liuiio  \A'.\.  MS.;  Ke.da- 
mento  Provisional,  Dipartnieiitos,  2;)  >d;irz().  In  Arrilla.L.'n,  liecoii.  ls;!7, 
p.  'JilJ;  lle^'hunento  para  el  r;',nio  do  I'asaportes,  ISL'S.  .MS. ;  l!i  ;;ianienlo 
]i.-ir:i  la  Tcsoreria  {(ciieral.  Mexico,  ISDl,  4ti);  Ilej;las  para  i;icccion(,:i  do 
Dipiitado.s  y  Ayuntamieuto.     I'SoO.     In  Arrilla^^a,  ILccop.  IH'M,  p.  'Si',',. 

Meyer  (Carl^,  Xach  deiu  Sacrauiento.     Aar;in,  IS"i.">. 

-\h'yrick  (Henry),  Santa  Cruz  and  Monterey.     San  I'raneisco,  18S0. 

Miclultcirena  (Manuel),  Armiiui.itration  in  L'))per  California,     n.pl.,  n.d. 

Miilieitnrcna  (Manuel',  Ijando  EconcMiiico,  IDJiiiiii)  l8l,'>.     MS. 

.Miclicllorcna  (.Manuel),  (^'oneiudadanos,  etc.     ^lontere.v,  Lie.  Li,  1811. 

Mirlieltorena  (Manuel),  Corrcsp;ndeni;ia  Mi.  ceh'inea  del  Sr  Coben.ader.    ^IS. 

MiciieUorena,  (Manuel),  l)ecreto  por  el  ciuil  devuelve  las  .Misione.s  ii  Iud  l'raile«, 
ISI,'!.  MS. 

Michidtorcna  (Manuel),  Hecreto  Pruhibicielo  la  Intri)duccion  de  Kfectos 
lOxtiangcros.     Monterey,  Julio  .'iO,  ISH. 

"^lichk'lkireiia  (Manuel),  Digest  of  Corresjionli'iice,  lSt.">.     n.pl.,  n.d. 

Mieiieltorena  (Manr.,1),  El  C. . .  .[Anuneia  la  Apertura  do  las  .Sesioin.  de  la 
Diputaeioii.]    Monterey,  28  A,.ijsto,  1844. 

-Miclieltui'cna  (Manuel),  Kl  C.  .  .[iJccreto  do  la  Asainblea,  lacurso.s  para  la 
(luerra  Probable]     Monterey,  ;$  Sept.  1814. 

^'iclie'torena  (Manuel),  Iirstrueeiones,  l;i42.    !MS. 

Mieiieltorena  (.Manuel),  Mediua:i  de  Hefen.-ja  contra  los  E.  L'.,  ISU.    !MS. 


Ixiv 


AUTnORITIES  QUOTED. 


MiclicltorcMia  CMnnucl),  riC'liinrnto  de  ]-sf'uc'l;:s  Aiiiu'.'is,  l.'vtt.     ?1>>. 
Miclii'ltoreiia  (Miiiiucl),  llcglaiiR'iito  ilo  ^lilii'ia,  Aiixiliiir.     .Montcrvy,  IG  tie 

Julio.  I  Ml. 
Millc'iiiiiiil  Star.     ^lanuhcpter,  Liverpof)!,  etc.,  1S4I  -7!>.  41  vuls, 
JMillor  (.ioiKiuiu),  Tliu  Dauitos  iu  the  Siui'ras.     Chicago,  1S81;  Lifo  iimonf;  tlio 

Moiloos.     Lin\i]<ii\,  l!s7.'!;  Kir.st  Fam'lics  of  the  Sk'rras.     ('hicu;,''),  ISTCi; 

Sliailow.s  of  Shasta.     Cliioago,   ISSI;   A  Sierra  Wetldiiij;.     la  S;ui  Jos6 

I'ioiici'i',  Nov.  17,  1S77. 
Millvilie,  Siia.st.'i.  Coniity  llecord. 
.Miner  ('1  lie).     San  Fraiiciseo,  ISOfi. 
Miner.)'  Own  liook  (i'lie).     San  Francisco,  18r)S. 
M'   ill;,'  ('on!panie.s,  lleports,  etc.     Cited  Ly  uanie  of  company.     Not  given 

in  thi.s  li.st. 
.Alining  Ma','azinc.     Xew  York,  18."3  et  seq. 


,Mi 


srellaiieijUM 


5  llistorioal  Paper.s.     A  (Jollection. 


MS. 
MS. 


ISSO. 


Leipzig 


Miscellaneous  Statement.s  on  California  History. 

Miscellany.     A  Collection.  !)  vols. 

.Misiones.  Cuadei'no  ile  llstailos,  en  satisfaccion  de  los  puntos  que  el  Sr  Comi- 

.sionailo  pidu  ;i  la  Prefectura.  IS'J'J.     ,MS. 
Misiones,  .ljif(,)rines  Anuaks  y  Jlienahs,  Indieo  y  Notas.     !MS.     In  Arch.  Sta 

liarbara,  v.  pa.ssini;  x.  4'.),")  o'Jd;  .\ii.  ol-l'J!). 
Mission  Hooks.     Sec  name  of  the  Mission. 

Mis;iioa  Land  (Jrants,  Opinions,  etc.     In  ILiyes'  Mission  liook,  ii.  .".". 
Mission  ^lusic.  An  iniuicuse  parchment  folio  with  introduction  li\-  I'.  Diiran, 

181.").     MS. 
^ILssion  Jtcports,  different  dates  ami  cstalilishnieuts  scattered  in  the  archives. 

.Many  eitr<l  liy  name  of  author  or  mission. 
^Mission  Stitisties.     MS. 

Modesto,  Herald,  San. Toaqnin  Valley  ]\Iirror,  Stanislaus  County  Weekly  Xew.s. 
.Mofras  (Fu;cene  l)nllot  de),  (.'artas  de  un  Viagcro.     MS. 
Mofras  (Ivagi'no  Hulkjt  de),  ICxploration  de  TOregon,  des  (,'alifoniies,  etc. 

Paris,  i.S44.  2  vols,  and  atlas. 
Mohan  (11.)  et  al.,  J'eii  Pietuies  of  our  llepresentative  Men.     Sac. 
.M')ke'.uinne,  Calaveras  County  Chronicle. 

.''l'>rhau.':,en  (Haldu  in),  Diary  of  a  .Tourney.     London,  1S,"8.   'J  vols. 
-MoUha.'.iseu  (Hakhvin),  Tagebucii  einer  Keisc  voni  .MiAsissi^ipi,  etc. 

IS,->S.  4to. 

!Mone  (Alexander),  A  Pioneer  of  1847.     ^IS. 
-Monitor,  Aliiine  Miner. 
Montauus  (.\inoIdus),   Die  Xieuwc   en  Onhekando  Weei'eld.     Amsterdam. 

1071.  folio. 
Moutanus  (.\rnoldus),  Die  Unbekannto  Neue  AVelt.  ITratislatjd  hy  li.'pper.] 

Amsterdam,  l()7^i. 
Monterev,  Acei.iunts  of   the  Pi'esidial  Comiianv,  Hosiers,  ete,   MS.    Chielly 

in  PVov.  ,St.  Pa]).,  IJen.  .Mil.:  Dept.  St.  J'ap.I  lien.  MIL;  and  St.  Pap.,  Sac. 
Monterey,  Actos  del  .Vynntamiento,  ISI',!-.").     MS 
Jlontei'cv,    \euerdo  del  Ayunt.  y  de  la  Diputacion  contra  el  CaniLiio  di'  Capi- 

tai,  i8:r..    MS. 

Jlonterey,  Arehivo  dc.  MS.    10  vols. 

M(jntercy,  Californian,  1S40-S.   Also  a  vol.  of  !MS.  extracts. 
]\lon*^erey,  (  uentas  de  la  Compafiia,  P  esidial,  IS'^8.    M.S. 
.Monterey,  Democrat,  (Ja.:ette,  Ih'rald,  I'ecorder. 
.Monterey,  'Jiario  do  Sucesos,  1800-'J.     MS. 
Monterey,  lAtracto  de  Xoiieias.    Mexie  ,  1770. 
Monterey,  Oliieiat  Aeoou      of  the  Taking  of. 
^Monterey,  Oi'denanzas  -Munici pales,  \H'1S.     MS. 
Monterey,  IV.dron  (ieneral,  1S;J0.     MS. 
Monteri'y,  Pr.ri'()(|nia,  Areliivo.     ]\1S. 

Mnotei-ey,  Pelicion  del  Ayuiitamicuto  en  favor  de  Frailes  Espaf.olcs,  18i?',t. 
MS." 


Pittsburg, 


IS48. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


kv 


'4.   y\fi. 

Monteivy,  IG  <le 

:,.ls. 

;  Lifo  ainoii;^  tlio 

L'Jiica;;<),  ISTO; 

U.     In  Siui  JosLi 


my.     Nut  given 


i  quL'  fl  Sr  Comi- 
S.     Ill  Arch.  .Sill 


ok,  ii.  .*?.'). 

imi  In'  V.  Diirnn, 

il  ill  the  ;a(-liivfs. 


tyWiM'klyXcws. 

Ciililuruii'S,  tdc. 

Sac,  ISSO. 

vols, 
li,  etc.     Leipzig, 

(1.     Aiiistcnlam. 

it'.td  ))y  li.'iipi'i-.  ] 

U\   ^IS.    Cliielly 
ml  St.  I'ap.,  Sac. 

^'aiiiljio  lie  Ca[ii- 


Mcintenv,    Preslilcnt's   Mc'S.,    Tiifnnnatlon   on   taking   of,   by  C'tni.   .Tones. 

[•_'7th  Cong.,  :M  .Ses.'i.,  II.  E.;.  Doc.  Xo.  1G(J.] 
■Monicrev,  Itanciios  esi^tente.s,  17!!.").      .MS. 
.Monterey,  U.  S.  Consulate  lieeonl.     MS.   2  vols. 
MiJiiteiev  Connty,  History  of.     San  Friineisco,  ISSl.    4to. 
^M.intes'leoca  liocunKnit.     X(jv.  II,  Is-J.'i.    MS. 

Mont.i^oinery  diielianl  Z. ),  IJeeollcetioiiH  Mining;  Camps  IS."."— 1.     MS. 
Montgomery    (Zaeliary).   Sjieee'i    i;;    Assenil)Iy   of  Cal.,    Aj>ri!    10,    18G1,    on 

Conniion  ScliooLs.    Saeiainento,   ISGl  ;  Various  other  Speeches  ou  saino 

Sultjeet. 
Moore  (Augnstin),  J'ioneer  Ex])i  riences.  MS. 
}iloore  anil  De  I'uer'.     See  San  A'ateo  County  History. 
!Mora  (.lose  Maria  Liisi,  Oliras  Sacltas.     Paris,  1,S,j7.  2  vols. 
Moraga  (dabricl).  Cartas.    MS. 

]\Ioraga  ((liihi'ielK  Diai'io  ile  .su  Expcilit'ion  ;\\  Puerto  dc  Boilega,  ISIO.     .MS. 
Mor.'iga  (Jose  ,Toa(|uin),  ]']sei'itos  Sui'ltos.   MS. 

Moi.iga  (Josi'"  .foaiiuin),  Infornie  de  i777  sohrc  cosas  de  .San  Franeisef).   MS. 
.Morag.a  (JosJ:  .Toaiinin),  Instrneeion  y  orden  ipie  deljc  oliservar  <1  ealio  do 

Kseolta  de  S.  .lose,  17vJ.    MS. 
MoreJie.'id  (C.  S.),  Speet'h.   Apr.  •_';{,  IS.IO,  on  Admission  of  Cal.    Wa-h..  ]8.")0. 
AInrilli  (Cii'iacus),  Fasti  Xc^vi  Mvljis  et  Ordinationnin.     Veiietiis,  177G.   Ito. 
Morenhaut,  (,'orrospondenee  of  the  Freni-h  Consul.  }iIS. 
^Moreno  (.lose  Matias).  Doenmentos  i)ara  la  Ilistoriti  du  Culiforni.i.   MS. 
Moreno  (Tu;in  P..),  Vida  Milit;u'.  }iIS. 

Morgan  (Martha  M.),  A  Trip  across  the  Plains.     San  Francisco,  1SG4. 
Miirinriii  (P.  de),   Xfjtiee  .sur  la  Xouvillc  Califoruie.   ISIit.     Ju  Soe.  Ceog., 

linlletin,  XV.;  Xouv.  An.  \'oy.,  Ixi.  i;'>7. 
MnriHi  u  llitt.'ilii  u,  List  of  Olliecr.s  and  !Men.     ^[S. 

.Mi.ireU  (lieujaun'n  AV.),  Narrative  of  Four  Vovages.     New  York,  Is.")'-'. 
Mnrris  f.Mhert  F.),  Di.iry  of  a  Crazy  Man.     MS. 
Morris  (dt'orgo  15.),  The  Chinaman  as  hois.     MS. 

Merse  (.r.  F.!.  Illustrated  Histoiy  of  t.'alifornia,  etc.     Sacramento,  IS.'I. 
Mdrskni  Svornik,  IS.'iS. 

.^hiuldc  r  (.\.  .T.),  CoMMuentaries  on  the  Sclioiil  Law.     Sacramento,  LS38. 
Mmnitaineering  on  tlie  Paeilic.     Jii  Harper's  Ma'.,'.,  xxxix.,  7l'.'>. 
Mowrv  (Svlvester).  'i'lu!  Mines  of  tiie  West.     X.  \v  York,  FSGL 
Aliigartegm(Pahlo),  Carta  al  P.  i.asuen,  1701.     -MS. 
Miig.irtegiii  (Paiilo)  and  Tonias  de  la  Pi'ua,  Pareeer  sobre  el  establecimiento 

de  un  Conveuto  en  S.  Francisco,  17'.'7.      MS. 
Mnhlen|ilordt  (f'.duard),   Versneh  einer  getnnien  Sehilderung  der  liepublik 

.Mexico,     llannver,  1S44.   "i  vols, 
Munii-ipal  lav.s,  regulations,  reports,  and   other  public  docnineuts,  cited  by 

naiMi^  of  town,  but  fur  the  most  ])art  not  in  this  list. 
Mufioz  ( Tuan  -Vntonid),  (^'ai'tas  del  <  'aiiitan.     MS. 
.'^lufioz  il'eilio),  Di.irio  de  la  J^xpi^lieion  lieelia  por  1),  (laljriel  Mora"a  al  Tu- 

lar,  IS(l(i.     MS. 
.^ll,  .■'_'uia  (Jose  .-bitonio),  and  Tinuas  de  la.  I'eua,  Informo  de  Sta  Clara,  1777. 

.MS. 
Mur|:hy  (Tiniotliy^,  I.etter.s  from  I.S-_'4.     ]MS. 

.Murray  iCiiarles  Aug. K  Travels  in  .North  America,     New  York,  ISo!). 
Alurr.ny  (!■!.  ¥.),  Miscell.incous  Documents,     MS. 
Miuiay  (Walter),  X'arrative  of  a  California  Volunteer,  1847.     M.S. 
]\liisiea  de  ilisioncs.     MS. 


!:spaf.olcs,  1820. 


Xaiinu  (La).     ^le.Kieo,  IS.'iG  et  seq. 
N.'Maimod!.  C),  Free  Press. 

Napa(;ity,  Classic,  NaiviCounty  Peporter,  Pae'lie  I'^eho,  ne;.;ister. 
Ni.[MiaMd  Lake  Counties,  History  of  (Sloeuni,  ikiwen,  and  Co.)     San  Fran- 
cisco, ISSL  4to, 
Xationat  Democratic  (.Juarterly  Ueview,     Washington,  IS'i'J  et  .scip 


i  '■  :l 


I 


Ixvi 


AUTIIORTTIES  QUOTED. 


niviiiei.'iis  IiitoriKig, 


Xiivii  fri'dro),  rotniiiiicacioacs  tk'l  Coiuainlniite  rjcii.  ilc  V 

1701  ct-swi.     MS. 
Kav;i  (IV'ilro),  liifoniici;:jl)r<'  rroycetodu  AljiirC:iiuiii;)..i  oiitri'r'al.  y  X.^Iexico, 

um.    -MS. 

Naviii'i'cto  (Martin  Fornaiuli  z),  Tiitroiluccion.  In  ^^util  y  ?,I'j.\icaiia,  Viagc; 
V'iagi-.s  .\p()crifiis.     In  Col.  1)iil'.  Jiu'il.,  xv. 

Nayarit,  [nforinc  do  la  Aud.  do  (liiadalajaia,  17S4.     MS. 

Xcal  (SiuiiiK'li,  Xotico  of  a  I'iDin.'ur  of  '-15.     M.S. 

X'fall  (.l;i:iic.-;),  Vigilaiiuu  (.'oiuiiiittcc.     MS. 

Nevada  (Cal.)  Donioorat,  Gazette,  Herald,  Jouiiial,  Xational  Gazette,  Tran- 
script. 

X;evada  County,  Hii^tory  of.     Oakland,  IRSl.     Atlas  folio. 

X'eve  (I'rlipc),  ('!)rre,-ip'):ideneia  Misccliinoa  del  (lol)''-,  177")  et  ooq.     MS. 

X'eve  (I'elipe),  Inforiiie  dc  _."»  d'j  Abril  1777.     ^IS. 

Xevo  (I'Vlipe),  Infoi  Mie  solirc  Jlcglaniento,  177?'.     MS. 

Xevc  (I^'lipe),  Tnt^tniLTiou  al  Ayndantc  Insiu'ctoi-  Soler,  w'"'-.     ^IS. 

X'ovo  (Telipc),  In.stniccii)n  ;'i  I'aycs  sjliro  <  loljji.'nio  Intcriu  >,  17?-.     MS. 

Xove  (Felipe ),  rnstrue(.-ion  para,  la,  I'unda'^ion  do  Lo;i  An^^elv"!,   17S1.     MS. 

Keve  (Felipe),  Instrnceion  (pie  liade  Liobcinar  al  Coin't'do  '.'Ui  I'lirLani,  17^2. 
MS. 

Xcve  (Felipe),  Tlcglamonto  e  Tiistnn'cioii,  1770.  MS. 

X^ew  Aliiiaik'n — a  great  nmulierof  lu'iefs,  aiguiiiculr-,  opiaiiins;,  docun)cnt-<, 
eti'.,  ill  1.!ic  ease.s  of  CiK-tiiler'j,  Fossat,  and  oUie'.i  !i;;rJn  .t.  the  U.  S.; 
also  the  following  iiaiii]>ldets  on  tlioKaiiie  KuLjeet:  Correspondence.  San 
Fraiii'i:;eo,  1S,".S;  Tlio  1  »i.  I'li-wion  ]Ie\ie\vcd,  S.  I'\  ]V'C.;  J':;p!.;i;-.i  of  the 
Attoruey-("!eiieral  in  California.  Xew  York,  18(10;  Fiirtlii'i' Coire.-pond- 
enco  ill  U'lation  to.  San  I'raiici^^co,  I'^.'iO;  (Letter  t.  ]I':;i.  J.  S.  I'.lai'k, 
from  'a  Cal.  Pioneer').  X(  \v  York,  l.S(iO;  Letter  to  the  i'reyident  of  tlia 
U.  S.  (l)y  Jolui  T.  Doyle),  Xew  York,  ISliO;  Letter.)  fr  mi  San  Fraiieiseo 
Herald,  Dec.  IS.'i.S;  llep.jit  of  Attorney -General  to  the  Prc:".iilent,  ]lcjoiu- 
tion.'i  of  C-.il,  Leg.,  ISUU;  Smart  and  Cornered.  Ii.  pi.,  ii.il. 

Xewa>!c  (X.  ,T.),  Advertiser. 

Xew  II.'ivi  11  (Conn.),  Joiirn-1  and  Cnnrier. 

Xuw  Helvetia,  Di.ay  of  Kveiit.s  in  IS-LVS.     MS. 

Xew  Orleans  (La.),  Adverti.-^er,  liec,  Conimereial  Times,  Courier,  rieayiinc, 
Tropie. 

Xew.spai"'i'.s  (.f  ("aliforiiia  and  otlier  state;*  of  the  Pacific  U.  S.  The  ]iu).vt 
important  are  eiteil  under  llie  name  of  tlic  town  v.'I'.eio  publi.s'icd,  and 
nrmy  if  tlrin  named  in  this  list. 

Xew  Taeoma  iW'ash.),  Ledger. 

Xew  Westminster  (15.  C.),  Mainland  Guardian. 

Xt  w  Y(n'k,  liiiUetin,  Comuieivinl  Adveriier,  (.'oinmercial  .Touriial  and  Pcgis- 
ter.  Cornier,  <;i'aphie,  I'vaiigcli.-t,  I'veiiing  Post,  IIiTald,  .lournal  of 
Conmieree,  .Slail,  Post,  Snn,  Sunday  Times,  Times,  Triluiiie,  ^Vorld. 

Xicolay  (C.  G.),  (_)ri'gou 'J'erritory.     Ivmdoii,  IS-td. 

Xidever  (( reiii'g'e),  Life  mid  .Xdvcntni'e.s  of  an  Old  'J'l'aiijier.     '}.'S. 

Xiel  (.riian  Amaiido),  Apuntaeione.i  I'l  las  niem(vri:e-;  do  Geivniiuo  do  Z;irato 
Salmeron.     In  l>oe.  Hist.  Mex,,  ser.  iii.,  toni.  iv.  7S. 

Xiles' Pu-^'ister.     P,alt-more,  etc.,  ISll-IO.  70  VoK 

Xurdh,  !i'""(Cliar'es),  (Vlil'nrnia:  for  IL'alth,  Pleas-ire,  (•;,•.  Xew  York, 
!S7.'i;  \(jrtliern  Calil'oi'.iiia,  OreLTon,  etc.  Xew  York,  1.S7I;  Xew  York, 
I  ■■77. 

Xoriuan  (Lueia),  A  Yonth'.s  History  of  (.'alifoniia.     San  Franeiseo,  lSti7. 

Xortii  .\nieriean  l!e\i(.'W.     I'oston,  1810  et  sdj. 

Xorlli  San  .liuMi,  Press,  War  Clnh. 

Xorth  I'iu  ilic  Jifview.     San  Francisco,  1S(VJ!  et  seip 

Xotieioso  ( o'ueral.     Mexico,  ISl.VJI.  0  vols. 

^Noiivelle.s  Amiales  des  Voyages.     Paris,  l.SIO-fiO.    1  (IS  vols. 

Xiieva  l^spafia,  AciK'iilos  d>,' la  .Junta,  Sup.  de  Iteal  Hacienda,  170L     MS. 

N'ucvo  .Mexico,  Espedieiitc  de  Ahigeato,  LSIJ^.     MS. 


AUTI [( )lilTIi:.S  QUOTED. 


Ixvii 


cias  Tutemas, 
l.yX.  Mexico, 
xiciuiii,  Viago; 

Gazette,  Ti'an- 


C(\. 


MS. 


MS. 
r-2.    MS. 
1781.     MS^ 
liaiLaia-,  ITS'i. 


vns,  (lijcnnicnt.s, 
hv.t  tlio  U.  S.; 
ijirriiilciicc.  San 
j;:;i.lwii:i  of  tlio 

llLT''CulTC;-ponil- 
<,n.  J.  S.  V.lark, 
LVcsiilcnt  of  tlio 
111  ^ra;l  I'mncisco 
■csiucnt,  llciolu- 
(1. 


luicr,  ricajniiio, 

S.     Tho  nioft 
pulilislicil,  and 


ri!:;l  and  TJcgis- 
ild,  .Touniai  i)£ 
mo,  World. 

\'S. 

limo  do  Zi'ivato 


X.-w   York, 
;  Xrw  York, 

u'ij-co,  1807. 


17;il.     MS. 


Xmv  (•Tiiaciuiu  Paymiid),  Diario  dtl  Capellan  do  la  ]]-\pcdicion  I'ara  los  .Viiuv- 

javas,  lyi'J.     MS. 
^u-ciit  (Julmj,  Scraps  of  I'Lu'ly  IIi.story.    la  S.  F.  Argonaut,  Aprd  i;'.,  1>)7S. 

( ),ijai.'a,  Ks|)ut:icioii,  1S28. 

U.ilvlaiid,  Alaukda  Democrat,  Ar;,'us,  C'alifoi'iiia  Cadet,  CoUevjo  ICelio,  Dtiii- 
oci'at,  Dianion  1  Preas,  Doiuiniou  Tress,  Herald,  Home  .Journal  and 
Alameda CuUiity  Adveni.jer,  lloniestead,  lndej)endeiit  licmizcr,  Juiirnal, 
Mirror,  Monthly  llcview,  XevLc-an  lles-iew,  X'ews,  XoLed  of  ^Varniil,u', 
0'.'-  Taper,  Teoplc'd  Chani]Uon,  I'rcs.s,  l{:'.diat;jr,  Seniitroiiical  l'ix.:.-s 
Si„..  of  tho  Times,  Teiiiiiiii,  Times,  Torelili^lit,  'I'rau.seript,  Trib.uie, 
University  Eelio. 

Oakland  I'vdjlic  Schools,  Annual  Reports.  Oakliiid,  l;i70  et  secj.;  luany 
oUicr  nuuiiciii:.l  documeiiLs. 

Oliservador  .Judicial  y  do  l^e^;islacion.     Mexico,  IS4J  et  sc<|. 

Occident  aiid  Orient.     ]Melljourne,  clc. 

Olid  Fellows.  A  laryu  munber  of  publications  of  diiiereiit  lodges  of  tho 
order,  cited  under  tliu  above  tiile. 

O.iiilby  ( lolui),  Amoi'ica.     London,  I(j71.  folio. 

Olbes  (Hanion),  Cartas  sobro  el  Tumulto  de  Sta  Cruz,  ISIS.     MS. 

()!Jo  (ii.-'.:i  lU  Vj.),  Spcecli,  July  -i,  \'  M,  on  Ca.lifornia  (Question.    Wash.,  iSM, 

Ohicy  (J;.nicd  X.),  \'igilaace  C'oi.anillee.     ^LS. 

Olvura  (A.'.j'usUn),  Docunieni.o.i  para  la  Jlistoria  do  C'al.     MS. 

( )lvcra  (AL'.istin),  X'arias  Carta:;.     ^IS. 

olympia,  (Jouiuiercial  Ago,    Uclio,   I'acilio   Tribune,    ru;,;et   Sound  Courier. 

O'.Mcara  (Ii:nics),  IJrodcrick  and  <i\vin.     San  Francisco,  [^'6i. 

0|icraci  ni  C^s.irea.     M.S.     [A  relic  of  tlio  ndsslon.s.J 

OratioUo.     Seo  Speeches. 

Old  (.\;i;,ustl:;o  de  Li  (iuerra),  OcunN.ncias  en  Califoiiua.     il.S. 

Ord  (J.  Jj.),  Jliuuniscence.j  uf  '^7.     MS. 

Orda.;  (';!....),  Cartas  del  Padre.     }dS. 

Onlaz  (.;';.;.;),  l.)i;;ri>j  de  la  ilxpe.lici.in  do  I^ius  Argiiello  al  Xorte,  ISJl.     MS. 

(»r.!ciK:i.:;ab  .Mroiicipales,  [l;,JJ.]     .MS. 

Oiders,  K.cret,  benevolent,  etc.     See  Institutions. 

()i'e.;ou,  .'-'pcciator.     Ib-W  et  scij. 

(lie  ;on  City,  Argus. 

0,i^;.;i.;  ^v'al. ),  li.laniath  X'owt;,  X'orlliern  Jlecurd. 

0,o  .M(,lido,  en  leagua  do  Imlio.j  p(jr  P;.dio  Arroyo.     MS. 

(i.uvi!!-,  PuLte  Couuiy  l're;.s,  Pu..io  (Jounty,  IJiitLO  Pecord,  Mircury. 

<lrr(;,'.  M.),  Tho  Ciiy  of  Stockton;  Its  I'osition,  etc.     Stockton,  1;>74. 

Ihu;...-.  (IVhpc  2iiaria),  Diario  (pie  forma.    Pcouoeiuiientode  Sitios,  17.-'.'>.    MS. 

<lrav.,a  (Jose  Franeiico),  Connmicaciones  delCoUiandunto  do  IS.  Diego  a  i;i\i  la 
y  -Moiicada,  1771-l<.     ^iS. 

Orie,La  (.Fo.se  FraneP^co),  Corrc.vpondencia.     "MS. 

<hle-a  (Juse  Francisco),  Fragmeuto  de  17o',).     MS. 

( •itcg.i  (Ji)Si' Fr;uici..;co),  Jnfornio  do  ;,;)  Xnv.  J77-''.     MS. 

Ortega  (Je.  J  FranciseoJ,  ^leniorial  sobre  .sus  MciiidS  }■  .'^ei'vicios  ^liliiarcs, 
i7oJ.  MS. 

OitcliN.j  (Abial.amvs),  Thealrvm  Orbis  Terrarum.    Antverpia',  l.'i' 

Osburn  f\t'.  J!,),  Xarrativo  of  a,  \ii^\^  to  S.  I'rjinciMjo,  1S4-1.     M.-!. 

<  '.>io{.Vii'vOi.io  .Maria),  Carta  .solire  Coiubinaciones  Pi.lnic.i.s.   l.Soli. 

O-.o  (.udonio  Maria),  Carta  a  \';.Ilejo.     i;,i  Xov.  \'o„J.  2*iS. 

I'.di)  lAntonio  Maria),  i^sciitos  Sueltos.     .MS. 

()-io  (.\:itoaio  Marui),  llistoria  «Io  Caiiior-i!.  .     JIS. 

O-una  (Juan  Maria),  Cartas.     .MS. 

0>\vald  (il.  I'r. ),  Caliiornirn  und  Siine  \'erli;:UHisso.     Peip/.ig,  ISl'J. 

0'>ril..ail  .Mail  S.rsiee  to  ( ■.dii.iraia.     n.pl.  |i:,:,7|. 

<>\.  i1;:mi[  ^Pmthly.     San  Francisco,  iSiitS  7"i.      l.-)\<)ls. 

"...  ,L  ,  I.  .).),  ^iv.iUi  Clara  N'alky.     S.ai  .lo.-e,  lt-.7o. 

0\\  i  ^  1  ,u  J,  .San  i'vaiieisco,  PsiJ'J  et  (icip 


d.    folio. 
.MS. 


Iwiii 


AUTTIOrilTIKS  QFOTI'D. 


1'.  (I).  1".  K.)     Si'c  ralifwriiiji,  in  A'ia-vro  Universal, 
'alirilmi  Natiiin.il  (]•;!),  .Mixio.),  IMl  it.si'(i. 
racliiHO,  Cciiitra  C'dsI.i  (ia/.i'tli',  Contra  Costa  Kcwa 
I'ailn'co  (HiilorcM),   Cai-tas.     MS. 
I'at'lic'.'i)  (llonuialdo).  Cartas,  isi'i  ;!I.      MS. 
I'.iclicco  (Sahio),  J'^srritos  ilc  nn  M-riim  do  S.  Jose.      !MS. 
I'auilic  ( 'oast  ilihii'uLional  .loiiriia!.     San   I'laucisco,  ISTI. 
J'acilii'  ('oast  Mini's.     S.in  I'ranciM'o,  IsTti. 
racilif  ilxiiosiloi',  San  {''raiuisto,  Istiil  "J.     .'t  vols. 
1,'acilic  Mail  Stcaiusliii>  (.'onipany,  ^Viiiiiial  Krpoits.     New  York,  lS,")t  ct  .soij.; 

aiiil  vaiioiis  (lamiililcts. 
I'acilic  .Mttlii'al  and  SufL:ic.al  .loiirnal.     San  ]'"rancisc'(),  1858  I't  S(.'i|. 
I'auilic  Jtailroad.     A  Collection;   also  a  largo  iinndiel"  of  imlilicatiuns  cited  \>y 

this  title. 
I'aeillc  JIailioad  Ke|i<>rt.s.     Washington,  IS.').")-  (iO.    Ito.    1.'!  vols. 
J'acilli:  Si'hool  and  Jlonie  Joniiial.     San  l^'raiieisco,  1S77  et  se([. 
I'aeilie  \Va,^on  Jioads,  J!e|iorts  npoii  [it.'jth  Con^;.,  'Jd  Sess.,  11.   lv\.  Doc.   lOS; 

Sen.  lC\.  Doe.  .Sti.j     Wash.,  IS.'iS. 
r.iddoek  (A.  (!.),  The  Fate  of  Madame  La  Tour.     New  York.  1>SS1. 
I'adres  (.lose  Maria)  <_'orresjiondeneia  do  uu  I\ei)nMieano.     MS. 
I'adri'S  (.lose  ^Mai'ia  1,  i'rott'sta  que  dirige  al  ( lete  I'olitieo,  ISJii").     MS. 
I'aez  (.lu.'Ui).     See  ('al)iillo,  Uelaciou. 
I'aiaro,  Monterev  I'nion. 

r.ilin.T  (.1.  \V.),'Tlie  \e\v  and  the  Ohl.     Xeu  York,  lS,-.(). 
I'alinei- (.loel),  J'^aily  Jntcreouiso.     MS.     .loni'nal  of  Travel.s  over  the  Koeky 

Mountains,  Is4,")-(i.     Cincinnati,   tS.'iL*;   Wairon  Trains.     MS. 
Palnier  (Lynian  L.),  see  N''pa-  ami  l^ake  County  History. 
1  aimer    (Willi.im  .1.),   lieport  u(   .Surveys  across    tlio  Continent  in  l!St')7-S. 

i'liiladelphia.  lS(i!». 
I'aloniares  (.lose  I'raneiseo),  Memoria.     MS. 

I'.ilou  (l''raneisco),  Cireularsolire  Inloi-mesde  Misiones,  etc.,  f)  Oct.  177o.     ^IS. 
Talon  (I'raneiseo),  ('onmnicaeion  al  I're-^idente  sohre  Kaeioiies,  17M.     MS. 
I'alou  (Francisco),  Corresjioudeneia  del  Mi.^iouero.      MS. 
l\:!ou  (Francisco),  Dei'uncion  del  I'adre  .lunipero  Serra,  1781.     ]\rs. 
I'alou  (I'l'aucisco),  i;s]iedicion  y  liei^istro  do  S.  r'raneiseo.   In  Id.,  \ot.,  ii.    11^. 
I'alou  (Francisco),  Fondcj  riadosu  de  Misiones  de  Califoriii;i,  etc.,  177'-.      MS. 
I'alou  (Francisco),  Infoiiuo  de  10  J)ie.  177.'i.   In  Id.,  Xot.,  ii.  i  I. 
I'alou  (FraiK'isco),  Infoi-nio  (jue  pcjr  el  nies  de  Diciembro  do  177ohi/.o  al^'irey 

Dueareli.     MS. 
Talou  (Fr.'inciseo),  Infoi'nic  solirr  (.^iiejas  did  (  oilicnador,  \~S~>.     M.S. 
I'alou  (I'raneiseo),  Letter  of  .\u,l,'.  i.".,'l78:{.     In  Hist.  .Ma;,'.,  iv.  <J7. 
I'alou  (Francisco),  Xoticias  di'^  la  Califoi'uia.     Mexico,   18.")7.    In  Doc.  IIi.-,t. 

]\Iex.,  sov.  iv.,  toni.  vi.-vii. ;  San  Francisco,  KS74.  4  vols. 
Falou  (Francisc  >),  lielacioa   llistorica   de   la  \'ida   etc.  do  Juntpi'ro   Scrra. 

Mexico,  17'"'7. 
raniphlets.     A  collection.  .">  vols. 
Fanani.i,  Star  and  Herald.     Panam/i,  181'.)  ct  scq. 
I'ananiint,  Xe\vs. 
I'anu'aa  (Toniiis  de),  Carta  al  \'irey  sobro  rdigrosiiuo  aincn.'izau  la  California, 

181)4.     MS. 
rapelcs  Yarios.     A  collection  of  .Spanish  jind  Mexican  ]ian!pldets.  'J 1 8  vols. 
I'arker  (Richard),  Speech.  Feb.  118,  lN"i(!,  on  I'r-sidenfs  Mess,  on  Cal.     Wasli. 

1 8,"i(». 
I'arkinson  (U.  II.),  Pen  !'•  rtraits.     San  I'raneiseo.  1878. 
I'arkinan  (Francis  .1.),  The  California,  and  Oregi.tii  Trail.     Xew  York,  1S49. 
I'arrisli  {.J.  L.),  Anecdotes  of  (.)re;.'ou.     MS. 
r.irrott  (.loh.i),  I'.usiness  Letters."  MS. 
Parsons  ((!lor^'e    F.),  Life    and  .\d\enuircs    of   .Tames  ^\".  Marshall.     Sa<-i;i- 

niento,  1S70. 
Pasch,.i  i,ileoi-L;e  \V. ),  Sj)ecch,  in  the  Case  of  Wni.  ^Ict.iarrahan.    Wash.,  ISO;). 


ArriiDiiiTins  oroTiin. 


Ixix 


■k,  1S,")4  ct  scii.j 

t  .SLM|. 

cations  ciltil  hy 


.''i:x.  Doc.   lOS; 

.  KSSl. 

S. 

;:..    MS. 


over  the  Eoeky 

MS. 

iK'iit  ill  lS(i7-S. 


\-t.  t::;!.    ms. 

:S    17.S1.      -MS. 

.MS. 

1.,  \nt.,ii.  i:;. 
,-.,177-J.     MS. 

ilii/.o  alN'iri'Y 

MS. 

(17. 
Ill  Due.  ][i.-.t. 

rnuipiTO   Sorra. 


a  la  Caliiiiniia, 

;l('ts.   '2  IS  vuly. 
Ill  L'al.     \Va.sli. 


A'ork,  ISI!). 

ir.sliaU.     Saera- 
,    Wash.,  18U;). 


Caiiiliriilgc, 


]'.itr:ii:i  (Antiiiiiii)  Tnrnriiics  <lu  la  .Misimi  ilo  Sta  r.:irli;u';i,  I7S7  92.   MS. 
r.iUcr.-iDii  (( Jcui'L'eJ,  .\ilvi.'iiiiiri.'.s  lit' a  i 'iolieci' (if  ISKt.      .MS. 
rattiTsuii  (dcurgc  W'.),  AeK^.^s  Mi'xiio  tn  (,'alit'oi'iiia.     MS. 
I'alli  rsiii  (Lnw.snii  1!.),  T\\  clvc  V(  ais  in  tlie  Mines  of  ( 'alifornia 

I.SdJ. 

r.itiie  (.I.'inics  ().),  I'(  rsonal  Xarrativcs.     ( 'iiieiiiiiati,  1S,'J3. 
j'aty  (.jolui),  Letters  of  ii  Sea  Caiitaiii.      -MS. 
I',i\  lias  (  Mariano),  ( 'irenlar  ii  Ins  l'aili\\s,  ISlS.      MS. 
I'.iuiiis  (M.irianoi,  Cireiilar  ii  los  J'ailres,  l.SI',1.     MS. 
I'ayeras  (.M.niano),  < 'ireular  del  I'resiilente,  |SI7.     MS. 

I'.-iyi  ras  ( .Mari.ino),  Cireiilar  in  (pie  jn'oliilio  el  uso  tie  t'arrnaje.s,  IS-JI.     -ATS. 
I'ayeras  (Mariano),  ( 'oniiinieaeion  suliru  laMisiimile  la  rurlsinia,  ISlO.     ^MS. 
I'ayei'as  (M.iiiiiiiu),  Cnrdillera  soltre  siiniinistiai-ioii  ch;  \'i\-eres,  ISl'I.      MS. 
I'ayi'ras  (Mariaiioi,  ('orres)ioiiiii'neia  del  Misionuro  I'ri'ferto.      MS. 
J'a\cras  (.Mariano),  |)os  Cireiilares  .sohru  tVniliata  eon  MeCiilloeli,  llartneli  y 

■^  (ia.  I.vJl'.     MS. 
I'aN  I  Ills  (Maiiano),  Jnforniu  |ioi-  d  ('uinisai'io  Prcfeeto  del  Aetual  JOstailo  do 

Ins  111  .Mi.siones,  ISl'O.     MS. 
r:iyri;i-;  (Maiiano),  Jnfornies  I'lienales  de  Mi^iniics,  ISI.I-'JO.      ^LS. 
I'ayera.s  ( .Mariano),  Jiistnieeion  del  \  ii'ario  i'Vinineo,   |.Sl7.     MS. 
r.iyeras  I  .Mariano),  Memorial  :i  los  1 '.idles,  IS'JI.     MS. 
]',i}i  ijs  ;.M:iriano),  Mi  niorial  a  los  I'adres,  .sohre  laC'esioii  de  las  Xueve  .Misio- 

lies  del  Siir,  IS'JO.     MS. 
J'ayeras  (.Maiiino),  Memorial  de  iI  de  .runio,  I8l2().     MS. 

I'ayeras  (Mariano,;,  Memorial  .sobre  Xiieva  lylesia  en  Los  An^'clrs,  ISiM.   MS. 
I'ayeias  (.Mariano),  Notieia  de  nn  \'ia;.;e  it  .S.  Jfafael,  ISIS.      >iiS. 
Tayeras  (Mariani^),  Xolieia.s  .solire  Itoss.      1  )iario  de  sii  ( 'aniinata,  <.:oii  el  (!'onii- 

siirio  del  lm[>erio,  LS'JJ.      M.S. 
r.i\i  ras  (M.iriano),   reiiiioii  al  (loliernador,  ISH).     M.S. 
ra\eras  (Miiriano),   llepresentacioa  sobru   Innovaciones   del  f+i-  (lohernailor, 

is-JL     MS. 
l';iyMiii  ((;.),  Itmiianee  of  ('alifi.rni;!.     Xew  ^'ork,  IS.'L 
I'ealioily  (.Vifred),  Karlv  D.iys  and  Ua|iid  Crnwtii  ot  Cal.      Salem,  1S7L 
I'e.iree  (.L  A.),   Siieech,  Aiir.  2!),  IS.VJ,  .Vllairs  in  California.     Washington, 

ls.-,L'. 
Icai.Min  (( Instjiviis  C.),  L'ecollrrtioiis  of  a  ( 'alifornia  '-lOer.     MS. 
I'lrlJijiii  (l;.  I-'.),  liio^raphieal   Sketches.      S.  Jose  I'ioneer,  J uiie  0  et  Bi([., 

1-^77. 
reekham  (11.  F.),  An  Kvintfnl  Life.     M.S. 
I'eiree  (Henry  A. I,  nioirajihy.      San  Franei.seo,  ISSO. 
J'eiivii  lilriiry  .\.),  .Iimmalsiif  \'ova:,'es,  |.s:;i»-12.     MS. 
I'ehec  I  llciiry  .\.),  Le.ter  of  |Sl_>."    'in  Xiles'  lli-ister. 
I'eiric  I  il,  iiry  A. ),  Memoraiiila  of  a  Xaviualor.     MS. 
J'liivi:  illinry  .\.),  Itou-li  Sketch.      .MS.  " 
J'eiKi.  (I'o.sme),  Ivsin-itos  de  uu  AhoL'ado.     MS. 

I'liia  rrmiiUM,  Cargo  de  Ifomieidio  eoutra.  el  I'adro,  KSCi-il.").     .MS. 
I'ei'ia  iTonirisi,  |)iario  del  Viage  de  J'ere/,  177L     iMS. 

J'eila  (Tom.'i-),  I'l'licioiidel  (iu.inlian  .sohre  liniite.sdo  Sta  (.'hir.-i,  17!)S.     MS. 
J'ensaiuii  nt>>  Xacional  il])).     .Mexii'o,  KS.m  et  suij. 
J'eralta  (Luis),  Cartas  del  .Sar-ento.     MS. 

I'eraiia  (  Lilis),  Diario  de  una  Lx[Hdieion  nnitni,  (lentiles,  ISOJ.     MS. 
reie/.  (Cornilio),  Memoria  Jlistuiiia.     .MS. 
J'ere/  (Kiilaha),  Cna  Vieja  y  Sus  lU.ruerdos.      MS. 
I'eie/ (.liian),  l'"oi'mulario,  Kseiiiituras  de  rosisimi,  177.'>.     ]\IS. 
I'eie/  (.liian),  liistruerion  <iu"  el  \iriy  diii  a  los  Coii 

Lxiiloraeion, -Jl  ])ie.  I77;t.     MS.'     Ill  I'inart,  C( 
i'lre.!  (.Iii.in),  ilccnerdos  liistiiricos.      .MS. 
I'ln/.  (  luan),  liilaeion  del  Via-e,  I77L      .MS. 
i'ere/,  i.liian),  ■J'aMa  Diaiia,  177'       .MS. 
I'eiv/.  Fei'iiaiiile/  (.li..,;),  Cartas  d..l  .\il.  ixv.  de  Artilleiia. 


idanle.s  de  ]>iiques  do 
l>oc.  -Mex. 


^K. 


m 


Ixx 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


I'crc/  FornaiuUv,  (Josi'-JiCiiciita ('Jeiu'nililcl.i,  IlaljilitaLiondi;  ^fniit,  1700.    Ml^. 
iVrliins  (Joseph  J.),  A  I'liLsiiicss  Muu'a  Ivstiiiiato  of  ISantii  Jjiiibar.i  Cuiiiity. 

Santa  IVuliarn,  KS81. 
Pcriy  (f.  !■'..),  'J'raA'i'l!?,  Scciics,  niul  Snfl'fi'inij's  in  Cuba,  etc.     iMistou,  1S.">,'{. 
I'utalnnii,  Ar-^ns,  Ci)inior,  Cn'sucut,  .Joui'nal  and  Argns,  Lancl  Journal,  Sononifi 

County  .li.urnal.  Standard. 
Pctiu'i  (Dc  Witt  C),  Lil'o  and  Adventures  of  Kit  Carson.     Xew  York,  1S,")0. 
I'etit-'riionars  (Abel  de).  Voyage  autour  dii  Monde,   ISolJ-!).     I'ari.i,  1810— 1. 

.")  Volri. 

Telo  (Sii-S.  Morton),  'J'lie  nesourecs  of  America.     London,  etc.,  1800. 
I'eyri  (Antonio),  Cartas  del  Fridle.     MS. 

I'eyder  (JolmW.l,  r.T'.onal  iind  :SIilitary  History  of  V.  Kenrny.  X.Y.,  1800. 

rt'eifier  ([d;i),    A  Lad.y's   .Second  Yoyagc   round   tlio  \Voild.  Xew  York, 

is,">n. 

I'!)el|.H  iJoliii  S.),  Siieeeh,  Juno  8,  IS.IO,  on  Adniis.sion  of  Cal.    Wash.  [1S,"jO]. 

rhrl;.i(\V.  D.).  lYuvandAft.     IJoston,   IS7I. 

I'liihidelphia,  American  (la/ette,  livening  St:ir,  Inf^nij-er,  Ledger,  Press, 
I'crord,  Times. 

Pijini|M  (!.'.  Jl.),  Southern  California.     S;iu  P'ranciseo,   1870. 

riiilli[i ;  ( 1.  Arthur),  Tlie  ^dining  and  ]\I<tallurg}-  of  Gold  and  Silver.  Lon- 
don, 18ti7. 

rhoti'i;rapluu  Album  of  C^difornia  Pioneers.  2  vols. 

Picket  t  (Charlca  I'].),  .Vddi-ess  to  the  Veterans  of  the  Mexicnn  War.  S.in 
Fraucijeo,  ISSO;  Land  (hnnbling  versus  Mining  <  landiliu;,'.  S^in  Fran- 
eisco,  1870,  ISSO;  Paris  Exposition.  San  I'rancisco,  1877;  and  oilier 
pamphlets. 

Pico  (Andres),  Papclcs  do  Misioncs.  MS.     ]S-28~iO. 

Piei)  ( Iesi5  do  Jesus),  .\conteeimientos  cu  California.     !MS, 

I'i'.'O  (Jose  de  Jesus).  Mofras  at  S.  Antonio,  lSd±     MS. 

Pi'';)  (Jose  JIaria,  Dolores,  Andres,  Antonio  ]Maria,  Jos(?  Antonio,  Jose  do 
Jesus,  Pio,  etc.)     C:;rtas.  MS. 

Pieo  ( Fos,'!  Ilaiuon),  Documentos  ])ara  la  Historiade  Cal.     ]\tS.  .T  vols. 

Pieo  (I'io),  Correfpondeiieia.  eon  \  iieales  l!ee:dcitr:intrs  del  X'orte,  1840.   i\IS. 

Pi.o  (I'io),  Deereto  do  Al)ril  4,  1X40.     Venta  de  Mi  iones.     MS. 

Pie;>  (Pi)),  Documentos  ptirala  Jlistoria  deCal.     MS.  2  vols. 

I'i-o  (I'io),  Xarracion  Hi  torica.      MS. 

Pico  (!'!■').  Prntestaal  Maniliesto  de  D.  Abinncl  Victoria,  18:!1.  MS. 

Pi;")  (I'i:)),  IN'glanunto  del  (eilir.  para  la  iMiageuacion  v  ariarudo  de  .Misioncs, 

Pi,-).  Ms; 

Pi na,  (Joaipiin),  Diiirio  de  la  Espedieion  !il  Valle  de  S.  .Tos,',  18-2!).     :\1S. 
J'iiKirt  (AJphonsc  ),  Coleecion  de  Doeuineutos  Originales  jiai'a  la  Historia  do 

Mexico.     .MS. 
]'i::art  (Alphonsc),  Dneuiiiints  on  Pussian  Amerien.     ]\1S. 
I'iiiart  (Alplionse),  Documents  for  the  Histoiy  of  Chilaialnia,  1780-18").  :\IS. 

nml  ]irint.  2  vols. 
Pinart  (Ai|  house),  Docninouts  for  the  History  of  Sonera,  1784-1S0.3.     MS. 

nn(l  print,    folio.  5  vols. 
Pine  (deorgo  W.),  Peyond  the  West.     Utica,  1871. 
I'inkeiton    (.John),    t  leneral  Collection   of  Vovages   and   Travels.     London, 

ls(is-14.  4to.   17  vols. 
Pinto  (l.'al'ael),  Apuntarioncs  para  la  Historia.     MS. 
Pinto  iPafael),  l)eeunientos  para  la  Historia  dn  Cal.     MS. 
I'io  ^'f..  I'.r;  \e  Apostidieo  en  (jue  se  les  concede  varias  j^racias  a  los  Misionc- 

ros,  1 7; '7.       MS. 
Pioneer  ('i  lie).     San  I'^'imcisco,  18.">4-,1.  4  vols. 
I'ioneer  .rournalism  in  C.difonn'a.     In  I'pliam  s  X'oles;  Powell's  X't'wspnper 

Pejiorter  and  Advertiser's  (!uide. 
Piuiinr  Panama  Passengers,     lic-union  on  the  4th  of  .Tune,  1874.     San  Fran- 

eiseo,   IS74. 
Pioneer  Perils,  Domjir  I'arty.     la  S.  F.  Call,  Oct.  ',',  1880,  and  other  paiiers. 


AUTnorJTIES  QUOTED. 


Ixxi 


liiini  Cuuiity. 
istiiu,  1^."):^ 

u'uul,  Sonoma 

X  York,  IS.'O. 
Paris,  IS-lO-t. 

,  ISGC. 

]S"c\v  York, 
Wa^h.  [1S"'0]. 
Ledger,  Tress, 

I  Rilvcr.     Lon- 

7nn  AVar.  San 
iv:.  S:i!>  Ei'^i"- 
577 ;  autl  other 


ntonio,  .los6   do 

orte,  KS-L").  ^IS. 

IS. 


11.  MS. 

lido  do  Misionca, 

.^•20.     MS. 

I  la  Tliitoria  do 


ITSC-IS,-).').  MS. 
7s;i-lS0:i.    MS. 

[avels.     London, 

las  a  1"S  !Mi>ionc- 

clVrt  XewspiMu-r 
|s74.  San  Fran- 
Hid  other  pa^icrs. 


« 


I 


T'ionror  Skctclies,  A  Colleetion.     MS. 

I'i'.io,  Tnstiiii'i'ion  que  so  fornii'>  para  el  estaMeeinucnto  de  la  Xueva  Villa, 

17s!l.     MS,;  also  print. 
r!aei'i\ill!\  f ''iiu-ier,  Va  Dorado  Couidy  KeiiuMiean,  Mii-i'or,  ^riuintaiii  Demo- 

erat,  \e\v.s. 
Plan  i)ara  Airei^do  do  Mi.siones,  1.S2.").     Tii  .tinita  do  Foiiiento  do  C.il. 
J'ian  d(!  ( '"Iniii/aeinii  ICstran'rera,  l.S'J.").     In  .liinta  ili;  Foniento  de  ( 'al. 
Plan  de  ( 'oloiiizaeion  de  Naeioiials,  IS'2,").     In  Juida  d(^  lAnuento  do  I'al. 
Plan  de  (I'liierno  ado;itndo  per  l;i  l>iputaeiou  en  St;i  Darbara,  ls;;7.     !MS. 
Plan  di!  (loliierno  Provincial.     Jlonterey,  !S-_U.   MS. 

J'laii  de  liidepen^leneiu  a'.'.optadii  por  la  I  )ipiitaeion,  7  Xov.  1830.     Jlonterey. 
Plan  de  Indejiendeneia  C.diturniana,  iS.'il).      Monterey,  IS.'ili. 
Plan  Politico  Mereantil,  Is-.',").     In  .Junta  do  Fnmento  do  Cal. 
Plan  de   Pri  pio.s  y  Arbitrios  para  Fondos  .Muiueipales,    P^IU.      Montcrev, 

is;u. 

Plan  de  S.  Dic'-o  que  prf)claniarf)n  Zaniorano,  P)andiiH.  y  Otnw,  1S.'17.    MS. 

J'layer-Frowd  (J.  (i.),  Six  ^Mnnlh.s  in  Calilnrnia.     l/>udon,  IS7-J. 

J'hunlie  (Jolin),  Memorial  against  Asa  ^VIutney's  Kailroad  Scheme.     Wash- 

iM,i,'ton,  I.S.'>1. 
Pniut  .\rcna,  Xe\vs,  Jtecorder. 

Piilldist.-i,  (.-ited  I'V  name  of  county  or  town.      \ot  in  tins  list. 
PortiUa,  (I'.djlo),  JHariodo  nna  ILvpedicion  al  Tular,  ]S_'t.     :MS. 
Poi'tilla,  (I'aldo),  I'scritos  del  Capitan.     :MS. 
Portl;  lid  (Or.),  Pulletin,  Calhedie  Sentinel,  ()re;.'oui;in,  Standard,  Telegram, 

W'e-t  Sliore. 
Portol.Mtlasjiar),  Diario  rlol  Viarjo  ;l  la  California,  17fl!1.     :MS. 
Poteeliin,  Selenie  Poss,  IS,")!».    .MS.   translation. 
I'owers  (Stephen),  .\.utohio;,'raphic;d  Sket.di.     !MS. 
Pr.'islow  (•!.),  l>er  Staat  CaUl'ornien.     (lottingen.  1S."7. 
Pratt  (Parley  Pai'ker),  'J'lie  Aiilohiography  oV.     Xew  York,  lS7t. 
I'roidi.'d  ( 'omjiaiiy  Accounts,  Piisters,  etc.     San  l'ranci>co,  .Monterey,  Santa 

Parhaia,  and  San  Dieyo.     |.Scattere(l  in  the  archives.  | 
I'l-esiijios.  Peilanii'iito  e  Jnstruccion,  177-.     ^Madrid,  177:-';  Mexico,  \~~','. 


(Willi 


),  Speech  in  IT.  S.  11.  of  P 


]•• 


is:;).    (Jul 


till!!  <pf  a  Xew  State.     Washiii'^ton,  1S19. 


orina- 


rieto  (f  oiillermo),  Indicaciones  solire  cl  origen,  etc.,  do  la.s  Rentas  Generales 
de  la.  l''ederacioii  Mexieana.  Mexico,  IS.'iO;  Viajo  ;'i  los  lvstado«  Unido.s. 
^rexico,  1S7>'-!I.     .">  vols. 


Privik'gios  ( 'onccdidos  ;l  Tndio.s,  ISO.*?.     MS. 


ianiiento  do  Apakitegui  en  l.os  Angeles,  Ift.T").     In  k^igneron,  !M;i 


] 


I'onuiieianiiento  do  Monterey  conti-a-  el  1' 
■nto  de  San  DicL'o  coiitiu  Victi 


dc 


riiiiuiRiiunu 
roiiuiu  iaiiiii 


Di 

is;}!.    -MS. 


!s;!i 


-MS. 


Prot( 


'iito  do  Varel.a  V  otros  eontni  los  Americanos,  ISll).     !M.S, 


de  Ids  Padres  contra  tlahelas,  18)7.     MS. 


Providence  (It.  I.)  .louriial. 


id  P 


•-•  vo 


<vate  P 
L!.,P, 


MS.    P2  vols.      In  Archivodefal. 


iiiers. 


i\IS. 
Milit 


irv. 


I'rtidoii  (Vict'i'i,  Cirresiiondence 
Pnidon  (Victor).  \'i  ,'ilantes  de,  L 


In  Arclii 
i>ls.;  Id.,  P 


IcCak;  Id.,  Pre.=;idi 
.Miscel.   l2  vols. 


d"nn  Franc.'d.s  en  Californie.     .MS. 
Au'reles,'  18.".(!.     MS. 


las.  His  Pi]:'i'inia';e.      London,  1(114.   !)  hooks  in  1  Mil.   foli 


Piirchas,  lli.s  I' 


L 


i(i_'.")-(;.  f 


Pur!:-ini;i.  Ciiadcriio  ilc  Tratados  Mcdico.s. 
Piiri.sima,  Piliro.s  de  Mi.sion.     MS. 


olio,   o  Vols 


,MS. 


) 


un- una 


'e!lCI( 


■11  de  lo.s  I'adi 


bn 


traslado  de  ki  ^W 


ISPI.    MS. 


I'urliitt  (.1.  ![.),  Letter  on  the  Water  Front  Improvement.     San  Francis 


1  N.-.l 


i'uti 


(U 


'irve\ 


|s,-,(i. 


),  Siieech,  duly  ."0,  18.".0,  on  Admi.s.sion  of  California.     ^Vash, 


'uinams  .M.igazinc.     Xew  York,  lS03etscq. 


(nwin  w^ 


l.N 


AUTnorJTIES  QUOTED. 


Quartnly  Ilcviow.     Luncldii,  ISOOotFcq. 

(,>iuu(^  Oicliiiiiiicc,  Till!  ]ii\;iliility  of  tho.     Sun  Frnn(M"sco,  1  ■i7D. 

l,Mlic'k^ilv^  r:  Facts  ODiicciiiiu;;  .Mines  in  Siinta  Claru^'o.,  Cal.     X.  Y.,  ISaO. 

(I'lii-liy  (lliiLfli),  'J"li';  Jii-li  llacu  in  ( 'alifnniin,  utc.     San  J'^ranrisco,  lb78. 

(.Miijas  (.l(iM'  ]joroii/()  de  la  ('luict'ijciipn),  Cartas  del  radrc.     ^IS. 

(Juinipiji'  (Maiiuul),  Sfgundu  lUicMnocimiunto,  17!)U.     .^IS. 

Kidiliiscin  (Antdiiif)  ]'..),  rirowth  of  Towns.     MS. 

Jiao  (W.  F.),  Wustwanll.y  Jiail.     I^ond.ni,  isTO, 

llai'  (Willinni  V.),  InvcstJLjacion  judicial  soln-i!  .su  snicidio,  ]S1".     ?tI,S. 

Jiailroad  (.':.in panics,  lupdits,  etc.     Sec  naiiiu  of  couipaiiy.     Manj"  coiisultcil 

are  not  named  in  this  list. 
l!aili-(iad-;  and  Slcnnisliijis.     A  collcftion. 
lialstuii  (William  ('.),  Allociionate  Tiihute  to.     Sau  Francisco,  1S7");  Jlenio- 

I'ial  of.     iSan  ]'"rancisri),  ls7~>. 
Itaniirez  (An'^'el),  Cai'tas  del  J:\-I''railc.     :MS. 
llamscy  (AHu'it  ("'.),  Tiie  (Jther  Side.     Xew  York.  IS.'O. 
l;anili'iiili  (I'Mmund),   C)ratiiin  liefore  Society  of  Cal.   Pioneers,  Sept.    ISDO. 

In  Jiutihini^s'  -Ma^'.,  v.  '1<\\\\  Outline  of  the  History  of  Cal.     S.  I'.,  lS(iS. 
]landolph  (\V.  (','.),  Statement  ol'  a,  Fioneer  of  lS-1!).      MS. 
Itaymond  (Itossiter  W.),  ]\Iining  Industry  of  tho  States  and  Territories  of  tlio 

Jtocky  Moiuitains.     X.  Y.,   KS7I;  Silver  and  (iold.     X.  Y.,  i.^7;!;  Sta- 
tistics of  Mines  and  ^Iinin;j;.     Wasli.,  KS7.'i. 
llaynal  ((k'J\),  llistoirc  I'liilosuphicpic.     Paris,  lS-JO-1.   li!  vols,  and  at  as. 
llazonador  (I'^l),  Mexico,  1817  et  .sec^. 
J  leading.  Independent. 
Jiecoiiilacinn  <lc  Ijcyoa  do  Los  Re_>no.s  dc  las  Indias  niandadas  Impi'imir  y 

Publicar  i)or  Carlos  If.     Madrid,  17!M.   folio, -I  vols. 
I'eddin.i,'  (iienjaniin  15. ),  In  Memoriani.     Sau  Francisco,  ]SS2. 
Itcdnitz  (L. ),  (letreuester  nnd  Zuvei-liissi'^ster  Wej^'ueiser  nnd  Ptathcjelicr  zur 

]i'  ise.  naeh  nnd  in  Anierika  \uid  Califoi'liicn.     Jierlin,  1S.')-J. 
Pedwooil  City,  Sau  Mateo  .lonrnal,  San  Mateo  'J'imes  and  tiazette. 
Iveed  (James  P.),  The  Donner  Tragid}'.    In  Pacilio  Rural  Press,  and  San  JosiS 

Pioneir,  ls77. 
liegistro  de  Licencias  Militares,  ISHO.      :MS. 
licylamento  du  '1\  dc  Mayo,  1773.     In  PaloU,  Xot.,  i.  "uG. 
Jieylameido  dc  Ci^ntrilmciones  ,s(il>r(;  1/ieores,  ].S"Jl.     !MS. 
]!eglamento  ile  Defensores  de  la  Iude]iendencia,  ISJo.     MS. 
Keglamento,  I)etcriniuacion  deSdc  Julio,  177li.     In  Palou,  Xot.,  i.  .")S9. 
Iteudamento  sohrc  (lauados,  1S'J7.     ^IS. 

Peglameuto  jiara  el  (.{obierno  interior  dc  la  Junta  Departmental,  IStO.     MS, 
lleylameuto  de  ^lisiones  Scculari-;adas,  IS.'il.     MS. 
licglamento  Provisional  para  el  g'obierno  interior  de  la  Diputacion.     !Montc- 

rey,  ISoI.     I'J'lio  first  book  jirinted  in  California.] 
r.cid  ("Perfceto  Hugo),  Cartas.     MS. 
lieid  (l\'rfecto  Hugo),  Los  Angeles  Cotmty  Indians.    In  Ilaycs  Mission  I'.ook, 

i.,  from  Los  Angeles  Star. 
Itejon  (Manuel  C. >,  Obscrvaciones  del   Diputado  salientc  contra  los  Tratados 

dc  Paz.     Qncntaro,  1S4S. 
lielaeion  dc  la.s  ICmbarcacioncs  (jnc  han  condncidu  los  Situados,  17S1   (M!.  ]\IS. 
]!engel  (Jose  .Uitoiiio),  Comunicaei(Uies  de  Proviueias  Jiiteruas,  i7'->i-<i.    -MS. 
Ifeipiena.  (Manuel),  ])c.icumeutos  jiara  la  Historia  de  California.     !MS. 
lieipH'na  (^Fanuel),  I'lseritos  de  nn  (,'iudadano  dc  Angeles.     MS. 
llestaura.lor  |  I'll),  Mexico,  ISKI  et  seip 

Petes  (Miinuel),  Portentosas  ]'vi(jnezas.     In  Kstrella  dc  Occid.    Oct.  10,  1  SCO. 
Ivcvcre  (Jose[ili  Warren),  Iveel  and  Saddle.     Boston,  1S71;  A  Tour  of  Duty 

in  California.     X.  Y.  etc.,  ISt'.). 
Kcvilla  (iigedo  (Yirey),  Carta  de  L'7  Die,  17!).'{.     MS. 

Pevilla  ( iigedo  (Virey),  (.'artasobrc  Misioiies,  17!i;>.     In  Dic'c.  Univ.,  v.  4"2l'i. 
lievilla  (iigcilo  (Yirey),  Coniunicaciones  til  (jobr-  de  Cal.,  17UU-4.     !MS. 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


Ixxiii 


N'.Y.,l_sr,9. 

SCO,  IbTS. 


-,.     MS. 

;■"- 

I;uiy  cuasultca 

1 

,  IST")-,  Momo- 

■,:l 

rs,  Sept.   IRfiO. 

il.    S.  l'.,l.stis. 

v.,  i-;;".;  su- 

jlfi.  iiuil  ut  ;ts. 

Lilas  Tniprimir  y 

a  RathsclK'i-  zur 
.-)-2. 

i/.ett.'.  , 

<s,  au'l  >^;iii  Josu 


ital,  ISU).     MS. 
taeiim.     Moiito- 

..s  .Mi.-.sumT»i(ik, 
litra  los  Tratado^ 


,  17.S4-I; 
MS. 


MS. 
MS. 


M>^. 


o.^t.  in,  isc,n. 

|a  Toui'  of  Duty 


I'niv. 


4-2e). 


|jU-4. 


MS. 


ru'villa  r;i;;.  do  (Vircy),  Iiifoiinc  ilo  1:2  Abill,  170.'!.     In  r<iistamaute,  Siiplc- 

iiu'iito,  iii.  1 1-. 
Il^villa  <!i';rilo  (Viiiy),  Tiistrucoioii  (|iit;  ili-ju  csrrita,  17'i!)-!i4.     MS.  '1  vol.s. 
Jl.'vistii  Cii  iitifr  a  y  Liti'iaria  do  Mt'iii'o.     ^loxico,  l:S4o  tt  se(j. 
l;i\  iKi  dis  JJiUX  MoiuliH.     I'aris,  ls;i!)  ct  Hti|. 
lIcMioldi  (J.  N.),  rai-ifu;  Oluui  and  South  Sta.   [i'Jd  Cong.,  2d  Scss.,  H,  Ex. 

-  J)u<:.  10.').  I     Wii^ili.,  I.s;i4. 
]:eyii"M.i  (St(i>lifn),  Itc-yLstur  of  Vcssuls  at  Honolulu,  lyJl-lJ.     In  Honolulu 

Klin.,!,  ii.,  1S4',). 
RczaiiMt'  (Xiknlail,  /apiski,  1S0.')-fi.     In  Tiklinu'ncf,  Istor.  Ohos.,  Appuu. 
IMioads  (Danirl),  lli'licf  of  DoiinLT  I'aity,  ISKI.     ,MS. 
];icliardsoii  (Allicrt  D.),  lieyoiid  tlio  ^lis^is.sippi.     llaitfoid,  l.'3(i7. 
i;icl]aid.--ou  (nciii:iniin),  Mining  Iv\]icricn(X'S.     .MS. 


;h.'liai'il 


'11  (!!.  D.),  Iliatory  of  llio  Foundation  of  Vallejo.     MS. 


itiolianlsoii  (WilHani  ^V.),  Ecttcrs  of  a  rionciT  Sailor.     -MS. 

Kicljaidson  (W'iliiuni  A.),  Salidas  do  ]5u(pio.s  del  Tuoi'to  do  San  Francisco, 

18:!7-S.     MS. 
llirliarrl  "U  (William  A. J,  Tai'ifa  dc  Ek'ti'S  y  Paaagos,  S.  Francisco,  ISKJ,   MS. 
llirjiarilsiu  (J.)  ut  id.,  ZmiloLry  uf  JJcfclicy  s  N'oyagc.     Loud.,  l8oLI-40. 
llico  (Franciico),  Mcniorias  llirftorioas.     3IS. 
l;i(Ngoand  Valdcs,  .Mcnioria  Jvstadi.stica.     (luadalajara,  ISl'S. 
lliluv  ( r<cnnctt),  ^Military  Correspondence  [;]ldt  Cong.,  l.st  Se.s.s.,  Sen.  Doc.  .">•_']. 

Wa  .li.,  \'Ad;  MisccllaiieouH  proc'.aniation.s  of  llie  Military  I  lovcrnor,  l.S4!»; 

Fro,  laiiia  d  loa  Jlaliilantes  do  California, .'!  .Junio,  1S4S.     ^lonterey,  184S; 

'J'oui'if  tlu;  Cold  Region;;  [IJlst  Cong.,  l.-it  ^e.-^u.,  II.  lv\.  Doc.  17j. 
];inguoIi.l{Ca'lualadcr),('orre.-^])ondencf  to  Accompany , Ma  p.s  and  Charts  of  Cal, 

\Va:-h.,  IS."*! ;  A  Series  of  Charts  Mith  Sailing  Directions.  \Vush.,  iSo'J. 
];io\'i.sLa,  Enliipri.^f,  (ilc-mer. 

Ripalda,  Catccismo  dc  la  Doctrina  Cristiana.     Monterev,  1S42. 
Ripley  {W.  S.),  The  War  -  ="■  Mexico.     Xew  York,  JS-i',).  2  vols. 
Ripoll  (.\;ii..nio),  Levantjinueuto  do  Indio.s  en  Santa  Ijurbara,  1524.     MS. 
IJivera,  Xucva  Coleccion  do  T.cj'os.     [Mexico.]     ]s;5j. 
Rivera  (Maiuiel),  Lo^i  Coliernuntcs  dc  ^lexico.      ^lexico,  1872.   2  vols. 
Rivera  y  ?luncada  ( {■'eiiiando),  (V.rta  al  I'adre  Scrra,  177'">.     MS. 
];iver.'i  y  Moucada  (Fernando),  ])iligcncia.s  en  la  Toma  do  posesion  del  Maiido, 

1774.     MS. 
RiviTa  y  Muncada  (l^'maudo),  I'^scritos  Sucltos  di'l  Comaadaute  (  aiieral.    MS. 
Riveia  V  Ml  neada  (Fernando),  Mereeil  do  Tierra.s  al  SoliUido  .Mauucl  Rutron, 

]77-\     MS. 
Roach  il'liilip  A.),  Historical  Facts  from  1849.     MS. 
Robl.inMThoma.s  :.!.),  Diai-y,  FSIIJ-O.     MS. 
Rol)i  rts  iCeorgo  13.),  Recollection.s  of  Ilud.son'.s  Ray  Co.     MS. 
Rohin.sciU  u\'.'r(;(l),  Life  iu  (,'alifornia.     New  Voik,  lS4U. 
Rol.in>)n  (Allied),  Statenu'iit  of  Rccolh'ctionji  from  1S29.     MS. 
Rohin.viu  (;■':, yette),  California  au<l  its  Cidd    .cgions.     Now  York,  1S49. 
Riuhiiir^'in  (Marshall),  A  Trip  in  !-  )utheni  C...ifiirnia.     Carson,  1879. 


Robhs  ( -icundiiio),  lUlacion  dc  un  Califon 
RodcnlioM.ii  I'l'lieo.  F. ),  From  iM-crglado  to  Ca 
Ruder  (!l: 
Ivodriu'uf .', 


MS. 


Xow  York.  187.'5. 


RcUingl 


15^ 


'}'• 


MS. 


] 


(lacinto),  JVarraciou  fiobro  Tiempos  Pasados.     ?*1S. 
odi  i:,i:e:-:  (.(  s6R.),  Rci'Uci'do!?  Histi'iricos.     MS. 


Rodrigue;':  (.Mamiel),  Lo  Acaceido  con  Tripulantes  ilo  la  Uyi<),  1S0;1.     JiIS. 


Rod 
I 


rigue:;  (Manuel),  C 


orresiionUencia  do  un 


:Milit; 


ir. 


M.- 


OlIllL^ilC/ 


(.Ma 


n.  1 


tespuesta  a 


las  Or 


\iince  I'reuuntas,  1798.     MS. 


Roger.s  (.).  Ileurv),  The  (.'alifornia  llundre 


m  i'  raneisco, 


1 80." 


Rogers  I  Wilil'ijn  IL),  Statement  on  Vigilance  Committee.     }^IS. 

(W  oiides),  A  (.'rui.-ing  Voyage  round  the  A\'tirld.     London,  1718. 


oUin  (.M.),  Mi'inoirc  I' 

oniero  (.bisel,   !)()( 

SonniM  y  ( 'alifi 

llivr.  C'ai..,  Vol..  I. 


giipie,  1781).     In  La  lN-rou.*e,  \'i 
itos  rehitivos  ii  su  lOxpediciou  [lara  abrir  Camino  entro 
,  182;}  0.     MS. 


.;ii.i;. 


Ixxiv 


AUTTTORITIKS  QUO'li:!). 


J  !i  micro  (.1 1  !■,('•  M;ii-i:!U(i)  ( 'atuinsiii')  dc  Ortol' ■.•ia  (I'di'  ulo  :i  I'ls  Alilliilios  ik;  l;i 
I'.scui  la  Nuiniul  il<'  Mimtctrcy.     .Mciitr  icy,  ISKG. 

Jlniii  ro  (X'it'ciitt),  .Vot('><  of  lli(!  I'list.     MS. 

Jvoiiuii  (.Io.s(''  Aiit')iiio),  <';irtns  al  1'.  I'ri'siiiiiito  Liisiion,  1701.     AIS. 

JJoiiicu  (Jo'ir  .\ii*oiiio),  (,'ori'i'spoiii|('iici,i  iKl  Sr  ( !ol)criiai|nr.     >!S. 

l\()(lU(t'(i;il  ((':itiiill(!  del,  .loiiriial  il'iiii  \'(iy;!','i'  autoiir  dii  ^loiido,  lSlG-19. 
I'fitis,  |S_';{.   livols.;  Voya.Lri"  nmiid  111.;  \Vorld.      Loud.,  1!>J.'J. 

Kosd  (Lni.'i  di'  la),  iMi.sayo  solir<'  la  Atliiiiiii-^tra  'ion  I'lihliiM  do  Mexico.  Mex- 
ico, l.s,"i;i.  4to, 

Itosas  (Jos;'  Aiifoiiio),  Causa  Criminal,  ISOO-I.     MS. 

l!oMi;:;iioii  (Julio),  I'orvciiir  do  \'cia  I'a/.     ( iuatciiiala,  1801. 

J;oss,  Coidrat  do  Vciito,  ISU.     MS, 

Jioss,  I'ropacsta  do  N'oiila  (';  Jiivciitario,  IStl.     MS, 

J>oHs  (Cliarlcs  L. ),  Exocrioiu'os  iu  '17.     MS. 

Iko.ss  (John  K.),  IS'anutivc  (jf  an  Indian  l''i,','litcr.     MS. 

l.idss  (Joseph),  Skoti'h  (if  I'^xjiorioncoH.     MS. 

]!oss(Jani(s))iiid  (;oor;^'c(  lary.    l''roni  Wise.  toCal.and  Tt'tiuii.  M:idi.;nn,  18(i0 

];ossi  (Ji'.\l)lio),  iSoiivc  iiirsd'iin  Voyagoon  Oro^jon  i;t  on("alifoniio.    I'aiis,  1S()4. 

I'oswn'r  (<.'.),  Ijva  Motaux  I'r'cioux  conxidiri's  an  point  do  vno  oconoiniipie. 
I'aiis,  ISC'). 

IJotsohcf  (.Vlcx.),  Deed  of  Ro.ss  to  Sutter,  ISU.     :MS. 

lloiihauil  (Uijipolytr),  ],es  ll'.'^ions  \onvellos.    I'aris,  ISGS. 

lionsct  do  Jesus,  Comuuirarioiies  y  Ordrncs  del  (Jhispo  dj  Sonora.     MS. 

lIovin:_'H  in  the  I'aeilie  iVoin  J.s;)7— H).     J^ondon,  IS.'il.   "J  vols. 

llowland  (John),  Lista  do  los  (jui!  lo  .■loonipaiViron  en  ku  ll:;faihi,  If^H.     ^IS. 

Itiiliio  ( l'"ianeiseo).  Causa  Criminal  ]ior  .iVscsinato  y  Jlstnpro,  ISJS-lil.     ^IS. 

JIui.;  (l''ranciseo  Marin),  Cartas  del  Cuiiiandante  iIo  San  l.'i;';;i).     ,MS. 

Itu.ichenlier'^er  (\V.  .S.  W. ),  \arrativo  of  a  Voyage  round  tho  World  in 
Ks.Ti-^.     J-.ondon,  IS.'js.  '_' vols. 

I'lish  (John  I!.),  l;io;.'raphieal  Sketch.      MS. 

llnsliii-:  (  Fames  I''.),  Across  ,\n)eriea.     X''w  York,  lS7-t. 

JJiiss,  l.einenilirances  of  a  rioneer  of  1817.     MS. 

Ituss  (  \do!ii!i  {',.].  iiioii'aphy  of  a  I'ioneer  of   1847.     M^. 

liusse     W'liiiani  1 1.),  (i(  iiei  al  Jolin  A.  Sir.  1  ■;■.     n.pl.  ii.c'. 

liasseli  (\Villi::!n  .!lov,-i":-d i,  llesperotlien.      .Vow  Yor!:,  T-.S'J. 

Itussian  Ameiii'an  Fur  Company,  Accounts.  J.sl7-.">!).  ifS. 

i;yan(I!.  I'. ),  .rud;res  and  Ciiiuinals.  In  (Joldeii  lira  |18.").".];  Personal  Ad- 
ventures in  l'[ipei-ancl  •('a!ifcrni:i  ill  ISIS-'J.    London,  JS.jO.  '-'vols. 

liycknian  ((JerritL  U'.),  Viguancc  Connnittee.     MS. 


lavedra  (llanion),  Cartas  alOol.r.  do  California,  17!U.  :MS. 

icramonto,  jjeo,  California  ]''xpress,  California  I'rcc  I'ress,  California  Re- 
]iulp.ican,  Knterpriso,  Herald,  Journal,  Leader,  Xov.-.s,  riucnix,  J'lacer 
Times,  Jtecord.  kecord  I'nion,  ]tepo"tcr,  Jlescue,  St:ir,  State  (ji]iital  Ilo- 
poiter.  State  iviir  (inzette,  Sun,  I'ranscript,  TiaveUenj' (.Juide,  Twice  a 
\V'eek,  UiiiipiitoTis,  L'nion,  Valley  Agricnlturist,  Valley  \\%jild. 

icramonto  Medienl  Society,  Constitution,  etc.     Siicrameiito,  IS,"."). 

leraui'nto.  \i\. rd  of  (.'riminal  Court  in  Co:h!'v  ClerkVi  ()l!i  i,  1,S4!).     ^MS. 

ii'iamento,  S[iani  ;li  Archives  in  Ullico  of  Soc.  State.     .MS. 

icramonto  Coiiiriy.  llistoi'v.     Oakland,  18S0.   folio. 

iicraiiicuto  N'ailey  Itailroad  ( 'ompaiiy,  lleports.     S.  V.,  IS'i.")  ot  se.|. 

iillord  (A.  K.  I'.').  Narrative  of  I'olitical  llvcnts.     .MS. 

aiut  .Vmant  (M.  do),  »'  lyagos  en  Californio  ct  dans  I'Uregon.     Paris,  1854, 

aint  J  ./Icna,  Star,  Yosemitc  .         iihly. 

lint  J.ionis  (Mo. ).  (ilolio,  Pcveille,  L'nion. 

al  ( 1  lornionc'cildo).  ( 'artas  Miscelauoas,  I  777  ISOO.     :MS. 

il  ( I  lcrmene;.;ildo).  Informe.      lit  do  I'lncro  l7'-'li.    MS, 

al  ( llermene.cildoi.  iiiformo  do  los  I'aragos  ipic  sc  han  reconocido  on  la  .Via 
incda,  17'Jj.   MS. 


ArriionrrrKs  quoted. 


XXV 


U1U111103  dc  la 


,!S. 

m<lo,  ISIG-IO. 

llcxico.     Ml'x- 


Mndis^nJSnO 

ilo.    Parisl;'"!'- 
uo  cuDUiJiiiiiiiie. 


nora. 


MS. 


i,K  Vni.     MS. 

isjs  :n.    MS. 

I   tho  WoiUl   ill 


.  \:  Personal  Ad- 
Ini,  IS.jO.  -vuls. 


Cr.lit'ornia  Pu"- 

rii.L'iiix.   riiiei'r 

UnU;  Caiiital  I'm- 

.;"  Cnide,  TuLcc  a 

World. 

, ,  1M',».    MS. 


•t  Sl-.j. 

n.    rails,  1854, 


iiuorido  cii  la  Ala 


Sal  (Uprnu'iu;.'iMM),  Tufcirincs  s^oln'c  Lh  Kdidi.ini  du  San  Francisi-o,  170'J.     MS. 

S.il  (Ik'niu'lic-diloi.  liistfilL'ci.iiialt.'al"Mli;  la  I'.s.'ulta  dt^  Mil  ( 'f  11/,  ITiH.     .MS, 

S.il  I  ilcriiuiu'.^'ildo),  lIcL'diiouiiiiiiiitu  di'  la  Misi.ai  ilo  Sta  ( 'i  uz,  IT'.H.   MS. 

S:il  |lh'iiiii.'Mi',L;ildi'),  llcsimr.sta  li  las  Qiiiiico  I'rc!,'imtas,  [~'.»H.     .MS. 

>ala  (.(iuiU'L^u  A.),  AliicriLM  j;c\  i.sitL'd.      Liiiidiii,  1  Sm'.   'J  Mils. 

N.ilaxaf  (Aliiii.io  Isi(lrij),  Ci)iidii'ii)ll  Actual  di;  ( 'alifuruia,  171*1).      MS. 

Salmi,  Oregon  Statesman,  ^\■illalll«  tto  Fanner. 

Sale.s  (Lllisj,  XotieiaH  do  (,'aliti)rnia.s.      Valeiieia,   1701. 

Saliilai  do  ilunne.-i  ilel  I'liei'to  de  S.  FrancLseo,  Is;i7-S.     MS. 

SaliiKH  City,  Index,  Standard,  Town  Talk. 

SaliiM  ron  ((leiiiiiiniu  do  /pirate),  Jtelaeioues  do  todas  las  cnsas  uno  en  <.'l 
XuevoMexi.'o,     In  l)of.  lli.-t.  Mi:x.,  Merio  iii.  toin.  iv. 

Sail  Lake  City  (L'tali),  De.ieret  Xews,  llerald,  T<  le^'rapli,  Trihnnc. 

Saniinliin;,' aller lleiseliO'iulueiljniigen.     Leiii/i,;,',  1717-71.  -Ito.  i.'l  Vols. 

San  Andreas,  Advertiser,  Calavunis  Times,  Citizen,  Fuotliill  Demucrat,  Moun- 
tain Xows,  Register. 

San  Anloiiio,  iJoenniento:*  SaeUos,  177!)ctsoq.     MS. 

S.'ii  Antonii),  Kxtraoto  del  J.il>ro  dt;  Dituntus,     ^Inerto  de  Sarria,  18;;.').     !MS. 

San  AnLoiiio,  J^ihrod  do  .Mision.     MS. 

San  llei'iiardino,  Argiis,  Onardian,  Independent,  Times. 

S,in  I'.ucnaventnra,  Free  I'ress,  \'entiira  Signal. 

San  lUienaventiira,  J^ihros  de  Mision.     M.S. 

San  j'.acnaveiitnra,  .Meaiorias  do  FlVetos,  1790-lslO.     MS. 

San  nnenaveiitiir.i,  Sale  and  TranstVa',  ISKi.     ;MS. 

San  iineiiaventuia,  Smniniitraeiunes  al  I'residid,  lSlO-20.     MS, 

.-•itii  (.'.irl',.-!,  Maniiiesto  do  wii  earganieiito  jiara  CalLiurnia,  17(ili.     ^IS. 

San  C;irl().s,  Libios  do  Mi.sion.     ^IS. 

Saiiuhe/;  (  lo.s.':  Antonio),  (.'anipaua  eoiitra  Ivstanislao,  IS'J'.).     MS. 

Saiiehez  (Jose  Antonio),  Coire.-pi'ndeneia  del  Alt'i^rex.      MS. 

Saiielie/.  (Jooo  Antonio),  ],'iario  do  la  Caminata  (^uo  liixu  el  1'.  Frefoeto  Pa- 
y eras,  San  Diego  a  San  (;alpiiel,  Isjij.     jMS. 

Saiu;lie;'.  i-luso  Anl.inio),  Diario  'li;  la  Fxpedieioii,  Xueva  Planta  di'  S.aii  Fran- 
ei-eo,  is-j;}.     MS. 

Saiic  lu/,  (Josv'  Antonio),  T  1!  nal  '-f  i!  0  enterprise  against  tlu.'  Coseinoiirs,  ],S2ii. 
In  lieeehi ,.  '.s  ^  oy.,  li.  ■'.'. 


Sanelie.;  (  Ki;<6  Antoiii  ij,  X'otas  .'d  lleglamento  de  S 


eenlavi/a''ion, 


ls;;-_'. 


MS, 


Sanchez  (JosiS  Jianion),  X'otas  Dictadas  |)(jr  e)  (,'iadadano.     M.S. 

Sanelie?.  (ViocntcV  '"arias  do  1111  Angelino.     MS. 

S.inelirv;,  Fidali.  Costansu,  Inlonno  s-obro  auxilios  ijue       ^    opono  enviar 

il  Cal.,  17!).").     MS. 
Sancli(j  (.Inan),  Iiiforna  'li  1  ( lnav<lian  al  Virey,  17S.").     ^fS. 
Sau.  ho  (.Juan),  Inforiiio  del  F.  (iuardiau  al  Viiey.  "JO  Agosto,  l~So.     MS. 
Saiidils.     See  '  King's  Oi'plian.' 
Sail  Fi.fro,  Arehivo^  Isj(j-.J0.     MS. 
San  Diigo,  Bantismos,  177S-S2.     ]MS. 
San  Diego,  Index  of  Arehives,  by  llaycs.     "MH, 
S,m  Diego,  Libros  do  Mision.     !MS. 

S.,a  Di.v; )  I'ri'.sidial  Coiu[ianv.  aeeonnts  scattered  iu  ardiive^'.     MS. 
S.Mi  Diego,  Fueb;  )  Lands  i  : ,  Jvxci  i-.lons  to  Survey  niado  ]>y  .bjlin  C.  Hays, 

■laly,  18,')S.     San  Francisco,  ISii'J. 
San  I'icgo,  IJnlletin,  I'nion,  World. 
San  Diego  City,  Descriptive,  Historical,  Commercial,  Agricidtural,  and  (jtlier 

hnportant  lu!'oi'"iation.     San  Diego,  1S74. 
San  Dii'uo  and  Sunt       n  California,  Tho  Cliiiiat,^  etc.     San  Di'"/".  n.d. 
■^au  DieL.'!)  the  (alii     .     ,  Tvi  ndnii.sot  tho  Ti;xas  i'.acilic  It.  U.    &.  ..  .  iego,  1 S72. 
San  I'ernando,  Lista  Alfabrtiea  do  Xeolitos.      MS. 

San  i'rancisco,  Act  to  Charter  tho  ('ity.     S.  F.,  IS.'iO;  many  ol her  acts. 
San  IVancisco  haptist  As.sociation,  Minutes.     ,San  l^'rancisco.  IS.'ill  et  .sci(. 
San  l-'i-nnisco  Ihilklnad,  Addivss  to  Mianbcrs  of  State  Senate.     S.   F.,  1800; 

and  various  other  pamphlets  on  same  subject. 


I  4ii 


Ixxvl 


AUTIIOIMTIES  QUOTED. 


San  Finiii-i.ioo,  riiiiiiilior  cif  ('(iiiinnri'i',  Aiimi.il  Itijuirts.     S.  1'.,  lS,ri.'i  ft  scq. 

S.di  l''i'.iiii'i-ii'i»  Cliiimii'li' fiiiil  it^  llistoiv.     S:iii  I'riiiiri.sii),  I,s7'.>. 

^■.1IJ  l'i;ii!i'i-ii'ii,  CiK  iit:is  (!••  1.1  ('.iiiiiniiiiii  J'l'i-iiliiil,  l^i;!;!!!.  Ms.  •_'.")  \(il>'. 
I  I'iisi'iitiMl  liy  (hii.  N'lillc  jo.  I 

Sim  rr;i)ici.-,i,'i)  ( 'iintcmi  llou.s.',  (  citilhil  [.ist  i>{  \'i's««'l:i,  clc.  S.  1'.,  IsT.'t.  ■"■•T-"; 
Ciu.diiii  Ifiiiisc  ( 'Mni'-pMiitli'iii.'o  (111  Milijriil  (.!'  ,\ii[ii'iii.-irmfiit.s.  \\'a.~li., 
IN.VJ;  iiml  (itliiT  (l(Miiiiu'!it.M. 

Siiii  I'iMiii,i.'i.'i)  FiiT  Di'iinrtim  lit,  .AniiivcrMiiry  (if  Oryaiii/alinii.  Saii  I'^iaiiciscd, 
l!S."rJ('t  Kuij.;  ]!('|iiiits,  i\c. 

San  l''r.iiicisc'>,  (Iniit  llaitlitiuala'  in.     Sun  I'lvincisiii,  n.il. 

San  l'"riiin;i.ico,  Jlistmy,  Inridiiits,  ilc.     .V  ( ''lUi'itiiin. 

San  I'VauciHco,  Jlisldiy  of  tin;  \'i;:ilancc'  Coniuiittoo.     Sim  Francisco,  ISoS. 

San  I'Vaiicisno,  J,illll^J'itll■^^.     A  Collect  ion. 

San  I'VaiK.i.si'o,  Lilnosiln  .Minion.     MS. 

San  Fraiicisi'o,  Miiuoiial  of  1IoIi1it;<  aii'l  ()\vn<  r.s  of  the  Floating  T)ilit.  San 
l''i;inci-ico,  ls.')7. 

San  J'ViiiK'i.-ico,  Mnnit'ipal  Ficports.  San  ]''raniisi'o,  lS."iO-S'J.  '21  vol.s.;  also 
many  sciiarato  i,aici|i!ilits  on  city  allairs  iuid  iiisl  itwtions. 

San  l''raiicisco  Xcw  .--iia[iiTs.  Ailvoratc,  Alta  California,  American  I'laij, 
American  Union,  ..\i;j;onaut.  F.ainicr  of  l'ro;,'i'css,  California  (,'Jironiclc, 
< 'al.  Coiuicr,  C.il.  Fanner,  ('al.  J.cailer,  Cal.  Jtiiral  Home  .loiiinal,  Cal. 
Spirit  of  tlio  Times,  Cal.  Star,  Calil'orniaii,  Call,  (Jatliolic.  ( luanliaii, 
Cln'oiiicU",  Clii'isliaii  Ailvocate,  Coa.st  l!i'\ii'W,  ( 'oiiimercial  Advocate, 
Herald  iiml  Jiceonl,  ]>aily  I'.alaiicc,  Herald  mid  I'laeer  Times,  l)enio- 
eratic  I'ress,  Despatch.  Ivjo  dii  li  lia/a,  Latina,  Flcvator,  I']\aii;4il,  i'!\cii- 
in.;  l)iilletin,  F.samincr,  Fij.'aro,  (ilolic,  (Joldcii  I'a'a,  irdireu,  Ilclirew 
( iliserx'er,  lllli.strated  Wasp,  .lonrnal,  .loiiriial  of  ( 'omiiieice,  \.;i\v  ( la/i'tte. 
Medical  Pi'ess,  Mercantile  (i.i/ette,  Miniii;.;'  and  Seicntilic  I'rcss,  Monitor, 
Xational,  New  Ai^e,  \e\\s  ].,etter,  <)"cident,  i'acilic,  I'acilic  (.'liurclim.in, 
I'aeillc  Mctliodi.st,  Fucilic  Ncw.s,  I'iciyiino,  Fioneer,  I'ost,  Scielitilic 
I'rcss.  liesoiirce.s  of  ( 'alit'oriii  I,  S|H'ctator,  Star  ;ind  ( '.diforniaii,  Sun,  Sun- 
day Despatch,  'J'im's,  Trihimo,  Trin'  Califoridan,  AVido  \Vest,  etc. 

San  I'rancisco,  JS'cw  ( 'ity  t.'liarter.     S  n  I'rancisco,  iss;!. 

San  l'"rauciseo.  Ordinances  and  .loint  llcsoliilions  of  the  City.  San  Francisco, 
IS.'i4;  and  other  ordinances  and  rc^'ula lions. 

i*-aii  I'ralici.seo,  ( )iir  Centennial  .Memoir.     San  Francisco,  IMT. 

Saii  i'rancisco  Fresidial  ('onipany,  Aci'oiints,  ro.^ter.s,  etc.,  scattered  in  the 
archives.     MS. 

San  l-'riincisco,  Fiocco.liii;,'.s  of  tho  Town  Council,  1S49.     S.  F.,  \sr,i).    • 

San  I'raiieisco  Fulilic  Schools,  Annual  Ivcjiorts.  San  Fraiu'isco,  l.^."it)  et  scfj.; 
and  many  other  Ducnnu'nts  on  the  .«;cliools. 

San  i'ranciscc),  ]!c,^'lamcllto  del  Fiicrto,  iSlCi.     MS. 

Sin  ]''rancisco,  laaioiistiance  of  the  City  to  tho  Legislature  against  tho  K\- 
tcnsion  of  the  ( 'ity.      San  Fraiici-^eo,  IS,")-1. 

San  I'ranci.^co,  Jleport  of  Loard  of  Kngincer.s  n[>on  City  C!r;idcs.  San  Fran- 
cisco, hSo-l.  , 

San  Fianci.sco,  Kcports  <if  City  Surveyor.  San  Francisco,  1S.")(1  ct  se(|.;  also 
ivports  of  otli<'i'  city  olliccrs  and  hoard.s. 

San  Francisco,  lleport  in  relation  to  the  defence  of  the  liarlmr  [',V2i\  Cong., 
'Jd  Scss.,  Sen.  Kx.  !)oc.  -i:!].     Wa.^hin-ton,  IS.V2. 

San  Francisco,  ]!e]iort  foi'  the  transportation  uf  mails  from  Xe\N-  York,  New 
Orleans,  and  \'er;i  Cm/.  [li'-'d  Cong.,  Special  Sess.,  Sen.  \'.s.  Doc.  IJ. 
Washington,  is,"),'!. 

San  I'rancisco,  ];csolution  in  relation  to  tho  ]iroeeedings  of  the  \'igi!anco 
Coinmittee  |.'Mlh  Cong.,  .'id  Sess.,  Sen.  ]']x.  J  >oc.   I.'!].     ■\Va.--hiiigt(.n,  !S."ti. 

San  Franci.sco,  SM[iervi.-;ors,  (leiieral  Orilers.     San  l''r;iiicisco,  ISdll  <t  sl'ij. 

San  J''ranci.sco,  Town  Council,  I'loceediug.s  of.    San  Francisco,  iSi!)  et  ocq. 

Sail  I'rancisco  del  Ati,  Lihros  ilc  .Mi-iiou.     M.S. 

San  l'"ranci.sco  Solano,  T.ihros  de  Mi.-ion.     ^IS. 

San  Francisco  Solano,  I'adron  dc  Nn^litos.     MS. 


r.,  isfi."  ct  sc(|. 

MS.  •:.->  %u1h. 

!.  F.,  is;.!.  1 '■.:."; 

Sa:i  I'liiiicisct), 


I.  "Jl    Yiils.;  also 

.VimrirMli  I'liii;-, 
)liii;i  (.'liroiiiclc, 
lie  .liiuriial,  ('ill, 
:hi)Iic  ( luiiriliaii, 
'ii-ial  Ailvoi'iito, 
V  'J'iiir.s,  Dciiiii- 

l'',vaii.L,'>l,  J''.vt'ii- 
III  new,  ][rln-i'\v 
L'c,  Law  ( la/ittf, 
i  I'ri's.s,  Mciiiitor, 
,'ilii!  (,'liiiri  hiiiaii, 

I'ost,  Siicntitio 
[iniiaii,  Sun,  Suii- 

I'c'st,  t'tc. 

Still  Fraiiinsco, 
sratti'i't'il  ill  the 

.,  \s:,{).  ■ 

',  Is.iU  I't  scq. ; 

'i;,'aiust  the  Ex- 

Ics.     San  Frail- 

"ill  (_'t  sc(|. ;  also 

..1-  [:!i.M  Cong., 

(■'.■,•  Viiik,  Xi'W 
F.x.    Doc.   IJ. 

the  ^'igilaIu■o 
shingti.n,  l.sr;(i. 
S(i'.)  et  SLMj. 

1  Si!)  ct  -■icq. 


ArniORITIES  QUOTED.  Ixwii 

Pnii  ('..iliricl,  T,ilirci:<  de  'Mi-ii.n.     ^FS!. 

S,,ii  .liKniniii  Ciiunty,  Hi.^tory  (if.     Oiiklaiid,  1S7!).   iitiiis  filio. 

^:iii  .liiir|ilili,  Tnlale,  ami   Saeialiii'lltn    \'allr\,-,   l,'r|iiil   iif  ( 'rMllini.''^'iiiii(  r.H  iiii 

liii-.itioii  I  CM  V'.\v'..,  I.I  Si.-s.,  ir.  Ex.  bof.  -JIMI.      Wash.,   I    ;:i. 
,'<:ili  .Iiia(]uili  N'alley,  Uriel'   1  leseiiptinii  of,  et  .      ,Saii  l'"ral|i'i-iii,   IfitiS. 
,S,(ii  JiiH',  .\ichi\i>,      Ms.   (i  viils. 
.•"•.ill  .)n><i',  Ailvertiser,    .\rgll.-<,    « 'alifiiiiii;!    .\;riellltmi  if ,    f 'alit'nnil.a.    (Irail'.'er. 

I'diMity  I'air  A'Uci'ti-ier,  Cniirii  r,  Ifrialii,  IimK  iieii'tciit,  Mirriiiy,  Mdmi- 

itig  (liliile,  I'atriot,  I'iniieer,  ,Saiita  Clara  .Nrgiin. 
S;iii  .lose,  Cuisti.iii  til!  Liiiiit<.<.  I7!i7   ISOI.     MS. 
^.■lll  .IdSi',  1  V'eri'C  oiililil'liiiiig  I'llcl)!)  of.      ii,|il.,  n.il. 
.•^all  .lose,  I.iliro  <!<•  I'.iteiites,  lS(l(i--J|.      MS. 
,S;(ii  ,lo.-ie,  I.iliro.s  de  .Misioii.     MS. 

S.  II  .lose,  I'elieion  ih  1  .\yuiit.  I'll  favof  de  lo-i  Fr.iileH  Espaflole.v,  18'20.     >fS. 
^ian.lnaii,  ''\iitral  Califoiiiiaii,  Feho.  Mi>i',erey  County  Jounial. 
Sail  .liiaii  liautista,  IJIndx  dv  Misioii.     M.S. 
.■sail  •Iiiaii  Caiiistraiio,  Liliros  cle  Misioii.      .MS. 
S.ii  f.eaiidr.i,    Alaiiit'dii   County   Cii/utte,   Alanie<lii   Democrat,   I'lain.le.iler, 

llecoid. 
S:ili  Luis  Dhisjio,  ,\ichivi).      'MS. 
S.iii  l.iiis  OliL^po,   l>(  liioer.'itic  Standard,  I'ioneer,  South  Coast.  South  C.i;ist 

Advoeate,  I'l  ilmne. 
Si;ii  I.i;is  ( )l)i-|in,  Ilislory,  T/n\  s,  and  Oi  diiiance.s.     San  T.ni.i  Olii--j)o,  1S7(). 
S  111  i.uis  OliisiM),  Lihros  dc  Mision.     ]\1S. 
S.iii  .Mateo,  Times. 

San  Mateo  County,  Illustrated  lliitory.     San  Fraiieiseo,  1S7.S.   atlas  folio, 
•^ali  .Miguel,  I.ilu'ort  dc  .Misioii.      MS. 
Sail  Mi.^uel  {.liiaii  1,   .Irigue;;  ile),  i  >oriiiiieiit,i.s  rela(i\M.s  ,il  I'iadoso  Foiido  .lo 

Misioiu.s  d.' California.      Mex.,  I'll.");   I'ec'tilicaeion  do  Ciax'e-;  ]v|uivoea- 

(i'liiesdi'l  Foiido  I'iadoso.     Me\.,  ISI.");   I.a-  Fijiiililiea  .Mexicalia  en  lS)(i, 

M(\.,  I'^l.";   Segiiiido  Cna.leriio  de  Iiitel'c.iaiitos  Docuinento.s  ivlativo.s  al 

Fi>iiilo  I'iailoso.     Mex.,  l,sl.") 

San  l!;ifael,  Lihros  dc  Misiiill.      >IS. 

San  I!:u'ai  1.  Herald,  Marin  Coiiiil  v  .loiirnal,  'Marin  Count v  Xew  s,  Marin  County 

T...siii. 
S  ui  1,'a!' ;<  1  ;iinH'iia::t  IJange  Mines,  IJi'port.     San  Francisco,  1S70. 
Saiit.T,  I'.aihara,  Aivliivo,  l.S."()-4!).     MS. 
Santa  r..',rhara,  Corrcsjionflcneia  entrc  ^'irey,  Oiiardiaii  y  otros,  .'iolire  Padri?« 

li.iia  lai  Xni'va.s  .MisioncM  del  Canal,  l7''iL     !MS. 
Santa  rifiihara,  l)i".iiocrat,  C.azcttc,  lS."i;V7,  Jndepen<1ent,  Index,  Xev.s,  Post, 

I'rc-s,  ItcpuMicaii,  Times. 
Santa.  Liirhara,  Lihro  de  Acuerdo.s  del  .\yiintainieiito,  lSU)-."0.     MS. 
Santa  IMihaiii,  Lihro.s  du  Mision.     .MS. 

Santa  ri:irh;ira,  ^leiiioiias  de  IllVcto.s  Jteinitidos  A  la,  Mision,  l7Sf!-lS!().     'MS. 
Company,  Aucoii.'it.s,  FiO.ster.s,  etc.,  scjittured  in  tlio 


:sis. 


'lat.i 


C: 


,  Arcl 


rcliivo 


de  la  r 


arrooiiia. 


:\is. 


Santa  Clara,  Iiiilex,  Jourii.al,  X\\\\s,  I 
Saiit.a.  Clara,  Lihros  de  Mi.<ioii.     ]\1S. 


iita  Clara  Collegia  Catalogues.     San  Francisco,  etc.,  IP.'.'  ct  pcrj. 


Saiit.a  Cl.ir.a  County  Fioneers,  Coiistitut 


SantuClara( 
Santa  Cm/,  .\i 


iitv,  llistoriealAtlaf 


San 


iionnisonau 


.!( 


IS7 


lW.-.tl.  S. 


.  1S7<'. 


■lasf,,l. 


Saiifa  Cruz,  Coiintv  Times.  (' 


I  Records  ill  ( 'hrk's  Ollice.  |   .MS. 


iMitc 


rnrisc 


I  lines,  Sell  lint 
Santa  Cm/.,  Lihros 


d,  Ti 


rnal.  Local  Item,  F:',jai 


Mi.si 


MS. 


Santa.  (Vnz,  A  I'ei'p  into  the  I'.-ist.    Srrap-l.ook.     From  Sta  C'vn/.  Local  Iti 
Santa  Cruz,  liccords  in  I'arish  Chiircli.    .MS. 


Saat.i  Cniz,  Testiii 


iioni."  jioliiv 


el  Ti 


ilto(h;|SlS.      M^- 


vuita  CnizCoiinty,  Jii.^tory  of  [^V.  Wallace  ElliottJ.    S.  F.,  l.<^.7!>.   atlas  i'A\ 


IF 


IWVllI 


A  t'TITOn ITTES  QUOTED. 


m 


1  " 


Suiitii  T;i''s,  K\:iincn  di;  Coiicicncia  cu  Iciign.'i  do  Indius.     MS. 

Siiiita  lii.'s,  Lilii-ds  do  .Mi<iini.      .MS. 

Siint.'i  Mai'iii  (Vicente),  J'ic'.;is;ro  du  I'aragcs  cntrc  S.   (jaln'irl  y  S.  lluoiinvci;- 

liira,  IT!!.').    MS. 
Santa  Mi'iuion,  Tlio  Coniing  Citj'.     S.in  Francisco,  1>S7.";  Outkxik. 
baiit.i  ]!i>^a,  ( 'ollcLrian,  DcnuiLiat,  lli-rald,  Xow.-*,  I'rc.-s,  lit  pnldican,  Sononi.'v 

J  )('iii()(M-at,  Sonoma  Indcv,  Tinn's. 
Sarginfc  (.\aroa  A.),  SUctcli  of  Xuvada  t'dinty.     ii.pl.,  ii.d. 
Sai-grnt  (Aaron  A.),  Sih'(m'1i  in  U.  S.  If.  of  J;(.'i'.,,  Apsil  !»,  ISC,-.',  on  I'.-icifio  Kail- 

I'.iad.     How  it  may  1)0  llnilt.     Wash.,  l.S(iJ;  auil  otluT  Spoc'clic.-i. 
Sarri.i  (Viccnto  I'miici-sco),  Argiiineiito   Contra  cl  Traalado  do  S.  Fninoisco, 

S.ii'i-ia  (X'icento  Francisco),  Carta  Pastoral.  Isl7.     MS. 

Sarria  (X'iijcnto  ]''raiKi.ico),  l)cfciisadcl  1*.  Luis  .Martinez,  IS.IO.     M.S. 

Sari'i:!.  (N'iocnto  Franri  ;c(0,  IviLTi.o.i  Suclto.s  del  ( 'onr'.;:irio  I'rcfccto.     M.S. 

Sarria  (Viei'Uto  Fraiu.'iseo),  Jvxliortacion  Fastorid,  Isl,"!.     !M,S. 

Sarii.i.  (Vii'oiito  Fi'aiH'i.ico),  lufoi'mo  del  Comi.-ario  Pi'cfccto  soliro  lus  Frailca 

(I- California,  1SJ7.     MS. 
Sarrri,  iV'ii'cntc  l''ran(  iseo),  Inf'irme  do  Misioiies,  ISl').     ^[S. 
S.arria  (\'ieeiito  ]''rancisi:o^,  .Srnnonos  vn  ].,cii;rna  Va:jciiLii><e.     MS. 
S.uuiil' i-i  (William!,  Throii;;!!  tlio  Li  , lit  (.'ontinent.     I.iondnn.  r'.  ■..  lS7'.t. 
Sa\a  ,v  (Thomas),  Docuuiojito!  para  la,  Ilistoria  do  C.difornia.     MS.  4\il.s. 
SaMt'!l(G.  M.),  rioneerSUctohc';.   MS. 

S.iuyi  r  (A.  F.),  .Moi-tuary  Tables  of  San  Francisco.     San  Fraiiei.sco,  l.S;i2. 
Sawyi  r  ((,'hai'lcs  J[.),  l)ocn,iu';us  on  tlio  (.'(Diipicst  of  Ci'if.irnia,  IN-l'l.     7ils. 
Sa\v\er  (Hugeue  T.),  The  Life  and  Career  of  Tihuvcio  A'aztpiez.     Sau  Jo.-o, 

■lS7"). 
Sauyei-  (L.   S.   1!.),  lleports  of  Ca=!CS  Decided    in  the  Circuit  and    Di.siriet 

Court-;,  clO.     San  I'rancisco,  1  ,S7.">-S!».  5  vols. 
Saxon  (rs;dictlc),  Five  Years  within  the  Coldeu  Gate.     Philadelphia,  KS08. 
Say.vrv.l  (W.  T.),  All  alj;put  Soutlu  ru  Caliloraia.     San  Francisco,  1S7.'). 
Sayward  (\V.  T. ),  Pioneer  Reminiscences.     MS. 
Scala.  (('urnio  de),  Inlliiciico  do  T.^uilai  (IJoniptoir  Ru.-,sc  en  Califonee.     In 

Xoiiv.  All.  V'oy.,  c.xliv.  375. 
Schene!;  ((leorLie  K.),  Statement  on  Vigi!:inci-  Comiiuttop.     !MS. 
^'ch]:l  i  itwcit  (llobcrt  von),  Califi^rnien  ].i:ind  nm^.  Lento.     Ciihi,  el  •.,  1.^71. 
Sclim.  It  i<  !osta\ns).  Civil  Law  of  Sji::in  ainl  Me\ier>.     Xew  Orli'aii-,  IS."!. 
SclmiiedcU  (Henry),  Statement  of  California  Matters  from  lSt;».     MS. 
Schnril  lor    (Cafit.    II.),    Neuer    l'r:d<tiselicr  \\'egweisci'   fiir    \ord-Amcrik;i. 

Main;:,  ISW. 
Si  hoo!  S>  andal  of  San  Franei-:eo.     Procoi  dings  lieforo  the  Invc^ligating  Com- 

iiii'.lci'.     San  Franci.sc(),  1S7S. 
Soiiools,  (,'ollegcs,  Academies,  etc,     C;italc.gucs,  reports,  tt'-.,  cited  by  naiU',' 

of  V.\^  institnliin.     Xot  in  this  li-t, 
Sclnvar/  (J.  f.,.),  IJriefo  ciues  iHaitschen  aus  Kalifornicu.     V>  rlin,  ISl'). 
Scril.'uer's  Monthly  Jlagaziao  (la'er  the  C'entnry).     Xew  York,  Ls71  et  seq. 
Seattle,  Jutelligencer,  Pacillc 'l"i  ibiini',  Puget>(.nnd  Despatch. 
Secuhuixacion,  Dccreto  de  las  ('//rti  s,  I'lLi.     MS. 
Seddoii  ,(.r.  A.),  S).cceh  in  IJ.  S.  IL  <.f  Uep..  Jan.  2:\,  p.-.O,  on  the  Action  of 

K\eentive  in  Uelalion  to  (Jalifornia.     Washington,  IS.'iO. 
Seilg'.cy,  Ovcrliind  to  California  in  '.'54;!. 

Sci.i!i!au:-:iis  do  los  Miembros  del  Congro-o  do  lML'7y  1'^-'^.    Xueva  Yorlv,  ]S'2'v 
Seiii|i!o  (llobert),  Letters  of  lM(i-!t.     MS.^ 
Sl-.'.;;:i  (Tos.';  Fra.nciseo  do  Paula),  Cartas  Varias.     MS. 
Scfian  (J.KSO  F.  de  P.),  Circular  ilcl  Vieario  Foraneo,  ISl".     MS. 
Sonan  (.b.si'.  F.  do  1'.),  Inloi'nies  l'.ien;.les  .!.■  .MiJimes,  IM  1-14,  ls-J!i  •_'.     :\!'^. 
i->''i"ian  (  Tost'  F.  do  P.),  Jtesimcsta  al  Virey  sobio  coiidiciuu  do  Cosas  en  Cal 

i7!io.    :ms. 

Sepidveda  (Igiiacie),  Historical  Meniorauihi.     ?>1S, 

Scrniohcs  do  no  so  -a be  cualc-;  predicadores  de  California,  1700  etc.     >rS, 


Siii 


AUTITOniTIES  QUOTED. 


l.wix 


S.  i;iimi<\s  Vnriiis  <!(' ?iIi<i»inrros.     MS. 

.Slito  MuniiH-To),  Cartas  :il  1'.  Lpsih'Ii,  177S-S1.     MS. 

Surra  (•linii[icri)),  C  )r;'o;:.[>i)iii lunula,  ITTT-^-.     MS. 

Scn-a  (•lunijicM)),  K.-^ufitos  Aiiti'i.m-afos.     MS. 

>i-ira  MiiuiiHT'i),  liifiiiiiK!  (lu  1771.     MS. 

StTia  (Juiiijiuru),  Jiiforinu  du  .")  ilu  I'Vl).  177">.     M^S. 

S.^iTa  (.IiiiiipiToi,  MuiiKji-ial  <lu  'J-J  du  .Aliril,  177o,  sulirc  sumuii.iti-acioucs  ii  loa 

Ksialiluuimiuiitos  (le  (Jalit'uniia,  <;tc.     ^MS. 
Surra  (FuiiiiHrti),  Xotaa  du  I77(!.     MS.  In  >':u\  Diu;j;o,  Lib.  MLioii. 
Surra  (lu'.iiiiuiM),  IJupruMfiitauiiia  "Jl  Mayi),  177.'i.     .M"''- 

Scria  (Juniijur.)),  Rupru.suutauiuii  1."!  Mayo,  177.">.     In  I'aluu,  Is  it.  i.,  -"14;  M  >. 
Sui'raao  (Fluruauio),  Apuiitu^  Jiara  l.i  llisLuria  ilu  Calil'uniia.     ^i.^ 
Surraiu)  (I'loruiiuio),  (.'artas  Varias.     ]SIS. 
SurraiiD  (Floruiiuio),  (iuuiiunUi.?  ilisturiuos.     MS. 
>u\\a:d  (( !u(ir;^o  I'.),  Ciiuiu.so  HmyiaUuu  iii  its  Souial  and  Jvjoii,  iiii.,-  1  A.spucts. 

Xuw  York,  ISSI. 
Suuard  (William  If.),  Spcuuh  in  U.  S.  Sun.  ?^larcli  11,  IS.j^,  ou  Aduii.-ibion  ol 

Cdif'iriiia.    AVasliin.;lon,  IS.ji);  ami  utliur  Spuuchus. 
Siyil  (laiiu.-^t),  Calit'oriiia  ami  It.s  llu.suurucss.     London,  IS.'iS. 
Suym-air  (H.  Sauford),  KmiLjriuiL'.s  Cuide  to  tliu  <Iold  Minus.     CliiciiLjo,  IslO. 
Sh'alcr  (William),  .Toin-nal  uf  a  N'oyagi;,  ISOt.    In  Aiiiuric-ii  llugistur,  iii.  l.'!7. 
Slia.sta,  Courier. 

M;a.st.;H  and  Tliuir  Xui;.,dd)ors.     MS. 

.•^na.v  (William),  (I.^Idtn  Druams  and  AYakin.s;  Realitius.     Loudon,  l.S."l. 
■••>liau'  (WiliiLiin),  Pionuur  Life  in  C.iland)ia  liivur  Valluy.     r.iS. 
Sliaw  (\Villiam  J.),  Spuuuli  in  Sun.  of  Cal.   I'Yl).  7,   I'ooi),  on  Conititutional 

Jli  form.     Sacramuut  I,  183!);  and  othi'r  SjK^ut'lius. 
Sla-a  i-lolin  (jilmary),  History'  of  tliu  Catliolio  ^li.-sious.     X^'W  Voik,  lS.j."). 
Shuniir,  Journal  of  a  Trip  to  (.'.difornia,  ISIO.     MS. 
Sliulvouko  (Cuorgu),  V(jyai.e  round  t!u;  World,  171'.)-l1'_*.     Loud  ju.  17-1. 
Siiurmau  (\\'illiam  T.),  Corru.-jp  iiulunuo  of    l.,iuut.,    lS17-'i.     In  '.'^il.    &   X. 

:dux..  Moss.  &  Doc,  IS.-.O;  Mumoirs.     X.  V.,  1S7.').  2  vols. 
.■diurw.Mid  (.J.  lllv),  California.      XlW  York,  l.S4.'>;  Tliu   IViukut  Caido  to  Cal 

iio.'uia.     X."Y.,  I8i'.). 
Sluil.iiuk  (W.  ]5:anford),  Corruspondcnuo,  1SI7.     In  War  with  Mux.,  llupcjrts. 


itu.;  Uuport  to  Si.'ui'ulary  of  tliu  X'avy,  Fub.   ]."),  1S17.     li 


a 


11.  Ilx.  Dou.  i.  pt.  ii.  p.  (j.'t;  and  Stupliun  A\'.  Ki.iniy,  (' 


ill  (,'om: 
ihi 


of  the  X^aval  Conimandur  ami  Gt 


Maruli   1,  1S47.     LuL'Iish  and 


A  ilon  i'[ 
.ak,  1^2'^ 


\.  ,.uCa; 


^fS. 


(Osuar  T.),  C-iliforni-i  Su!-apd.)ool;,  San  Francisco,  ISGD;  Ruprusuntativo 
1  1  l.wuliii^'  Mull  of  the  I'aui.io.     S.  F.,  KS70,  l.S7'>.  '.2  vols. 

1  Lassun  Cou..iius,  lUustratud  History  of.     San  Francisco, 


Silli 


1  Innui.-,  ani 
s_>.  J  to 
;i  (liuujaiiuH 


),  A. 
Is'!)  ut  .suci.    107  vol; 


.lourual  of  Suiunuu  and  Art.     X'l 


IL. 


Silvur  J^'onntain,  Alpino  Chroniulu,  Lullutin. 


ii  ['..),  Ljtirand-Oucstd'.s  Ftats-Unis.    Viwi^,  ISOO;  L(-ii  Minus  d'Orut 


ilArj^'unt  aux  lltats-Unis.    In  Kuvue  du.s  Dur.x  ^U 


^t 


1S7.). 


i.u  Min  iir  du  (.'aliforniu. 


I'j 


ISlii 


LaYicS 


oulurrainu, 


V: 


ISO 


ip'ia  (Si     (luorgu),  Xarrai.i\u  of  a  Journey  round  tliu  World,      i^ondon, 


isn 

1  soil  (H 
is48;  1 


As 


I.l,  The  Knii, 


;rant 


Cuido  to  the  Coll  .Minus.     Xi 


Wuuks  ill  the  ( iold  .Mill! 


Simi'Mon  (Ji  i.us  IL),  I'uport  of  Fxplorati 


\Vc.«l 


X.  Y.,  184S. 

IS   i.uross  thu  (li'uat  ll.-i.^in,   ut( 


7<i;  Tliu  ShorU'st  lloutu  to  C.difornia.     riiil. 


Siiiuloa,   rroposiuioiiu.j  du  los  ll'iii-si'iituntus  t>obru    clau.suia  do  Mazatli 


M 


l\1CM, 


iN'i 


Si-kiyon  County  .MTairs.     MS. 

Siij.ir  (.\ntoniol,  liuucjiiouimiunto  du  .'^'itio  iiara  la  X'uuva  Miaioii  du  S.  Mi^^Uul, 
17^io.     M^. 


Ixxx 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


m 


.SlNriiiii  (AVilli.nm  A.).  Ecport  on  Oic.c'oii,  ^rarcli  2C,,  ISHT.     [-J-tl,  Cmig.,  ?,{[ 

Scs-i.,  1[.  Kept.  101. 1     \Viisliiii-t(.ii,  iS.'iS. 
i<lmt  (Jolm  ]>.),  J)(.'.-i!il(lic.s  (.11  the  Cuii(|iu'st  of  C-A.     [•JDili  Con.',,  '2d  Scss., 

]|.  J'.x.  Dim-.  4,  ]i.  (IW;  IJIst  Cong.,  1st  Scs-s.,  H.  Kx.  1,  \,t.  ii.,  p.  i-'J;  iil.so 

corrcs])oii  loiice  1840.     Mii. 
Smiloy  (Tlioni.is  J.  I.,.),  St.iti'nicnt  on  Vigilance  Committee  ami  I'ai'ly  Tiinea 

in  San  Fi'.-incisco.     MS. 
Sinitii  (■lodediali),   I'lxeiir.sion   ;"i  I'oucst  des  !Moiit.s  IvocliV,  IS-J';.     In  Xouv. 

An.  \'oy.,  -Nxxvii.  'JOS. 
SniitJi  (N'ajiolcoii  1'..),  IJiou'vapliifal  Skftrli  of  .a  l^ionrrr  of  l.Sl.'i.     IVJS. 
Smitli  ( l\  isifcf  I''.).  Milit.uy  Conxspoiiileni.'e.     [."il.st  Coiii;.,  l.st   Sus;;.,  Sen. 

Doc.  r,±]     AVasliington,  LSI!). 
Sinitli  (I'l.Tf^ifcr  ]''.),  lU'iinett  Itilcy  et  als.     IJcports  in  llcl.ition  to  Hic  Cenl- 

O'jy  ■uiil  Toj  ()L,'i'apliV  of  California  and  OrcLiuii.     [IJItt  Cinig.,  l.-^t  Sus.s., 

Sen.  Kx.  l)oc.'"47.1  "Washington,  1S4!I. 
Smith  (Trninan),  Speeeh  in  U.  S.  11.  of  liep.,  IShmh  2,   1.S4S,  on  riiysieal 

('liiiracter  of  Northern  States  of  ^lexico,  etc.  AVashingti'ii,  ISIS. 
SniifliMiiiiaii  Iii-jlitntion,  .Annual  lieports.  \Vaf.hiii.!_'ton,  is":;  1 1  ;.:"q. 
Sniiiclcer  (Saninel  M. ),  l^ife  of  (.'ol.  .1.  C.  Fremont.  Xew  Yorlc,  isr.O. 
Siu'lling,  ^leieed  lianner,  Merced  Herald. 

Sohcraiicsi  (( 'lodoiniro\  DiH'umento.s  ]\'ir;i  la  IFistori,!  de  Cal;f.piiii:i.     ^IS. 
Sobiante.'^,  Survey  of  Itanclio.     San  Francisco,  IS7S. 
Socii-dad  >l(,'\icaiia  de  ( !cogr:ifi;i  y  I'lstadistica,  Ijoleliii.    ^Itxieo,  1S(!1  et  scq. 

[Includes  Institiito  Xaeional.J 
Societies.     S'-c  Institutions. 

Sola  (Palilo  Vicente),  Correspondeneia  d'l  (lolieriir.dor,  lS0"-'_'-2.     ^I.-^. 
Sc],-i  (Tahlo  Vicente),  Defeii.va  d(l  V.  (>uintana  y  otros,  1810.     .MS. 
Sola  ( I'aMo  Virente),  Iiiforine  al  (icner.'dCni/.  soijre  losliisurgenU  s,  I'^H.   ]\!.S. 
Sola  (I'aMo  Mcente),  Infornie  (Jcneral  al  Mrev  snlire  Defensas,  ls!7.     MS. 
Si'la  ( I'alilo  Vicen(c),  Infonne  sujileiiientario  soln'c  los  Tiisiirgcntes,  l>iS.   !MS. 
Sola  (P.'ililo),  lustruceion  (leneval  ;'t  lew  Coinaudantes,  coiitia  Kit,  liis.M'uentes, 

ISIS.     MS. 
Sola  (I'aMo  Vicente),  Tiistniccioncs  al  Coinisionado  de  r.ranciforte,  ISlrt.  ;ms. 
Sola  ( I'al'l'j  Viecnle),  Noficia  de  !o  acaceido  en  este   I'ueit.)  dii   Mi  uterev, 

]!el)e!do.s  de  Hnenos  Aires,  ISIS.     In  Caeeti.  do  Mex.,  xxxix.  •_";!. 
Sola  (I'elilo  \'iccnte\  Olj.servaeiones  I'U  la  Visitii  desde  S.  I'l'i'iiei-co  ha.sta  S. 

Dievo,  ISIS.     :\IS. 
Sol;i,  (!':  hlo  ^■i'•entl■l,  rreveiicioiics  solire  Ek'ceion  de  Dijintado,  l.'i-'J'J.     MS. 
Solano  (jiuiity.  Historical  Atlas.     San  Francisco,  1S77.  alias  fulio, 
Solano  County,  History  of.     [Wood,  Alley  and  Co.]     Sail  l'raiii;iseo,  1^79. 
Soledad,  J.ilnos  <le  Mision.     ^IS. 
Soler  (Xicohis),  Cartas  del  Capitan  Inspector.     MS. 
Soler  (Nieolis),  Intormo  sohio  I'olicia  y  (Jobiorno,  1787.     ^IS. 
Soler  (Xicohis),  r.-ireeei' Holirc  Comercio  eon  el  Hiujik;  dc  <,'hiiia,  17^'7.     MS. 
Solignac.  (Armand  de),  Les  !Mines  dc  la  Californic.     l.imo'.'es,  n.d. 
Solis  (.(oaijiiin),  JIanihcsto  al  I'nlilico,  (i  sea  I'lau  do  Ivcvoliuion,  ISilO.     JJS, 
Solis  (.roaquiu),  Proceso  Instruido  contra — y  otros  llcvohieionaiios,  1S:20-30. 

MS. 
Sonoma,  Comjianfa  de  Tnfaiiten'a,  Cnadrnio  do  lli-^f  i  llin>'ii:i,  1'-.'!'1.     MS. 
Soiioioa.  DoriiMi'ii^os  Toeante.-;  a  la  fuiidai.'io;i  d(;  la  Xia  \'.i  .Mi-'on,  l.'>-'>'!.   MS, 
Sonoma  County,  History  f.Mley  I'owen  and  Co.]     San  Fianci,-'o,  l.SSO. 
Si^ioi'a  (C;d.V  American  Iv-e^le,  American  I'lag,  Herald,  Ta.  luiniK!  Courier, 

'J'uoiumiU!  liida  pendent.  Union  J)emocrat. 
Soiu'ra,  !■',  ;tr(  l!;i  de  ( )ceidente.      1  S,")i)  et  Kcq. 
Soiior;i,  Soiioreii'c  (Ml).      1S47  et  se(|. 
Soto  (Francisco),  i'Apedieion  Mililar,  ISi;?.     IVIS. 
Souh'  '{'"rank),  .1.  H.  ililion,  and  .1.  Xishct,  Aiinali  of  San  T" rain  i. -co,     Xew 

\n\k,  etc.,  IS.-,.-., 
Southern   I'acilic  ll.silroad  Comiiany,  Annual  llep(jrts,     San  I'laiiri-co,  1S77 

I't  siq.;  and  other  ilocumcnts. 


i 


AUTITOUITIE'^  QVOTV.T). 


Ixxxr 


til  Cong.,  nd 

llg.,  ill  Sl'SS., 

ii.,  p.  'JJ;  also 

).      In  Xouv. 

b  Sc^rf.,  Sen. 

to  l!ic  r'i(>r>l- 
i;^'.,  l.-^t  Suss., 

(Ill  Vhysical 

,  IS  is. 

iS.'.li. 
ilii.     MS. 

1,  lf;',;l  L't  SCq. 

I.     !^[S. 

MS. 

.IS,  isiis.  :m,s, 

^,  IS! 7.  MS. 
L's,  LSI 8.  MS. 
p  Ins.iryi'uti-'S, 

•,  IM;;.  MS. 

'y\i  uU'U'v, 
•J' :!. 

Lu  liasta  S. 
l.s-J-2.  MS. 
:-CO,  1S79. 


7S7.    MS. 

•■_'■).     MS. 
,  isj'j-ao. 

i.i;.:;.  MS. 

;.■;   CuUlKT, 


iiui--c.li,  1S77 


s 


I 


.^.iiitlicvn  Q;KU-tc'i']y  TU'vic\v.     Xcw  Oruaiis,  etc.,  1S42  ct  .'cq. 

.Si.iiiililiu;,'  (E.  (!.),  Spc'oeh  in  U.  S.  II.  of  Rr\}.,  Ajiril  4,  iS.'iO,  in  favor  of  (;cn. 

'J'ayloi-'.-i  I'lan  of  Adniitling  C'al.     VwiKliin^'tuii,  18,J0. 
SikxtIu's,  ovatiuu.i,  adilrcssc-',  etc.,  on  variniiy  occasions,  not  naniiil  in  tliid 

li.st  unlii-d  [iciiliarlj' lii.stoi'ifal  in  tlirir  iiatiuv.     Sec  nauic.s  of  tpe'uker.s. 
Siic-L'chi-'S  in  Congress.     A  Collection. 
Sptar  (Xatlii'.nl,  Jjoose  rapcrs  of  an  Early  Trader.     !MS. 

,S|iciT  (William),  China  and  Californi.\,  J.ci;i.uro,  Juno  liS,  lSri3.     S.  F.,  IS.");?. 
Spiuoc(l>avil),  IIi:toricall,ote.-5,  18JI-4!).     MS. 
Sfii  iicc  (David),  l.oLtcr,s  of  a  Scotolini;i,n  in  C:ilifornia.     ^.IS 
Spinco  (David),  Li.it  <;f  Vessels  in  California  i'orts.     ^IS. 
S[iriir;fielil  (Ma.s.s.),  Itc publican. 
.•<j,urr  (Ccorvjo  ().),  Tho^Lund  of  (lold.     liostoa,  1S81. 

.'-^■laicr  (!'.  (I.),  ^Ccw  .Mexico  and  California.     In  Anier.  Ileview,  Xov.  1S4S. 
Manford  (Lclar.d),  !'peec!i  on  Pacillc  llailroad,  July  13,  1S;)4.    Sail  Francisco, 

lS(i.");  also  uJicr  spocclies,  etc. 
St.iui.-ilairi  Coiialy,  lli^it'iiy.     Sail  I'l-aneisco,  ISSl.  atlas  folio. 
Mahli'y  (I-;.),  ■  .  -'erli,  Ji'.ly  (1,  iS.Vt,  on  (liiliiin  (.'laini.     Wa.-.huiyL<  -.,  IS.'O. 
.Stajilcs  (David  J.),  Incidents  and  Information.     MS. 
Slate  I'apcr.-.,  Sacraniento,  JIS.,  1!)  vols,  in  Arcliivo  de  Cal. ;  Id.,  Mi.'^sions,  11 

Vol-.;  Id.,  Mi.:,-!ons  and  Colonization,  2  vols.;  Id.,  Uenieia,  1  vol. 
Statistician.     San  FrancL-^co,  LS7.")  et  seq. 
Sie.irn:;  (Aliil),  C  irrv.s;)ijudciico  of  a  Mercliant.     MS. 
Siearn". 'Alie!),  l^xpodientc  de  Cuitraliaudo,  ISo.!     MS. 
Sltil;.     1  :i:    W.  T.),  I'liget  Sound  l-Jxpress. 
Stevi     ■,::  1 'oii:i!.aaii  I).),   Correiipondenee,   1817-S.     In   Cal.   and   X.  Mex., 

Mcoa.  i;ad  Doc,  ISoO. 
Stevenson  (Jinatliim  D.),  Letters  in  the  Arcliives.     !MS. 
Stevenson's  lli'.j'.uient  in  Lower  C'Liliioniia,  1M7.     In  S.  Jose  riniiocr,  Sept. 

M, -Jl,  l''7S. 
Ste\v;ird  (Willi, ml   "^I.),  Lecture   on  the  Mineral   rtc-iources  of   the  Facilio 

States.     Xev,' York,  ISOo. 
Stdlniiin  (•).  1).  1!.),  Did  Drake  Discover  San  Frnnei;co  Hay?     In  Ov.rlaml 


Miiutlily,  i.  ■".'■_';  Footprints  in  ('alifoniia  of  J^arly  X'avi^ 


hil. 


Seeking  the  (!oIdeu  Fleece,  'JS."i;   Id.     In  Gvcilaud  Monthly,   ii.   -.")7; 

Observations  ( ii  t!io  INIedical  Tojio^r.ipliy  and  Diseases  of  t!ie  Sacraniento 

Vidley.    X'.  Y.,  l:j.~)l;  Seeking  the  (Joldeii  Fleece.     San  Francisco,  etc., 

1n77;  Staten;c;it  on  \  igi!anco  Coniinittee.     3IS. 
St  Louis  (.Mo.),  (l!i,bc,  Heveille,  Union. 

Stiiasoii  (A.  L.),  History  of  the  Kxpre;- ;  Companies.     Xevv  Y<i;k,  lS."iS. 
StiiliiiiX  (I'iitiioli  .Lunet.!),  The  Australian  ami  Californian  (lold  Discoverioa. 

iMiiil);ii;,h,  ir..";>;  De  hi  DLCouverte  des  Klines  d'v.)r  en  Australie  ct  en 

Californie.     Paris,  IS.");!. 
Stockton,   I'.iMc'o::,  Cali!'<irnia  Agriculturist,  <"la;'ette,    Iler.-dd,  Independent, 

I'aeilie  Ob.  erver,  San  Jo:ii[i;iii  Herald,  .San  .Toaipiin  Krpul.iliean. 
Stockton,  History  of,    (Sec  Tinkhani  (ieorgelL) 
Stockton  (rei!.,  it  F.),  Despatches  ( JDlh  Cm-,  lM  Se.ss.,  II.  }^k.  Doe.  I,  p.  fiOS]; 

Despatches  and   (Jrders,   1S47.    In  Cutts'  Coiupiest;   Id.,  Life,  Apptn. 

|.')Otli  Con^'.,  '_'d  Sess.,  Sen.  Kk.  Doc.  'M];  also  in  diiierent  Archives.   MS.; 

-Military  and  Xaval  Oprradons  [;;;ith  Con^,'.,  'Jd  Sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doe.  .'!!  I; 

Miscelliineiiis  Orders  and  Correspond' nee.    In  Id.,  Life,  .\iipen.;  I'rporfc 

Feb.  IS,  1  -'S.      In  Id.,  lM;  l.'ep.irt   Feb.    IS.    bS|S.      In  \\:;v  v/,  li  Mex., 

l;-pt''.  .'!:!-ri;';  Scattered  Coimiiiinieiitions.   ^bS. ;  A  Ski  teiiof  ihi'  Lii'eof. 

\e\v  Yi  ik,  lS.'/(i. 
Stoi-ktiiu  and  ( 'ipperopolis  llailroiid,  lOiiyiiieers'  lleport,  Oct.  ISCi'J.     Siockton, 

bSlil';  (jthi'r  leports. 
Stone  (U.  ('.),  (loll  and  Silver  Mines  of  Ametii  i.     X'ew  Yov!;,  n.d. 
Stout  (.Vrlhiir  !!.),  C'linoso  Imniii.'ration.     Siiii  i'raiieisco,  isCd. 
Stiahoni  (Jlobert  \].)  To  the  Rockies  and  I'.evoi  d.     Cliiea^'o,  ISSL 
."'II-.  eter  (Wibi.,!n  A.),  lle.-olk'etioiis  of  lli..t'.ii  111  i:vetit.s,  1SI:!-7S.     MS. 


mmrnm 


Ixxxii 


AUTIIOniTIES  QUOTED. 


^iilliii! 


Rtuiirt  (Charles  V.),  Trip  to  C;ilifonii;i  in  ISli).     M.S. 

Stuart  (Jaiiica  J\),  Ar;.;uiiic'iit  uii  >'urv<.'y  of  tlio  llauclio  Rio  do  .Santa  Clara. 

Wa.iIiiii;.jLj!i,  \  u2;  L'ul  tilmwiiV^  whcrcaljould  of  the  ^'uvunior  at  tlilRr- 

cut  (latus.     ^I.S. 
Stiidnilz  (Ailliiir  Mm),  (lokl.     Leg;il  licgulatious.     London,  1877. 
iSui.iUii,  Si  llano  Cnaiily  I-)cniocrat,  Solano  Herald,  Solanu  I'rcsj,  .Solano  I'm- 

pidilioaii,  Solano  Sentinel. 
Simmer  ((..'al.),  Kern  Counl.y  ( la/.etto. 

Sunnier  (Charles  A.),  The  Uve;!a:id  Trip.     .S:ui  Fi-aneLsco,  187j. 
Sun  of  .Anahuac.     Vera  Cruz,  IS  17  et  .sei|. 
Suuol  (Antonio),  Carta.s  du  uu  Catalan.     .MS. 

Superior  (joverniuent  ^;tatu  Papers.     M.S.   21  Y'>1s.     In  Archivo  do  Cal. 
Susanville,  Farmer,  ha!;.sen  Advoeate,  Lasaen  County  Journal,  La:>aen  Sago 

Sutil  y  }.Ie;;ieana,  llelaeion  del  Viage  lieelio  par  las  (.iole^as.     ^Madrid,  ISOJ; 

atlas.  4co. 
Sutro  (Adolpli),  The  Mineral  Uesourees  of  the  U.  S.     Lalliniorc,  Iti08. 
Sutter  (.fohn  A.),  Corretpondenee,  l!i.'!0-lS.  MS. 
Sutter  (John  A.),  Correspondenee  of  the  Sub-Indian  Agent,  1817-S.     In  C.d. 

and  N.  y.vx.,  ?.i(!.^s.  and  Doc.     IS'iO. 
Sutter  (.Toh.n  A.),  Diary,  l."i;]9-!8.     SernpOiook  from  the  Ai;'Tonaut,  1S7S. 
Sutter  (.li;hn  A.),  llNaniination  of  the  lUissian  Tirant.     Saerament.),  liJUO. 
Sutter  (John  A.),  Memorial  to  the  Senate  and  llou.sc.     Wasli.,  l87o. 
Sutter  (John  A.),  Personal  lleeolleciioiis.     MS. 

Sutter  (John  A.),  l'eLitio;itoCongreso[ljytliCong.,  lutScs:!.,  Sen.  Mi.,.  Doe.  38], 
Sutter  (John  A.),  S;,ai.isUcal  llcport  on  Indian  Tribe.;.     MS. 
Sutter  County,  liistijry  of.  [Ciuindierlain  and  AVells.]  Oahland,  ]t'.7!.).     folio. 
Sulter-.'-iaaol  Corrrh-^jundenee,  l;jlD-(l.     M:i. 
Sutton  (O.  P.),  Early  l^xperienees.     MS. 
Swan  (.Iv)hn  A.),  Historical  Sketehes,  1811,  etc.     MS. 
Swan  (John  A.),  ^ionterey  in  181J.     In  S.  Jose  Pioneer,  Mar.  ?,:),  1S7S. 
.Swan  (John  A.),  Triii  to  the  Cold  Mines,  1818.     MS. 
Swan  (John  A.),  Vi'riiings  of  ;i  Pioneer,     in  S.  Jo.je  Pioneer,   1878-0,  and 

other  new-paper:!. 
Sw.-tsey  (Wi'.Iiam  1\),  California  in  18.-l.~)-0.     MS. 
Swasey  (V.'illiam  I'.),  ll^marks  on  .Snj'der.     ^IS. 
Swett  (John),  History  of  the  Public  .S'diool  System  of  California.    S,  F.,  1S7G. 

Tapia  (Tilnireio),  Carta.s  do  v.n  A'ecino  do  Angeles,     M.S. 

Tapis  (i:stevau).  Cartas  del  I'raile.     :\IS. 

Tapi.s  (Esii'van),  llvi^edicion  a  Calahua.ja,  1708.     ^IS. 

Taiii-s  (Fslevan),  IrJ'.n-niea  P.ienales  do  Mitiones,  IStUl-lO.     JIS. 

Tapis  (ilstevan),  Xoticias  Presentadas  al  CoLr-  An-illaga,  PCS.     MS. 

'iVipii  (Lstevau),  Parecer  K^ol.iro  Pepariindentos  do  Indios,  1810.     JLS. 

Tapis  (Estuvan),  and  Juan  Ccn'tes,  llrpliea  do  loi  Ministros  dc  Si'a  Ijdrbara, 

1800.     MS. 
Tarayro  (1'].  Cuilleuiin),  Exploration  Miueralogiipie  des  Ilegious  Mexicaines. 

J 'a  lis,  loG'J. 
Taibell  (I'rank).  Victoria  Life  and  Tr.avels.     :MS. 


TayL 


or  (Ale.\aiK 


!erS.),  Artick'S  in  Calitoi'iiia  F.iimer;  Pibliofyrafa  California. 


Seiap-Look  from  .^■•ac.  Union;  Dyron,  Xelseii,  and  Xapoleoii  in  California. 
In  I'.;cilieMoniIdy,.ci.Gr,';  I-i.-eoverers  and  I'oinulersof  (.'alilornia.  MS. 
and  Scra;.'^;  The  First  \'oya;^e  to  Califdrnia,  by  Cabiillo.  .'■\  F.,  18.J.'i; 
Liotof  rioiiecr.'s.  ^l.'^.;  Hi;  t.  .'■•innmary  of  Lower  California.  In  IhoMiie's 
Min.  lies.;  Odds  and  En<ls.  M.S.  and  Seraiis;  Sketches  eonueeted  Mitli 
(Vdifornia  lli.itory.  n.j  1.  [P.".")];  Siceimms  c)f  tlie  Pn  ;s  [in  S.  F.Mel- 
eantilo  LiliraryJ ;  Ti'.e  .Sloi'chouse  of  Caiifoi'iiia.  ILjil.,  n.d. 

'J"a\liir  (l;a\ard).  At  llomeand  Aliroad.  Xew  York,  181j7;  Jd  Doi-adi^  X.Y., 
I  CO;  X.  v.,  POI. 

'J'aylor  (Penjamin  F.),  Letween  the  Gates.     Chicago,  1878;  Chicago,  1880. 


w 

':i^ 


■i 

Ti 

Tr, 


'JV. 
•J  I. 
Tr 

'In; 
Trn 


AUTITOrJTIES  QUOTED. 


Ixxxiil 


llu- 


l'„iilt;\ra, 
L'xicaiucs. 


'alifoniia. 
'alifoniia. 
Ilia.    MS. 

[.  1'.  y\vv 

L   X.Y., 


Tavlor  (niri:-tiip!icr),  Ore;:r')iiiaiis  in  the  r'aliforiiia  Mine.'',  1818.     MS. 

'I'.-.ylui-  (Mart),  Tlio  Gold  lJig,::,'cr".-i  Sini;,'  Jjook.     Mavysviilc,  1S.J0. 

T.iVlnr  (\Vi'!iain),  ('alitornia'Lifi.'  Illnstrateil.     >>i'.\v  York,  1;),;8. 

'l'a\lor  (William),  .'^evcn  Years'  Street  I'lvaeliing.     New  Yoi'k,  lSo7. 

'J'l  iiaiiia,  liulepeilclelit,  Tucsiu. 

■IV iiiplu  (Francis  r.  F.),  JJceolloe-tions,  ISIl-T.     :MS. 

'i  eiiiple  (Joliii),  Letters  of  a  lyis  AiK;c!es  .Mcrcliaiit.     IMS. 

I'l  iritdfial  I'ioueers,  Annual  Meelinj^'s.  S.  F.,  l^>7■l'-'t.se<|.;  Constitutii-n  atul 
15y-La\vs.     San  I'l'a.nt.iseo,  It'l;  Fir^t  Annual.    ,S.  F.,  I'.TT. 

'J"eiTy'(l>aviil  S. ),  'J'rial  of,  l)y  the  ConmiiLtec  of  Vie;ilance.     S.  F.,  looO. 

'l\  \■\^  (A.  11),  IJeyond  tlio  Sierras.      I'hihideli.liia,  'loTT. 

'I\vi.4  (Lloyd),  Address  l)efore  tJie  Anieriiun  L.ailci'ra'  A.ssociation,  Au^.  10, 
IS'il.     n.pl.,  n.d. 

Tiiomes  (11.  Jl.),  Life  of  an  Immigrant  of  ISII.     MS. 

'I  Immpi-on  (A.  I!.),  lUi-inet^s  (Jorix.  ;ioiid;  nee.     ^IS, 

'I'liompson  (Ambn).so  W.),  Memorial  [to  (JongrcssJ,  Steamers  between  Cali- 
fornia, (^hina,  and  .lapnn.  n.]'!.     [I;'.";;]. 

'I'liiiinpson  (Jacob),  Speech  in  U.  S.  11.  of  Hep.,  .June  .">,  I'jjO.  on  the  Califor- 
nia (Question,     n.pl.,  n.d. 

'J"liiiii^^on  (Jo'.ni  I!.),  Speech  on  the  Con(iuest  of  California  in  U.  S.  IL  o!: 
li'e[i.  .June  o,  l.';."iO.     Washington,  IS,')!). 

'lliompson  (liobert  A.),  Historieaf  and  Descriptive  Sketeli  (jf  So;ioiua  County. 
I'liiladcl;  hia,  1877. 

'J'liompsou  (W'a  Idy),  lieeollections  of  Mexko.     Xe\v  York,  etc,,  1817. 

'rininipM)n  and  West,  Publishers  of  Several  Counly  IIisiur;cJ.  Sec  names  of 
eor.ntics. 

Thunison  (Monroe),  The  Golden  IJesourccs  of  California.     X.  Y.,  18."i(i. 

ihorninii  (Harry  . I.),  Opinions  on  California  I'riv.itc  Land(  laiuis.  San  Fran- 
cisco, M''.;];  Speccii  in  Cal.  Sen.,  Feb.  8,  Isdi.     Sacraniealo,  ISiJl. 

'I'honitnn  (J.  l,>i!inn),  0/e-:on  and  Califoinia  in  1.S48.     X.  Y.,  1;>4',».  'J  v-ds. 

'ilii'.nnan  ((.  II.).  Speech  in  U.  S.  II.  of  itcp.  .June  8,  18.-0,  on  tiio  California 
(.Uicslion.     AVashin.'ton.  18.")0. 


■J'lnn- 


];.),  Sp. 


U.  S.  IT.  of  H 


sion  of  California.     'Washington,  18.JU. 
TikluiiMief  (!'.),  Istoritcheskoe  ()b. 


T- 


Ma 


iS.'iO,  on  the  adnii 


St  retersbnrn-,  IGGl. 


vo'.s. 


Tili'ord  (I'r.ink),  Arjjiiment  on  San  Fr.'inciico  Outside  Laiids.     Sac,  l^tiS. 


'Jiuh! 


i!:!iain 


jcll.),  Jliitory  of  Stockton.     San  iMaueisco,  U 


'J'odd  (John),  The  Sun.-et  Land.     Doston,  1;.70. 


T. 


.bs  (.\!l)e;'t  C.),  'I'i.e  P; 


OvLilandu'sof  iSll.     In  S.   F.  Lulk 


Jul 


y~< 


ISGS. 


']'ooml>s  I  P.),  Speech  in  U.  S.  11.  of  Rep.,  Feb.  127,  18."0,  (  n  Prcf?idcnt'.s  :\re3- 


Connnuniealing  the  Con.-Vatution  of  California.     W 
da  (.Juan  de),  .Monarcpn'a  Indiana.     .Madiid,  IT-- 


is.nii'.Ci:oii. 


IN.10. 


•ipK 

irri!  (Fst  'van 


la),  Iteminiscencias,   l'dr>-48.   MS. 


jIs.  folio. 


'I'ori'e  (•b>sc  .loa'piin),  Yarius  Fseritos, 
'J'orrcs  (Manuel),  Pcripeeias  do  \'ida  Caliioniiaua.     }iIS. 
'IVait  d'l'nion  (Le).     Mexico,  18(11  ctsc'p 

Tra-k  ( loim  15.),  EartlKinakes  in  California  fwm  lS'.V)to  1;,!JL     In  Cal.  Aead, 

lor- 


ni;i. 


Prfic.  vol.  iii.  pi.  ii.  PJO;  A  Uvgistcr  of  KarLiupaakc-j  ia  Call 


in  1 


IboJ 


'i'ratado  dc  la-T  Floi'es  cntru  .Alvarado  y  Carrillo,  1^'"8.     ^^S. 


do  I', 


Aiiiistad,  ]. 


Mexicana  y  log  Esfados-l"niilos.     Mexico,  1848. 
'I'roasin'e  (^ity  (Xev.),  White  Pine  Xe' 


.iiuivo  I. lire 


la  Peiiiil 


'I'lUck 


ry  of  Travel  and  Ad'.x'iiti.rc.     New  York,  ]SiJ.">. 


i; 


■prd)lican,  Tri'Kiiuie. 


Truett  (Miei'>5  F.),  StateT...iit  on  Vigilniioe  C.'Unnitti-e  in  Sa 
'I'niman  (Iknijamin  (.'.'■.,  Life.  A»h-"en lures,  etc.,  il'  Tdi 


nl' 


i.iea, 


M^ 


uia. 


■l-s.  Is7l;  OecidonttUSkelxhes.    S.  l\,  IbSl;  Scmi-Tn 
S.  F.,  1S7L 


ip; 


J  .o.s 
dCalifui- 


Ixxxiv 


AUTHORITIES  QUOTED. 


T'.illM-o  (Eilwrn-a  W.),    Life  of  liiigluim  Y(.niig.     Xrw  York,   LSTil;   Tlio 

^Vom<■u  of  .Morniumlnii.     Xcw  York,  1S77. 
^J'uoliiiiiiic,  I'itizuii,  Couriur,  Xews. 
TuiDcr  (Williuiii  ]!.)!  j'-''"-''"nt''its  in  Rclati'm  ti.>  riiav^cs  pi'cfcriTd  l.y  S.  ,r. 

]''u'l(l,  t'tc.     Sail  Eraiici.-co,  IS.VIj  I'rocc.'iiliii^'.s  of  tlio  A>Hviiibly  of  C'lil., 

]S,">I,  for  tlic?  Iiniiciicluiu'iit  of.     S;u;.,  ]i<~S. 
Tnrrill  (Uluirk.s  ]>.).  (  •■ilifoniiii  Notes,      t^iiii  I'ranfit^co,  ISTd. 
J'u^liu  (W.  J.),  llo.'olh'ctioiis  <if  an  Iiiuiiigraut  of  l;>l."i.     ^IS. 
I'liiliill  (Fraiikliiil,  Jli^toiy  of  Califoriiia.     ISaii  J'raiici.sco,  ]'-i(]Ci. 
'i'wiiiin,^'  lA\'ni.  J.),  lli'iiort  of  Siirviy  on  tlic  I'liioii  aiul  (Vntral  r.'icific  Hail- 

Ways  [lull  (/oii^,'..  -il  h^c'ss.,  11,  E.\.  ])oc.  .'{s].     AVaslihiyti^u,  lo7"). 
r\vi''3  ('I'ravii's),  Tlic  Oregon  Question.     London,  1S4(5. 
Tyler  (Daniel),  A  Coneiso'IIistory  of  the  .Moriiioii  battalion,     n.pk,  ISSl. 
Ty.son  (.f;!n)e:i  ],.),  Diary  oi  ;i  ]'liy.-<iciaii  in  (.'aiifdniia.     Xew  Yui'k,  IS.'il). 
Ty.-^on  ll'Jiil.'l)  T. ),  (ieoio,Lry  and  Industrial    liesourees  of  California.      P.aKi- 

more,  1'%")1;  Memoir  an  Oeolo^ry  ai:il  To[)oqra[)liy  of  California.     ]!e]'(ii-t 

.March  111,  IS.-.l)  [.'Ust  Cong.,  )«),  .Ses.s.,_  Sen'.  V.k.  Doc.  47].     Wiwli.,  I 'CO. 
Tytli'i-  (Pi.trirk  l'ra::er),  TIi:5torieal  Vi<.!\v  of  the  Proj^'i-ess  of  Discovery.     Ediu- 

liurgli,  ib;i.'j;  Now  York,  ISri.j. 


:nrtc  y  Loyola  (Jacobo),  Cartas  del  Coinandante  Oeneral  do  T'rnvineias  Tii- 

tenias.     ^IS. 
kiali.  City  rrc;;:-*,  Con.stitutional  Democrat,  Democrat'c  Dcspaieh,  Memlo- 

cino  County  rvoss,  Mendocino  Democrat,  INIendoeino  Herald, 
lloa.  (Fr.iucisco),  lli.lationo  dello  Seopriniento,  IjIJO.     In  llaniusio,  Viagu'i, 

iii.  li.VJ. 
llo;i  (Conzalo),  Instruceioncs  J'elativ.is  a  la  Cdmision  dc  J''st;xdo  a  andiaa 

Calilurnias,  iy-_'2.     In  Ilu.itracion  :M<j.  ii.  I()4. 
nhoiind  l'')cnnicnis.     MS.   1  vol.     In  Archivo  de  Cal. 
nitcd  Slatci  lv:ploring  Expedition  [WilkesJ.     I'liiladelpliia,  1S44-.")S.   4to. 

17  ^■^>l:3.,  folio  8  Vols, 
nited  States  (ieological  Surveys 'West  of  the  lO.'^tli  Mei'idiaii.     (leorgo  W. 

Wlieelor.     r>ulletins,  lleports,  and  \'aiious  PuMications.      \Va,;hin^:ton, 

];)71ctser].  4to.   athu  sheets,  nia[)s. 
nitcd  States  (Government  Documents.     Account-  ;  Agriuultm-c;  Army  ]!e;-C" 

i.st-.'r;  Arr.'.y  Moteorolo-i<'al  lle_:,'ister;  Dank.--;  .Ihircau  of  .Statistics;  Ccn- 

su.i;  Coast  Survey;  Commerce,   Eorei^'n  and  Domestic;  Connnercc  and 

Xavi;_:.r!ion;  Commercial  Eelations;  Con-^rcssional  Directory;  I]ducation; 

Knyinccrs;  Finance;  Indian  .Allci's;  Interior;  Land  (Jlllce;  Lifc-Saviji,.; 

Service;  Li!j!it-iroU';es;  M('teorological  Kej.orts;    Mint;   Xavy  ];c'.'i:.tcr; 

X'avy  l\eport  of  Secretary;  (Jrdnancc;   I'aiilio  IJailroad;  Patent  Ollice; 

rostmas'ici'-Ccneral;  Post-Olliees;  (^>uartcnnaster-(icncral;  JLcwnue;  U. 

S.  Ollieial  IJegistcr.     Cited  1)y  their  dates, 
'nitcd  .States  Covcrnment  I>ocunu!nts.     Uouso  Exec.  Doc;  IToUso  .Toui'nal; 

IIouso  Miscijl.  Doc;  Ihjusc  He:  orts  of  Com.;  Message  and  Documents; 

Senate  ]'];-;ee.  Doc;  Journal;  Miscel.  Doc;  Repts.  Com.     (,'ited  by  con- 

gi'cs.s  nuil  sess-'iou.     Many  of  tluse  documents  have,  however,  separate 

titles,  for  which  sec  author  or  topic, 
nitcd  St;itcs  Supreme  Court,  Ik-ports. 

niled  States  and  >'  xican  ]ionndarySur\  <yhy  I'aiioiy.  Wash.,  ]S."7-0.  Hvols. 
nivcrsal  (El).     .Mexico,  1S4!)  ct  .se'(]. 
nivtiity  if  California,  Act  to  ('reate  and  Org;ini;-:e.     n.pl.  n.d. ;  also  nriny 

other  p.imiihh.ts,  Kcports,  Addresses,  etc. 
iizueta  (.luan  .\ntonio),  Iiiformo  I'rcsentado  al  Prcsidente  de  los  J'.stados 

Unidos  Mcxiianos  por  el  Contador  Mayor.     Mexico,  ls;i,'!. 
[iham  (Cliarlcs  W.),  Life,  Explorations,  etc.,  of  .1.  ('.  Fremont.    IJoston.  ISriii, 
pluun  (Srnnui  1  C),  Ye  Ancient  ^'nl)a  Minerof  the  Daysof'l!).    I'iiiladilphia, 

187S;  Xotes  of  a  YoyaLje  to  California.     l'iiiladcl[ihia,  1,S7S;  Songs  of  the 

Argoiiants.     Philadcljihia,  l.S7(i. 
rre!i(Migne]},  Xoticias  J']-itadisticas.    IiiS(jc.  Mi  x.  (!eog,,  Pmletin,  (oni.  ii.4"J. 


.^:f 


Val! 
V,-,ll, 
\all, 
\all. 


jM, 


AT-TIIORTTIES  QUOTED, 


IXXW" 


W. 

igton, 

]  !«•;-!■ 

.:o   tlllil 

■S:iviiiL; 
ri.tcr; 
inlico; 

r.-  r. 

iiiouts; 
ly  con- 
L'pavato 

n  vols. 
->  in;iny 
•:sta<lo3 
is:i(>. 

)f  til.! 

|i.ii.4'J. 


"V'.iM's  (Dorotia),  llclainisccnccs.     M.-^. 
\  .iK'u'H  l-Jo.su  Jlaiii'iu  Aiitouid),  Moiiiorias.     MS. 
\ail<-  (Aiituiiii)  (1(1),  (AtiicspiJiiiK'iicia  iK'l  Tiaiioiito.     MS. 
\a!l'- (I'4na<-i()  ik'l)i  (.'alias.     MS. 

A  allu  'l^uiiacicj  del),  J >oc:\um.'iitii.s  pafa  la  JlisLini.i,  do  Cal.     MS. 
\:,'.\r  il^nacio  ilcjl),  Lo  ra.-.ailo  ilo  C'alil'iiniia.     MS. 

A'.illij'i,  Advor'tisLT,  Cliioiiu'lo,  Iiidc]i(  iidciit,  IiiiU'pendciit  Advocate,  rcople'.s 
JiiiKiiciiik'nt,  i;c(.-i)nlt'r,  Sulanu  Ci.iunty  i)<iuuLTat,  Swlaiio  Time.). 

LS71. 

,  11. d. 


li.i.: 


A'a'lijo,  The  Future  of.     Vallejo,  ISGS;  'I'liu  riM.siicct.-6  of.     V; 

\  .illi  i",  Jle.soiirce.s  of.     [Ri'p.  Iroiii  Solano  Advi'i'tiser,  ItitiS-'J. 

\  .likjo  (fyiiaeio),  Carta.s  del  Sarj^i'iito  ])i;iliii;^iiido.     MS. 

\  ;dl<  Jo  (■lo.'ie  do  .Ji  .sn.';),  Libro  de  1,'uentas.     M.S. 

\  allrjo  (.Jose  de  .]e.sn.s),  lieliiiui.'ieeiieias  llistoiiea.s.     MS. 

\  I, 111  jo  (.Mariano  Giiad,iliii)e),  Canipafiii  contra  Jvstaiii.slao,  182!).     'MS. 

\  ,i'l.  jo  (Mariano  fl.),  Carta  iiii]ire.sa.  al  (ujl)'"  liO  de  ,JiUio.     fSoiioina  j  l.sDT. 

Niiliij')  (.Mariano  (I.),  Circular  Inipresa  en  tiue  anuucia  pii  niinilir.tiuieiito  do 

( 1)111  .ndantc  General,  Nov.  -1,  IS.'JS.     ISouonia,  18;JS.] 
\alli  jo  (.Mariano  G.),Corres]ioiidencc  of  .Sub-Iudii.u  Agent,  1S17.    In  Cal.  and 

1\.  Me.\.,  .^les.s.  and  Doc,  I8o0. 
\  allejij  (Mariano  G.),  Corrcsiiundeneia  ITi-slorica,.     ISIS. 
A'allcj'i  (.Mariano  G.),  Discoui.-so.  S  Oct.  Ls7l>.     In  S.  F.,  Centeu.  ^Fein.,  !)7. 
\  ,,lli  jo  (Mariano  G. ),  Di.scunso  lli.stiirico,  8  de  Oct.  lS7li.     JIS. 
N'^illijo  (Mariano  (i.),  Dociiniento.s  [lara  la  Hist,  de  California.     ]7';iJ- 18."(). 

.MS.  Vu  vuh. 
A  alkjo  (.Mariano  (J,),  Ec.<poci.^ion  que  hace  el  Comandante  Cieneral  de  la  Alt;v 

Cal ! torn ia  al  Gooeniadm'  de  la  .Mi.-^nia.     Siiiioma,  17  Ac;o:jto  IbVu. 
N'alli  jo  ^Mal■iano  f!.),  Escritos  Oliciales  y  I'artieulares.     MS. 
\':ill(  jo  (Mariano  G.\  Ilidtoria  de  Calil'o'.'iiiii.     JIS.   o  vols. 
A'.ilKjo  (Mariano  (!.),  Infornio  .solire  Xemiliren  de  Coadados.     S.m  .Jose,  1S,")0. 
\';illejo  (Mariano  G.),  Infornic  Itoservado  ssolire  lio.ss,  Is,'!;}.     AIS. 
\'alli  jo  (Mariano  G.),  Inforiues  al  iIini.-3trode  Guerra  aobro  la  SabIe\acion  du 

(irahain,  1840.      :MS. 
A  idlejip  (Mariano  ( 1.),  Males  de  California  y  .su.s  lleniedio.s,  ISU.     !MS. 
A  all' jo  (Mariano  G.),  Oiicio  Jiii^ire.so,  en  <|uc  (juierc  roiiuneiar  el  .Mando.      I 

.Sept.  1S;]8.     (Sonoma,  ls:;s.| 
\'aiUjo  (Mariano  (r.).  Oration,  ls7(l.    In  S.  F.  liiilletiii,  July  lo,  l,s7i;;  and  in 

many  otlier  papers  more  or  lr.<.s  fully. 
Wdltjri  (Miiriano  G.),  Ordenesde  la  Coniaiidaneia  General,  r;;;7  'J.    [Sononia, 

ls;!7  !)]. 
A  allrjo  ^^Iariano  G.).  rrocliuna.     Monterey,  •JlFelirero  ls;>7. 
N'alli  Jo  (M;iriano  G.),  i'roelauia   en  el  aelo   de  I'restar  el  Juraliicnto,   1S;]|). 

Monterey,  183(1. 
N'alK  jo  iMari.ino  (!.),  Proelani.-i.  del  Comandanto  Gon.,  18.17.     Sononia,  lS;i7. 
\  alUjii  (Mariano  t!.)   [rroclanui  la  Coii>^[iira,cioii  de  Franei.sfio  Solano. J    .Sono- 
nia, (i  Getubro  IS.'iS. 
N'.dlejo  I  Mariano  (.!.),  Hi  port  on  Countv  luinies,  iSoU.     Li  (,'al.  .Tour.  Sen. 

I^."l0.  )i.  :<:]0. 
ValUjo  (Mariano  0.),  Seipiias  on  California.     MS. 
\  .dl.-jo  (.Mar:;.no  G.),  Tres  (.'artas  Reserva.las.     Atjosto  ISoT.     MS. 
\  allcjn  (Mariano  G.),  Vidii  do  Win.  V>.  Ide.     :MS.' 
A  alli  jo  (Mariano  G.)  and  Santia'^o  Ar^^'iiello,  E.Kpcdiente  sobre  lati  Aibitrarie- 

d.ides  de  Victoria,  |s;i-_'.     .\is. 
N'alKjo  (Mariano  G.)  und  .Tuan  U.  Cooper,  Varios  Librosde  Cit<  nta.-,  ISO.")-,")!. 

M.S. 
Vallejo  iSalv;idor),  Avi^^o  al  r.ililico.     Lo.i  Rai..  lieros  Principak.^ 

tern  lie  S.  Fraiiei:,  ■.,.     S  iUolll.l,  I.")  A^osto.  is;!!). 
N'alltj.)  (Salvadori,  >;  ■'    '  Hi.stixieas.     MS. 
N'aiii'ouver  (Geor"c).  Vovai:  •  of  I  >i.-i( 


Fr 


■on- 


i.-ieovei 


V  to  llic  Pacilie  Oec! 


■Ito.    Atla.s  in  folio;  J,oiid.,  jsoi.  (I  \o1-j 


Loud.,  17IIS. 


I  roe.-an  Parili(pU',  eti'.     Pari 


oya^i'  1 


le  l»,- 


iu\erte.s 


Ui.,  viii.    ;>  vols.    tto.   .Vtlu.s  in  folio. 


I     I' 


pnn 


Ixxxvi 


AUTirORITIE.S  QUOTED. 


Villi  D.yUo  (Thcoiloro  S.),  Flirtati.m  Caini).     Xcw  Yr,rk,  IS.Sl. 

Van  ])ykr;  (WalliT),  ISIatoiiu'iit  i.f  U'cuoUcjctioiis.     .MS. 

^'an  Wjorliitfj  (Williaiii),  (Jiviliuu  Lcfuit;  the  Sni'ioty  of  California  rioncors. 
.San  Francisi.'o,  iSo.'i. 

ViiriL(larle3  do  Jiii'lspriidcncia.     Mi'xico,  ls,'>()-ri.  [)  vols. 

"\"L";a  (I'llcMo),  JJiiciuiKuitos  jiara,  la  Hist,  do  Me.\iL<.i,  1.SG2-S.    .MS,    I,")  vols. 

Ve:,'a  (V'ictoiiaiio),  Vida  Califcniiaiia,   iS.'Jt— i,.     ;MS. 

\'Ljar  (I'aldii),  i;tuucrdo.s  do  u:i  A'iijo.     MS. 

Vtlanlo  (Lui .)  ])csi'ii])cion  IJi-t'oiia.    In  Doc.  TTist.  "Nfi^x-jSci'lo  iv.  toni.  i.  311. 

\'cl.asc;',)  (Francisco),  Sonora,  its  extent,  etc.     San  Fiaiicisco,  IS(;i. 

Vclasco  (Jt)Si!  Francisco),  Xoticias  cjitadistica.s  ile  Sonora.    ^lexico,  ISoO. 

Veins  juez  (Jose),  Diaiio  y  Mapa  do  ini  ricconocimiento,  ITS.'!.     MS. 

Vila~(|uez  (.Tos(')  I'Lclacion  del  Via^'o  nuo  liizo  id  (Johr.  Fages,  ITS  j.     MS. 

X'enadito  (Vircy),  Ciinunicaciones  id  (lolir-  do  Cal.,  ISI!I.     MS, 

\'t'!ie  ;as  iMi^juel),  Noticia  do  la  (Jalifonua  y  de  su  Coiii|ui.sl,a  Temporal,  etc. 
Madrid,"!:.")?.   ?>  vols. 

Vcncgay  (Vircy),  Comunicaelones  ;il  Gobr.  do  Cal.,  ISlO-l'J.  !MS. 

'Veritas,' Kxa;iiin:ition  of  tlio  Russian  ( li'ant.  n.p.,  ii.d. 

Ver  Mehr  (.1.  L.\  Checkeied  Life:  [ii  the  Old  and  New  World.     S.  F.,  1877. 

Verue  (.Tides),  The  Mutineers.    In  LI.,  Mirliae!  Stro,i,'oir.    Xe\i' York,  IS77. 

VetMUiilo  (ICn,':  ne),  A  Tour  in  l)otli  lleniispheres.     Xeu'  York,  etc.,  ISSO. 

Viader  (Tose),  "Cartas  del  I'ailre.     MS. 

Vi:!der  (Tose),  Diario  6  Xoiicia  del  Via/,'e,  ISIO.     MS. 

Viadcv  (.Toal),  Diaria  do  Una  Fntradaal  Riu  dc  S.  ,l(ja<j^uin,  ISIO.     !MS. 

Via;jero  Universal  (i:i).     iladril,  l7'.lo-l.S;)l.  4:J  vols. 

Viagr'i  en  laCo;li  al  Xorto  do  Californias.     Copy  from  Spanish  Aivliivcs. 
MS.     [From  I'rof.  Geo.  Davidson, J 

Victor  'Fi-ancen  F.),  Stndicsof  California  Missions.    In  Californian,  ]\Iay  ISSl 

Victor  (Frances  1^),  Ttiver  of  tho  West.     Ilarltonl,  IblO. 

Victoria  (Manuel),  r^;eritos  Sueltos  del  (Jobernador,  1S;!I.     MS. 

Victoria  (Manuel),  Infirmo  General,  l.s;jl.     MS. 

Vic'.oii;!  (Manvicl*,  M.inifest.-icion  del  Gefe  Tolitico,  IS.Tl.     MS. 

VicLoria  (Manuel),  Maniiiesto  a  los  IlabitMites  de  (."ill.,  1S31.     MS. 

\'i;iilan'.'e  ConinuUecs  in  San  I'^iwHciseo,  ^lisoellauy.     JIS. 

Vi'ihiii:  ;j  do  Los  Aii'^eles,  IboH     MS. 

Vi'jM'.'UX  (i]!,.,'  ;  I,  Souvenirs  d'nii  I'risonnier  de  (iuerre  an  !Mexiquc,  1854-0. 
^^  Paris,  ISv'a 

Vi.;;i<'s  (Louis  .J.),  Letters  of  Don  Luis  del  .\liso.     MS. 

Vila.  (Viccnti  ),  hi  u'uecioiies  pai-a  el  \'ia,!.::o  de  17()0  a  C::!''' H'nia.     ]\IS. 

Villa  .Sjilor  y  S:melie/,  (.losii  Antonio),  Tluatro  Americano.  Mux.,  1740.  2  vol3. 

Villa viccncio  (-[{isi''  .Maiia),  Cart;is.      MS. 

Vio-e.  (.T.  .1.),'  LeUers  of  an  lOarly  Ti'ad.r.     MS. 

Virviinia  (Xev.),  Evening  Chronicle,  Territorial  Enterprise,  Union. 

Visalia,  Di-Un,  ivpial  lliLjIits  Jvxpoaltor,  Iron  Age,  Tulare  Index,  Tulare  Time". 

Vistlie'- (I'Mur.rd),  1'>riele  ein  s  Deutschen  aus  Californicn,  1S42.     San  Fran- 
cisco, l;i73;  Mi  sions  of  L'pper  C.iiifornia.     San  Francisco,  1S72. 

Vowc'.l  (A.  W,),  British  Coliunliia  .Min.s.     ilS. 

Voy;'.;,'es,  .\  Colkcu on  of  Voyages  and  Travels  [Churchill's].  London,  17."2. 
folio,  'i  Vol.;.;  Curious  (,'ollection  of  Travels.  London,  17'd.  8  vol.,: 
[ILirleian],  Collection  of  Voyages  and  Travels.  Ltmd.,  17 to.  -  vols.; 
llistorieal  Account  by  ICnglish  Xavigatoi-.s.  London,  177'"'-4.  4  vols.; 
Historical  Account  of,  round  tin;  Win-ld,  Loud.,  1774  81.  (Ivols.;  Xew 
Collection.  Louilon,  17ii7.  7  vols. ;  Xew  Univer.sal  Collection.  London 
I7.V>.   ;}vo'.4.;   World  DispLiyed.    London,  17(iO.  20  vols. 

Voy:ige.i  au  Xoril,  Itecucil.     .\histerd:im,   l71o-27.   8  vol.-. 

Wadsworth  (Tnuns  C),  Statement  on  Vi.dlanec  Committee.     MS. 
W:iM.^\v:irtli  ( Willi:un),  N'ation:il  \V:i;.ron  Ko:id  (uiide  toC:il.     S.  !•'.,  1S,"S. 
Wa\  n):in  (lM;,':ii').  Thi^  l.o.,' cif  an  ,\ncient  M:nini  r.     Nan  Franeisc..),  1S78. 
Walker  (.loci  li.),  Xanativo  of  u  I'ionoer  of  1841.     MS. 


W 
A, 
V: 

w 

w  = 
W  i 
A\: 
\\, 

w,: 


^1 


I      \v;i 

^        Wil. 


.J 


AUTnOETTIES  QUOTED. 


Ixxxvli 


mcors. 
.  i.  Ui. 

r.o. 

MS. 
nil,  etc. 


•.,  1877. 
,  1877. 
,  ISSO. 


\ivliivcs. 
,I:iy  1881 


1854-:). 


IS. 
1.  2  vols. 


•au  J'lau- 


,l,.n,  17."'^. 

H   veil. 

2  vols.; 

4  vols.  •• 
ols.;  N<'«' 

Lomlou 


isr.s. 

•o.  IS78. 


;,lla  "Wnllii  (W.  T.),  Statesman. 

aljiolo  CVo  ;c:-ii:l;>,  I'oiu-  Vc:nM  in  tlie  V;ir\[h,  IRM-S;    L'-.i'l.,  l.'MO.  2  vol.^. 

•ilton  (l!ai:itli,  IV.ctn  from  tlio  (\<M  llo-ioiia.     J'.o.'iton,  l.''-!'.». 

,;!•  with  Mo;:ico,  J'a'poit.s  niul  Dc  ■pat^'Iii"..     Oi)t'r.itioiia  of    U.   S.  Naval 

\\n-c.c->,  l!:l:;-7.     ['■'•V,lh  ('oii;r.  -M  (^^•^■^i.,  II.  Kx.  l-'oc.  1,  i>t.  ii.] 
,inl  (SaniiK'l),  ]/tt('i'  tn  Xcv/Yorl;  ( Vririi  r  aiiil  l^injuirir,  Aii^',   1,  lM;i. 
iiiv,  iMiii'iiant  (Inido  to  California.     |  ll'l'JJ  u.pl. 
■filler  (■r.^J.),  i;io;.;rai)Iiical  MictL'li.     .MS. 

i.niir  (1.  .1.).  <'a'.u'on,i;v{!r.il  Ore/on.     In  Colonial  :Mrg.,  v.  210 
iirncr  (-f.  J.),  llciuiiiiiiX'ni-'O-!  of  Ivirly  California.     MS. 
■  niur,  llr.yc.;,  an'l  Witlncy.     Sco  Loy  An,^;ck'i  History. 

ncn  ((>.  K.),  .Mciiuiir  iii;on  tlic  >.Ial,crial  usliI,  etc.,  Uailroad  Toutcs  to 

Tacilio.     I'ac.  It.  1{.  IJcpiS;,  xi.  pt.  i. 
■asliin':to:i  (Cal. ),  Alameda  Iiu'.cpciulcnt. 
a.-^hin'Jton  (i).  C. ),  Xational  Jnte!li:;(:'nc<'r,  Union. 

atkinii  (\Vii!iani  Ji.),  Siateinentou  Vi.LAilancu  Conmiittco  in  S.  F.     MS. 
.-■t-oii  (I'lvp.!;).  X'Tra'avc  tf  a  Xiitivo  L'ioneer.     ]*.IS. 

■;-t-o!ivi"i\  Cal.  Tiaiiscript,  Tajaro  Valley  Time.;,  Tajaronian,  'IVan.-cript. 
r^ivr/.'/,  I.^.;-i:..o!cuf,  l!lil-'J.  MS. 
lavci'vi'.le,  'J'-.inilv  .ronrn.'il. 
■(.■li.stcr  (l):!niul),  .'^■.peccli  in  U.  S.  Sen.,  :MarcIi  2,1,  IS-IS,  on  .Mexican  War. 

\Vasliin;,'ton,  lOlS. 
\v\  i.].r.:v'\h).  A  \'iew  of  California  as  it  is.     S.  F.,  I;i71;  Vi^iilanco  Com- 

niit'.iTS  (  F  I'-ian  Franci.ieo.     In  (Jveihind,  xii.  ."."0. 
vvhi  (Wi'.'.iani),  Reniiniscenec.3  of  a  Pioneer  of  I'.lol.     MS. 
eii'hartlt  (Karl',  L'ie  Vereini;;ten  Staaten.     l.iip.-i^',  IC-iS. 
cilc  (Jolunn!),  (,'aliLornien  wio  en  ist.     I'liihulelphia,  etc.,  Ifi-iO. 
Viler  (■].  11.),  llenuuks  i;i  Sen.  ( f  U.  S.,  Aug.  27,  L'Jo'J,  on  Mexican  Bound- 
ary C'lnnji'-ion,  ete.     Washin^jton,  1S.")2. 
■(ll-i  (Harry  L.K  .seo  Xevada  County  lli.story. 

\-!ls  (\Vil!i\::!i  v.),  WalkerVj  Expedition  to "Xiear.a.';;na.     X.  Y.,  1S,"G. 
■(  I'th  {.(I'lm.r.),  A  J)i;-"ei'talionoiil!ioi;',30iu-cesof  Ca!ii'(>rni:'..     15!,'r.ie:a,  18,j1. 
\>t  Inv'i:ii;lieiSj:ie:;liel,  door  Athanasiani  Inga.     [Anl^ terdani,  l<i_'t.J 
■i-.t():'':land,  Tic-:. 

I'stern  f  ecnesanillJeniiiiiscLnees.     Aulmrn,  18.";i. 
Lslern  Slicro  (.!;;:■!.•,  U'er  tSpr;i;;u;;  ;ind  Alwvll].     Woodland,  1"~0. 
\  sli>n  (S.),  Four  .Month;!  in  tho  .'*.:im'.j  of  California.    IVovivh  ncc,  IS.ll 
itu'.orc  (('iiarle.T  A.),  lleport  of  Mi  sion  Indian.s,     Wiisl'in'.'ton,  I;i7.">. 
hat.nni  (\V.  T.V  ili'Uiivdiani  l]a\   Xuw.s. 
iie.'illaud,  Freu  Fnss,  Itieorder,  'J  rinity  Prosa. 
hcifon  (William  II.),  Statement  of  Fact.?.     MS, 
h-i'.A-  (.\!:!V  ".),  Land  TiLleii  in  San  Fr;aici:-eo.     San  Franeisco,  IG-Ji. 
lu'.  kT  (\Vil!i.-!:i),  Eo-3  of  the  V/arrni,  18  !G.     JIS. 
'hippie  (A.  \\'.\  Report  of  l-.';pediti(jn  from  S::u  llicjo  t  >  the  Colorado. 

|;ilrtC.,iv'.,2aSes3.,  Sen.  I'x.  Foe.  10.]     VUi:.hi:;-t.Jn,  l:;,-,9. 
hitc  (i;Uj.-:h),  Ci;nci:'C  View  of  Ore'.;on  Tcn-ritorv.     Vv'iU,!.:n'jl(.n,  ISUi. 
Iiito  (Mi  J!.".el),  California  idl  the  \Vav  Faek  to  UWS.     MS'. 
liliU'V  ('.'i-K  A.  Proje-'t  for  a  F.aihvad  to  the  Paci:;e.     Xev.-  York.  1.849. 
'  iincy  (.J.  ]).),  >'etallie  Wealili  of  the  United  States.     Phila.,  !    .It. 
idber  (.1.  JI. ),  ShUenicnt  of  a  Pioneer  of  1K40.     -MS. 
idiiey,  IL'iyee,  and  Wa.rner.     Sec  Los  An-jelcM  County,  History, 
ierzhiel-.i  ( F.  P.),  California  a;,  it  is  and  as  it  may  \r.:.     S.  F.,  l."IO. 
i'jgins  (William),  Pueiiio  Coa-t  in  18."!).    In  S.  .Jo.  (5  Pioneer,  April  0,  187S. 
i^'gins  1  William),  lleminiseenees  of  a  Pioneer  of  18!').     MS. 


'iimhiaiitr, 


i.L'lit  (.■^Mi.iucl  P.),  Adventuns  in  Ca'if'n-nia.     Ilootini,  P'l>>. 

il.'ox  (.ran.e;)  Smith),  Cart.isN'ui'ias  sohre  bus  viaiics  en  la  goktaCo 

Isl7.     ^:S. 

;Mi'r(Mar.!i:ill  P.),  California.     Boston,  1S71. 
iky  (.lanu  :j  S.),  Sp.ecch  in  U.  S.  H.  of  liep.,  May  IG,  1SI8,  on  AL-.pii4lion 

of  Territory.     Washington,  lb4S. 


Ixxxviii 


AUTironiTIES  QIOTF.P. 


.# 


Wilkes  (riinvk'H),  Xarrative  of  the  X'.  S.  ]]\|il(iriii;,'  Ivxpcilitioii.  I'liiliuk'I- 
l)hi;i.,   ISlt;  -ito.  .'{vdIs.;   l'liiliuk'l)iliiii,  ISl,'),  ovuht.;  i^oiulou,  \6io, 

M'ill.u.-i  (Clunk'-.),  Wi'HtiTii  Aiiifiiuii.     I'liilii.lrlpliifi,  l>Si!). 

AVillcy  (S.'Uiiuol  II.),  iK'ciiik!  S(>nni>iis.  S;iii  l'"raiicisci),  IS")0;  An  Historic-ill 
Tapi'i'  lUl.itiiig  to  iSaiitii  (.'niz.  Sau  Fraiioisto,  I.ST'i;  I'l  iv-uual  Muino- 
raiulii.  ^IS. ;  (,>iinrt<.T  ('"iitury  Di.icoursi,'.  In  Santa  C'luz  Juitci'inisu 
Maixli  0,  \S~l;  Tliiity  Years  in  California.     Sau  Francisco,  1S79. 

AVilliani.4  (Allii'fl),  kcetiiro  on  lliu  (.'onciUcsL  of  Cal.  ];>'[iorl..i  in  S.  1''.  news- 
papcr.s  rif  Juno  1S78;  A  l'ioni;i'r  I'astorato.     San  Francisco,  IST'.t. 

Williani.-i  (Iliiiiy  F.),  Statement  of  Jlecollection.s.     !MS. 

AMUiaiusnii  (I!,  S.),  Jk[iortof  a  Itecouiiaisaance,  etc.,  in  Cal.     Wash.,  1S,")H. 

AVillic  (I!')l)erto  Criik'ton),  Mexico;  Noticia  solirc  .su  llauiiuila  I'liiilica  ljaj(j 
el  (Jobierno  I'lspaiiol  y  IJcspvU'.s  dc  la  Indept  iidencia.     JMexico,  184j. 

AVillows,  Journal. 

Wilniinj;tiin,  ]'nli'r]irisc,  J(;uriial. 

■\Vilson  (IVnjainin  1).),  Oliservatiuiis  of  Ivirly  Pays,  ISH,  etc.     MS. 

Wilson  (Fchvard),  The  Golden  kand.     ]!o.stoii,  1S52. 

Wilson  (il'diort  A.),  Mexico  and  its  Ikk'.'ion.     Xew  York,  LSo."). 

Winans  (Josepli  ^\'.),  Statement  of  Itccollcction.s,  IS-lO-o-'.     ]\JS. 

^Vinter,  Advocate. 

Winthvop  (Ik  ('.),  Speech,  May  S,  IK.IO,  on  Admission  of  Cal.    Wash.,  1S50. 

Wi.so,  A  few  Xotcd  on  California.     ^IS. 

Wise  (kicut.).  kos  (Iringos.     Xew  Yoik,  ]S|0. 

Wolfshill  (William),  Stoiy  of  an  Old  Fioneer.     In  ^\'ilnlingt(Jn  Journal. 

Wood  (Wiliiani  M.),  Waiideriu.i,'  SUetches,     Fliiladelphia, 'l:.  I'J. 

"Wood,  Alley,  tuid  Company.     Sec  Solano  County  History,  and  others. 

Woodiiridge,  Mcssen.cjev. 

AVoodliiii'jc  (Sylvester),  Statement  on  Vigilance  Corjniiittee.     ISIS. 

AVo(jdland,  Xcws,  Standard,  Yolo  Democrat,  Yolo  ^Mail. 

WooiLs  (l»aniel  1\.),  Sixteen  Month.s  at  the  (lold  Di-.uin-s.     X.  Y..  IS.Ik 

^Voods  (James\  I'.ecoUections  of  Pioneer  Woik  in  (.'aliiornia.     S,  F\,  1S7S. 

Wool  (.lolni  Ik),  Corres]iondenco  in  re.L,'ard  to  his  ()[ierations  on  the  Coast  of 
the  Pacitic  [.'Slid  Coul'.,  "Jd  Sess.,  Sen.  V.x.  Hoc.  10;  ."oth  Con^'.,  Ist  Scss., 
H.  Kx.  Doc.  8S,  H.  i'.x.  Hoc.  1-'4|.     Wash.,  It^Vl;  Id.,  1...-7. 

^^'orccster  (Samuel  M.),  California — Outlines  of  an  Address,  .lau.  II,  1840. 

Wozencraft  (O.  M.).  Indian  A  Hairs,  lS4!»-.-)0.     MS. 

Wrijht(J.W.A.),Thc()\vensi;iv.>r^Var.   In  San  rrancisco  Post,  X'ov.  1.1, 1870. 

^\'ri,-'d■  (William),  Histoiy  of  the  P)i:.'  ISonanza.     Hartford,  etc.,  kS77. 

\Vytllict  (Corn.),  Hcscriptiouis  I'tolcniaiciu  Auymeutum.     Lovanii,  151)7. 

Yates  (John),  Sketch  of  a  .Tourney  to  Sacramento  Yallcy,  181:2.     MS. 

Yorki  kncna,  California  (Star.     iSec  San  F^rancisco. 

Yolo  County  11  istorv.     San  I'^rancisco,  1S70.  atlas  folio. 

Yoniii,'  (Ann  ]':ii.-a),'Wifo  Xo.  10,  Hartford,  1,S70. 

'^'oun^,'  (I'liilip),  History  of  Mexico.     Cincinnati,  ISju. 

Yoini,!,'  ]\[c'i\s  (  krislian  Association,  Annual  Heiiorts.     S.  F.,  1854  et  seq, 

Yrcka,  Journal,  Union. 

Yidxi  City,  .Tournal,  Sutter  Ijanncr,  Suttci-  County  Sentinel. 

Yulia  (Jounty,  History  [Chandjcrlain  and  Wells].     Oakland,  1S79.    folio. 

Zalvidea  (Tosc  }il.''.ria),  Hiario  do  una  I'.xpcdicion,  Ticrra  Adentro,  kSO().   MS, 
Zalvidea  (Jose  ^1  aria)  and  .Tost' Barona,  Peticion  al  Ccfo  Politico  a  favor  d.' 

loslndios,  lS-_'7.    JNIS. 
Zamacois  (Xiceto),  Historia  do  ]\Icjico.     Barcelona,  etc.,  1S77-SO,  vols,  i.-xi. 
Zamorano  (.\uustiu  Y.),  Cartas  Sueltas.     IMS. 
Zaniorano  (A^jnstin  v.),  Proclama  que  Contiene  los  Articulo.,  do  las  Conili- 

tiones  eiitro  el  y  Ikkeandia,  1KV2.     MS. 
Zamorano  (Au'nstin  Y.)  y  Cia.,  Aviso  al  Publico.     Monterey,  iS.'Vk 
Zavalisliin  (Hniitry),  I>clo  o  Koloniy  Boss.     ]\1S. 
iiuniya (Jose),  Cartas  del  Comandante  de  S.  Dieyo,  17!Sl-yj.     '^•lii. 


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HISTORY  OF  CALIFORXIA. 


CHAPTER  I. 

INTRODUCTORY    RESUME. 

IIlSTOr.Y  OF  TITE   XoHTIt   MKXirW    RtATKS,    ir)20   TO    170!)— C0T!Tl':S   ON-    THE 

]'a('Ifio  Coast — llis  J'i.ans — Oustai'I-ks — XrSo  dk  fJtzMAX  \s  Sina- 
LoA—IIrRTADO.BECF.HRA,  AND  Jimenez — Cortes  in  CAUFonsi  a— Diego 
HI,  OrzMAN — Careza  1)e  Vaca — NiZA —  Ui.LOA — CoKONADo  —  Diaz  — 
Alaucon — Alvauaho — Mixton  War — Xceva  Gamcia  —  Nikva  ^'IZ- 
cava — Mission  Work  to  1000— Conquest  of  New  Mexico — Coast  Voy- 
ages—Skventkentii  CiCNTruY  Annai.s — Mission  DisTRifTS  of  Nceva 

VlZCAYA — TeFEIITANES  ANuTARAIirMAItES— ,TESriTSAM)I'i;AN('ISCAN,s  — 

Revolt  in  New  Mexico— Sinaloa  and  Sonora— Kino  in  1'imeria — 
Vizcaino — Gplf  KxrEiuTioNs — Occhfation  of  Uaja  California  — 
Kii;inEENTH  Centiuy  Annals  of  New  Mexico,  CiiiiirAncA,  Sonora, 
and  Baja  California,  to  the  Expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  in  17()7. 

As  in  the  history  of  IMoxico  we  arc  refcrrod  to 
S})ain  for  the  origin  of  affairs,  so  in  the  liistory  of 
Calilornia  it  is  necessary  to  jjlance  at  Mexieo  in  order 
|ir()|)orly  to  understand  tlic  course  of  eai'ly  events. 

Iffrnan  Cortes  landed  at  Vera  Cruz  in  Ajnil  1511), 
1111(1  liy  August  1521  was  in  permanent  jiossession  of 
llic  Aztec  capital.  Within  ten  years  Spanish  occu- 
pation had  been  pushed  south  across  the  istlnnus  of 
Telmantepec,  west  to  the  l*acitic,  and  north  to  Piinuco, 
(^hu  retaro,  and  Colima;  and  exploration  to  tlie  Huas- 
ti'c  region  of  Taniaulipas,  the  Chiehiniec  territory  (»f 
Aguas  Calientes,  San  lAiis  Potosi,  (Tuanajuato,  and 
iliat  ])art  of  Jalisco  below  the  Rio  Grande.  Let  us 
uive  attention  exclusively  to  the  west  and  north- 
west, as  Cortes  himself  was  disposed  to  do  whenever 

Vol.  I.    1 


INTRODUCTORY  RKSUM i:. 


||^i,|  ;f| 


ho  ronld  avoid  the  vexations  <'oin|tlioatioiis  that  called 
liiiii  to  ^fexieo,  or  ( "ciitral  Anu'iica,  or  Spain. 

iicl'ore  tlio  middle  of  lay  1522  ( 'ortos  h:i<l  i'ounded 
a  town  at  Zacatula,  and  heL'iin  to  huild  there  an  cxploi'- 
in,!^  fU't  t.  ]]y  this  time  it  had  heeome  apparent  that 
the  old  ^eooiaphicid  theories  must  Ix^  sonu;\vhat  modi- 
fied. This  was  shown  hy  di.scovei'ies  in  the  l*acili(.' 
farther  south  than  the  eoncjueror's  shi[)-yard.  Evi- 
dent ly  the  AEexican  re^^ion  was  distinct,  thonj>h  n<»t 
necessarily  distant,  from  Asia,  beiiiij^  separated  from 
that  t'oiitin(Mit  by  a  strait  in  tlu;  north;  or  else  it  was 
a  soutli-easteiMi  pi'ojcction  of  Asia  from  a  ]>oint  fart  Ik  r 
north  than  the  knowledi^e  of  the  old  travellers  !iad 
I'xtended.  Cortes  proposed  to  solve  the  mystery  l)y 
.simply  followiiin'  the  coast,  first  northward,  then  west- 
ward, and  finally  southward,  I'ound  to  India.  If  a 
strait  existed  he  was  sure  to  find  its  mouth;  and  if 
not,  he  would  at  least  reach  India  l)y  a  new  route, 
and  woidd  at  the  same  timt;  add  many  rich  islands 
and  coast.s  to  the  Spanish  domain.  That  such  islands 
existed  no  one  ventured  to  (lou!)t;  and  one  romance)' 
of  llie  time  went  so  far  as  to  invent  a  name  for  oih^ 
of  thiui.and  peo[)le  it  with  the  oli's[)rin^'  of  his  imani- 
nation. 

The  work  of  huildinu^  s]iij)s  made  slow  proi^rcss. 
^laterial  had  to  he  transported  ovi-iland  from  Vera 
Cruz;  and  the  tedious  opi-ration  had  to  he  rc]»eated 
after  a  fire  which  destroyed  the  Zacatula  warehouse. 
Ill  1524  it  was  ho[)ed  to  have  the  fleet  ready  to  sail 
in  July  of  the  next  year;  hut  (N)rtes  was  railed  away 
hy  his  Honduras  campaign,  and  exitlor;ition  must 
wait.  ]\reanwlille  ^Nfiehoacan  had  suhinitted  jicacc- 
uhjy  in  1522;  Colima  had  heen  comjuei'ed  aftei'  sevt'i-al 
reverses  in  152.');  while  in  1524  Jalisco,  from  Lake 
Chapala  to  Te[)ic,  was  explored  hy  Avalos  and  Ki'an- 
cisco  CN)rt(.'s,  the  native  chieftains  hecomiiiL^  vassals  of 
Spain,  thoun'h  no  Spaniai'ds  were  left  in  the  country, 
llanderas  A'alley  and  a  ^ood  port,  ]\lan/anillo  or  San- 


tia 


••'o,  were  discoveretl  (.luruiL'' 


Idl 


thi 


s  ex|)e( 


1' 


diti 


ou. 


firZMAN  A  RIVAL  OF  CORTliS. 


lat  oallctl 

II. 

[  toninU'tl 

Liiexploi'- 

rent  tluit 

]iiit)ii<>(li- 

lo  Paciii'' 

1(1.     Kvi- 

louo-li  not 

att^l  IVoiii 
.'Iso  it  was 
int.  fartlui- 
-rlk'vs  had 
lysU'iy  l)y 
t'lie-u  west- 
idia.      11"  Ji 
itli;  and  il" 
ji(>\v  route, 
■ich  islands 
ucli  islands 

ronianct'V 
no  for  on*' 

his  iniagi- 


Tho  vessels  were  made  ready  after  the  return  of 
Cortes  to  sail  in  152G,  and  three  more  were  on  tlie 
stocks  at  Tehuantepec.  Tiien  came  (xiievara  from 
]\l;H4f!lan  Strait  to  Zaeatula;  but  while  Cortes  was 
|.re])arini,*'  to  send  him  with  Ordaz  to  India  hy  tlio 
iioitliern  coast  route,  a  I'oyal  onler  recpiired  the 
^•essels  to  be  despatched  under  Saavedra  l)y  a  luoi-e 
direct  way  to  the  S[»ice  Islands  and  Loaisa's  I'l-iief. 
N'et  helbre  startinijf,  tlie  tleet  made  a  bei^'inniuL;-  («f 
iiortheiii  exploration  by  a  trial  trip  up  to  Santia-^o  in 
( 'olima.  Work  on  the  other  .ships  was  stopped  l)y  the 
ciplaiii-yenerars  loes  when  he  went  to  Spain  in  l.liiS; 
;iiid  tlioui^h  buildiuLC  oi)erations  were  resumed  latej-  at 

new 


'P 


ipui 


imp 


thrown  in  the  explorer's  way,  aiul  at  the  end  of  la;) I 
he  was  disheartened  at  the  i^loomy  prospect. 

M\';inwhik!  a  rival  and  foe  to  the  conipiistadoi'  had 
nppeared  on  the  sce-ne  in  the  person  of  Nuho  de  (lu/.- 
111,111,  president  of  the  royal  audiencia.  He  foresaw  that 
the  return  of  C*ortes  from  Spain  would  result  in  his 
own  downfall;  and  he  I'csolved  to  wrest  triumph  IVom 
the  jaws  of  disLj^raec,  iravinn'  presided  at  the  trl.d  of 
his  enemv,  Ik-  was  familiar  with  the  scheme  of  north- 
era  conquest.  As  governor  of  IVmuco  he  had  lieard 
freiii  tlu;  natives  rumors  of  great  cities  in  the  noi'th. 
Instead  of  tamely  submitting  to  trial  in  ]\lexico,  ho 
would  make  the  nortliei-n  scheme  his  own,  and  by  this 
li^^ld  stroke  not  only  turn  the  tables  on  his  i'(n>,  but 
will  for  lumself  lasting  })0\ver,  fame,  and  riches.  .\t 
the  end  vK  IjiiO  (rUJ^man  marched  from  Mexico  with 
fi\e  hundrecl  stjldiers  and  i^^w  thousand  fndian  allies. 
The  I'oute  was  down  the  Ivio  («raiuk!(l(!  Lerma  to  tlie 
region  of  tlu)  modern  (jluadalajara.  A  jxirt  of  the 
iinny  uniler  Ohate  and  Chirinos  by  a  northern  detour 
])enetrated  to  the  sites  of  the  later  Lagos,  Aguas 
('.ilieiitcs,  Zaeatecas,  and  .lei'cz;  and  in  ^lay  I.V.O 
the  (fivisions  were  reunitiMl  at  'Pepic.    The  advance 

w 
u 


\v 


i>s    everywhere    marked   by  devastation  ;    and    fe 


native  towns  ese 


apet 


1  1 


jurumi''- 


Xo  heed  was  give 


^!rT    ■?*    ■  ■'' 

'■ii,    , 

1 

:                ■     .ii 

■    i 
1 

4  INTRODUCTORY  RKSU.Mi:. 

to  tlic  ri'j^Iit.s  of  tli(!  fonnur  conquerors,  Avulos  and 
(\)rtes,  l)iit  Guzman's  policy  was  to  make  it  a[)pear 
tluit  the  country  had  never  been  conquered  at  all. 
Sucli  Indians  as  \V(>re  not  hostile  at  first  were  there- 
lore  provoked  to  hostilitv,  tliat  there  niiuht  be  an 
t'xcuse  for  plunder,  destruction,  carnage,  and  esj)0- 
riallv  i'or  the  seiziu'e  and  brandiui^  of  slaves.  Tiiis 
chapter  <jf  horrors,  one  of  the  bloodiest  in  the  annals 
of  Sj)anish  conquest,  continued  to  the  end;  yet  out- 
rap^cs  weie  considerably  less  Irequent  and  terrible  in 
the  far  north  than  in  Jalisco. 

A  ganison  was  left  at  Te}>ic,  and  Guzman  crossed 
the  great  river  Tololotlan  into  unexplored  territory, 
taking  possession  under  the  pompous  title  of  Greater 
Sj)ain,  designed  to  ecli})se  that  of  New  S[)ain.  In  July 
the  army  went  into  winter-quarters  at  Aztatlan  on 
the  Ri(^  Acaponeta,  remaining  until  December.  They 
sutfered  severely  i'rom  flood  and  pestilence,  being 
obliged  to  send  back  to  ^lichoacan  for  supplies,  and 
for  Indians  to  take  tlie  places  of  thousands  that  had 
j)erished.  After  a  month  at  Chametla  the  march  was 
et)ntinued  through  Quezala,  Piastla,  and  Ciguatan  to 
Guliacan  in  March  1531.  No  great  cities  or  golden 
treasures  being  found,  the  zeal  for  coast  exploration 
was  at  an  end  after  Captain  Samaniego  had  reached 
the  liio  Petatlan,  or  Sinaloa,  finding  a  barren  C(nin- 
try  and  a  rude  pco})le.  The  president  now  bcthouglit 
him  of  the  inland  towns  of  whicli  he  had  heard  at 
Piinuco.  From  ^lay  to  July  ho  made  a  tedious  and 
futile  trip  across  the  sierra  to  the  confines  of  Chihua- 
hua. Ohate  and  Angulo  crossed  the  mountains  Ijy 
different  routes,  j)erhaps  to  the  })lains  of  Guadiana,  or 
Durango,  and  other  minor  expeditions  were  made. 
None  but  savage  tril)es  were  fountl.  The  Spanish 
villa  of  San  Miguel  de  Culiacan  was  founded  with 
one  hundred  soldier  settlers  under  Proailo,  and  tluMi 
( luzman  started  in  October  with  the  rest  of  his  army 
back  to  Jalisco. 

Guzman  was  made  governor  of  the  new  province, 


ill 


VOYAOE.S  OF  MKNDOZA  AND  .IIMEXEZ. 


los  and 

appear 

at  all. 
J  tliere- 
[,  bo  an 
id  cspc- 
i.  Tliis 
e  annals 
yvX  (»ut- 
riiblc  in 

.  crossed 
:crritory, 
'  Greater 
In  July 
tatlan  on 
.or.  They 
L-o,  beinj^ 
[Ales,  and 
tliat  had 
lareli  was 
n'uatan  to 
or  o'oldou 
^cploration 
1  reaclicd 
ren  ccnm- 
iciliouj^bt 
hoard  at 
idious  and 
,f  Chihua- 
.ntains  l)y 
adiana,  or 
ore  made. 
Spanish 
idcd  with 
I,  and  then 
'  his  army 


I 


tlio  name  of  whieh  wns  made  Xueva  Calieia,  instead 
(il*  }.I;ivor  J']spaha.  Conipostela  was  made  the  capi- 
l.il;  and  there  were  also  i'ounded  within  a  I'ew  years 
ll>piVitu  Santo,  or  (Uiadalajara,  near  Xoehistlan  and 
l';u  iioi'th  of*  itfj  modern  site,  and  Cljametla  in  Sinaloa, 

mere  military  camp,  sometimes  entirely  desertid. 

le  new  provin<'e  had  no  delinite  hotmdaiies,  beini^' 
intended  to  inehide  the  new  eonfpiests.  Xe^K-etinj^^ 
till'  northern  regions,  to  which,  as  diseoverca',  he  had 
some  (laim,  the  governor  devoted  himsell'  cliieiiy  to 
(  IK  roaclnnents  in  the  south,  lie  became  involved  in 
.liliiculties  that  fmally  ovorwlielmed  him,  though  he 
(lid  not  lack  opportunity  t(j  vent  his  old  spite  a!L;ainst 
Curtes  on  one  or  two  occasions.  Guzman  was  su'.ii- 
1111  MU'd  to  ^lexico,  and  put  in  prison,  and  in  15:18  was 
sent  to  Spain,  whore  ho  died  six  years  later  in  pov- 
(itv  and  distress. 

i^nconraged  by  the  now  audiencia  Coi'tes  took  conr- 
aL;'(\  and  in  I. 532  was  able  to  des|)atch  two  vessels 
under  his  cousin  Hurtado  do  ]\Iendoza  and  ^Mazuela. 
Tliev  touched  at  Santia-m ;  bv  (Jr.zman's  orders  wei'e 
relhsetl  water  at  ^ratanchol,  or  San  lilas;  discovered 
tlio  Tres  ]\Iarias;  and  alter  a  loni;'  storm  landed  at  an 
unluiown  point  on  the  coast.  Provisions  were  neai'ly 
rxliaustod,  and  the  men  bov^amo  mutinous.  ]lurtado 
ke]>t  on  northward,  and  with  all  his  men  was  killctl 
at  the  Ilio  Tamotchala,  or  Fuerte;  the  malconti-nts, 
retnrninij;"  southward,  were  driven  ashore  in  jJainU'ras 
}h\  and  killed  I)y  the  natives,  all  save  two  or  tliree 

Iio  escaped  to  Colima,  wliile  Guzman  seized  all  that 

il;l  bo  saved  fi'om  the  wreck.  To  hiniCo''tos  attril>- 


w 

COl 


uted  tlie  nns 


fortu 


nes  o 


1"  tl 


10  exiled  it  ion. 


There  were  still  left  two  ves.s<'ls  at  Tehuantejiee, 
which  were  (les[)att'hed  late  in  If);!.")  under  l>ecerra,  and 
(Irijalva.  The  latter,  aft.r  discoveriii'uj  the  IJevilla 
(jiiL;odo    Islands,    returned    to    Aca|)ulco.      (Jrijalva's 


{),'{' 


ineii  mutinied,  killed  Becerra,  put  his  [lartisansash 
on  the  Colima  coast,  and  continued  the  vovau'e  under 


neiiez. 


Th 


lev  soon  (.liscovereu  a  bav,  on  an  is 


1 


dand 


II.* 


.::!' '!^ 


6  INTRODUCTORY  RKSUMI^. 

coast  as  tli(3y  sup|)()S('(l,  luit  really  in  the  jx'ninsula, 
and  j)i'()l»al)ly  identical  with  l^a  Paz;  and  then' .linii'- 
noz  was  killed  with  twenty  (»('  his  men.  The  tew  sni- 
vivoi's  broui^ht  the  ship  to  Chanietla,  where  they  wero 
imprisoned  hy  (jruzman,  hut  escaped  witli  the  news  to 
(Jortus,  carrying  also  reports  (»!"  pearls  in  the  northern 
waters. 

The  captain-g(>neral  now  resolved  to  takcconiman<l 
in  jx'i'son;  and,  having  sent  three  vessels  from  Te- 
liuantepec  early  in  Ifjof),  he  set  out  with  a  f'oi'ce  over- 
land, (hizman  wisely  kept  out  of  the  way,  contenting 
himself  with  comiilaints  and  protests.  The  sea  and 
land  oxpe<lition8  were  reunited  at  Chanietla,  and  C*or- 
tes  sailed  in  April  with  over  one  hundred  men,  ahout 
one  third  of  his  whole  force.  Jimenez'  hay  was  reached 
!May  od,  and  named  Santa  ( *ruz.  After  a  year  of  mis- 
f  )rtunes,  during  which  a  part  of  the  remaining  colo- 
nists were  brought  over  with  their  families,  Cortes 
went  back  to  Mexico,  lie  intended  to  ri'tui'ii  with  a 
new  fleet  and  succor  for  the  colony ;  but  he  sent  instead 
a  vessel  in  I  fjoG  to  bi-ing  away  the  wliok;  })arty.  JIj 
had  had  <piite  enough  of  noi'th-western  colonization. 

On  the  main  there  was  occasional  communication 
between  San  ^[iguel  and  the  south;  indeed,  one  party 
of  Cortes'  colonists  went  from  Chanietla  to  (.'uliacan 
by  land.  In  1533  Diego  de  Guzman  reached  the  I\io 
^'arpii ;  and  it  was  lie  that  learned  the  fate  of  llurtado. 
There  was  no  prosperity  at  the  villa.  The  garrison 
lived  at  first  by  trading  their  beads  and  trinkets  for 
food;  then  on  tribute  of  the  native  towns;  and  at  last, 
when  the  towns  had  been  sti'ipped,  they  had  to  depeiul 
on  raids  for  ])luiider  and  slaves. 

()n  one  of  these  excursions  to  tlie  Rio  Fuerto  in 
lo3G  a  party  under  Alcaraz  were  suijirised  to  meet 


th 


(h 


b 


•■ht   t< 


irco  npamards  and  a  negro,  who  were  hroug 
San  Miguel  to  tell  their  strange  tale  of  adventui'c. 
They  were  Alvar  Nunez  and  his  companions,  the  only 
survivors  of  throe  hundred  men  who,  under  Xarvaez, 
Lad  landed  in  Florida  in  1528.    Escaping  in  1535  from 


■,:tfi 


CAT'.i:ZA  DE  VACA  AND  ULLOA. 


/nlnsiila, 
ic  .linu'- 
tcw  sur- 
lu>y  wrVii 
'  news  to 
iiortlioru 

?omnuui<l 
IVoiu  To- 
)rc'C  ovcr- 
(>nli'utiii;4 
c  sea  iin>l 
,  antl  C'oi- 
len,  al)i)"t 
as  reached 
:>ar  of  inis- 
ininu^  colo- 
ns, Cortes 
urn  \vitU  a 
Mit  instead 

arty.      U' 
iloni/.ation. 
iiimicatiou 
,  (»ne  party 
)  Culiaean 
■d  the  Ivio 
'  IIin'tad< ». 
le  L;arriso:i 
hikets  i'or 
nd  at  hist, 
t.)  dep*-'ud 

I'uerte  in 

I'd  to  meet 

»r(»ught  to 

adventure. 

IS,  the  only 
'V  Xarvae/, 
A  1  ooJ  iVoni 


I 


sl.ivery  on  tlie  I'exan  eoast,  tliese  lour  liad  found 
llnir  way  aei'oss  Ti'xas,  ( 'liilnialiua,  and  Sonoi'a  to 
llie  l*acifi('  coast.  Their  salvation  was  due,  mainly  to 
ilie  i'ej)ntati<>n  accjuired  hy  Caht^'za  de  Vaca  as  a,  nied- 
ii  iiie  man  anions;'  the  natives.  Alvar  Xuhe/  went  to 
>h'.\it()  in  la.")(),  and  next  year  to  Spain,  lie  had 
net,  as  lias  sometimes  heen  clainu'd,  reached  the  Pue- 
Iilo  towns  of  Xew  ^Mexico;  l>ut  he  had  heard  of  them, 
.•iiid  he  hrought  to  ^lexico  some  vague  reports  of  their 
t;i'andeur. 

These  rei)orts  revived  tlie  old  zeal  foi-  northeiMi 
(•oiHjUest.  (;(Uzman  was  out  of  the  field,  hut  Alcc'ioy 
]\Ieiidoza  canj^lit  the  infection.  IlaviuL,^  (juestioned 
C';iheza  de  Vaca,  and  ha\  Iu'l;'  houiJi'ht  his  ne-^ro,  ho  re- 
solved to  send  an  army  to  the  north.  The  connnand 
\\a-;u;iven  to  Vasijnez  de  Coronado,  tj^overnor  of  Xueva 
(iahiia.  To  i)reparc  the  way  a  Franciscan  fiiar,  Mai-- 
nis  de  Niza,  was  sent  out  from  Culiacan  early  in  \  a."]!). 
AVith  the  negro  ]'lste\anico,  X'iza  went,  "as  the  holy 
j^host  did  lead  him,"  througdi  Sonoi'a  and  Arizona, 
p('rlia.[)s  to  Zuhi,  or  Ci'hola,  wlu're  the  negro  was 
hilled.  The  fi'iar  hastened  hack  with  grossly  exagger- 
ated re}»ort.s  of  the  marvels  he  had  seen. 

Cortes  also  heard  the  reports  of  Xin'iez  and  Xiza, 
and  was  moved  hy  them  to  new  eiiorts,  disputing  the 
liglit  of  ^lendoza  to  act  in  the  matter  at  all.  lie  de- 
spatched Ulloa  with  three  vessels,  one  of  which  was 
]  ist  on  the  Culiacan  eoast,  in  July  1  539.  This  naviua- 
tor  reached  the  head  of  the  gulf;  then  coasted  tlie 
peninsula  .southward,  touching  at  Santa  Cruz;  and 
ii>uii(|(Ml  the  point,  sailing  U[>  the  outer  coast  to  Cedi'os 
Island.  One  of  the  vessels  re-turned  in  1540;  of  Ulloa 
ill  the  other  nothing  is  positively  known.  It  seems 
to  liave  heen  in  the  diary  of  this  vova<j:e  that  the  nanu; 
('alifornia,  taken  from  an  old  novel,  the  Seigas  of 
l]splandian,  as  elsewhere  ex[)lained,  was  applied  to  a 
portion  of  the  peninsula. 

Governor  Coronado,  with  a  force  of  three  hundred 
Spaniards  and  eight  hundred  natives  from  Mexico, 


8  TNTHODUCTORY  Rl'lSUMfi. 

«lopnrt((l  fiorn  Culiaciin  in  April  lo-lO.  lie  loft  a 
jj^anison  in  Soiioru;  I'ollowud  Niza's  route,  ciirsin;^ 
till!  friar's  oxaiLjiLj^ciationH,  and  roaclicd  Zuni  in  .July. 
T()l>ai'  was  sent  to  1'usayan,  or  the  ^Io(|ui  towns; 
Ciirdciias  to  the  jji'i'cat  canon  of  the  Colorado;  and 
Alvai'ado  far  eastward  to  C'icuyo,  or  Pec-os.  Then 
the  army  marched  oast  to  spend  the  winter  in  the 


il'*^ 


H 


iU-{uit 


N  K.  W    M  I 


'-^     ^'\  ^    J/\  ?     r\^   y^  y^> 


XoUTHEUN   NkW   SI'AIX. 

valley  of  the  Rio  Gi'ando,  the  province  of  Tigucx, 
later  New  Mexico.  In  ]\Iav  loll,  ai'tor  a  wintei"  of 
constant  wai-fare  caused  hy  op])ression,  Coronado 
started  out  into  the  o'reat  [)lains  north-eastward  in 
search  of  ,L>ivat  towns  and  })recioua  metals  never 
found.  He  I'eturned  in  Heptenibcr,  having  penetrated 
as  ho  believed  to  latitude  40°,  and  found  only  wigwam 


; -'s 


vASQurz  Di:  ronox.vno  and  ALAr.cox. 


!  left  a 
cursing 
in  .Inly. 

towns; 
do;  iind 
riu'U 
L*  in  the 


Tigucx, 
^vintcr  of 
'()!•(  >na(l<» 
ttward  in 
lis  never 
)netnitetl 
wigAvaui 


towns  in  llie  provinec  of  (^nivira,  |>ossiI)]y  in  tlie 
K;iiis;is  of  to-(l;iy.  J'Apctlitions  wore  also  sent  far  nj) 
;iiiil  down  the  liio  del  Xoite;  and  in  the  s|tiini4'  of 
1. ){■_',  when  neiirly  ivady  for  a  new  i'anij)ai!4n,  tlu' 
governor  was  seriously  injured  in  a  tournament,  and 
roolvcd  to  ahandon  tlio  enterprise.  Some  friars  were 
lift  hi'hind,  wlu)  wisro  soon  killed;  and  in  April  the 
ivturn  marcli  hoLjan.  Mendo/a  was  bitterly  disa]. 
pointed,  hut  ae(|uitted  the  j^overnor  of  Mame. 

'J'lie  force  left  in  Sonora,  while  Coronndo  was  in  th(^ 
north,  founded  the  settlement  of  San  GercMiimo  de  los 
('oiazo!ies,  in  the  region  between  the  modern  Ai'i/Cpc 
and  Iferniosillo;  and  from  here  at  the  end  of  iJ4<> 
Milchor  Diaz  niadi!  a  trip  up  the  eoast  to  the  iJio 
Colorado,  called  liio  del  Tizon,  and  across  that  river 
Iitlow  tlie  (jilla.  lie  was  killed  accidentally  and  liis 
mm  i'etnrn(,'d.  San  (ien'minio,  after  its  site  had  been 
s(\eral  tini(-s  ehanjj;ed  and  most  of  its  settleis  liad 
deserted  or  had  been  massacred,  was  abandoned  be  i't)ro 
the  arrival  of  Coronado  on  Ids  return  in  15-42. 

Also  in  Coronado's  a])scnco  and  to  cocijierate  with 
liini  ^deiidoza  sent  two  vessels  under  Alarcon  from 
Aca'pulco  in  ^lay  ir)40.  Hi;  reached  the  head  of  the 
i;uh'  and  went  up  thi^  liio  Colorailo,  {»r  ]>uena  (iuia, 
in  boats,  ])ossibly  biyoiid  the  Gila  junction.  ]jea\iu'^' 
a  nicssau;'e  found  later  by  ])iaz,  .\larcon  ri'tuiiieil  to 
( 'iHuia  in  November.  Another  vovan'e  was  planneil, 
liiit  ]>revented  by  revolt. 

Afier  a  hard  stru^'gle  to  maintain  his  presti'^'e,  and 
]'i'('vent  M'liat  ho  r(>garded  as  IMendo/a's  illen'al  inter- 
fcirnce  with  his  j)lans,  ('ortes  went  to  Spain  in  I,') K) 
to  rn^^age  in  an  e([ually  fruitless  struggle  before  tlu; 
tliKiiie.     Another  e\|)lori'r  however  ajipeared,  in  thi^ 


HI  son  of  l*edro  de  Alvarado,  o'overnor  of  (luatemala, 


wlio 


came  up  to  Colima  in  1540  with  a  ilett,  eight 
liundred  men,  and  a  license  for  discovery.  ]>ut  Men- 
do/a, instead  of  (juarrelling  with  Alvarado,  formed  a 
jiaitnership  with  him. 

A  revolt  of  eastern  Jalisco  tribes,  known  as  the 


1    ;•? 


10 


INTRODUCTORY  RlISirTHK. 


^lixtoii  War,  iiitciiupti'd  nil  i»l;iiis  of  cxjtlorafio!!. 
Miiiiy  I'cloriiis  liacl  Ik'i'M  iiitrodiiccd  since  (;liizinair.s 
tiiur,  l)ul,  loo  late.  Incited  l)y  sorcnvrs  on  tli«'  noi'tli- 
crn  IVonticrs  to  avcn^'c  |>asi.  wroni^'s  and  rc;L;ain  their 
indejiendence,  tlu;  natives  kilKul  their  enc^oniendi  ros, 
al)and(»ned  liieir  towns,  and  took  rel'uijfo  ou  I'oitilied 
j)t'iin/cs,  heheved  to  l>e  in»j)rennal)le,  the  strongest 
heinn'  th(»se  of  Mixton  and  Nochisllan.  At  the  iiid 
of  l.VM)  ( Jnadalajaia,  aheadv  moved  to  Tacothm  A'al- 
ley,  N\as  tlie  only  place  lield  by  the  Sjianiai'ds,  and 
*  that  was  in  tlie  iLi;ri!atest  danger.  Alvarado  canie  to 
the  I'tisciie  from  the  coast,  l>iit  rasjdy  attacking"  Xo- 
chistlan,  he  was  (lefeated  and  kiileil  in  Jul}  l.Vll. 
Soon  (iuadalajani  was  attacked,  but  after  a  j^ieat 
battle,  in  which  fiflei-n  thousand  natives  wei'e  slain, 
ilio  town  was  saved  to  be  transfirivd  at  oiicu  to  its 
modern  site.  Meiidoza  was  troubled  for  the  sai'ety 
not  only  of  Xuevji  (Indicia,  but  ol"  all  New  Si)ain;  and 
lu;  marched  north  with  a  lari;(^  army.  In  a  shoit  but 
^■i^'•o|•ous  campaiu;n  he  captured  tin;  j)enoles,  one  after 
another,  even  to  that  of  Mixton,  by  sic^e,  by  assault, 
by  stratagem,  or  by  the  treachery  of  the  defenilers, 
returniiio-  to  Mexico  in  1542,  Thousands  of  natives 
were  killed  in  batth;;  thousands  cast  themselves  from 
the  clitfs and  perished;  thousai;  s were  enslaved.  Many 
escaped  to  the  sierras  of  Nayarit  and  Zacatecas;  but 
the  s[iirit  of  rebellion  was  broken  forever. 

There  is  little  more  that  need  be  said  of  Nueva  Ga- 
licia  hero.  It  was  explored  and  conriuered.  The  audi- 
encia  was  established  at  Compostela  in  ir)48,and  moved 
with  the  capital  to  Guadalajara  in  loGl.  A  bisliojn'ie 
was  erected  in  1544.  The  religious  orders  Ibunded 
missions.  Agriculture  and  stock-raising  made  some 
]»rogress.  New  towns  wei'o  built.  Ilich  mines  were 
woiked,  especially  in  Zacatecas,  where  the  town  of 
that  name  was  founded  in  1548.  These  mines  caused 
the  rest  of  Nueva  Galicia  to  be  well  nigh  depopulated 
at  lirst,  and  were  themselves  almost  abandoned  before 
IGOO  in  consequence  of  a  rush  to  now  mines  in  the 


ITIAIHIA  IN  \UKVA  VIZCAYA. 


U 


)rati()n. 

nortli- 
II  llitii" 

"oititiiil 

the  *n<l 
an  Val- 
•ds,  and 
caiiu'  t'> 
iuy'  No- 
ly    K..U. 
a   «j,i'cat 
ri'  slain, 
CO  to  \i^ 
le  salV'ty 
>aiu;  iiud 
;hoit  but 
one  after 

assault, 
I'ltaulors, 
f  natives 
vcs  IVoni 
d.  Many 

cas;  but 

uova  Ga- 
triic  audi- 
ud  moved 
|bisho))ric 

founded 
lade  some 
ines  were 

town  of 
les  causetl 
Populated 
led  before 

;s  ill  the 


% 


r,  «4it>n  of  Xonibre  di-  Dios.     Some  exploriu}^  parties 
It  aciied  Duran^^'o,  Chihuahua,  and  Sinulou. 

Tl)arra,  tlio  leader  in  inland  ex|)lorations  northward, 
was  made  ;^overnor  of  Niieva  N'izcaya,  a  new  {jroviiice 
I'ornu'd  ahoiit  la«IO  o<'  all  territoiy  above  the  modern 
.laiiseo  and  Zaeateea.  line.  Nondjre  de  J)ios  was 
I'lunded  in  1358;  Duran;,  >  or  (jiuadiana,  an  capital,  in 
I  jdo.  liefore  1 5(5;')  tliei-e  were  llouiisiiing  settlement-j 
in  San  Haitolome  A'allisy  of  southern  Chihuahua. 
Iliarra  also  erossed  the  sierra  to  Sinaloa  and  Snuora, 
fiiuiidin^'  San  Juan  iiautista  on  tlu;  Sua(jui  or  I  u  rte, 
ahout  15(14 ;  and  ri'foandin<_j  San  Sebastian  (h)  Clia- 
nietla,  where  rieh  mines  were  found.  San  fuan  was 
Mion  abandoned;  but  live  settlers  remained  on  iUo 
Ilio  de  Sin;d)a  as  a  nucleus  of  San  Felipe,  the  molern 
Sinaloa.  judian  campaij^iis  of  1584-1)  lei't  a  i'-w  new 
se^Mer.s  for  San  Feli|te. 

i)ef(jre  151)0  the  Fianeiscans  had  eii^ht  or  nine  mis- 
sions in  J)uraniL;()  and  Chihuahua.  When  tlie  Jesuits 
inidertook  northern  conversion  in  151)0,  fathers  'l'a|)ia 
and  i'ei'ez,  and  soon  six  more,  came  to  San  Felijte  de 
Sinidoa  and  beu^an  work  on  the  rivers  IV^tatlan  and 
Mocorito.  They  had  twenty  |)Ueblos  and  I'our  thou- 
sand converts  before  KiOO.  Father  Ta[)ia  reached 
ihe  l^io  Fuerte  and  the  mountains  of  Topia,  but  was 
iiiai  tyred  in  151)4;  yet  missions  were  founded  in  To[)i'a 
jii  KiOO,  where  the  mining  towns  of  San  Andres  and 
Siiii  nip(')lito  already  existed.  San  Felii)e  had  become 
a  kind  of  [)residio  in  159(j,  under  Caj)taiu  Diaz.  East 
(  r  the  mountains  the  Jesuits  also  Ijegan  work  anions;' 
tile  Tepehuanes  at  Zape  and  Santa  Catalina,  and  at 
S;mta  ^Fariade  Parras  in  the  lake  regicm  of  Coahuila. 
Saliillo  was  founded  in  158G;  and  about  1598  the  town 
of  Parras  was  built  in  connection  with  the  Jesuit 
mission  there. 

New  IMexico  was  revisited  and  finally  occu|)ic(! 
brfore  1(300.  In  1581  Eodriijuez  with  two  other 
r  ranciscans  and  a  few  soldiers  went  from  San  Bar- 


12 


INIHODUCTORY  RESOlfe 


tolomd  down  the  Conchos  and  up  tlic  Kio  del  Xorte 
to  the  land  of  the  Tij^uas,  Coronado's  Tigucx.  The 
soldiers  soon  returned,  but  the  I'riars  reniahied  to  be 
killed.  In  1582-3  Espejo  with  a  strong  force  went 
in  search  of  Rodri^'iiez,  learnin«jj  at  Puara,  near 
Sandia,  of  the  fiiars'  fate  and  of  Coronado's  iV)nner 
I'avagcs  in  that  region.  Espejo  ex[)lored  eastward  to 
the  buffalo  plains,  northward  to  Cia  and  Galisteo,  and 
westward  to  Zuiii  and  tlie  region  of  the  modern  i'rcjs- 
cott,  leturning  by  way  of  the  liio  Pecos.  In  l;V.)0-l 
<.  'astano  de  Sosa  went  up  the  Pecos  and  across  to  tin; 
Pueblo  towns  of  the  Rio  Grande  with  a  colony  of 
one  hundred  and  seventy  men,  women,  and  cliildren. 
After  receiving  the  submission  of  thirty-three  towns, 
lie  v»as  carried  back  to  Mexico  in  chains  by  Captain 
Morlete,  on  the  c]iari«"e  of  having  made  an  illegal 
cntrada,  or  expedition.  About  1595  Bonilla  and 
llumaha,  sent  out  against  rebellious  Indians,  marclK'vl 
without  license  to  New  ^lexico  and  sought  Quivira 
in  tlic  north-eastern  plains.  Humana  nuirdered  his 
chief  and  was  himself  killed  with  most  of  his  party  by 
the  natives.  In  l.l'Jo  the  viceroy  made  a  contract 
for  the  conquest  of  New  ^Mexico  with  Oiiate,  who  as 
governor  and  captain-general  left  ]\Iexico  with  a  large 
force  of  soldiers  and  colonists  in  1596.  Vexations 
complications  hindered  Ohate's  progress  and  exhausted 
his  funds,  so  that  it  was  not  until  1598  that  he  entered 
the  promised  land.  San  Juan  was  made  tlie  capital; 
all  the  towns  submitted;  the  Franciscans  were  sta- 
tioned in  six  nations;  Onate  visited  Zuhi;  and  tlu; 
rebellious  warriors  of  the  ^Vconia  pehol  were  conrpiered 
in  a  series  of  hard-fought  battles,  all  before  the  sum- 
mer of  1599. 

Let  us  return  to  the  coast  and  to  an  earlier  date, 
since  the  connectio)i  l)etween  maritime  exploration 
and  inland  ])rogress  is  very  slight.  ]\Iendoza  at  the 
close  of  the  ^lixton  war  in  1542,  though  not  encoui- 
aged  by  the  results  of  past  efforts,  had  a  ileet  on  his 
hands,  and  one  route  of  ex[)loration  yet  open  and 


1>  V?: 


PIIAKF,,  CAVl.'XDISII,  AND  VIZCAINO. 


13 


L  Norto 
.     The 
d  to  ])0 
•c  went 
a,    near 
tbrnier 
svard  to 
tco,  and 
•u  I'ros- 
151)0-1 
IS  to  tho 
)lony  ol' 
•liiUlron. 
c  towns, 
Cavtaiu 
n   ilU'gal 
ilia    and 
marched 
Quivira 
lered  lii:^ 

)avty  l)y 
contract 
who  as 
I  a  largo 
exatious 
diaustcd 
rutere«l 
capital ; 
-ere  sta- 
and  tli(! 
)nqucrcd 
:lie  yiini- 

er  date, 
(loration 
"a  at  the 
encour- 
|t  on  his 
iKMi  and 


promising,  that  up  tho  outer  coast  of  the  peninsula. 
Tlii'icltire  Caljrillo  sailed  from  Natividad  with  two 


^  esse 


I 


•Is,  made  a  careful  survey,  applied  names  that  for 
l!ic  most  })art  have  not  been  retained,  passed  the  limit 
III"  I'lloa's  discoveries,  and  anchored  at  San  Miguel, 
iK.w  San  Diego,  in  Septend)er.  Explorations  forther 
iiMilli  under  Cabrillo  and  his  successor  Ferrelo  will  be 
iullv  u'iven  in  a  later  chaiiter.  Thov  descril)ed  the 
ciiast  somewhat  accurately  up  to  the  region  of  Mou- 
lt rcy,  and  Ferrelo  believed  himself  to  have  reached 
the  latitude  of  44^ 

^[cndoza's  efforts  on  tho  coast  ended  with  Cabrillo's 
viiyage;  but  fleets  crossed  the  ocean  to  the  Philip- 
pines, and  in  1505  Urdancta  for  the  first  time  re- 
( lossod  tlie  Pacific,  discovering  the  northern  route 
I'nllowed  ibr  two  centuries  bv  the  ^lanila  galleons.  Of 
discoveries  by  these  vessels  little  is  known;  but  they 
gave  a  good  idea  of  the  coast  trend  up  to  Cape  Men- 
( l<  )cino.  Tliey  also  attracted  foreign  freebooters.  Drake 
ravaged  the  southern  coasts  in  1579,  also  reaching 
latitude  43°,  and  anchoring  in  a  California  port,  (iali, 
cDiniug  by  tlie  northern  route  in  1584,  left  on  record 
some  slight  observations  on  the  coasts  up  to  37°. 
( 'avendisli  in  158G  made  a  plundering  cruise  up  as 
I'ar  as  ]\[azatlan;  then  crossing  over  to  Cape  San 
Lucas  hc!  captured  the  treasure-sliip,  and  bore  off 
across  the  Pacific.  Maldonado's  fictitious  trip  through 
the  Strait  of  Anian  and  back  in  1588,  and  the  similar 
imaginary  exploits  of  Fuca  in  the  north  Pacific,  have 
un  importance  for  us  in  this  connection.  One  Spanish 
commander  of  the  many  who  came  down  the  coast 
had  orders  to  make  investigations — Cermehon  in 
!5'J5;  but  of  the  result  we  know  only  that  his  vessel 
was  wrecked  under  Point  lieyes. 

In  1597  Vizcaino  was  sent  to  explore  anew  and 
occupy  for  Spain  the  Californian  Isles.  He  sailed 
from  Acajiulco  with  a  large  force  in  three  vessels, 
accompanied  by  four  Franciscan  friars.  His  explora- 
tions  in  the  gulf  added    but  little  to  geograi)liical 


14 


INTRODUCTORY  RESUMfi, 


knowlodo'c;  and  the  i^ottlcmcnt  which  he  attempted 
to  found  r.t  Santa  Cruz,  by  him  called  La  Paz,  wa.s 
al)an(loned  after  a  few  mc^nths  from  the  inability  of 
tlie  country  to  furnish  food,  the  departure  being* 
hastened  by  a  stcn-m  and  fire  that  destroyed  building.^ 
and  stores.  Thus  close  the  annals  of  the  sixteenth 
century. 

After  IGOO  Nuova  Galicia  has  no  history  that  can 
or  need  bo  pi-esented  in  a  resume  like  this.  Except 
(»ne  district,  Nayarit,  the  whole  province  was  in  jicr- 
manent  subjection  to  Si)anish  authority,  hostilitii's 
])ein<x  confined  maiidy  to  robberies  on  the  line  of  travi  1 
from  ]\Iexico  to  Nuova  Vizcaya.  The  president  of  the 
audiencia  at  Guadalajara  was  governor,  and  his  judi- 
cial authority  covered  all  the  north.  So  did  the  eccle- 
siastical juris(hction  of  the  bishop  of  Guadalajara 
until  1G21,  when  Nuova  Vizcaya  was  sej)arated;  but 
the  north-east  to  Texas  and  the  north-west  to  Cali- 
Ibrnia  were  retained.  The  Franciscans  alone  had  nils- 
sionarv  authoritv,  and  that  onlv  in  the  nortli,  all 
establislnnents  de[)ending  after  1()04  on  the  Zacatecan 
]>rovincla.  jNIining  was  [)rofitably  carried  on  notwith- 
standing an  oppressive  quicksilver  monopoly  and 
frequent  migrations  to  new  discoveries.  Agriculture 
and  stock-raising  were  the  leading  industries  of  the 
limited  population.  The  country's  only  commerc-c 
was  the  exchange  by  overland  routes  of  grain  and 
cattle  for  su})j)lies  needed  at  the  mines.  And  finallv 
there  were  petty  local  hajipenings,  Avholly  insufficient 
to  break  uj)  the  deadly  inonotony  of  a  Spanisli  ])i()v- 
ince  when  once  it  becomes  a  tierra  de  paz,  or  a  land 
at  peace. 

Nueva  Vizcaya  during  the  seventeenth  centurv 
compriscil  m  a  sense  noi-thern  Durango,  Chihuahua, 
Sinaloa,  and  Sonora,  besides  a  jiart  of  Coahuila:  yet 
tlie  connection  between  coast  and  inland  province^^ 
was  practically  very  slight,  and  conunon  usage  located 
Nueva  Vizcaya  east  of  the  Sierra  Madre.    A  gover- 


MISSIONS  OF  XUEVA  VIZCAYA. 


15 


ttcmptcd 
Paz,  was 

ability  of 

ire   being' 

biukliii;-^-^ 
sixtcoiitli 


\f  that  can 
.     Except 
^•as  in  pcr- 
hostilities 
c  of  travi  1 
lent  of  t bo 
1  liis  ju<li- 
Itlic  oeele- 
ruadalajaia 
Lrate(l;'fnit 
3st  to  Cajl- 
10  had  mis- 
novth,  all 
Zacateean 
)ii  iiotwitb- 
jiopoly    and 
o-ricultiu't.' 
ivies  of  tlic 
comnieree 
(jjrain  and 
ud  finally 
insidlieient 
uiish  pvov- 
or  a  land 

th  rontnry 
.'hiluialuia, 
[\hnila:  yet 

provinces 
Ino'c  located 

A  u'over- 


UDi',  and  bishop  of  Guadiana  after  10-21,  resided  at 
])uran«^'o;  but  save  in  the  larger  tovrns  and  niininjjf- 
caiups,  the  country  was  for  the  most  part  a  ticrra  dc 
ijiirrra,  or  a  land  at  war;  the  epoch  not  one  of  civil  an:' 
iiclesiastic  but  rather  of  military  and  missionary  rule, 
lu  general  the  whole  country  may  be  said  to  have 
l>L'eii  divided  into  eight  mission  districts. 

The  Tepeliuane  missions  of  Durango  i)rosporcd  from 
tlieir  l)i'ginning  in  liVJi  until  the  great  revolt  of  1(51(5 
in  wliicli  eight  Jesuit  priests  and  two  lumdrod  othca' 
Spaniards  lost  their  lives.  All  missions  and  mining- 
e:HU])s  were  destroyed,  and  the  capital  was  seriously 
threatened.  Tlie  massacre  was  cruellv  avemjed,  and 
i\\v,  natives  that  survived  were  driven  to  the  moun- 
tains only  to  be  slowly  drawn  back  by  missionary  zeal. 
In  1 040  lost  ground  had  been  regained,  and  more, 
exct'pt  in  the  num])er  of  neophytes,  of  whom  there 
wei'eein'ht  hundred  in  1078,  under  four  Jesuits  in  ninti 
towns,  with  a  Spanish  populati(jn  of  al)out  three  lum- 
(Ired.  The  Tcpehuanes  were  con(|uered,  except  as 
individuals  or  small  ])artles  occasionally  revolted  iu 
resistance  to  enforced  labor  in  the  mines.  In  the 
south-eastern  or  Parras  district  all  was  peace  and 
])rospeiity  with  the  gentle  Laguncros,  if  wo  exce})t  an 
occasional  pestilence  or  inundation.  (Jver  five  thou- 
sand natives  had  been  baptized  by  100.3;  the  missions 
were  secularized  in  104.3;  large  accessions  of  Spanish 
and  Tlascaltec  population  were  received,  and  early  in 
the  next  century  under  Toboso  raids  and  Spanish 
oppression  all  traces  of  the  missions  had  disappeared. 

In  Topi'a,  or  western  Durango,  and  south-eastern 
Sinaloa,  the  Jesuits  were  at  work  with  good  success 
at  first;  but  the  miners  were  oppressive,  and  iu  1(501 
live  thousand  iVcaxees  took  u[)  arms  to  free  their 
country,  destroying  the  mining-eam[is  and  towns  with 
iMity  ehurches.  ]>rought  once  more  into  submission 
al'ter  a  few  months,  they  never  n^volted  ar^ain,  and 
the  adjoming  tribes  were  reduce>d  one  by  one  until  by 
the  middle  of  the  centuiy  the  whole  district  had  pas;,ed 


WWPl 


sf 


1 

M 

i 

J#i 

is| 

IBBIbB 

^1 

:l'J 

'ill" 

1 

'■M ' 

1 

y 

i 

Ai^ 

16 


INTRODUCTORY  RLSUMl':. 


])cnnnneiit]v  under  Spanish  find  Jesuit  control.  As 
clscwliero  subsequent  tinnals  are  I'educed  to  statistics 
and  petty  items  of  local  record.  Fifty  thousand  nat  ives 
had  been  converted  before  1G44,  \vlien  eight  niissiou- 
ai'ii  s  were  serving  in  IG  churches.  In  1G78  there  were 
1400  neophytes  in  38  towns  under  the  care  of  ten  niis- 
hionaries,  with  a  Spanish  po[)ulation,  in  niining-canij)s 
chiefly,  which  may  be  estimated  at  500. 

The  Tarahuniara  district  adjoined  tliat  of  the  Tepe- 
huanes  on  the  north,  in  northern  Durango  and  the 
mountains  of  southern  and  western  Chihuahua.  At 
Parral  a  Spanish  settlement  was  founded  in  lG;yi; 
and  about  the  same  time  the  Jesuits  in  their  northern 
tfjurs  obtained  four  or  five  hundred  Tarahumares, 
and  with  them  founded  two  towns,  San  Migucd  de  Jas 
Bocas  and  San  (Gabriel,  just  south  of  the  modern  line 
of  Durango;  but  there  were  no  regular  missions  in 
Tarahumara  until  lGu9-40,  Mhen  fathers  Figueroa 
and  Pascual  came  and  founded  San  Felipe  and  San 
(xcronimo  Huexotitlan  on  or  near  the  Rio  Conchos 
below  Ba'jeza.  In  1G48  there  were  eight  pueblos  and 
four  missionaries,  when  war  broke  out,  mainly  in  con- 
sequence of  oppressions  by  Spaniards  who  wished  to 
use  the  natives  as  laborers  in  their  mines,  looking 
with  no  favor  on  the  mission  work.  The  Tarahumares 
were  always,  as  the  Jesuits  maintained,  a  bravo  and 
honorable  people,  fighting  only  in  defence  of  their 
ri'dits  or  to  avenge  wrongs.  In  this  first  instance  the 
assailants  were  gentiles,  the  plot  being  discovered  in 
time  to  keep  the  converts  loyal,  after  five  Spaniards 
and  forty  neophytes  had  been  killed.  Governor  Fa- 
iardo,  deleating  the  foe,  founded  a  town  of  A/'uilar 
and  a  mission  at  the  site  of  the  modern  Concepcion. 
In  IGoO  the  mission  was  destroyed,  a  ])adre  killed, 
and  a  Spanish  force  several  times  defeated;  but 
})eacc  was  made  in  IGol,  and  the  martyr's  })lace 
Avas  filled.  In  the  outbreak  of  1G52  mission  and 
town  were  burned,  and  not  a  Spaniard  escajied.  It 
required  the  whole  military  force  of  NuevaVizcaya 


MISSIONS  IX  DURANGO  AND  CIIIIIUAIIUA. 


17 


itrol.  As 
statistics 
id  uutivos 
b  luissioii- 
horc  were 
if  ten  lais- 
ing-cainps 


t)  nstwro  submission,  tlic  Spaniards  he'uvx  often 
]vj)uIsL'(l,  and  many  mission  towns  and  mining-cani})s 
li  i:i','  rejJLiitcdly  destroyed.  For  twenty  years  from 
]i)j.l  npper  Taraliumara  was  abandoned,  but  was 
ivocciiidc'd  in  lG7o-8  as  far  north  as  the  Yepomera 
)•• -ion,  the  hmit  of  Jesuit  work  cast  of  tlio  sierra. 
Tin  re  were  then  about  eiglit  tliousand  Tarahuniara 
(oiivcits  in  the  upper  and  lower  districts,  liviinjc  in 
I'.rtN -live  towns,  and  ministered  to  by  twelve  Jesuit 
missionaries.  The  Spanish  population,  for  the  most 
iiait  cii"a'j:ed  in  miniii*'-,  did  not  exceed  five  hundi'i'd. 
l-'or  the  missions  the  last  cpuirter  of  the  century  was 
;i  jiiii  )d  of  constant  but  not  very  rapid  decadence. 
Tiny  wore  exposed  on  the  north  and  east  to  I'aiels 
from  tlio  fierce  Tobosos  and  Apaches,  and  there  woiv 
several  attempts  at  rev(jlt,  the  most  serious  being  in 
1()1)0.  V,  lion  two  Jesuits  lost  their  lives. 

Xoith- eastern  Durango  and  eastern  Chihuahua 
formed  a  mission  district  under  the  Franciscans.  They 
luul  a  much  less  favorable  field  of  labor  than  the 
Jesuits;  their  neo[)liytes  were  inferior  in  intelligence 
to  tlie  Te])ehuanes  and  Tarahumares,  and  their  estab- 
lishments had  to  bear  the  brunt  of  savage  raids  from 
Ihe  north-eastern  sierras  or  Bolson  de  Mapimi.  For 
over  forty  years  the  old  convents  at  Cucncame,  Ma- 
})inii,  and  San  Eartolonit'  were  barely  kept  in  exist- 
ence: and  near  the  latter  in  the  Conchos  region  Ibdr 
new  missions  w'ore  founded  before  1G45.  Then  tin' 
Tohoso  lalds  became  so  serious  as  to  imperil  all 
Spanish  interests.  It  was  tlie  typical  Apache  war- 
fare of  ]■  tunes.  Xot  a  cnm[),  mission,  hacienda, 
111'  laneho  escaped  attack;  only  l\u'ral  and  one  or 
two  mining-camps  escaped  destruction.  Tlie  soldiers 
were  victorious  in  eveiy  engagement,  but  they  could 
rarely  overtake  the  marauders.  Tlie  Conclios  iv- 
A'ilted  and  destro>'ed  thi'ir  five  mls>;ions,  kilHng  two 
fiiars.  At  this  time  the  ]iresidi(j  of  Cei'i'o  ( fordo 
was  estaUished,  and  the  fires  of  war  having  burned 
liut  eliii'i'Iy  for  want  of  fuel,  this  post  served  to  keep 

Uisr.  Cai..,  Vol.  I.    'J 


■■■■■ 


!  mi " 


\i  I 


18 


IXTRODUCTi  >RY  RESUMf:. 


tlie  sontlicni  part  of  tlic  district  in  a  kind  of  order 
during'  t\w.  i-est  of  tlio  century;  the  I'uincd  establisli- 
iiicnts  l)cin!4'  gradually  rooccupiod.  In  the  north  the 
Franciscans  cxtcnd<;tl  their  (»i)crations  over  a  broad 
iicltl.  ]jet\voen  IGGO  and  1G70  three  or  four  missions, 
Avith  ])rol)al)ly  a  small  garrison,  were  i'ounded  in  the 
region  of  (asas  (jlrandes;  but  two  of  them  were  de- 
stro^'cd  by  A})aches  before  1700.  In  1 081-2,  an  estab- 
lishment having  been  formed  at  El  Pasf>,  several 
missions  spi-ang  U[)  in  that  region.  One  was  at  tlie 
conlhience  of  the  Conchos  and  Rio  del  Norte,  but 
was  soon  destroyed.  In  1097  a  mission  of  Xombre 
do  Dios  was  founded  near  the  site  of  the  modern  city 
of  Chihuahua.  All  these  northern  establishments 
maintained  but  a  ])recarious  existence;  and  but  foi- a 
line  of  presidios  erected  early  in  the  vext  century  the 
whole  country  would  have  been  al)andoned. 

Before  turning  to  the  coast  a  i>:lance  must  be  given 
at  New  ^Mexico  beyond  the  limits  of  Nueva  Yizcaya. 
Here  prosperity  ceased  for  a  time  on  account  of  con- 
troversies between  ( )hate,  the  colonists,  and  tlie  Fran- 
ciscan friars.  The  latter  abandoned  the  ])rovince  in 
IGOl,  but  were  sent  back  to  reoccu]\y  tlie  missions. 
Onate  made  some  ex})l()rations;  Santa  Fe  was  founded 
and  became  the  capital;  and  in  1G08  eight  padres 
wei'o  at  work,  having  baptized  eight  thousand  natives. 
Thirty  ne\v  friars  came  in  lG2i),  and  the  next  year 
fifty  missionaries  were  serving  sixty  thousand  con- 
verts in  ninety  i)ueblos.  This  was  the  date  of  New 
Mexico's  highest  ])rosperity,  though  the  decline  was 
very  slight  for  fifty  years,  a  period  whose  histiny  offers 
nothing  but  ])etty  local  liap})enings.  But  in  1G80  a 
general  revolt  occurred,  in  which  four  hundred  Span- 
iards, including  twenty-one  friars,  were  killed,  and  the 
survivors  driven  out  of  the  countr3\  While  the  refu- 
gees f  )undiHl  El  Paso  and  did  some  missionary  work 
in  that  region,  the  New  ]\[exicans  fought  among  them- 
selves and  threw  away  their  chances  for  continued 
independence.     After  several  unsuccessful  eflbrts  by 


THE  JESUITS  IX  SINALOA. 


10 


I  of  order 
establisU- 
iiortli  the 
;r  a  broad 
c  missions, 
;led  in  tliu 
1  wore  do- 
>,anesta])- 
■•o,  scvcr.d 
was  at  tlio 
Koviv,  but 
)f  Nonibro 
lodorn  city 
blislnnonts 
d  but  for  a 
century  tlio 
I. 

ist  bo  given 
va  Yizcaya. 
unt  of  con- 
d  the  Fran- 
)rovincc  in 
c  missions. 
,'as  foundt)d 
;-lit  padres 
nd  natives, 
next  year 
isand  con- 
|to  of  New 
ilocline  was 
Istory  offers 
in  "^1080  a 
,b-ed  Span- 
led,  nndtbo 
e  the  refu- 
inary  work 
liong  theui- 
c(nitinued 
(.■ftbrts  by 


dill'icnt  leaders,  Governor  A^ari^as  reconquered  the 
province  al'ter  many  a  hard-fou^lit  battle  in  l(J9o-4; 
l)ut  two  years  later  a  new  revolt  occurred,  in  wliieli 
live  missionaries  and  twenty  other  Spaniards  wei'c 
l,ll!cd,  and  the  year  IGIJG  maybe  re<^arded  as  the  date 
(if  Xew  Mexico's  permanent  submission  to  Sjianish 
iiiithoiity.  The  western  towns  were  .still  independent; 
1.1  it  exce[>t  the  !Mo(]uis  all  renewed  their  allegiance 
lidoie  the  end  of  tlie  centur}'. 

Tlie  coast  distiicts  were  Sinaloa,  extendinij:  as  far 
IK  nth  as  the  Ya(|ui  Iiiver;  Sonora,  embracing  the 
iT-ion  of  Arizpe  and  Tepoca;  and  Pinicria,  stretch- 
iii"'  to  the  Gila,  l^urinn'  most  of  the  century  all 
thj;  ten'itory  was  under  a  military  connnandant  at 
S;,n  Feli])e  de  Sinaloa;  and  this  office  was  held  for 
in  arlv  tliirtv  vears  by  Gai)tain  Ilurdaide,  who  was 
]Mi.ular  with  tlie  missionaries,  and  a  terror  to  the 
iia'ives.  His  term  of  office  was  a  continuous  cam- 
p;:i'^ii  for  the  conquest  of  new  tribes  or  the  suppres- 
^-il•n  of  local  revolts.  In  ]  GOO  live  Jesuits  had  founded 
ei  ;ht  missions,  with  thirteen  towns,  on  and  near  the 
rivers  Sinaloa  and  !Mocorito.  A\n'y  rapidly  was  the 
(•(>n(|uest,  spiritual  and  military,  pushed  northward  by 
the  priests  and  soldiers  working  in  perfect  accord.  The 
fierce  Siiaquis,  Tehuecos,  and  Sinaloas  of  the  llio  Tam- 
OL>'liala,  or  Fuerte,  having  been  propei-ly  chastised  by 
I  liirdaide,  became  Christian  in  1G04-7.  Fort  Montes- 
(kiios  was  founded  in  IGIO  on  the  river,  therefore  still 
called  Fuerte.  The  Mayos,  friendly  from  the  iirst,  re- 
ceived padres  in  1 G 1 .'?,  and  never  re\  ( )lte(l.  The  Yaquis, 
who  after  defeating  tlie  Sininiards  in  three  c;im])aigns 
had  voluntarily  submitted  about  IG 10,  received  Father 
llihos  in  1G17,  and  were  soon  converted.  In  IG'Jl 
missions  were  founded  among  the  Chinipas  on  the 
Taraliumara  frontier;  and  the  work  was  extended 
up  tlie  Yaqni  to  the  Sahuaripa  region.  There  were 
now  thirty-four  Jesuits  at  work  in  this  field;  and  the 
Mdithern  missions,  in  what  is  nt)W  Sonora, were  formed 
into  a  new  district  of  San  Ignacio.     Captain  Hur- 


20 


INTRODUCTORY  Ri:SUM  i:. 


^% 


(lai(](>  (lied  about  IG'jn;  and  (lurliiLr  tlie  iiilc  of  ]\\< 
siicci'ssor  tlic  only  cvcmjI.  to  bo  noted  was  tlic  revolt 
in  the  Cliinipas  disti'ict  in  lOJU-'J,  \\\\v\\  two  .b-suits 
M'ere  killed,  and  tlie  missions  had  to  he  abandoned. 

Fatlier  Paseual  bad  labored  in  this  lluld  w  ilh  ^ivat 
success  for  years,  forming  three  towns  of  Cliinipas, 
A'arohios,  and  (Uiazilpares,  Achief  of  the  latter  was 
at  tlK>  head  of  the  revolt,  o'aininuf  adherents  from  tlu" 
A'arohios,  while  the  Chinipas  remained  faithful  and 
tried  to  protect  their  missionary.  Father  ^fartine/ 
came  to  join  Paseual  in  1032,  and  the  two  were  killed 
a  week  later  after  their  house  and  church  had  been 
burned,  brutal  indignities  being-  oft'ered  to  their  bodi<s. 
Fifteen  neophytes  i)erished  with  their  martyred  mas- 
ters. ^Faking  a  raid  into  the  mountains  Captain 
Perea.  killed  many  rebels,  and  new  missionaries  were 
sent  to  the  country;  but  it  was  finally  decided  t  > 
abandon  this  field;  and  the  faithful  converts  weri; 
removed  to  the  towns  of  the  Sinaloas. 

])!!ring  the  last  Jialf  of  the  century  the  Sinab  i 
missions  have  no  annals  save  such  as  are  statistic;;] 
and  purely  local.  The  submission  of  the  natives  w;:s 
complete  and  permanent,  and  affiiirs  fell  into  th  • 
inevitable  routine.  In  1G78  there  were  in  the  di  - 
trict  of  San  Felipe  y  Santiago,  corresponding  nearly 
to  the  modern  Sinaloa  above  Culiacan,  nine  mission.  , 
with  23  pueblos,  10,000  neophytes,  and  nine  mission- 
aries. The  northern  district  of  San  Ignacio  de  Yaqui, 
under  the  same  jurisdiction  but  in  modern  times  a 
part  of  Sonora,  had  10  missions,  23  pueblos,  10  padi'es. 
and  24,000  converts.  There  had  already  been  a  larg' 
decrease  in  the  neophyte  population.  The  militaiy 
force  was  a  garrison  of  40  soldiers  at  San  Felipe,  ami 
one  of  00  men  at  Fort  jMontcsclaros.  The  S})ani^li 
population,  exclusive  of  soldiers  and  militar}'  oliieers, 
was  less  than  500. 

The  modern  Sonora  includes  the  three  ancient  pr<n- 
inces  of  Sonora,  Ostinmri,  and  Pimeria;  but  in  tin 
seventeenth  century  the  name  Sonora  was  i)roperly 


SOXORA  MLSSIOX. 


21 


tlint  of  tlio  valley  in  wliidi  Ari/:[)c,  Uivs,  and  IltT- 
);Mi>ill(>  now  Mtand.  'Vim  nanic  w as  soniutinics  extended 
fill'  a  long  distance  over  adjoining"  regions,  especially 
ii.irlliward;  bnt  ne\ci'  covered  the  Yu(|ui  missions  or 
O^iiinuri  in  tlie  south.  .Missionary  work  was  hci^uii 
ill  liio  Sonora  A'alley  by  Father  Castaiio  in  1G;]8, 
near  the  siti;  of"  tlio  old  and  ill-fated  San  CjenMiinio. 
The  ()[)atas  never  t;ave  any  trouble;  anil  in  lG;j'J  thu 
in  w  district  of  San  I'^rancisco  Javier  do  Sonora  was 
I'  riiied  with  iive  mission  })artidos.  In  1G41  (governor 
]\iea  obtained  a  division  of  the  government,  was 
i.uiue  iiiier  of  all  the  country  north  of  the  Yatjui 
(iAVMs,  styling  his  new  province  Xue\a  An<lalncia 
;i;i>l  hi.>  capital  San  .Juan  iJautista.  In  conse<|Uencu 
ul'  a  (juariel  with  tlie  Jesuits,  ho  tried  to  put  the 
I'ianciscans  in  charge;  but  this  was  a  iailure,  antl  thu 
new  '''overnment  came  to  an  end  in  four  vears;  thou<>li 
a  garrison  remained  at  San  Juan.  In  ira.']  seven 
-li'suits  were  serving  twenty-tive  thousand  converts  in 
twmtv-threc  towns.  In  1078  the  new  district  of  San 
1  lancisco  do  Borja  was  formed  of  the  missions  south 
and  west  of  0[)ozura;  and  the  two  consisted  of  eigh- 
teen missions  with  fort^'-ninc  pueblos  and  about  twenty 
thousand  neophytes.  Ten  years  later  there  Mere 
three  districts,  the  new  one  of  Santos  Martires  do 
.bi])()n  extending  ncjrthward  from  IJatuco  and  Xacori. 
The  Chinipas  missions,  which  had  bc^en  reoccujjied  in 
l(i7G,  were  now  part  of  the  Sonora  district,  and  before 
the  end  of  the  century  were  in  a  most  tlourishing  con- 
<!iti<in,  under  Padre  Salvatierra  and  his  associates, 
though  to  some  extent  involved  in  the  troubles  with 
eastern  t}'il)OS. 

Father  Kino  in  1G87  founded  the  mission  of  Dolores 
ou  the  head-waters  of  the  Iiio  de  San  Miguel,  and 
tiiiis  began  the  conquest  of  Pimeria,  through  which 
Kiiio  hoped  to  reach  northern  California.  ])y  IGUO 
he  liad  missions  at  San  Ignacio,  Imuris,  and  Remedios. 
riie  i*imas  were  docile,  intelliuent,  and  cnofcr  for  con- 
Version;    but  Kino  could  neither  obtain  the  needed 


22 


INTRODUCTORY  RliSUMl^:. 


!    ! 


-  Ui 


jjiic'sts,  nor  coiiviiu'o  the  militaiy  antlioritics  that  tlits 
Piinas  wciv  not  conceriietl  in  tlio  ('(»n.stant  raids  of  tliu 
Havai^c's.  In  IGIH  witli  Salvatierra  lu;  reached  tlic 
nioduin  Arizona  line;  and  later,  either  alonc!  or  Avith 
such  prii'sts  as  ho  conld  induce  to  ^'o  with  him,  he 
explored  the  country  repeatedly  to  the  (Jila  and  ^ulf 
coast,  tirsf:,  reaching  the  latter  in  1(5!)3  and  the  I'oiiiier 
in  l(l!)4.  Three  missionaries  havinj^  been  obtained, 
Tubutama  and  Caborca  were  founded;  but  all  were 
destroyed  in  the  great  revolt  of  IGDf),  one  of  the  filars 
being  killed.  Two  years  later  they  had  been  rebuilt 
and  Suamca  added.  Jiy  1700  Kino,  sometimes  with 
a  military  escort,  had  m  .,le  six  entradas,  or  excursions, 
to  the  Gila,  some  of  them  by  the  eastern  route  via 
Bac,  and  others  by  the  coast  or  Sonoita.  In  1700  he 
first  reached  the  Colorado  junction.  But  he  was  dis- 
ap[)ointed  in  all  his  schemes  for  establishing  missions 
in  the  north.  The  Ilio  San  Ignaciowas  the  northern 
frontier,  not  only  of  missionary  establishments  but  of 
all  Spanish  occu})ation  at  the  end  of  the  century. 

In  1G93  Sonora  and  all  the  north  had  been  sepa- 
rated practically,  perhaps  formally,  from  Sinaloa;  and 
Jironza  as  capitan-gobernador  came  with  his  'flying 
company'  of  fifty  men  to  protect  the  frontier,  his  cap- 
ital being  still  at  San  Juan.  The  next  seven  years 
were  spent  in  almost  constant  warfare  against  raiding 
Apaches  and  other  savage  bands  of  the  north-east.  A 
garrison  was  stationed  at  Fronteras,  or  Corodeguachi, 
which  in  campaigns  often  acted  in  union  with  the 
presidial  force  at  Janos  in  Chihuahua,  and  was  often 
aided  besides  by  the  Pimas,  whoso  mission  towns  weic 
a  favorite  object  of  the  raids  for  plunder. 

Finally  the  maritime  annals  and  coast  exploration 
of  the  century,  terminating  in  the  occupation  of  Ba  ja 
California,  demand  our  notice.  In  1602  Sebastian 
Vizcaino  sailed  from  Acapulco  on  a  voyage  of  explora- 
tion which  will  be  fullv  described  later  in  this  volume. 
For  more  than  a  century  and  a  half  Father  Ascensions 
diary  of  this  vovage  was  the  source  of  all  information 


Kxri:r>iTiox.s  to  tiik  gulf. 


28 


fxtaiit  respec'tiiij,'  tlio  western  coast  up  tolatitiulu  40°. 
A'i.'.c.iiiio's  voyui^o  was  the  end  of  outur-eoast  naviga- 
lioii,  stiI)sc'(jUL'iit  elt'orts  being  dlrcetccl  exclusively  to 
tlir  nulf  aiid  peninsula,  thou!L;'li  Monterey  fiijfured  on 
p;i|)(i'  in  many  of  the  schemes  pr()[)Osed.  The  S})anish 
ciMWii  was  ehary  of  iiicurrin;j^  expense;  without  money 
llir  enthusiasm  of  neither  navii^ators  nor  friais  could 
lie  utilized;  and  the  ]»earls  of  the  gulf  furnished  the 
oiilv  incentive  to  action.  A  mere  catalogue  of  suc- 
ci  .-sive  enterprises  must  sufiico  here. 

Schemes  to  occupy  Monterey  in  1G07-8  resulted  in 
nothing.  In  1(115  Cardona  and  Iturbo  went  up  the 
guli'to  latitude  ;>4°as  they  reckoned  it,  saw  the  strait 
that  made  (  alir'ornia  an  island,  and  landed  at  several 
jioints  on  that  supposed  island  and  the  main,  l^e- 
tuiMiing,  they  were  captured  by  the  Dutch  'pichiliiKjiics. 
These  were  Spilberg's  freebooters,  who  vainly  sought 
to  iiiter('e])t  the  galleon,  and  had  a  fight  with  Spaniards 
on  the  C'olima  coast.  Lezanui  began  to  build  a  vessel 
near  San  ]^las,  in  1G27,  for  the  gulf;  and  Ortega, com- 
])leting  it,  made  a  pe.  1  voyage  in  1(532.  Ho  repeated 
the  trip  in  l(j;33-4,  founding  a  colony  at  La  Paz. 
^lany  natives  were  ba[)tize(l;  some  inland  ex])lora- 
tioiis  wei'e  made,  and  all  went  well  for  several  months, 
until  food  was  exhausted.  The?i  this  third  attempt  at 
settlement  was  added  to  the  failures  of  Cortes  and 
A'i/.eaino.  There  were,  doubtless,  unrecorded  and  un- 
authorized i)earl-seekin<T^  vovafjes  in  those  times.  Car- 
lionel's  ex])(Mlition  made  by  Ortega's  |>ilot  in  1(530  was 
an  utter  failure.  It  was  in  IG-iO  that  Fonte  sailed 
through  the  net-work  of  straits,  lakes,  and  rivers  in 
tli<!  northern  continent  until  he  met  a  Boston  ship 
from  the  Atlantic  1  Canas  by  the  viceroy's  orders 
crossed  over  from  Sinaloa  and  exi)lored  the  Caliiornia 
coast  for  some  forty  leagues  in  1(542,  accompanied  by 
tlie  .Jesuit  priest,  Cortes.  Casanate's  operations  v.ere 
in  1(143-8;  but  after  great  expense  and  much  ill-luck 
the  only  results  were  a  ci'uise  about  San  Lucas  by 
Bariiga  in  the  former  year,  and  in  the  lutt'.'r  a  vain 


i  iM 


M  INTRODUCTORY  RLSUMli. 

ycardi  for  a  colony  Kite.  For  twenty  years  iiotliliiL,^ 
v.as  atteiniitc.'d,  and  then  I'inadcro  oUfaiiH'd  a  coni- 
niission  to  rt'durc*  Calirornia  as  a  prctcKt  for  (nic  <tr 
two  profitaMc  [)(-'arl-si,vkinj;'  trips  In  l(j()7.  i^ucrnilla's 
f\])edition  in  1(!C!8  was  not  nnliko  tliu  jjiicrdin-^-, 
tlioii;L;li  liu  Isad  two  J'^ranciscans  on  Iiis  slilj»,  wlio 
altL'iupli'd  (.'onversion  at  La  I'az  and  at  tlu-  caiic. 
Ai'tur  iViiitk'ss  ncyotlations  with  otlicr  persons  tlio 
viceroy  made  a  contract  lor  tlie  settlement  of  ( 'ali- 
I'ornia  with  Otondo,  who  was  aecom[)anie(l  l»y  I'^ither 
Kino  and  t\^'o  other  Jesuits,  sailiii^j,'  I'rom  Chacala  with 
a  Immhed  ])ersons  in  Ki.S;!.  The  proviiici'  was  now 
I'ornially  cahed  Calllornias  and  the  locality  of  the 
col(»ny  La  I'a/.  Some  proL;i'ess  was  made  at  first; 
hut  ]>rest>iitly  tlio  nii-n,  panic-stricken  hy  reason  of 
Indian  troubles,  insisted  on  ahandonin^'  tlu.'  settle- 
ment. Otondo  came  back  helbre  the  ontl  of  tlu'  year, 
I'ecstahlisirm''-  the  colony  at  San  Bruno,  abovt'  l^a  Piiz. 
]  f ere  it  was  maintained  with  dilllculty  until  the  end 
of  1()8j,  when  the  enterprise  was  ^iven  U[»  in  disi^'ust. 
The  Jesuits  foreseeinijf  the  residt  had  ba[itized  none 
but  dying-  Indians.  The  barren  peninsula  was  wholly 
imsuited  for  colonization.  In  1G85  the  British  i'ree- 
booter  Swan  made  an  unfortunate  cruise  along-  the 
coast,  failing  to  capture  the  galleon,  and  losing  fifty 
men  who  were  killed  by  Spaniards  on  the  Bio  Tololot- 
lan.  Only  one  other  expedition,  that  of  Itamarra  in 
1GD4,  is  recorded,  btit  very  vaguely,  before  the  linal 
occupation  of  the  peninsula. 

The  country  offered  absolutely  no  inducements  to 
settlers;  and  a  uilitary  occupation,  entailing  constant 
expense  withon  cori'esponding  advantages,  did  not 
accord  with  th  S])anisli  system  of  contpiest.  Only 
by  a  baud  of  .  ^alous  missionaries,  protected  l)y  a 
small  military  _  lard,  with  supplies  assured  from 
abroad  for  year  ,  could  this  reduction  be  effected. 
Tile  Jesuits  uik  jrstood  this,  and  when  the  govern- 
ment had  been  taught  by  repeated  failures  to  im- 
derstand   it   also,  the  necessary   arrangements  were 


M'KVA  TiALRIA  I\  TIIK  KKIFITKKNTFI  CKNTL'RY. 


uoilunc? 

1   ii  coUl- 

\'  (die  (ir 
icriiilla's 

ii|»,  Nvli'> 
■sous  the 

Lculii  with 

WiVA   u<»\v 

,y    of    tllc 

3  i\t  first; 
rea.-1'U  <'t" 
Ik.'  suttle- 
'  tl\o  vcar, 

il  tho  ciul 
fm  (lis;4Ust. 
i/A'd  none 
IV as  wlioUy 
itisU  iVt'c- 
alon;4'  tl^' 
)s,in'j;  lU'ty 
ioTololot- 
aniarra  in 
>  tlio  linal 

lemcnts  to 

[_>•  constant 
did  not 

1st.     Only 
•ted  by   '^ 

lired    iVoni 

cf looted. 

Ic  govorn- 

[cs  to  un- 

louts  woro 


a 


(•(iiicliidtd  Ity  SaKatici'ia  and  Kino;  and  in  [(V,)7  Ji 
iiii->i'iii  was  loundcd  at  Li)rc((i,  iu>t  Ik'Iow  tliu  San 
llimio  «•!'  ()itcj;a.  J)illioullios  wci'o  ("ormidiiMo  at 
lii>t  ami  I'lir  a  loiii;-  time;  tlie  savages  Nwrc  stnpid 
;iiid  olU'ii  liostilo;  (lie  uiiard  was  small ;  \is>rls  canu! 
il  ;i  ^nliiily  willi  supiilirs,  and  autlioiitics  in  Mexico 
'MMi'ially  tni'nt'd  a  doaf  ear  to  a|i[>oa]s  lor  aid.  S;d- 
\atioiTa  and  J*ioo(tlo,  however,  never  lost  eoiira^o  in 
t!ii'  darkest  days,  and  lu'lore  1700  they  had  two  mis- 
.-idiis  and  Ji  ;;iiard  ol*  thirty  men. 

ICi'^liteeiilh  oentury  unniJ..  (»!'  Xueva  Viseaj-a.  and 
tlif  a<lj('iiiin,u'  re;4ions,  so  far  as  they  [>recede  the  tiocu- 
jal!'!!  (>r  .Mt:i  Calironna  in  17G1),  may  he  j)resented 
\,  itli  en(tnL;li  of  detail  lor  the  |»resent  jinrposo  very 
liiiilly;  I'ei'  tiirou,L;liont  tlioso  hroad  terriloiies  ali'airs 
luid  I'alleu  into  llie  monotonous  I'outine  of  peace  in 
tlie  sonlii,  of  war  in  the  nortli,  that  was  to  eharaoter- 
l/,e  tliem  i!s  loii'^-  as  Si)anish  domination  sliould  last, 
anJ  in  ni:niy  ri'spoots  longer.  To  Xuevji  Calioia  as  ;i 
/'"(/■/•('  (Ic  piiz  may  bo  added  in  those  times  Sinaloa 
and  Dni'an^o  to  the  north.  The  era  of  ooncjuost,  as 
ill   a  j^ieat   measure   of  ndssionary  labor,   was  past. 


Tile  author.ty  of  the  audieneia  and  oivil  L;'overnoi'S 
IIS  rN'erywliere  respeeted.      Curates  under  the  bish- 


w 


oji^  Vviie  in  oontrol  of  spiritual  affairs  in  all  the  lai'i^er 
settleiiu-nts,  ^liiiin<jf  was  the  leadiiii;'  industry,  I'eeljly 
siiiililemented  bv  stoek-i'aisiuii'  and  auiloulture.  jNIinor 
])olitieal  and  ocolesiastical  controversies,  the  succes- 
sii!ii  of  ))roviueial  and  suboivlinato  ofiicials,  iVagmen- 
laiv  static-ties   of  nunin'>:   and   other   industiies,   and 


f  non-))rogros;>ive  looaliti 


es 


jK'tty  loeal   hapj)onings   o 

I'liniisli    hut   slight   basis  for  an  instructive  resume, 

evcii  if  such  general  review  wore  called  for  liorc. 

There  was,  however,  one  exception  to  the  unevent- 
l";il  nionotouv  of  Xuova  Oalicia  affairs  durin'j^  this 
juiiod,  which  slnndd  be  noticed  here— the  concjuost 
of  Xayarit.  This  niountainiuis  and  almost  inaccessi- 
ble je^n'ion  of  northern  Jalisco,  near  the  frontiers  of 


26 


IXTRODUCTORY  RESUMI?;. 


Siiialoa,  Dni'an_n(>,  and  Zacatecas  had  boon  tlio  last 
rofug'o  of  aboriginal  jjaganisni.  Hore  tlio  bold  moun- 
taineers, Xa3'arits,  Coras,  and  Tocuahnes,  maintained 
their  independence  of  all  S[)anisli  or  Christian  control 
till  17l!  L.  It  wastliese  tribes  or  adjoiningoncs  directly 
or  indirectly  su[)])()ited  by  them,  that  caused  all  Ind- 
ian troubles  of  the  century  in  Nueva  Galicia.  Xo 
white  man,  whether  soldier  or  fiiar,  was  permitted  to 
enter  the  narrow  pass  that  led  to  the  stronghold  t)f 
the  Gran  Xayai'.  A  long  seiies  of  attempts  at  peace- 
ful con(]uest  resulted  in  failure;  and  the  dilHculties 
of  forcible  entiy  were  greatly  exaggerated  at  the  time, 
and  still  more  at  a  later  ])eriod  by  Jesuit  chroniclers 
who  sought  to  magnify  the  obstacles  overcome  by 
their  oi'der.  The  Navarits  made  a  brave  but  fruitless 
resistance,  and  tlieir  stronghold  fell  before  the  tirst 
determined  and  })roiracted  i^.'.mpaign  of  the  invaders 
in  1721-2.  In  172.1  the  risifaclor  or  inspector  found 
about  four  thousand  natives  living  submissivelv  in  ten 
villages:  and  in  1707  seven  Jesuits  were  serving  in  as 
many  Nayarit  missions. 

North  of  Nueva  Calicia,  as  I  have  remarked,  Du- 
rango  and  Sinaloa  require  no  special  notice  here.  The 
provinces  at  whose  annals  a  glance  must  be  given,  are 
New  IMoxico;  Chihuahua,  or  the  northern  portion  of 
Nueva  Viscaya  pro[)er;  Sonora,  including  tlie  lower 
and  upper  Pinieria;  and  the  peninsula  of  Baja  Cali- 
fornia. All  tliis  region,  though  in  its  industries  and 
some  other  phases  of  its  annals  very  similar  to  the 
southern  provinces,  was  for  tlie  most  part  still  aticrrd 
tie  (jiicrra,  or  land  of  war,  always  exposed  to  the  raids 
of  savage  gentiles,  and  oiten  to  the  revolt;;  of  Chris- 
tian converts.  The  rule  was  military  rather  tliau 
civil,  missionni-y  r.ither  than  ecclesiastic,  save  in  a  few 
of  the  larger  towns. 

Now  i\lexico  iVom  1700  to  1709  was  an  isolated 
connnunity  (f  ni<)})hytes,  Franciscan  misr.i;)nari('s, 
Spanish  soldiers,  and  sottlei-s,  struggling,  not  very 
zealously,  i'or  a  bare  existence.     Each  of  these  classes 


ANNALS  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


27 


tlio  last 
d  nioun- 
iutuiucd 
1  control 
,  directly 

all  Ind- 
:,-ia.  No 
ulttcd  to 
I'l'liold  of 
at  pcaeo- 
ilticultics 
the  time, 
ironiclcrs 
•come  by 
-J  fruitless 

the  first 
;  invaders 
tor  found 
'oly  in  ten 
\^iu'jf  in  as 

-ked,  Du- 
,ere.    The 
j,iven,  are 
)ortion  of 
he  lower 
iaja  Cali- 
tries  and 
hv  to  the 
111  aticrnh 
the  r;iids 
of  (Miris- 
llier   than 
in  a  few 

isolate;! 
r.ionaries, 
[not  very 
|se  classes 


Avas  sllLjlitly  reeuforced  during  the  period;  and  aid, 
cliiefiv  in  the  form  of  agricultural  implements,  eamo 
iVcm  time  to  time  for  the  settlers,  as  did  a  salary  for 
tlic  I'riars,  from  Mexico.  A  few  mines  were  opened  in 
(lili'ei'ent  })arts  of  the  country;  but  about  them,  as  about 
llie  agricultural  and  stock-raising  industries  wliich  fur- 
nished the  means  of  provincial  subsistence,  very  little  is 
known.  Trade  between  the  diti'eront  towns,  as  with 
(iiitside  gcntik^  tribes  and  with  merchants  who  brought 
ill  earavans  i'rom  the  far  south  needed  articles  of  loreigu 
manulacture,  was  generally  flourishing  in  a  small  way. 
The  Pueblo  Indians  were  for  the  most  part  faithful 
converts,  thougli  retaining  a  fondness  for  the  rites  and 
sorceries  of  their  old  faith,  which  gave  the  mission- 
aries no  little  ti'ouble.  All  Spanish  inhabitants,  with 
the  (nx'utsof  1G80  ever  in  their  minds,  were  peculiarly 
sensitive  to  rumors  of  impending  revolt,  which,  from 
ont'  (l.irection  or  another,  were  very  frequent,  but  rarely 
well  founded.  There  were  occasional  local  troubles  in 
iVontiertowns;  Zuhiwaslonginrevolt;  and  the  ]\[oquis, 
though  declaring  themselves  subjects  of  Spain,  stead- 
fastly refused  to  become  Christians.  The  Apaches 
were  often  troublesome  on  the  south  and  west;  as 
were  the  Yutas,  Xavajos,  and  C'omanchos  on  the  north 
and  east — each  nation  ready  to  make  a  treaty  of  peace 
V,  lie! lover  ])rospects  for  plunder  seemed  unfavoruble. 
IJaiely  did  a  year  i>ass  without  a  campaign  against 
one  of  these  nations,  or  an  expedition  to  the  }>lo(pu 
tovns.  Such  timu  as  the  governor  could  s]iare  from 
Indian  caiii])aigns  was  laru'elv  devoted  to  i)olitical  con- 
Inivcrsios  and  Jofonco  a'jainst  c]iari>'(^s  of  r()i'rii])ti(Hi 
or  incompetency.  The  <i'overnor  was  diriM-tlv  i-esnon- 
sible  to  the  vice>r( y,  and  a  Franciscan  custoilian  v.as 
ill  charge  of  the  friars.  In  the  latiT  years  of  the 
])eriod  now  under  consideration,  the  po[mkition  of 
native  Christians  was  about  ten  thousr.nd.  in  tweiity- 
iive  towns  under  fifteen  I'riars.  Of  Spanish  aiul  mixed 
blood,  settlers  and  soldiers  with  their  funilies,  there 
Were  pi'i4ia[)s  twenty-five  hundred   souls,  ehielly  at 


msmm 


ill 


28  INTRODUCTORY  RESUMl5. 

Santa  Fo  nnd  AlhurquonjiU',  but  also  scattered  to 
Koine  extent  on  liaeientlas.  Two  or  three  curates  uiuler 
the  bishop  of  Duraugo  attended  to  their  spiritual 
needs. 

Chiliuahua  during  this  period,  as  before  and  later, 
was  e\p<jscd  to  never  ending  raids  from  the  niui\!er- 
ous  Apaches,  which  foi  the  most  part  prevented  all 
l)ernianent  ])rogress.  Though  the  savages  from  the 
Ijolson  de  ^lapimi  were  again  troublesome  at  first,  yet 
the  mining  settlements  of  San  Bartolome  Valley  in  tlie 
south  counted  a  Spanish  population  of  over  f  »ur  thou- 
sand in  170(1.  Xear  Nombre  do  Dios,  tlie  rich  mines 
of  Santa  ICulalia  were  discovered,  and  here  in  llu^  early 
years  of  the  century  the  Real  de  San  Felipe,  or  C'hi- 
huahua,  s[)rang  into  existence.  The  new  town  grew 
i';ipidly  for  a  time,  but  in  17GG  the  ])opulation  had  de- 
creased to  four  hundred  families.  A  line  of  half  a  dozen 
presidios,  or  military  posts,  was  established  before  1720 
in  the  north  as  far  as  Janos  and  Paso  del  Norte;  and 
these  posts,  some  of  them  being  moved  from  time  to 
time  according  to  need,  kept  the  i)rovincc  from  utter 
ruin,  though  there  was  hardly  a  mission,  hacienda,  or 
real  de  minas  that  was  not  at  one  time  or  aui  Iher 
abandoned.  The  Franciscans  C(»ntinued  their  strnu'ule 
against  paganism,  and  m  1711  founded  six  new  mis- 
sions at  the  junction  of  the  liio  Conclios  and  11  io 
Grande,  which,  however,  had  to  be  abandoned  v.itliin 
ten  years.  In  the  Spanish  settlements  curates  relieved 
the  friars,  and  the  missions  of  the  region  about  l*aso 
del  Norte  were  secularized  in  175  •  only  to  be  restored 
to  the  missionaries  for  a  time  in  later  years.  Also  in 
175()  the  Jesuit  missions  of  the  Tepehuane  and  .13aja 
Tarahumara  districts  were  secularized.  These  missions 
and  those  of  Alta  Tarahumai'a  had  been  constantly 
(1. '('lining.  1'heir  troubles  and  tlose  of  their  Jesuit 
directors  at  the  liands  of  savage  invaders,  rexolting 
ncoi)hytes,  Spanisli  settlers  and  miners,  and  secular 
ofiicials,  were  in  every  I'ssentiid  r(\s[)ect  similar  to  tiiose 
ol'  the  Sonora  establishments  to  be  ntjticed  presently. 


EVENTS  IX  n.MErJA  ALTA. 


29 


:yc(\  to 
s  luaU'i' 
piiitiuil 

d  later, 
inuivlcr- 
utcd  all 
L-om  the 
first,  vet 
oy  iutUc 
lur  tliou- 
•U  mine:-; 
tlu'.  c:irly 
,  or  C\\\- 
wii  ;.!,rr\v 
1  luul  dc- 
U'aJcweii 
fore  17-20 
ortc;  and 
1  time  to 
oiu  utter 
eieiula, or 
aiv  ilier 
•  stnii;',u,'lt^ 
iiuw  luis- 
aiid  iVu) 
•d  within 
s  relieved 
out  Paso 
.  n-;;tored 
Also  ill 
ind  Baja 
;iuissioiis 
loustantly 
.'u-  J(-suit 
ro\oUin.L; 
1  ^tcular 
I- tollioso 
)reweutly. 


Tlic  Jesuits  were  succeeded  in  ITG"  by  eighteen  Fi-au- 
(•isc;ii)s  iVoni  Zaeatecas. 

Sinaloaand  southern  Sonera  in  the  eigliteentli  cen- 
tiirv  present  little  or  nothing  of  importance  to  our 
] impose.  In  the  extreme  north,  Kino  continues  to 
];il>or  as  lieforc  with  like  discouraging  results  till  liis 
(l.'.ith  in  1711.  No  missionaries  can  be  obtained  lor 
1  lie  north;  his  only  permanent  associates  in  Pimeria 
Alta  are  Campos  and  Velarde.  IMilitary  autliorities 
still  (li^^lrust  the  Pimas,  or  pretend  to  distrust  them; 
hut  till'  Jesuits  believe  these  officials  are  reallv  in 
league  with  the  miners  and  setthn's  to  oppose  the 
luissidu  work,  desiring  the  hostility  of  the  natives 
tli.it  iIkv  may  l>e  enslaved  and  plundered;  at  any  rate 
a  invi'i-  oiiding  controversy  ensues.  After  Kino's  death 
ilierc  is  no  change  for  tlu^  better;  and  no  increase  of 
missionaries  imtil  1730.  Father  Campos  makes  several 
tours  fo  the  gulf  coast,  but  connnunication  with  the 
iinilh  l)ec(Mnes  less  and  less  frc(|uent;  and  Apache 
laids  are  (^f  constant  occuri'ence.  The  Spanish  popu- 
lation of  Pimeria  in  1730  is  about  threi;  liundred. 
Tli(>  sol(li(M's  are  said  to  o-ive  more  attention  to  mininu: 
than  to  tlien-  proper  duty  ot  protecting  the  })rovinc(^; 
and  an  injudicious  policy  of  non-interference  with  the 
Apaches  is  at  on(>  time  adopted  by  orders  IVom  ^lexico. 
1m  17:11  ihree  new  ]>riests  come,  and  are  assigned  to 
tlir  northei'U  missii)ns  of  Suamca,  (luevavi,  and  San 
.1a\ic!'(lel  l)ac  founded  at  this  tiuK^, though  the  natives 
of  each  had  been  often  before^  A'isitcd  by  th(>  Jesuits. 
They  are  sii]i])lied  irrt^gularly  with  missionaries  from 
tl'is  tinu 


The  names  of  Cain])os  and  Velard(>  juv 
lly  di-apjiear  from   the   records  to  be  rejilaced  by 
tl'   Sed(>hnair  and    Keler.      In    173(»-.")0   these 
desuirs  make  several  tours  to  the  (jila  region,  in  eon- 
lion  with   vain  ])rojects  for  the  conversion  (»f  tin 


I'll 
111. 


liri 


Mor|nis  and   the  occupation  of  Northern  Califorida. 
It  is  in  these  years,  17.".7-41,  tliat  occurs  th(>  fa:nous 
ng  excitement  of  the  Polas  de  Plata,  at  .i  ])lace 
■I  ween  Saric  and  Guevavi  called  Ari/oiiao,  whence 


mini 


30 


INTRODUCTORY  R^SUM]^]. 


tho  lumic  Arizona.  The  presidio  of  Tcrronato  is 
founded  about  1741.  The  Piinas  l)ecome  perlmps  as 
bad  as  they  had  been  accused  of  beini^  from  the  first. 
They  revolt  in  1751-2,  kilHng  two  priests  and  a  Irun- 
dred  other  Spaniards;  and  for  five  or  six  years  there 
is  a  bitter  controversy  between  the  missionaries  and 
the  ii'overnnient  touchlnuf  the  causes  of  the  rev'olt. 
But  the  j)residio  of  Tubac  having  been  established, 
and  a  small  garrison  stati(jned  at  Altar,  the  missions 
are  rcoccupied,  and  maintain  a  precarious  existence 
during  the  rest  of  the  Jesuit  period.  Six  priests  are 
serving  in  17G7.  Near  San  Javier  del  Bac  there  is  a 
native  rancheria,  called  Tucson,  where  after  1752  a 
few  Spaniards  have  settled;  but  the  place  is  tem- 
porarily abandoned  in  17G3. 

The  A])aches  of  the  north  arc  not  Sonera's  only 
savage  scourge;  but  from  1724  the  Seris,  Tcpocas,  Sal- 
ineros,  Tiburon  Islanders,  and  other  bands  of  the 
gulf  coast  above  Guaymas,  keep  the  province  in  almost 
constant  terror  by  their  ravages.  There  has  l)eeii 
some  mission  work  done  at  intervals,  by  the  Calilor- 
nian  pailres  chiefly,  in  the  Guaymas  region,  but  no 
permanent  missions  are  established.  The  Cerro  Prieto 
is  the  rendezvous  and  stronghold  not  only  of  the  tribes 
named,  but  at  intervals  of  the  Pimas  Bajos  and  other 
bauds  of  revolting  neophytes.  The  danger  from  this 
direction  is  generally  deemed  }]^reater  than  from  the 
Aj)aches,  who  are  somewhat  restrained  by  the  hos- 
tility of  the  Pimas  Altos.  Camjiaigns  to  tho  Cerro 
Prieto  are  frequent,  and  generally  unsuccessful.  In 
one  of  them  in  1755  Governor  Mendoza  is  killed. 

In  17o4  the  province  of  Sinaloa  y  Sonora  is  sepa- 
rated from  Nueva  Vizcaya,  and  put  under  a  governor 
and  conunandant  general,  whose  capital  is  nominally 
still  San  Felii)e  de  Sinaloa,  but  really  San  Juan  or 
I'itic  in  Sonora.  Under  liim  are  the  presidio  captains. 
Civil  affairs  are  administered  as  before  by  alcaldes 
niayores.  The  governor's  time,  or  the  little  that  is 
left   fror.>  the  almost  continuous   campaigns  against 


JESUIT  MISFOllTUXES. 


31 


iiDi-thorn  or  western  suvai^es,  is  devoted  to  the  defence 


I'  his  DW'ii  policy,  to  controversies  wi 


th  tl 


iirif; 


aiul 


to  tl 


le  recoianiendiUion  o 


f  d 


le  nnssion- 


ivers  measures 


e 
w 


I'oi'  till'  salvati(jn  of  the  country,  few  of  which  are 
adopted  and  nont' effectual.  In  1740-1  there  is  a.  seri- 
ous revolt  of  the  Ya(|uis  and  hitherto  subniissiv 
^Ia\H)s.  The  presidio  of  Pitic  at  llerniosillo  is  no 
i'ouiided,  afterwards  being  transferred  for  a  time  to 
]Iorcasitas.  In  1745  there  are  estimated  to  be  six- 
teen hundred  Spanish  inhabitants,  possibly  men,  in 
Sinaloa,  Ostimuri,  and  Sonora,  besides  about  two 
hnndred  soldiers  in  the  dilferent  presidios.  A'isitador 
General  (hdlardo  in  1741)  reported  the  province  to  be 
ill  a  most  unpr(jsj)ei'()us  and  ci'itical  condition.  The 
population  is  ever  shifLiuL;'  v^iih  the  iinding  of  new 
niiiies,  not  a  single  settlement  having  over  ten  perma- 
U'lit  Sj);nii.di  families,  though  a  regular  town  has  been 
hcgun  at  Ilorcasitas.  Xo  remedy  is  found  for  existing 
evils  before  I7G7,  but  all'airs  go  on  fi'om  bad  to  worse. 
The    missions    .share    in    t'le    ufcneral    misfmiuncs. 


] 


ieiore 


1(:)0   thcv   had  declined    about    one   half   i 


n 


neo[)hyte  population  from  1G78;  and  the  decline  con- 
tinues to  th(;  end.      The  Jesuits  o-raduallv  lose  i 


nucl 


ot  tiieu'  miluence  e\ce])t  over  women,  cJiuelren,  anc 
iiilii'in  old  men.      Indeed  thei'o  arov/s  up  ao'ainst  tlu 


I 


up 


'Ul 


a  very  bitter  })oj)ular  ieeling,  and  they  become  in- 
volve;' in  vexatious  controversies  with  the  author- 
ities and  (jrnte  <h'  razon,  or  civilized  peoj)le,  geiu'rally. 
New-comers  are  largely  (Jerman  mend)ers  of  the  coni- 
iK.uy  with  less  jiatience  and  less  intcn-est  in  tlie  mis- 
sions than  the  old  Spanish  workers;  and  all  become 
more  or  less  petulant  in  their  discouragement  under 
t'xcr  increasing  troubles.  Thev  art!  ibr  the  most  |>art 
good  men,  and  in  the  right  generally  so  far  as  the 
til 'la  lis  of  particular  (juarrels  are  concerned;  but  they 


<'.imii)t  obtain  the 


i  snic  <j)iii  iioii  oi   cout inu( 


mission 


>riis!)i 


'riLV,  ])rotection  m  trouble,  non-mtei'iereiice  m 
•Ui'ces,;  and  like  nnssionarii's  everywhert;  they  cannot 
iubmit  gracei'ully  to  the  ine\itable  overthrow  of  their 


32 


INTRODUCTORY  RESUME. 


I  '•  a 


1  1'   ;  ' ;  .1: 


It  AM 


peculiar  system.  Settlers  and  miners,  desiring  their 
lands  and  the  labor  of  tlu'ir  neophytes,  preach  liberty 
to  tlie  natives,  foment  hatre('  to  the  })riests,  advocate 
secularization,  and  as  the  Jesuits  believe  even  .stir 
up  revolt. 

Before  secularization  or  utter  ruin  befalls  the  Sonora 
missions,  all  of  the  Jesuit  order  arc  expelled  from 
Spanish  dominions.  The  jiriests  had  been  waiting  for 
a  change,  and  it  comes  in  a  most  imexpected  form. 
After  months  of  confinement  at  Guaymas  they  arc 
banished,  thirty-seven  in  number,  at  the  beginning  of 
17(58.  Soon  the  missions  are  given  to  Franciscan 
friars,  who  like  the  Jesuits  are  faithful;  but  tliu 
change  leaves  the  several  establi.-^hnients  in  no  better 
condition  than  before.  At  the  same  period  comes 
the  grand  military  expedition  of  Elizondo  under  tlie 
auspices  of  Galvez,  which  is  to  reduce  the  savo-^e  foes 
of  Sonora  to  permanent  submission,  but  which  is  not 
briMiantlv  successful.  Notwithstandino;  the  radical 
changes  of  this  })eriod  Sonora  affairs  proceed  nuich  as 
Ijcfore ;  l>ut  from  the  exhibition  of  energy  accom])a- 
nving  these  chann'cs,  as  we  shall  see,  results  the  occu- 
pation  of  Alta  California. 

Maritime  annals  of  tlic  period  have  no  importanci! 
in  this  connection,  consisting  ahn()st  eiitii'el}'  of  tlie 
predatory  efforts  of  Dampier,  Eogers,  Shelv(.)cke,  and 
Anson,  who  lie  in  wait  at  different  times  for  the 
Manila  ship.  On  the  ])(Miinsula  of  Baja  California 
Salvatierra  and  his  assoeiates  labor  with  zeal  and  suc- 
cess, (lifts  from  rich  ])atrons,  forming  the  'pious 
fund,'  enable  them  to  purchase  su})|)lies  and  thus 
counteract  the  disadvantages  of  their  barren  country. 
At  the  same  time  its  barrenness  and  isolation  relieve 
them  from  nuich  of  the  interferenc-e  suffered  in  Sonoia. 
Yet  there  are  Sj)aniards  who  desire;  to  iish  i'or  peai'ls: 
and  there  are  others  who  l)elieve  the  Jesuits  to  he 
engaged  secretly  in  pearl-fishing  and  thus  amassiiii;' 
great  wealth.  Indeed  there  are  few  i»ersecutions  sul- 
fered  bv  their  brethren  across  the  uulf,  v.  hich  in  a 


MISSIONS  OF  THE  TEXIXSULA. 


33 


niodiruHl  form  do  not  afTcct  tlioin;  Avliilo  tlioy  onduro 
many  ]iai'dslii|)s  and   jirivaiioiis  clsewlicrc  unknown. 
Missions  ai'L-  founded  till  tho  chain  extends  ncaily  ilio 
wliolo  length   of  the  peninsula,     Salvatierra  di(  s  in 
1717.     I  n  I  7 1 8-2 1  Ugarte  builds  a  vessel  and  exi)lores 
the  ,uulf  to  its  head.      The  ^Manila  ship  touches  occa- 
sionally after   1734;  and   this  same  year  marks   the 
Iic'^iuniii^'  of  long-continued  revolts  in  the  south,  tlur- 
iiig  wliichtwo  })riests  are  killed.    Governor  Huidrobo 
conies  over  from  Sonora  for  a  campaign,  and  a  })residi(> 
is  founded  at  San  Jose  del  Cabo.     In  1 742-8  an  e}»i- 
deniic  destr(jys  several  missions.     Father  Consag  in 
1740    and    1751    explores   both    the   gulf  and   ocean 
coasts.    About  1750  there  is  a  general  revival  in  coni- 
uiercial,  mining,  and  pearl-tishing  industries;  but  it  is 
not  of  lonij:  duration,  brinu'inn"  blame  also  ui)on  the 
Jesuits.    Save  the  praiseworthy  desire  to  ini])rove  the 
Hjtii'itual    condition    of    its    inhabitants,    thei'e    is    no 
encouragement  for  the    Sjianish    occupation   of  this 
countrv.    Sixteen  Jesuits  died  in  the  countrv;  sixteen 
were  banished  in  17G8.      Bitter  feelings   against   the 
t'oinj)any  in  the  North  IMcjxican  provinces,  or  indeed 
in  America,  had   but  slight  influence  in  causing  the 
cx})ulsiou  of  the  Jesuits  from  the  Spanish  dt)minions. 


Uisi.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    3 


CHAPTER   II. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CALIFORNIAX  HISTORY. 


m 


List  of  ArTitoniTiES — A  Catalocte  ok  Calikohnia  Books — Tayi,oi;'s  List— 
l'i;oi'osi;i)  C'l.AssiricATiuN—l'KKioiis  ok  Histouy — Sixtf.kx  lli'NDijr.ii 
Trri.Ks  uKi'ouK  1S4S — PJiiNiKK  Mati'.kiai,— Krocii  or  DisrovEiiv  to 

17<1!*  —  CosMOdUAl'lllKS     AMI     \'<iV\i:i',     ('nl.l.llCTloNS— Sl'A.NI--iI     Ih'Oi  II 

17(i'.'-lSi24 — Books  ok  \  i^irui;.-;  —  Books,  I'kkiodk'als,  am>  ]>o(r- 
MKNTS — Tin:  ^Ii;m(an  1'i:i;ioi),  ln-Jl-l.S-4(J— Voyacks— Ovi:i:i.;M)  Xak- 

EATiVl.S — Fll;ST  1'UINTSOkCaI.IKOIIMA  —  WoUI^SokMkXUAN  AlTIlolis— 
GoVKUNMKNT  ]  )0CU.M1;NTS  — HiSTOUIKS— Lo(;AI.  ANNAI.S— Onk  TllorSANI) 
TlTLKS  OK  ^L\Nirs(!IlIl'TS — AliOIII VI.S,  I'riJLIC,  ^ll.sSluN,  ANI>  I'lilVATK— 
VaI.I.K.TO     and     LaKKIN  — I/oCI'MKNTAUY     TlTL^:^S  —  SlATTKKr.U     ('()|;i;i:- 

si'ONDKNCi: — Dictations  ok  Xativds  and  I'ionkkus — Yah  K  ok  Rkmin- 

ISCKSCES — AlTKll  TIIK  ( itU.l)  Dl.'iCUVLllY — ^IaNCSCUH'TS— BoOIiS  riilNTKH 
IN  ANL>  AliOCT  CaI,1FOJ;NI A. 

I  HAVE  prefixed  to  tin's  Yolinno  a  list  of  authorities 
cited  ill  the  Ilisfori/  <i/'C(i/if(inii(i,  Avliicli  iiieludrs  about 
four  tliousaud^  titles  of  hooks,  ])ain])hlets,  ]ie\vspaj)ei's, 
printed  doeunieiits,  articles,  and  rnaiuiserijits.  It  is 
souietldiiL;'  more  than  a  mere  list  of  the  woi'ks  con- 
sulted and  ejiitomi/A'd  in  this  ])art  of  my  history, 
heinn"  iiractically  a  coniph.'te  catalo^'ue  of  all  existinn' 
matt'rial  pertaining  to  ( 'alifoi'uia,  down  to  the  epoch 
of  the  discovery  of  gold,  and  oi'  all  histoi'ical  ma- 
terial to  a  later  period.  1  am  of  <'oursc  aware  that 
a  perfectly  complete  hihliographical  list  of  authorities 
on  any  topic  of  magnitude  docs  not  exist ;  and  I  do  not 
pretend  that  mine  is  such  a  list;  hciicc  the  limitation,  a 

'  TliMaiL'lioiit  this  cluipttf  f  ciniiloy  nuiMil  iiiuiiIki-s,  ••iml  in  most  iiisl.'nicps 
tho  wdiil  •iiliiiiit'  .sliiiuld  Imi  iiiidcrstcKiil  \\  itii  i';i(li  iiimilicr.  'J  iio  mccssity  of 
piiiilJii;.'  tluH  smniiuiry  Ixturc  tlii'  list  is  put  in  type  j  irvi-nts  ahsolute  iU'L-u- 
I'uuy;  ytt  lli<;  nnini'iiral  slatcnifnls  arc  liy  no  nn;uis  nicix'  estimates,  li;it  ii.:iy 
1)0  re;-aiik'il  aa  inacticaliy  accuiute,  the  Yuiiatiou  uever  exceeding  two  w 
three  ptr  cent. 

(u4) 


n.ASSlFICATIOX  OF  WORKS. 


35 


i-.i.N   llrNiMjr.i' 

])|>C((VKUY  TO 
■ANU-ll  Krot  H 
;,  AM)  1><»'- 
VI.IM.ANI)   NaK- 

AN  AiTiiiii;s— 

OM'TiltHSANli 
\Mi    I'lllVATK— 

■TKur.u    ('ui;k:-.- 

\]XV.  UV  llKMlN- 
DOOKS  ruiNTKl) 


ii;l(tifa11\''  CO 


iii])1(.'Il'  ciltilloi^ur.  Additinii.'il  I'cscai'cli 
>v'jil  ;i(l(l  ;i  IrW  items  to  L'acll,  or  most,  oi'  iiiy  stlh- 
(lixisioiis;  and  v\v\\  now,  did  spac;  permit,  sevei'al 
el"  tliem  miLU'lit  !•<•  mri'ully  extended,  as  Mill  he  ])res- 
ciitlv  explained,  without  ri>ally  addini;'  much   to  tl 


value  o 


rti 


le  (-a 


tal 


oLi'ue. 


Vs  it  stands  the  list  is  n)or 


coiniilete  than  any  other  within  my  knowK'dj^v  relatinj^^ 
to  any  state  or  teri'itory  ot"  our  union,  or  indeed  to 
jinv  ether  country  in  tlie  woi'ld.^ 

I»ei>])eetini>"  each  ol'  the  titles  niven  tlu-rc  will  In* 
1', iinid  somewhere  in  this  history  a  hil)liooTa}ihie  note 
atlordin^'  all  desirable  ini'ormation  about  the  work  and 
its.-uitlior;  so  that  il'these  notes  were  brought  toi^-ether 
and  attached  in  alphabetic  onler  to  the  items  ot"  the 
li-t,  the  I'esult  would  bo  a  ]iil)/i'<);f)'(i/)/ii/  of  Cii/'fi>i'ii/<ni 
IL'sli>i''/,to  which  work  the  pre'sent  chapter  mi^'lit  si'i'w; 
as  an  intro(hiction.  Iw.  it  1  [iroposo  to  a  certain  extent 
to  classiiV  the  works  which  have  I'nrnislied  data  ibr 
this  and  tin;  Ibllow  in-j;'  volumes,  and  brieily  to  (h'sci-ibo 
and  ciiticisc  such  of"  the  varicnis  classes  and  subdi- 
\isi(ins  as  niay  seem  to  recjuire  remai 


A  i; 


W    IlKl 


\idi;al  Wdiks  oi"  a  L^cneial  or  representatix c  nature 
iiiav  appropriately  be  noticed  in  this  comiection; 
hut  as  a  I'ule'  the  reader  must  look  elsewhere  Ibr  such 
.-.pecial  notices.  "^I'o  the  general  reader,  as  nurst  be  eon- 
re>sed,  hibliogra[)hy  is  a  topic  not  the  most  I'asrinatiiiL;'; 


luutalion,a 


ilisohito  iu'cii- 


-Si)  f;ir  as  wdilis  on  California  ari'  conccrni'd,  the  only  previous  attiiniit  at 
.'iiivtliin;,'  ap|iroai.-liinj;  a  (-jnipk'tu  ii^st  is  Alex.  S.  Taylor's  JlHi/iinjnij'd  ('a/i- 


j<,i-iiii-ti.  ]m 


lilislicil  in  the  .SV 


•ilo  C 


if  Juno  •_'.'>,  1S(;;!,  with 


ilitiij 


in  till,'  same  jiapcr  of  Mai'ch  i;i,  lS(iil.  lu  a  copy  jircsi'i'vcil  in  tlio  i^ilnaiy  of 
tlu' California  I'ionciTS  in  San  Francisco,  there  are  mainisi  ript  aihlitioiu  of 
still  later  (late.  This  work  eontaineil  over  a  thousaml  titles,  hut  its  lit-lil  was 
tluMJiolu  territory  from  ]>aja  California  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  west  of  the 
Kii'ky  Moiuitaiiis,  only  ahont  one  half  of  the  works  relatin;;'  to  Alta  ( 'alitor- 


jiroper.    Dr  Taylor's  /eal  in  this  direction  was  most  coninien 


lahh 


>uri  CSS,  considcriiiL,'  his  extremely  limited  facilities,  was  wonderfnl;  yet  his 
catiiloLMU'  is  useless.  ]{e  never  saw  one  in  live  of  the  works  he  names;  lilun- 
(ki-;  average  nioro  than  one  to  each  title:  he  names  many  hooks  that  ikmt 
existed,  others  so  inaccurately  that  they  cannot  lie  trailed,  and  yet  otlurs 
several  limes  oxer  under  diU'eriiit  title 
licialion  of  liihlii "graphic  /m/ois 


]{\ 


IS  in.Nnlk'ralile  jieilantry  iiml  at- 
i-s   of  tho 


i)tl 


itc  with  the   tyjiouraiihic 
'.Npapei-  press  to  destroy  for  (he  most  jiai't  any  merit  that  the  list  ini;difc 


utl:crwise  lia\i 


I 


ia\(!  no  iloiiii 


t  th. 


may  h- 


few  (vf  Ta\li 


r  s  items  r<'|.r( 


seiitiiii,'  hooks  or  doenments  that  actually  exist  and  are  nut  in  my  list;  hiil  to 
ttiect  them  would  he  a  well  ni;ih  liuiieicss  task. 


36 


BreLTOCrvAPIIY  OF  CATJFORXIAX  IITSTORY. 


l>ut  its  novelty  in  Ciiliforniiin  as|)c'cts  and  tliu  brevity 
and  coiupi'dicnsiNcncss  ol'  its  ti'oatincnt  in  this  instance 
may  |)cilia|is  \n:  ollcrcd  as  (•irciuiistani-cs  tcudinj,^  to 
counteract  inherent  monotony. 

In  point  of  time  1)il)lio;j^ra|iliy,  lil^e  tlie  liistoiT,  (>\' 
California  is  dixided  intt)  two  i;reat  ])eri()ds  l)y  the 
discovery  of  iji-old  in  1848.  I  have  some  sixteen  linn- 
di'ed  titles  foi'  tlu'  earlier  Di'riod  and  over  two  thousand 

1 

lor  the  later;  thouui'h  the  division  ^vo^ld  be  nuniei'ically 
much  less  ecjual  wore  ])rinted  material  alone  consideied. 
Antl  if  books  and  pamphlets  only  were  taken  into 
account,  disrejj^arding  iiuwspaj)ers  and  art  icles  and  doc 
unients  in  pi'int,the  nund>ei-s  would  stand  two  hundred 
and  seventy  for  the  i)rimiti\'e,  and  :,io»'e  tlian  a  thou- 
sand for  the  modern  epoch.  Yet  there  could  be  no 
good  reason  for  restricting  my  list  of  authorities  to 
books;  and  its  extension  to  manuscript,  documentaiy, 
and  periodical  material  is  entirely  legitimate,  as  will 
be  at  once  apjuirent  to  scholars.  Where  to  sto[>  in 
this  extension,  however,  and  in  the  conse(|Uent  sub- 
division of  documentary  data  is  obviously  a  )>oint  re- 
specting which  no  two  critics  woidd  be  likely  to  agree. 
The  abundance  of  my  material  has  ])ut  me  Iteyond  the 
tem])tati(Mi  to  exaggerate;  and  while  some  will  doubt- 
less regret  that  in  certain  directioris,  notably  that  of 
original  manuscripts,  I  have  not  midtiplied  titles,  the 
ever  ju'esent  necessity  of  I'igid  condensation  has  con- 
trolled my  course  in  this  matter.^ 

For  the  years  ])receding  1  848  manuscript  authei'- 
ities  greatly  outnumber  those  in  print,  being  l,0;)Oout 
of  a  total  of  1  ,(')50 ;  but  in  later  times,  the  era  of  news- 
])a])ers  antl  jirinted  government  records,  manuscri|t(s 
nundier  less  than  200,  in  a  t(jtal  of  over  2,000.  I  be- 
gin naturally  with  the  eai'lier  [)eriod,  and  tir.st  givi; 
attention    tt)  printed  material. 

■'  Tlio  I'onili'i'  is  remindod  .also  tlwt  in  foot-notes  of  the  followiiij,'  pa,c;cs  .tic 
nfuivnoL'H  to  tliousiuiils  of  docunicnts  in  niiinusci'ipt  tiiid  print  that  lav  not 
given  titles  or  mentioned  be]^jarately  in  the  list. 


Y. 

A^^  l)rovity 
i>^  iiistar.cf 
.uucliug  tu 


history,  fi' 
ids  l)y  thr 
Ktijvu  liun- 
1)  lliousanil 
iniK-'rically 
L'oUKideretl. 
tiikoii  into 
Ic'S  tiiul  doc 
yo  luuidlt'd 
inn  ;i  tliou- 
■iiuld  l»o  ii<> 
Lliorities  to 
if'uuiciitary, 
late,  as  ^vill 
t  to  st()l>  in 
(jueiit  svili- 
i  ]toint  I'c- 
V  to  a^Tcf. 

H'VOlld  tlu' 

\vill  doul)t- 
ly  that  of 
I  titles,  tlM- 
on  has  con- 

ipt  author- 

1,0:^,0  out 

ra  of  uo\v>- 

iianusrrii>ts 

)00.     I  hi'- 

iirst  give 


)\viiii,'  pa.cfcs  ni'c 
lul  tiuit  ai-c  not 


rrTNTi'P  wmtKs  T.^roni:  1709. 


^7 


Titles  (if  iirinted  authorities  on  this  Ijrstof  the  two 
c'Tcat  periods  ninnht-r',  as  I  haxc  said,  something  o\oi' 
(iUO,  of  wlii'-h  '^70  ai'e  hooks  or  painphlets,  2.^)0  dorii- 
iiM  Ills  oi"  ai'tieles,  and  DO  periodicals  or  eollcctions  I  hat 
i;i,iv  hi;  so  classed.  It  is  well,  however,  to  stdidisidc 
llic  period  ('hi'onologically,  and  to  glance  at  the  eai'liest 
(•jHicIi  of  discovei-y,  namely,  that  pi'eeeding  I  7(1!).  I'p 
1.)  tliisdato  Califin'uia  had  not  heen  the  exclusive,  or 
indeed  tlie  chief,  topic  of  any  hook;  yet  )iiy  list  con- 
tains ;")()  at  least,  which  treat  of  the  distant  jU'oviiice 
and  tlu'Vovages  thereto.  The  numhei-  might  he  cou- 
slderahly  augmented  hy  including  all  general  works, 
in  which  California  was  harely  nanud  at  second  hand; 
el'  in  Hk<;  maimer  lessened  by  <Mnitting  repetitions  of 
Sir  rrancls  Drake's  voyage;  and  indeed  eight'  would 
siiliiee  to  Impart  all  the  actual  knowledge  extant  at 
tlie  time  in  [irint,  the  rest  being  of  interi\st  mainly  by 
reason  of  their  (piaint  cosniograjdiical  eoni^'its  or  eoii- 
jectiUY's  oil  the  name  ( 'allfornia.  l"'i\'e  of  these  are 
general  Sjianlsh  works  alluding  to  California  f>nly  as  a 
pait  of  Spanish  America,  one  being  a  romance  naming 
I  lie  provinei!  before  its  discovery.'"'  Sixteen  are  de- 
.-riiptive  cosmographieal  woi'ks  of  the  old  ty])e,  to 
v.hich  maybe  added  four  JCngllsh  riH'ords  of  a  slightly 
dHfi'rent  class."  Then  we  have  sixteen  of  the  oiice 
po[>n]ar  collections  of  voyages  and  travels,  to  whii'h  as 
to  tlie  preceding  class  additions  might  be  made  with- 
out u'olnu'  out  of  my  librai'V.'  ^\nd  linallv  we  may 
notice  eight  works  which  treat  of  s[)i'cial  voyages — none 
of  lliem  actually  to  California — or  the  lix'es  of  special 

^  See  hi  tliu  list  the  fdlliiwint:  lieadinas:  Calircra  lUuiio.  Tliakc,  Haklnyt, 
JKirera,  IJii-elinteii,  I'niclias,  'i'lJi'cpuiiiada,  and  Vcncuas.  It  is  ])i-iil)alili! 
that  th(,'.<c  li>t  notes  will  not  iie  deenieil  of  any  imrortanee  to  the  ueiu  ral 
leaih  r;  hut  he  can  easily  pass  them  hy;  and  it  is  lielieved  tiiat  their  value  to 
a  ecitain  class  of  students  will  more  than  pay  for  the  conijiaratively  litth- 
.spare  they  lill. 

'See  Ac(jsta,  Apostolicos  Afaucs,  Diaz  del  Castillo,  Ksiilandian,  and  Viil.i 
Senor. 

''Sec  America,  Blacu,  D'Avity,  fiottfrieilt,  Heylyn,  l.aet,  J^'iw.  Luyt, 
Meivato!-,  Moutanns,  Morelli,  0<,'illiy.  Orteliiis.  West  Indische  Siiieyhcl,  and 
Wytlliet;  also  (.'aniden,  (.!anii)liell,  Coxe,  and  l)avis. 

'  See  Aa,  llacke,  lluiris,  Sannnlung,  Haniusiu,  and  Voyages. 


38 


BTBLTOflRAPTrV  OK  rATJFOnxr.W  IIIST0I!V, 


;i' 


iifiviy;it<)rs,''!iii(l  a  Wkv  inuiilxT  nfiniixutniit  (locnmcnfs 
rclaf  inn'  to  this  j>)'iinili\r  ciiocli,  Nvliidi  were  imt  known 
ill  print  until  niodci'n  tiinrs."  As  1  liavc  said,  ( 'alilor 
Ilia  was  liut  incidentally  niciitloni'd  in  tlu-  hooks  n!" 
this  early  time;  a  few  contained  all  that  visitors  hal 
revelled  (if  the  coast ;  while  the  rest  wei'c  content  with 
a  nio-t  inaccui'ate  and  snpei'ticial  repetition  eked  oui 
with  imagination  to  I'oriu  the  \\«,nders  ol' the  Northern 
31vsterv. 

'i'lu;  next  snh-poriod  was  that  of  inland  ('X|)loration, 
of  settlement,  of  mission-foundinix,  <»^'  Spanish  domina- 
tion in  C'alil'oniia,  lastini^  iVoni  I7(»l)  to  IS-Jl.  1  havi' 
nhoiit  four  hundi'ed  titles  for  this  time;  hut  the  show- 
ini^'  of  printed  niattei'  is  niea^'rc.',  nuniherin^n'  not  al)o\e 
sixty.  N\'t  the  mnnhei-  in<-lu(K;s  three  woi'ks  devoti  d 
exclusively  to  tin;  ])rovinee,  two  of  them,  ('ostaiis<V> 
Jji'iii'io  and  the  Mniifcrc'/,  Ax/racfo  dc  Xot/cins,  heiii  ^ 
hrief  hut  important  records  of  the  first  expeditions 
to  San  Diego  and  Monterey,  while  the  third,  .l^dou"^ 
\'t(l<i  <!<■  Jinifpcro  Scrrct,  was  destined  to  he  the 
standai'd  history  of  the  coimti'y  down  to  I7S4,  a 
mo>t  valuahle  i-ecord.  Next  in  importance  were  tt  ii 
works  in  which  navi<;atori;;  descrihed  their  visits  ti* 
California  and  to  other  parts  of  the  western  coast." 
One  of  thes(!  early  visitors  wrote  in  Ene-lish;  two  in 
S|)anish;  ilwco  in  fjlerman;  arid  four  in  French. 
Several  of  them,  iiotahly  IjH  Perouse  and  A'nncouver. 
went  far  heyond  their  own  ])crsonal  ohservations, 
eleaniniT  material  hy  which  the  earliest  history  of  the 
counti-y  hecanie  for  the  iit;<t  time  known  to  tlie  world. 
"J'o  two  of  the  voya<^e-na)'r;;;t>.-es,  unimportant  in  them- 
selves, were  ]»relixed  by  comjietent  and  well  I'Cnown 
editoi's,"  extensive  sun.m.-a'ies  of  earlier  ex[)loration--. 

''Sec  I'uvton,  Cl.nk,  Diimpiur,  Rogti-s,  Slu'lvocke,  aii<l  UUoii. 

"See  .\bci.iision,  Calnillo,  (."aiddiiii.  DciHiiicjicinii,  ]'',v.'ms,  Xicl,  and  S;,l- 
jiu'ron.  'J  here  iiiv  many  itiore  iniiKU'  (loi'iiniciitsof  this  class  rehitiiig  vagiu^y 
to  ( 'alifoi'niu  in  eonnrct  ioii  witli  tlic  Norllicni  Mystery. 

'"See  ( 'lianiisso,  ( 'Iwris,  Ivotzcliue.  l^aiiirsihirir,  I.a  Peronsj,  Marchaiiil, 
Manrtlle,  ]!(.M[uefeuiUc.  Sulil  y  .Mexicaua,  and  N'aucouvcr. 

"  See  Fleurieu  ami  X.naricte. 


i 


..J 


rKllIon  OF  SI'AXISIT  occur ATTON". 


so 


ot  known 
KCaliloi 
l)o()ks  III 

>il(tl'S    ll.'l.l 

itt'Ut  with 

eked  out 

Kortliii'ii 


;|)l()riiti<)n, 
>li  (loniii:;!- 
\.  1  li:i\v 
the  sliow 
not  iil)o\i' 
vs  (It'Voli'd 
(A)staiis('»s 
cias,  l)ciii  ', 
'Xpt'ditidUs 
nl,  Piilou's 

to      !).>      tlir 

I)  17S4,  :i 
o  were  tiU 
r  visits  i> 
'111  coast." 
fli;    two  ill 


I 


I'oncii. 


¥ 


iUlC'OUVC 

ivvation 


Ol'V  () 


ftlir 

Itlie  worM. 

jt  in  tluMii 

Icll  known 

iloration^. 


Ixicl,  nn'1  i^^^l- 
lutiiig  vagiu  .y 

Marchaiul, 


l\.r  llic  r<'st  we  li;iV('  li.'ilf  a,  dojccn  n't-JU'Val  works  on 
Aim  ii<M;''  a  lilcc  nnnil)cr  ol"  Mexican  works  with 
iiKittti'  on  ( 'iililornia  ;'■'  and  as  many  colk;ctit)ns  ot' 
\(i\  ii'^cs  and  till  Vols." 

( )|"  .\ft'\ic;ni  n('Wsii;i|)ci'scontaininj;'Calil'oi-ni;in  ncnvs 
(lurin'4'  this  jicriod,  only  tlic  olHcial  jonrn.'d,  tlic  (i'<icc/ii 
(Ir M'xicn,  rc<|nii'cs  mention  lici-c.  And  jirintcd  docn- 
iiicnts  (ir  arii<I('s  arc  oidv  seven  in  mnnl)<T;  tliouu'li 
lliiir  iiiinlit  In-  cited  Very  many  documents  of  the? 
S|i;iiiisli  envernnu'nt  relatinj^-  to  or  namin!^'  ('alifornia 
.-•Iiiilily  I'ls  ;i  jirovince  ot"  ^Tiixico.  'i'wo  essays  hy  vis- 
itors iwc  jiriiited  with  the  hooks  of  voya!_;'ei's  tliat 
li,i\-e  hee)i  naiMed.''  ( 'aptain  Shaler  liad  tin-  honor 
(if  hi'in<4  the  lii'st  American  visitor  whose  narrative  wns 
]!iiiited  ill  the  rnited  States;  (iovernoi*  Sola  sent  a 
r(|)ort  whi''li  u;is  juinted  in  Mexico;  two  instrnctioc.s 
for  ( ';iliroriii;iiis  were  ]>nt  in  type;'"  and  in  one  ot'thc! 
S|i;iiii.>li  voyau'e-c.-ih'clioiis  a]»j)enred  an  account  of  l!ie 
ciMiiiliys  history  and  conchtion  in  connection  Avith 
r(iiiiisi'l;ir  ali'airs."  J)ocunient.s  of  this  ])ei'iod  not 
|iriiited  until  much  lati-r  arc;  some  of  them  impoi'tant, 
cspe(  i;illy  those  [)uhlished  in  PhIok,  2\'u(ici(is,  and  tin," 
/>'('.  7//,s7.  Alex.     I'here  are   nineteen  titles  of   this 


Cl.'lSS, 


IS 


']1ie  tiiial  suh-period  extending  from  1  824  to  184S 
ni;ty  he  divided  liistoi'ically  into  that  of  jMexican  rule 
to  ls4''>,iiiid  th;it  of  th»^  conrpiest  and  American  mili- 
ry  ii!le  to  tlie  o'old  dis<'ovei-y;  hut  hihlioL>;ra]>hically 
sui'h  Hui)di\Ision  is  convenient,  and  I  treat  all  a.; 
^  one  epoch.  It  cliiims  700  titles  in  my  list,  475  of 
I        wliich  represent  printed  matter,  and  180  Ijooks  ])i'ope]'. 

'-'Sec  AKeilo,  AiujiU'til,   IVmiiycnstle,  ]*.iifncy,   rorstor,  TTuiuloMt,  and 


t;i 


lie 


iviinl 


Airicivitii,  Cl.'uiL'cvo,  Corti's,  Oi 


V 


\\\i\,  I  rosiciKis,  mill  KdsiiriVMi 


IT! 


.(iciH'LT,  Korr. 


'  Cliiiiiii.s 


)M<i  i; 


J.iiliaipL',  riiikuitoii,  A'i.igLio  Uiiivc 


.r.siu,  mill  \  ovascs 


'  ( i;ilv(.v,  uiiil  U! 


■Ciilik 


mill  en  17'.'!». 


I'lllull,  Jif.-l 


vltaniira,  Aniiona,  Crcspi.  ]")<)inini,'ur'7,  Oarers,  Hall,  lloit'ta,  Mani'ino, 


inKutu,  Ituvilla  Giiicilu,  ycrra,  and  VcL 


lUlc. 


^ 


'10 


BIP.LTOni^AI'ITV  OF  PALIFOKXrAX  TTT^'^TOKV. 


!•  ri 


,»r.,,;,,f .  ;,, 


First  ill  ini|ii»rtnii('(',  willi  I 'otit-Tliouars  ;it  the 
lieail  of  llii'  list  so  tat"  as  Iiistnrv  is  conccnuMi  and 
Coultii-  at  llic  foot,  arc  lourtccii  narratiscs  of  voy 
a^crs,  wlio  ^•isit;•(l  i\\v  coast  and  in  many  instances 
made  l;()o»1  use  of  their  ()])|)oi'timitios.  '^Flie  worlds  o|' 
INIolVas  and  \Vilki>s  arc  the  most  pretentions  ol'  tlie 
luimlier,  liut  not  the  most  valuable.^"  To  these  sliovild 
1)0  added  four  scieutitic  works  resulting  from  .some  of 
these  xoyages;'"  and  thi'ce  ollicial  accounts  of  e\])loi'- 
ing  marches  across  the  continiMit  in  hook  lorm;'"^  with 
■\\hich  we  may  a])|)ro[)riately  class  a  dozen  accounts  of 
Calilornia  hy  foreign  visitors  or  I'osideuts,  g(-nerally  in- 
clu(hiig  a  uarrative  of  the  trip  hy  land  or  sea."  Foni' 
foreigiu'rs  Avho  had  never  visited  the  countiy  com- 
])iled  historical  accounts,"''  one  of  which,  hy  Forbes, 
has  always  enjoyed  a  meritinl  I'eputation  as  a  standard 
book.  Then  there  wt'i'e  half  a  dozon  or  more  woiks 
on  ( h'egon  Avith  brief  mention  of  (Jalilbrnia,''^  and 
half  a  dozen  s[)ecches  in  congress  or  elsewhere  |)rinted 
in  |)amj)hlet  form,  a  munber  that  might  be  A'ery 
greatly  increascvl  if  made  to  include  all  that  men- 
tioned ( 'alifornia  in  connection  with  the  JNIexican  war 


and  the   Oreu'ou   ()ut'stion 


U'om  loi'eiLTii  sourci's  mav 


b 


lo  a 

added 


11    of 
tl 


whicn 


titl 


I'S 


lose  o 


f  tel 


I    Ll'en- 


ei'al  works'""  contammg  alhisions  to  our  proxiiice. 

(  'hief  among  works  in  Spanish  for  this  period  should 
stand  six  which,  though  with  one  exception  not  veiy 
imixii'taiit  for  history,  wi're  the  first  books  printed  in 


M' 


'.y 


California,  most  of  them  being  entirely  unknown  until 


now 


And  with  tl 


lesc!  mav  i>e  nai 


ned  eiii'ht  otlur 


'liooclioy,  IVli'luT,  Clcvclaiiil,  ('(lultcr,   ]>:in,i,   l)iili!Hit-( 'illy.  n\iish   (ik 


visitDi),  J\.iit/('lmc,   l,ii|il;Re,  iMdlVtis,  Morri'll,   I'etit-TIi' 


Ji 


llSClU!llhl'l'- 


gcr 


^IIIIIISDII,    illll 


1  Wi 


'lliiicls,  i;iiliai<ls()ii,  iiiul  U.  S.  Iv\.  Ex. — the  lutor  incluiliiiif  iii.uiy  \v(;rl;i 


l)y  ilitrirint  mitlior.s, 


lunry  a 


11(1  l'"it'in()nt. 


and  Ki 


ISichM'll,  Jiilsou,  JJuse.ina,  I'ryjmt,  Farnham,  Hastings,  Kolloy,  Puttii" 


'( 'lifts,  l'\ir1i('s,  Orci'iili'iv.-,  ;iii(l  Ifu^'lies. 


21|.' 


Ia'c,  Xiciiliiy,  1'' 


(■t( 


'('l;irk,  ll.iU,  Tliiiiiipsoii,  Webster,  <^te. 


Ml 


'I'yt 


i.Uiliin,  rnu  TOW .  ('oiiil)icr,  ll'Orliigiiy,  Irviiij,'.  Lafoiid,  Lai'ilnur 


ytler. 
^' Jjutica,  J''inuoioa,  llc'L'laiii(.nto,  lliualda,  Itoiiicro,  and  N'ull 


Icjt 


EARLY  TATJFOr.XTA  PTITXTlXa. 


41 


.  nl  11  If 
■ui'(i  anil 
i  of  voy- 
iiistances 
woiks  of 

IS    of   tllf 

ise  slumld 

1     SOllU'    "t 

L)t'  ex[>loi'- 
mf'  with 
•counts  of 
nerally  in- 
a.--     I'^oui' 

iitry  <'»>ii>- 
ly  i\)rl)t's, 
a  standnvil 
love  woiks 
niia,-'^   and 
■VL!  |)rintc'd 
t   l)c  vrry 
tliat   nu-n- 
xi<'an  war 
lliich   titles 
If  ti'n  ,u'on- 
,\  iniH'. 
i.kI  shovdd 
1  not  very 
printed  in 
lown  unlil 
o'ht  other 

|ly.  IViiish  (not 
Jtusclu'iiViii'- 

|iy;  uiiuiy  works 
Lellcy,  rattio, 


Liiil,  Lanliifv, 
[icjo. 


iiaiiii'idets,  pi'inted  in  .Mexico  on  (.'alifornian  to}»ics.''^** 
Tin  n  iliere  are  sixteen  Mexican  n'ovcrnnieiit  docu- 
iiieiits  ('ontaininj4'  valuaMe  allusions  to  California."" 
;ni<l  many  more  if  ni<M'e  nsi'iitions  be  counted;  and 
liiiallv.  \vc  have  tliirty-five  General  works  on  ^Mexico, 
\\\\]\  lik<;  inibrniation  ofti'U  of  some  value,  about  a 
(|i  ;;i  ti  I  if  which  are  the  writing's  of  Carlos  IMaria  Bus- 
taiiiante,  found  also  more  eom])lete  iu  my  libi'ary  in 
til,'  ei'in'inal  autoo'i'aph  uianuscript."'' 

Pa-sin^  iVom  books  to  documents,  the  ])roductions 
el'  the  Californian  i)ri's.s   mei-it  lii'st   mention.     They 


ai'c 


irtv-nv(,'    in   nundier,    each    s(>])arately   pi'intod, 
Three  oi'  i'our  are  proclamations  of  United  States  otll- 


CKllS 


OHO  IS  a  commercial  pa[»er,  onean 


at 


Ivert 


isenicnt, 


innl  one  t(jok  a  jioetical  Ibrm ;  but  most  were  oilicial 
docunients  emanatiu'j;  from  the  Hispano-Caliibrniau 
^•l)\('rn]nent.  Then  J  note  sixteen  ^Mexican  m'ox'ern- 
inciit  documents  in  collections  or  newspapers;  and 
seven  (ith(M's  of  a  semi-ollicial  nature;^-  while  there 
are  tue'iity-two  to[)ie-colK'ctions  or  se})arato  re])orts, 
iVeni  United  States  otHcers,  for  the  most  part  printed 
h\-  the  government  and  i-elatin;^'  to  the  con([Uest.''' 
Three  titles  Ixdon^-  to  matter  inserted  in  the  books  of 
na\  i^atorsah'eady  named;*''  six  to  art  ides  oi' documents 
in  th(^  Xiiiii\'/Ic,'<  ^liiii<(/cs  tics  ]^oi/<i(/i'sf''  and  twelve 
aie  J'higlish  and  American  articles  in  periodicals.'"' 


'-"("iuillo,  CastiiUiUTs,  ]'\)iiilo   Piadoso,  Garcia  l>i' 
1(1  Siiii  MiLiiU'l. 


.Tuiita  (1(>  Fonunto, 


I  iidii'  tlif  Irailin;,'  'Moxico.' 
' Alaiiiaii,  Avala,  ncnmicK'Z,  ]'i:st;miaii1i\  Cano.'laila,  Ksiuli'i'o,  ]■" 


.111,  liiavtr,  M 


UllkMllI 


tordt,  ()aia( 


>i'MilMaii/.nf 


'rii(iiii|isiiii,  I'liziR'ta,  and  Willie. 


I'jon, 


K 


Sal 


cs,  .Nan 


.Mi 


'.Mvarado,  C'alifiTnia.   Castro,    C 


liiimta 


IVictiin  1,    !■ 


iLUcniii, 


(iutil'ITl'/., 


11 


irul 


I'lai 


Vall. 


ijar. 


.Mason,   .Mii'lKltoiviia,   1' 
■ind  /ainorano. 


I 


ronniifianiicnto,  Kili  \,  Mm 


Ayuntaniionto,  < 'tinijiaiua,  I  locivto,  l»i(  t.inicn,  Iniciativ.-i 


M. 


Also  l'.;)udini,  'C.,'('ast; 


inai'cs.  ( 'iiu 


X.  Ml 


Concinist,  (" 


MiL'stra,  and  Suialia. 


JM 


.1( 


iiiiont,  .loiinston. 


IV,  Kt 


.Marc\,  .Masim,  .Montei'L'V,  .sjuih 


ai'uiii. 


lat, 


Stncktnn,  \V;ir  with   .Mi'xico.     Sonu?  <it'  tiicso 


th 


javsidcnt's  lacssaguH 


and  d.'iiiiiuiits itaininu'  a  vltv  lai'ij;t'  nundiir  of  imiiortant  j^nicrs. 


Ilntta,  1' 


•ns,  »ii 


id  Sanclii'/, 


•'■' l'a.L;is.  (lalit/in,  Lv  Nutn'!,  .Morinoan,  Soala,  and  Smith. 
•"'•  Anicticans,   ( 'anipaiijn,   CinltiT,    l'l\ans,    '''ar  Wist.    Kunrgi 
Uiar  IIul;,  J.,aikin,  I'rircc,  Keyuolds,  .Scj^uitr,  and  Warnu-r. 


Hist. 


42 


BIBLIOGRAniY  OF  CALIFOllXTAN  TTISTORY, 


There  Awrc  sduic  twenty  pcM^iodioals,  or  pu1)li(';iti()ns 
tliat  may  conveniently  ho  claas^tMl  as  siieh,  some  hein^' 
C'ollectit>n,s  or  serial  i-eeonls,  that  containiMl  niati'iial 
ahout  tliis  ])rovinee  heforo  1848;  at  least  that  is  the 
numht.'r  that  my  list  furnishes.'"  Of  newspapers  ahout 
seventy  titles — Ibrty  of  them  ^NEexiean — a])i)ear  in  my 
catalogue;  hut  as  douhtless  many  more  in  dillerent 
]»arts  of  the  world  contained  at  least  a  nuMition  of  this 
country  at  one  time  or  another,  I  nanu^  <>idy  ten  puh- 
lished  in  California,  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  ()i'e- 
m'ou,"'"^  all  valuahlo  sources  of  information.  Xi/cs' 
Jicr/isfci'  is  the  eastern  journal  tluit  I  have  found  most 
useful  in  my  task. 

Finally  I  have  ahout  1 50  titles  of  hof)l<s,  documents, 
and  articles,  whieli,  though  ])rinted  latei-,  relate  to 
Calil'oi'nian  history  hel'ore  J  848,  so  iar  as  they  relate 
to  that  suhject  at  all.  Seventy-tive  of  the  nuriiher  arc 
in  hook  i'orm,  including'  some  valuahle  monoLCraplis  on 
early  atl'airs  in  California;  several  collections  of  docu- 
ments, some  re[)rintsan(l  translations  of  early  woi-ks; 
some  treatises  on  ^Texican  law  as  a(Tectini;'('ardornia: 
several  ini|)ortant  hriei's  in  land  cases,  the  mmiher  of 
whieli  miijht  easily  he  nudtiplied;  Unite<l  Statt-s  docu- 
ments relatiiiij;'  to  the  concpiest  and  military  rule,  hut 
jirinted  after  1848;  Ilussian  works  contain injj^  infor- 
mation on  the  ]\oss  colony;  one  or  two  narratives  of 
^  isitors;  and  a  numher  of  works  on  the  ^Mexican  war. 
Those  a[)pearino'  imdor  the  names  of  Dwindle,  Lie, 
Lancey,  Nlc(,!lashan,  and  Palou  ar(>  the  most-  impor- 
tant.'''    JJocunuints  and  articles  of  this  class  are  ahout 


^'  Amoi'ican  Quiirtorly  Rojiistor,  American  Qiinrtrrlv'  Review,  Atiioiienii 
Keview,  Aiiierii'iiii  Stiiio  I'jipeis,  Auiiiils  of  ('iiiiLtress,  Anil!.iir;i,  ('oluuiiil 
M.i'ja/ilic,  I'on^ressiniial  Deliatos,  ( 'onuiessioiial  (iliihc,  J-MiiiKm '^li  lCe\iew, 
Hansard's  J ',irl.  I>eljates,  jrniiie  Mis  ioiiaiy,  ]  Iiiiit's  ^Iciel-  ,\la.L:a/.iiie,  Lon- 
iliiii  Meehauics'  .MaL'aziiie,  Xcntii  .American  Jioview,  Nmivelles  Annalerf  des 
\"i>ya^'e.s,  (^>iiarteriy  Jloview,  Ituvista  C  ientiliea,  anil  Smitliein  <jUiarteily  J!e- 
view. 

■'"In  Ciilifovnia  were  foni',  or  raUier  eoniliinations  of  two;  MontiTey  t'al- 
ifiirnian,  San  i'ranei^co  ( 'aiitornian,  San  Fraiieisoii  Star,  ami  San  Fianciseo 
St. ir  anil  ('alit'oiuiian.  At  lloimlnin,  li\e;  tiie  l''rienil,  Hawaii -.i  ,S|ii'ctaliir, 
Sandu  icli  Islanil  ( lazette,  Sandwieh  Jslami  Xows,  and  I'olyiusiaii.  Jn  Oii-- 
goii  was  the  S|ieetatul'. 

"'••  Al.ihuU,  IJi^'eiuw,  Culii'omia,  Califoniiu  Laud  Titles,  C'alil'oinia  and  North 


TUTITITJ   AND  OLKE.^OX. 


43 


11 


)('  SMI  IK' 


and 


1 


ill  iiuinl)ei',  niid  \i>rv  similnr  in  tlicir  iiaturo 
arirtv  to  llie  !!()()]<s,  iiifliuliii'L;-  also  some  titles  of 
idiicci'  iviiiiiiiscciux's   ill   the;  iK'\vs])a])e'rs,  titles  that 
hi  l)tj  inultiiilied  almost  without  limit.*'' 
Ul'  works  ytriiitcd  alter    1848,   rolatinj;'  ehicfly   to 


II  hl: 


CVclllS   SIU)SLM[U 


■lit  to  the  discovery  of  i>'old,  and  there 


i'dif  lu'loiii^in^'  to  a  later  bihlioL^i-ajihic  ])c!riod,  hut 
vet,  <-oiitaiiiin,i;'  information  on  earliei'  annals,  J  have 
"(iccasion  to  eite  ahout  three  hundred  titles  in  these 
vtilunu's.  ^Tost  of  them  arc;  unimportant  in  this  con- 
lU'ctioii;  hut  some  arc;  I'ormal  attempts  at  historierd 
icsraich  enihraciuL;'  hoth  chronoh^^ic  periods.  Tin; 
works  of  Tuthill  and  Glceson,  entitled,  the  om;  ;i 
llistnri/  of  Cal'/onu'd,  and  the  other  a  Jlisforif  of  the 


"!i, 


.lie  Ch 


ntrcii  III 


Cah'l< 


•lu'rai 


oi'itid,  are  tlie  only  ones  ot  ji 
1  nature  recpiirinu'  notice  hero.     Tuthill's  his- 


t.iiv  merits  much  hii^her  jiraise  than  has  _o-oncrally 
hivii  a<'corded  to  it,  beiiijj^  the  woi'k  of  a  brilliant  and 

]t  is  a  satisfactory  pojiular  his- 


COllSCK 


lit  ions  writer, 


toiv,  makinu'  no  claims  to  exhaustive  reseai'ch,  hut 
iiili  lligently  prejiared  from  the  best  accessible  autlior- 


iti 


Gleeson   is  not  so  able  a  wi'iter,  is  somewhat 


iiin]-c  (if  a  partisan,  wi'ote  more  liastily,  and  fell  int( 
A'et  .".s  a  Catholic  ])riest  he  had  sonu 


more  errors: 


snpc'rior  facilities,      lie  read  more  of  the  old  auth(»ri- 
ties,  weld    more  fully  into  details,  and  was  (piite  as 


C(l"iS( 


i"iitious:    and   he  has  u'lNcn 


1 


us  a  lUeasui'''  aiK 


ti>l(ral>ly  accurate  ])ictu!e  of  mission  life  and  annals. 
Xeitlur  of  ;hesG  authors  had,  oi'  preteiidi'd  to  have, 
any  1,  cihties  lor  writing  history  or  mmals  proper,  and 


liiiiaiiil  Mortli 


I'u 


1  iwinrl 


■IV  . 


jlton,  Cooko,  Piceioiiiuio,  T>c 


itiis,  Diiylu,  ])|';il; 


1' iu'noroii,  l''liij.'jx,  Fi't'inoit,  I'mlur,  Odiiic/,  (iiii'ira,  II 
ili,   ll.irtiii.iiin,   Jl;i\V(.'S,   Ilolliiiiiii,    llniiics,    Jilc,    .liiy,  .Iciikiiis,    .Juiu.- 
ly,  .MairiMi,  .M((  ;lariliaii,  Alaiislk'ld,  ]\lc'.\icaii  War,  I'aloii.  I'luliw,  llair 


ly,  llaiiikiliih,   Kcvcrc,   ];i]il(.'y.  Jtivcra,   .'^tocUtdii,  Taylcir,   rjpii:iiii.  Nallc 


,'li 


'  Aiviili; 


'J'ik 
Arnivi 


■f,  M.itciialui.  l; 


>f.  .M, 


iikiif,  ami   KliMiiiikiit'. 


■Iv,   Ji 


]>rookl\M    I'lidwn.   liatlianaii,   ('l;irk,    I '.ilk    Ha 


liii'ii'aiiliiial   SKLtolii's,    Whj:: 


i; 


ik 


]),, 


live,  i.l'iot,  I'l^pinosa,  lAil.'^ 
U\\.  Ill  iikiiis,  .'iiiit'fj,  Kctii 
Mi'l'li '     II,  Marcoii,  ^kns 


stiT 


I' 


It,  1h 


Ha 


J\('aiiiy,  Kiiin's  ( liji 
1,  Masnii.  ,M(xi('i),  M 


.1,  Dv 
llr,-., 
M. 


Dnn 


cxu'i),  Jliclicltorciia 


It<, 


\iilk 


-U wiisoii,  .siilliiiaii,  Stcii'klon.    Sutter, 


Ta\li 


,  ]:o((l, 
Tnuik, 


ili'f,  \'ictoi',  Wancii,  Wii:'. 


Ill: 


iiul  Wullskilk 


■fPHR" 


mm 


44 


r.IULIOaRAPTIV  OF  CALIF  JRNIAX  HISTORY. 


1<)  ci'itieise  tlirir  lliiliii'o  in  uc('()nij)lish  such  m  ivsult 
would  1)0  {ifl'cctation."  Historical  sketches  published 
belbrc  1848,  either  separately  or  in  connection  with 
narratives  of  travel,  many  of  them  of  real  value,  will 
])e  noticed  individually  in  their  chronological  place. 
Similar  shetches,  but  Ibr  the  most  part  of  much  less 
importance,  ])ublished  during  the  Mlush  times'  or 
later,  often  in  connection  witli  descri])tive  works, 
such  sketches  as  tho.so  found  under  the  headings 
('apron,  Ci'onise,  Fi-ost,  and  Hastings,  require  no 
s[)ecial  notice.  They  contained  uo  original  material, 
and  made  bu<  inaden 


was  easily  ac' 


il)h 


qui 


P 


Tl 


lere    \> 


nibiications   tha 


th 


another  class   of  these  recent 
.sumes  considerable   importan 


1  . 

that  ol   local  histories,  of  which  my  list  contains  over 

sixty   titles.     Each    in    connection    with    descriptive 
matter  uives  somethinu'  of  local  annals  for  both  earlv 


and  modern  times.    Som 


e  oi 


them  are  the  Centennial 


{Sketches  pre[)ared  at  tiie  suggestion  of  the  United 
States  government,  like  that  of  Los  Angeles  by 
A\'arner  and  Hayes,  and  of  San  Francisco  by  John 


S.    Hittell.      Tliis   latter 


W(H'lv  was   ma( 


Ic  al 


so  'inci- 


dentally a  history  of  ( 'alifoi'nia,'  and,  like  the  earlier 
Aunah  if  Son  Fram-isco  by  Soule  and  others,  it  is  a 
work  of  much  merit.  '^Fhe  authors  were  able  men, 
though  thc'V  had  neither  time,  space,  nor  material  to 
make  anything  like  a  compU'te  record  of  local  events 
in  tlu;  earlier  times.  Hall's  Jlisfar//  of  San  Jtisc 
should  also  be  mentioned  in  comiection  with  the  An- 
■inds  lis  a  work  of  merit.  .Vnd  tinally  there  ar(^  many 
county  histoi'ies,  often  in  atlas  form  and  co])iously  il- 
lustra.ted  witli  ])()rti'aits,  ma])s,  and  views.  Each  con- 
tains a  lU'eliminar}'  ski;tch  of  California  history,  with 


^'  T/ic  fHfifor;/  of  CuUjl 


liv  l''raiiklin  Tulli 


ail  Frunc'isco. 


isdc, 


8vo,  xvi.  ('i,")7   iiagcs.     Alioiit  oiu;  tliinl  c)f   the  Ixiok   is  iiccii|)ii'(l  with  lli 
jjuritxl  jirccviliiiji;  tlic  (liscovory  of  gold.     ])r  Tutliill  \v:is  coniu'cti'il  with  ih 


S.iii  l''i.'iiRisi'i)  ))ix'ss.  anil  died  s<ioii  at'tor  the 


^\^\w 


nance  ot  nis  work 


fes 


J/iiifon/  (if  the  Ctitliitl'ic  c/iiirrh  hi  ('allfdriiid,  liy  AA'.  tiiei'son,  M.  A.,  Pro- 


St  M 


iiy 


Colli 


San  Fi'aiRisco.  (J 


ill  two  voluims,   illustiatcd. 


San  Fiaiiciseo.    i'rintcd  lor  the  author.    187-.  8vo,  "J  >ols,  xv.  440,  iiJl  pages. 


THE  PUBLIC  AUCIIIVES. 


45 


)ul)lislu'(l 
ion  with 
iluc,  will 
'111  place, 
inch  loss 
:Juies'  or 
c    works, 

headings 
'(J aire    n<> 

material, 
f  such  as 

ISO  recent 
iportanci', 
tains  over 
Icscriptive 
both  early 
I!entennial 
he  United 
ngeles    hy 
)  i)y  John 
also  'inci- 
ho  earlier 
•rs,  it  is  a, 
;d)le  men. 
latcrial  to 
cal  events 
San   Jose 
|1i  the  An- 
are  many 
piously  il- 
^^ach  Con- 
or V,  with 

lanc'isco.  ISDii, 

J|,ii'(l  with  tlio 

•tt'll   Nvitli  lliu 

,,  M.  A.,  Fn,- 

s,  ilhistnitL'd. 
40,  3dl  liiigcb. 


more  detailed  reference  to  tin;  county  wliicli  q-Ivos 
title  to  the  work.  Three  or  lour  iirms  liave  in  late 
years  been  engaged  in  producing  these  peculiar  jKih- 
licutions,  with  a  dozen  or  more  (hflerent  editoi-s.  'J'lio 
jjuoks  Were  made  cd'  course  mainly  to  sell;  \v\  not- 
withstanding this  and  other  unla\(»rahle  (-(Jiiditions, 
some  (4"  the  editors  have  done  valutd)le  work.  As 
iiiinht  he  expected  they  are  uneven  in  (juality,  idi<)Uiid- 
iiig  in  blunders,  especially  in  those  jiarts  tliat  depend 
on  Spanish  records;  yet  in  the  matter  of  local  annals 
alter  1840,  and  of  personal  details,  they  liave  alford(.'d 
nie  in  the  aggregate  considerable  assistance.  Their 
cliitf  (U'fect  is — 1  s})c;  k  only  of  those  }»aits  rt'lating 
to  earlv  times — that  in  their  pages  valuable  informa- 
tion and  c'larinsj:  inaccuracies  are  so  intcnniuL'led  that 
tjie  ordinary  i-eader  caimot  si'jiarate  them,  '^riiey  are 
not  history;  l)ut  the}'  supply  some  useful  niateiials 
i'or  history.  In  the  results  <jf  their  interviews  with 
old  residents  the  editors  have  furinshed  some  matter 
similar  and  supplemental  to  the  pioneer  dictations 
which  I  shall  presently  mention. 

I  now  come  to  the  thousand  and  more  titles  of 
tnantiscript  authorities  in  my  list,  i'ar  exceeding  those 
in  p)  int  for  this  early  })eriod,  not  oidy  numerically,  but 
in  liistorical  value;  since  the  country's  amials  down 
lo  184G,  at  least,  could  be  nnich  moi'e  com[ilet(.'ly 
written  I'rom  the  manuscri})ts  alone  than  from  the 
iirint  alone.  Xatui'ully  these  atithorities  lose  nothino' 
of  their  value  in  my  estimation  I'rom  the  ficts  that  in 
most  instances  no  other  writer  has  consulted  them, 
and  that  essentially  all  of  them  exist  only  in  my  eol- 
li'ction. 

()f  the  public  archives  of  the  Spainsh  and  r^Iexiean 
goNcnnneid,  in  Calilbrnia,  transl'eiied  by  cojiyists  to 
my  library,  there  are  thirteen  collections  represeidi'd 
in  the  catalogue  by  as  many  titles,  the  originals  making 
ahout  ^50  boimd  volumes  of  from  liOO  to  I, ()()()  docu- 
ments each,   besides  an    immense  mass  of   unbound 


■10 


BIllLIOrinAPIIY  OF  CALIFORNIAX  HISTORY. 


m 


'  "■  ? 


papers/"  Vritli  n,  viuw  to  tlio  coiivo'.iieiiccot' tlio  jml)- 
llc,  ratliui'  tliau  1113'  own,  I  luivu  jiuulo  the  minibcrs  ol 
my  volumes  (if'coj>ie.s  and  extracts  <'orres[)<)n(l  in  most 
eases  to  (lie  oriuiiials.      For  liistorieal 


l)uri 


)OSC'S 


tl 


U'St' 


cojiies  arc  better  than  the  orig'inals  on  aeeount  of  their 
Icgihility,  and  the  condensaticjn  etl'ected  by  the  omis- 
sion of  dupheates  and  su])pression  of  verbiage  in  minor 
routine  pa[)ers.  The  orijj^inals  are  the  ofiieial  i)a[)ers 
turned  (ner  l)y  tho  Mexican  !>'overnment  to  tliat  of  the 
United  States  in  ]  84G-7,  now  preserveil  chieily  in  tlie 
United  States  surveyor-g'eneral's  ofhce  at  San   b'l'ai:- 


ciseo,  wIk  re  there  are   neai 


•Iv   t! 


iree 


liunih'ed  bulk 


tomes  besides  ]oi)se  pa[)ers,  but  also  in  less  extensi\ 
collections   at  other  ])laces,  notably  at  Los  An^^'eler 


Sail 


lias 


C'itv, 


ai 


ul   San   .lose.      '^I'he    main  Airh 


II  ro  IS 


divided  iui.o  twenty-lour  sub-collections;'"  but  beyond 
a  sli^'ht  attenij)tat  chronology  and  the  segreq;ation  of 
])apers  on  a  le\\"  topics  involving  land  titles,  theclassi- 
tication  is  ai'bitrary  and  of  no  value;  nor  is  there  any 
real  distinction  between  the  papers  preserved  in  the 
dilierent  arcliives.  Of  the  nature  of  these  documents  it 
must  suiiic!'  to  .say  that  they  are  the  oriL»'inals,  blotters, 
or  certified  co[>ies  of  the  orders,  instructions,  r(^[»orts, 
correspondence,  and  act-records  of  tlu^  authorities,  po- 
litical, military,  Judicial,  and  ecclesiastical;  national, 
provincial,  dei»ai'tmental,  territoiial,  and  munici[)al. 
during"  the  successive  rule,  monarchical,  impci'ial,  and 
republican,  of  Spain,  Mexico,  and  the  United  States, 
from  17G8  to!  850.  The  value  of  ai'chive  recordsusa 
Ibundation  ibr  historvis  universallvi^uiderstood.    Span- 


L-'li  archn'es  are  no 
nations ;  anil,  since 


t  less  accurate  than  those  of  otl 


lew  1 


ia[)[>eriinn's  were  so 


l)ett; 


ler 


as 


not  to  fall  under  the  coLniizaiice  of  sonu;  ollicial,  thev 


furnish  a  much  more  com 


[)let 


0  recoi't 


I   of 


)rovinci; 


'- Artliho  <1(;  r';ilif<iviiia.,  Los  Ai),','cl('<,  !Mi)ntrri'y,  SaiTMiiiunti),  San  Oi"--o, 
Sail  .losi'',  S:iii  J^ni.s  Oliispo,  Santa  Jlai'liara,  ainl  Santa  ( 'ni/. 

'■'Adas,  I'.rancl.s,  Ofjit.  Jli'cunls,  Dcjit:.  Stato  l.'apurs,  l.c;;isIa!i\-('  l^.'<■o|•lN. 
l'ri)vini'ial  IJci'dids,  rrii\ini-ial  Statu  I'liiu'is,  Stale  I'aircrs,  Suiii'Vior  ( iii\  t 
St.  ]'a[)Ci's,  uiiil  Lubuiiuil  i>ucianciike.  i"or  iiallicr  aubcUviaiuu.s  of  taioc  tiiiLS 
tjcc  list. 


MISSIOX  IlECORDS. 


47 


tlio  i)ul)- 

mbci's  of 

I  ill  most 

V 

scs  these 

. 

t  of  tlieiv 

the  <)U\\^- 

V 

;  ill  uiin(»i' 

z 

III  p:>[)ers 
hat  of  the 
.;lly  in  the 
■>nu  Via  11- 
I'cii  l)ulky 
(.'Kten^^ive 
i  Aii;4'eles, 
Archiro  is 

)Ut  hrVnlul 

•cn'ation  "f 
,  Ihoclassi- 
i  there  any 
ved  ill  ^he 
■uineiits  It 
lis,  blotters, 
^is,  ri^ports, 
[orities,  |H)- 
luition;il, 
ml. 


inuinei[ 

ii 


leru 


an* 


It  0(1  State- 
•ecoi'tls 


us  !l 


)0( 


•;e  o 


1.    S|>an- 
f  (.tlu  r 


u)  pi 


•ttv  as 


lieial,  the, 


1 


)roviner 


',1 


lit.); 


Sai 


1   l>h!,'0, 


;ttu'' 


P.ocon 


^ll^H'V10l• 

of  lai'i.i 


(  invt 


nnitals  tliaii  would  he  allordt'd,  for  instance,  l)y  the 
]iul>li(;  aichivi's  of  an  English  province.  Of  the 
(iiiin'tc'r  of  a  million  documents  consulted  in  these  col- 
Lciloiis  I  siiall  mention  later  a])out  two  hundred 
miiit'i'distiiK-t  titles.  The  early  archives  of  Califoi'iiia, 
;is  I'l't'served  hy  the  government,  are  not  entirely  eom- 
iiji'ic,  though  more  nearly  so  I  think  than  those  of 
aiiv  other  state  of  our  union;  hut  I  have  taken  some 
eircctivi'  ste})S  to  supply  the  defects,  as  will  presently 
aj'pi'ai'.* 

/vlso  ill  the  nature  of  ])ubli(.'  archives  are  tlio  mis- 
si' iiiarv  I'ccords.  As  the  missions  by  the  ])rocess  of 
srculari/at ion  pa^si'd  into  the  control  of  tin;  church, 
t!ic  old  leather-bound  registers  of  ba[)tlsins,  mar- 
liages,  burials,  and  conhrmations  at  each  establish- 
iiniit  roiiiained,  and  for  the  most  part  still  remain,  in 
tlif  ii()s,-.L'Ssi()n  of  the  curate  of  the  ]iarisli.  Other 
iiii-siou  papers  wei'o  gradually  brought  together  by 
the  I'rancisean  authorities  at  Santa  ]j;ii'bara,  whe-re 
tiny  now  ci)nstitute  the  largest  collection  extant. 
J'roin  such  documents  as  were  not  thus  j»reser\'ed, 
icniaiiiing  in  the  missions  or  scattered  in  private 
liaiuls,  Taylor  subserpiently  made  a  collection  of  live 


;x'  xdunnes,  now  m  tlie  arcuoisuoits 


th 


li 


!)rarv  m 


S; 


raiicisco. 


A   third    collcvlioii,  cliieilv  of  //A 


ti'os   iir 


111 


'h'lilcs,  is  that  of  the  l)isho[)  of  ^loiiterey  and  Ijos 


Ali'jel 


es. 


Thest!  have  furnished  mi\  under  fourtitl 


es. 


cigliteen  volumes  of  co[)ies,  or  not  less  than  10,000 


(locUllUilt:- 


1. 1(1  mv  ow 


n  (.'tlbrts  have  resulted  in  I 


uur 


viilnnies  of  verv  \aluablo  orininal  documents,  about 


■J, 1)00    ill    number,    under    three    titl 


es 


40 


Tl 


leil 


tl 


\c 


tweiitv-Uvo  collections  of   mission    reixisters    already 
Jiieiitioned  as  in  custody  of  tluj  curates,  the  libros  do 

riicrc  !iic  at  Iciist  sovon  collcrtiuiis  in  my  li.^t,  wliich  aro  piiMio  arclih  i;a 


similar  Id  tliosu  lii't'oro  iiaincd 


Muiit 


it  that  iiistca<l  ot  lieiii'j 


s  (ihlaiiKil  by  1110  Irom  ]irivati!  sdiircrs.      Sou  lioailiiiL; 


I  111  s  they  aro 


Larlv 


O-fi 


>aii  J''iaii(ist'ii,  ]; 
'■'  Aivliivi)  ili.'l  Arzol)is])ail!i,  A 
iml  CiiiTi-spiiiiili'iRia  di'  Misioiii's 


bistro,  ail 


IS.i 


li.'lllVO   lie 


ow 


.1. 


^la 


SuL'ltu 


tie   Mi.-iiuin.s,    I'ieij   (.\lulr 


,il  Sail   Antonio,    lincuniciitoa 


43 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  CALIFORXLVX  HISTORY. 


iiiiwion  ])ro[)L'r  \vitli  such  seattcrini;-  pa})ers  as  havo 
ri'iuaiiicd  at  .sonic  rstal)lisliiiiciiis,  linvc  Inxn  scai'fhed 
iur  my  })Ui'[)<)st's,  cadi  yicldiiiL;'  a  voliiiiic  oi'  extracts 
and  statistics;'*'  while  troiii  private  sources  1  liavo 
obtained  fifteen  orij^inals  of  similar  nature/"'  I.  _L;ive 
separate  titles  to  about  120  documents  iVuni  tlie  mis- 
sion ai'cluves;  and  it  should  be  noted  tliat  they  con- 
tain not  a  few  secular  records;  whiK;  the  public,  or 
secular,  archives  contain  many  important  mission 
})a[>ers. 

As  1  liave  said,  neither  the  public  nor  mission 
archives  arc  comi)lete.  ])ocuments  were  not  all 
turned  over  as  thev  should  luive  been  to  the  United 
States  and  to  the  church;  nearly  every  ]\Le\icau  t)f- 
licial  retained  more  or  less  rectjrds  which  remained 
in  his  family  archives  together  with  his  correspond- 
ence and  that  of  his  ancestors  and  relations.  1  havo 
made  an  earnest  eilbrt  to  collect  these  scattered 
})apers,  and  with  llattering  success,  .is  is  shown  by 
about  fifty  collections  (A'  JJucKincntos  [xwa  la  UlstovM 
de  California,  in  110  volumes,  containing  not  less 
than  40,000  documents,  thousands  being  of  the  ut- 
most importance  as  (,'ontaining  records  nowhere  else 
extant,  antl  liG  of  them  receiving  special  titles  in  my 
list.  About  half  of  all  these  docunu-nts  are  similar 
in  their  nature  and  liistoric  value — in  all  saNe  that 
they  arc  originals  insteatl  of  copies  on  my  shelves — • 
to  those  in  tlio  public  and  mission  archives;  and  the 
rest  are  in  some  resj)ects  even  nioi'e  valua1)le  for  my 
purpose,  being  largely  com])ose(l  of  the  ])rivato  corre- 
spondence of  prominent  citizens  and  oflicials  on  cur- 
rent juiblic  affairs,  of  which  they  afford  almost  au 
unbrokeu  record.  Twenty-nine  of  the.^o  collei'tions 
of  private  or  family  archives  bear  the  names  of  the 

*■  Monterey  I'arroquia  (S.  Carlos),   PiuiViinn,   8.   Antonio,  S.   ISucnavtu- 


tnra,  S.  Dioi^o,  S.  I' 


einani 


lo,  S.  I'l 


S.  (la'iricl, 


.losO 


luan  r>mi 


■1,  St 


tista,  S.  Juan  Capistrano,  S.  l^uis  Obispo,  S.  MiLTnel,  S.  1 

Sta  C'ruz,  .Sta  (.'laia,  Sta  Inc's,  and  Soluilail.     Only  tliu  mission  hookd  of  S. 

Luis  Rcy  liave  eluded  my  .seaivli. 

■■^Airoyo,  Loa,  jNlission,  Miisica,  Oro  Molido,   I'rivilegios,  Purisinui,  S. 
JoBu,  Sta  Lies,  S.  Fraucisco  Solauo,  Surria,  Sernioucs. 


PRIVATE  ARCHIVES. 


49 


ralifoniian  faiuHics  hy  the  rcprosontatlvcs  of  Nvhlch 
tlit'V  were  given  (•>  inc.*'  Of*  tlicso  by  fur  the  Largest 
aiid  most  valuuble  collection  is  that  which  bears  the 
iiaiiie  of  ^biiiano  (>ua(laluj)e  A'allejo,  in  thirty-seven 
iimuense  lolio  volumes  of  not  loss  than  20,000  or'ginal 
jiaix  rs.  (leneral  Vallejo,  one  of  the  most  prominent 
iiad  cMlIghtened  of  Caliibrnian.s,  was  always  a  col- 
Iccinr  of  such  documents  as  might  aid  in  recording 
the  history  of  his  country;  and  when  he  became  in- 
terested in  my  work  he  not  only  most  generousl}'  and 
patriotically  gave  up  all  his  accumulate<l  treasures  of 
the  i)ast,  but  doubled  tluir  bulk  and  value  by  using 
ills  iiiiluence  with  such  of  his  countrymen  as  tui'ned  a 
deaf  c;ar  to  my  ])ersuasions.  As  a  contributor  to  the 
stock  of  original  information  respecting  his  country's 
annals,  (leneral  Vallejo  must  ever  stand  without  a 
]i\ al.  Th.e  second  collection  in  extent,  and  the  largest 
iVoiii  the  south,  is  that  of  the  (iruerra  v  Xorieii'a 
ianiily  in  Santa  IVirbara.  But  bulk  is  by  no  means 
the  only  test  of  value;  and  many  of  my  smaller  col- 
lections, i'rom  men  who  gave  all  they  had,  contain 
recoi'ds  (piite  as  important  as  the  larger  ones  named. 
Twcntv  other  ccjllections  bear  foreign  names,  in 
some  cases  that  of  tne  pioneer  family  whose  archives 
they  were,  and  in  others  that  of  the  collector  or  donor."" 
Except  that  a  larger  })roportion  of  the  documents  arc 
ill  English,  tlu-y  are  generally  of  the  same  class  as 
those  just  I'eferred  to.  At  the  head  of  this  class  in 
merit  stand  '^riioiuas  O.  l^arkin's  nine  volumes  of 
Dock mciifs  for  flic  Jlistori/  <;/'  CaJ/Jorin'a,  [)resented  by 
]\Ir  ]jaikin's  I'amily  through  his  son-in-law,  Sampson 
T'aiiis.  This  collection  is  beyond  all  comparison  the 
ln'st  sources  of  information  on  the  historv  of  1845-0, 
which  m  fact  cordd  not  be  correctly  written  without 


^"Sce  till!  f()l!o\v"iiL;  hoa(liii!,'s,  cai'li  followed  by  'Documcntos'or 'Papelos;' 
Alviso,  Aiii,  Avi!a.  liaiKtiiii.  llonilla,  Carillo,  Castro,  Coioiiu!,  Cota,  I'^stn- 
(lillo,  I'ViiiamU;/,  doiin'/,  (ioiizak/,  (liiona  y  Noiii",a,  Maiion,  ^iortno,  01- 
VL'iii,  PioD,  I'iiito,  ]U'(jiR'iia,  SolxTauus.  \'ulle,  ainl  Valk'jo. 

•■"'AsliK'v,  |);icmiiciito.s,  Fitfli,  (iriliiii,  Oi'i^sby,  Hayes,  Tlittcll,  Larkin, 
J.iusscus,  Mi'Kiiistiy,  Moiitcny,  Miiiray,  Tiuart,  lavage,  Sawyer,  and  Spear. 
UiHX.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    i 


I 


fi; 


CO 


BITlUOflRAPIIY  OF  CALIFORNIAX  HISTORY. 


tlieso  [);n)t>rs.  Ti.'irkiii  besides  beiii*^  United  Statcsi 
consul,  and  at  one  <inie  a  confidential  aj^eiit  of  the 
national  administration  in  Calil'oi'nia,  ^vas  also  a  lead- 
in,!j^  inereliant  who  had  an  extensive  connnercial  corre- 
s|)ondenco  with  prominent  residents  both  foreign  and 
natix'e  in  all  jiarts  of  the  C(mntry,  as  also  with  tradeis 
and  otlu'r  visitors  at  the  provincial  capital.  ]>usiness 
letters  between  him  and  such  men  as  Stearns  at  Los 
Angeles,  Fitch  at  San  Diego,  { nd  Leidesdorlf  at 
San  Francisco,  from  wc^ek  to  week  i'urnish  a  running 
record  of  pohtical,  industrial,  social,  and  connnercial 
annals.  The  most  inihiential  natives  in  diifereiit  sec- 
tions c()rres[)ondecl  frerjuently  with  the  merchant 
consul;  he  was  on  terms  of  intimacy  with  the  masters 
of  vessels,  and  with  leading  men  in  ]\[exico  and  at 
the  islands.  The  collection  contains  numerous  and 
important  lettei's  from  Fremont,  Sutter,  Sloat,  and 
]\Iontgomery,  Autograph  conununications  from  James 
Buchanan,  secretary  of  State  at  Washington,  (*xliil)it 
the  national  policy  respecting  (California  in  an  entirely 
new  light.  Indeed  it  is  ditKcult  to  overestimate  tlic 
historical  value  of  these  ])recious  papers,  or  the  service 
rendered  to  their  country  by  the  family  representa- 
tives who  have  made  this  material  available  to  the 
historian.  Besides  the  nine  bulky  volumes  mentioned 
I  have  from  the  same  source  a  large  quantity  of  un- 
bound connnercial  docuuKMits;  the  merchant's  account 
books  for  many  yeai's,  of  <j[reat  value  in   sunplviui/ 

i'        «•  '  O  ill/  o 

})i(jneer  names  and  dates;  and,  still  more  important, 
his  consulate  records,  containing  copies  of  all  his  com- 
numications  to  the  United  States  government,  only  a 
few  of  whi'-h  have  ever  been  made  known  to  the 
public.  Larkin  and  Yallejo  must  ever  stand  unri- 
valled among  the  names  of  })ioneer  and  native  contrili- 
utors  to  the  store  of  original  material  for  Californiau 
history. 

]\Iy  list  contains  about  550  titles  of  separate  man- 
uscript documents,  the  number  being  pretty  ecjually 


i*  'M 


f  f< 


!Y. 

[vi\   States 

lilt     of    till! 

ilso  a  \vixd- 
I'cial  (•()n'(  - 
'orci^'ii  and 
itli  tradcis 

lilltiilK'SS 

riis  at  Tjos 
lesdorlF  at 
a  riuiiiiii;4 
'oinnu'VC'ial 
Hcrcut  scc- 
incrdiaiit 
lie  inasteis 
ico  and  at 
101  ous  and 
Sloat,  and 
I'l'oni  James 
on,  o\liil>it 
an  entirely 
■^tiniatt;  tli»; 
tbc  service 
epresenta- 
blc  ti)  tiie 
mentioned 
tity  of  lin- 
t's account 
supplying 
important, 
ill  his  com- 
nt,  only  a 
|\vu   tt)   tlu; 
,and   unri- 
e  contrilt- 
aliforniau 


irate  man- 
Ity  e(iually 


v'J 


MANUSCRIPT  DIARTES. 


61 


<livid('d  Ix'tweoii  tliose  foi'niin;.;'  each  a  vohimc  on  my 
slirivis  and  tliose  to  he  luund  in  the  diilerent  pri- 
\atr.  piil)lic,  and  mission  archives.  So  i'ar  as  tho 
iircliixe  })apers  .•in.'  concerned,  I  mij^-lit  lej^itimately 
ciii'V  tlu'  mull  iplicatioii  of  titles  much  furtlu'r,  since 
till  iv  are  tlmusaiids  of  doi'uments,  which  to  a  writer 
\\it!i  a  less  al)undant  st<treof  such  material  than  miiu! 
v.M!i]d  seem  to  am[>ly  merit  separate  titles;  but  here; 
as  clsewlieru  1  have  preferred  to  err,  if  at  all,  on  the 
sidr  nf  excessive  condensation.  Of  the  wh(.)le  num- 
1m  !•  (lii'ce  lll'ths  relate  to  the  period  precedinj^-,  and  two 
lilllis  to  that  followiii<.>',  ISi:4.  They  may  be  roughly 
divided  into  four  general  classes. 

First  thei'o  are  eighty  diaries  or  journals  or  log- 
])(>()Ls,  of  those  who  ex[)loretl  the  coast  in  ships,  or 
iiavei'sed  the  interior  in  (piest  of  mission  sites,  or 
iiiarclied  to  attack  hostile  gentiles,  or  sought  converts 
ill  distant  rancheri'as,  or  came  by  sea  to  trade  or 
siiiuggle,  or  made  ofHcial  tours  of  inspection. "^^  Tho 
sccoinl  class  is  that  composed  of  what  may  bo  called 
Government  (bicuments,  one  hundred  and  sixty-three 

vvn  of  these  were  ordeis.   i il- 


ia muiioel", 


}■ 


III 


structions,  reports,  and  other  pajiers  emanating 
I  lie  viceroy,  or  other  Spanish  or  Mexican  othcials.'''^ 
Seventy-live  are  like  olhcial  papers  written  by  the 
xeriior,  comandante  geiiei'al,  ])refect,  or  other  high 


L!'0 


.Hi 


cials  m 


Calif 


oriiia. 


Thirtv-lbur  are  similar  docu- 


iiieiits  from  militarv  commandants  and  other  suhordi- 


riitte 


Calif 


orma  o 


tHcer; 


iiid  tweni  v-seven  are 


:\i 


ex- 


■■' Alicllu,  All'ti/roin,  Altimira,  Amador,  Anza,  Arah,  Arteaga,  Bxlcga, 
lliviii,  Culiut,  ( 'lua/jircs,  ( 'astillci,  e'lyiiiaii,  ('cxnn'i',  (,'(jta,  ( 'oiitt.s,  JJauti,  l)oiii;- 
las.  J'Muanls,    Fmit,  (loii/:al(,'z,  lloycoetlit'n,  (iriliiii,  (Irijalva.  iiaitucll,  ]las- 


\Vril,  llfeuta,  1. 
tiiR'i!.    -Maiirulli',  .Mi 


Jiit, 


iL'iira, 
Moia 


Li.saido,  J/)Lr-li' 


Maiaspi 


.M, 


irtiii 


.M: 


;a,   .Miinoz,    Xiicz,    Ordaz,   ()rtri,'a,    I'aycras, 
IViicu.  IVai,  IVralta,  I'vrc/.,  I'iiia,  I'ortillii,  rdituhi,  l^llll)ills,  Sal,  Saiiclicz, 


Santa -Maria,  Sitjar,  Soto,  Tapis,  X'allfjo,  \' 


'1' 


Viitf.- 


aiK 


Zal- 


vidca.     Ill  many  ca^^cs  more  than  ono  diary  is  I'cjiuid  uiidiT  a  siiii,do  name. 


All 


uiian. 


U'fcUc 


IJoil) 


jiai  1.1 


toi'ti',   IJiU'a 


taiis('i,  (,'ri. 


Ah 


i'lorcs,  (jahez,  lliiar,  Molitosdtoua,  N; 


li'ilUM 

luiiiicii.  Sola,  \'alk' 


lo,  Ari'iiL'llo,  Anil 


a  ira 


iva,  lavi 


rcli,  C;ii'ca 
,  (JiL-t-t 


ha.  (■ 


r. 


(• 


istro 


Ch 


i: 


(lia,  V. 


I'loivs,  (iutioii'oz,  .Mithiltorena,  Xuvo,    I'ico,   Itiviia  y   Moiicada 


d  V 


iL'iona. 


Albciai,  Amailor,  AilucHo,  Ijandini,  Carrillo,  Qjrduba,  Eitudillo,  (Ira- 


on  BTDLIOriRArilY  OF  CALIFORXIAX  HISTORY. 

ican  and  CaUfDniian  rcfjhimciifos  ])roviiicial  and  innni- 
oipiil,  ciiwiiiatiuin'  I'ntiu  (lili'crciit  aiitlioritics. '''  Tlu; 
third  class  ('(tiisists  of  oiu;  liundi'fd  and  i'oiir  mission 
dociuncnts,  of  wliicli  iirtoi'ii  ai'c  orders,  iH-guIatioiis, 
and  I'citorlsJroni  LTuai'dians  of  the  collco-c!  of  San  Frr- 
nando,  and  other  IuliIi  missionarv  and  cefkisiastic 
aiithoi'itics  in  Mexico  or  S[)ain/'"  I'Ml'ty-two  are  in- 
Ktructionsor  re[)orts  oftlie  mission  ])residonts  and  })rc- 
iects,  or  from  tlic  l)isho|);"^  while  the  ri'st,  lorty-.scven 
in  nuiuber,  arc  re[»orts,  letters,  and  miscellaneous 
■Nvritinufs  of  the  missionary  padres.''^  The  iil'th  and 
last  class  is  that  to  which  may  ho  applied  the  con- 
V(.'ni('nt  tei'ni  '  misci-llaiieous,'  consisting'  of  nearly  two 
liundred  titles,  and  wliich  mav  ho  suhdivided  as  i'ol- 
lows:  Twonty-six  items  of  political  correspoudence, 
fspecches,  and  narrativek;^*  a  dozen  or  more  <Iocu- 
ments  of  local  ivcord  and  re'jjulation;""  twenty-two 
collections  from  private  sources,  ecpiivalont  to  })ul )ru; 
or  mission  archives;"^  twenty-two  other  collections 
of  material;"'^  thirty  expedientcs,  or  topic  collections  ol 
documents,  including  many  legal  and  criminal  cases  ;''^ 


jcra,  Orijals'a,  fjoycocchoa,  fiuorra,  ^SForaga,  Ortega,  Pailivs,  Rercz  Furnaii- 
ilt'/,  iJnili'i^iiL'Z,  Sal,  Soler,  and  Vallrjo. 

''■'' Alvaraili),  Araucul,  Calitoi'iiias,  Coloiiixacioii,  f'onstitueion,  Dccri'to, 
Kclioamlia,  (Jalve/,  Imlio.s,  liistnici  icjiios,  Mexico,  Miulioltoroiia,  Ordcuanzas, 
riod,  J'itic,  }'laii,  lU'i^laiiiuiito,  and  Scciilaiizacion. 

""  J'xstaiil,  niaucit'ui'tu,  (."allcja,  (iasol,  (iarijo,  Lopez,  Lull,  I'io  VI.,  Faii- 
i;ua.  and  Sam'lio. 

"'Diiran,  (latcia  Diego,  Iiidios,  Lasuun,  MLsioncs,  Payeras,  Santlu/, 
Sarn'a,  Scfian,  Sena,  and 'J'a]iis. 

'''*AlK'lia,  AntubiDgrafia,  Catah'i,  Catecismo,  Colcgio,  Kseandon,  Km"- 
diente,  Facultad,  J'cnr.ndcz.  i'ondo  I'iaduso,  l^isttr,  llayi'H,  liona,  lufi  rm  , 
Ijasuen.  Lopez,  .Mii'((uinoz,  Mission,  Monterey,  .Mng:irte.';ui,  Mnnguia,  ("/.bes, 
I'aloii,  I'ateina,  I'efia,  I'rotesta,  I'urisinia,  lUjioll.  Salazai',  Sau  Ijuenavtii- 
tiira,  San  Jose,  Santa  IV'ubara,  Sona,  Tapis,  and  /ilvidca. 

"" Alvarado,  ArLiiUllo,  IJandini,  Carrlilo,  Castillo  Negiete,  Castro,  (ionn,-, 
(lueira,  Osio,  and  X'alleju. 

''"  Kstab.  Kusos,  Los  Angeles,  Montei'ey,  Ross,  Rotschef,  aud  San  I'laa- 
cisco. 

'■'  See  notes  44  and  48  of  this  eh/ipter. 

''-  tJcar  I'lag  l'a|iers,  ISoston,  California  Pioneers.  Cerruti,  ITayes,  Linares, 
Miscel.  Hist.  l';ipers,  Xueva  I'lsjiai'ia,  I'inart,  I'ioneer  SUetelies,  iHiiiLlad 
l'a]iers,  Mayiu'  MSS.,  Russian  Anierica,  Sutter-Snfiol,  'J'aylor,  N'iagesal  \()i;i'. 

''^  Abrego,  AllKitro.-ii,  Apahitegui,  Ashi  and  ('owidiitc,  Atanasio,  lJerrcy(-:i, 
Roueliard,  Carrillo,  ( 'astanari's.  lliiaite,  Klliot  de  (\;stro,  lONpediente,  li'.ili, 
(iraliani,  ( iuiTfa,  llerreia,  Mercado,  M(rrnr)j,  Pefia,  l!ae.  Rodrigue/,  Roumio, 
Rubio,  fcian  Jose,  Santa  Uarbara,  Santa  Cruz,  Solis,  Souonm,  untl  Stearns. 


MISCr.LLAXEOUS  MANL'Smil'TS. 


53 


[  muni- 
»  Tlu; 
iinssioii 
latioiis, 
111  F''r- 

uro  iu- 
iiul  pve- 
y-sevcn 
llaiioous 
nil   and 
lie   con- 
ailv  two 
il  as  \o\- 
ouduiK'C!, 
I'c   (locii- 
outy-two 

to  publU; 
jllectious 
ctioiis  (il 


[i 


caacs ; 


orcz  'Fornaii- 

on,    T)ecreto, 
l)Rlouaii/.as, 

rio  VI.,  Tail- 
as,    Siaiclu/, 


iidon,  l'.'""- 
la,  Inl'i  rm  . 
i^uia,  ('y.bOa, 

u   IjUoiiaVLii- 

istro,  (Jdiiu/. 
id  Sail  Tia"- 


ivos,  Liiuivcs, 
lin,  licinyi"'!, 

flic/,  lliilllili'. 

il  steams. 


lialfa  dozen  old  st'ts  of  coinim  Trial  and  otlnn'  aofouiit 
liDoks,  soiiu!  of  tlifni  t)l'j4riat  historical  valnr;'''  iiltt.'c.'ii 
lists  oC  iiiliahitants,  v<.!ss('ls,  pioneers,  soldiers,  etc. ;"'' 
;iii(l  a  liki;  nuniher  of  (»ld  narratives,  some  h(!in<^  sini- 
ilii-  ttt  my  ilietatioiis  to  ]n\  mentioned  presently,  ex(.'ept 
lliat  they  were  not  written  expressly  for  my  use,  and 
others  huing'  old  diaries  and  records;*^  also  eis^lit  per- 
sonal records,  fioj((s  ijc  scrvicio,  and  wills;"''  tilti;en 
hattles,  treaties,  juntas,  or  plans;**  three  very  inipor- 
(aiildocunients  on  relations  with  the  Ignited  States;"' 
i'our  on  the  ]loss  Colony;'"  five  items  of  corres[>ond- 
eiice  of  visitors  or  Nootka  men;'^  and  a  dozen,  too 
lio|)clessly  miscellaneous  to  be  elassitied,  that  need  not 
Ik   named  here. 

Th(nisands  of  times  in  nij''  foot-notes  I  have  occa- 
sion to  accredit  certain  information  in  this  manner: 
']?adre  Lasuen's  letter  of  — — ,  in  xircli.  Sta  Jh'it'., 
toiii.  — ,  p.  — ';  '  ]jandini's  Speech,  in  Carn'Uo,  Doe. 
J  list.  Oil.,  torn.  — ,  p.  — ';  '(u)V.  Fag-es  to  P.  Serra 
(date),  in  Pror.  St.  Pa]>.^ ;  '  Larkln  to  Leidesdoiil', 
Jiiik;  — ,  1(S'2(),  in  LJ.,  Doc.  Ilifit.  CkL,  iv.,'  etc.,  etc. 
Now  one  of  these  communications  is  not  wortli  a 
separate  place  in  my  list;  but  a  hniulred  from  one 
man  form  a  collection  which  richly  merits  a  titk'. 
That  the  items  are  scattered  in  different  manusci'ipt 
volumes  on  my  shelves,  when  they  mi'>ht  by  a  mei'o 
lacM'liaiiical  o[)eration  Iwive  l)een  bound  in  a  separate 
volume,  makes  no  dilferenco  that  I  can  apjireciate. 
Therefore  from  this  scattered  correspondence  of  some 
two  hundred  of  the  most  prominent  men  whose 
writings  as  used  by  me  are  most  voluminous,  I  have 

'■'Cdopcr,  Laikin,  riussiiui  .AiiH'iiciin  CKinjinny,  anil  Vallcji), 
''l)an:i,  i;s[)an(ilcs,  Estrada,  J faycs,  LosAu^l'Us,  Montorty,  Tadron,  Mor- 
iiinii  ISatlalioii,  liclucion,  Kicliardson.  Kowhunl,  Salidas,  Speiico,  Stiiait,  and 

'■''('oniiiariia  I^xtranguni,  Ford,  Ilartiudl,  Ido,  Iax!.«c,  ^darsli,  Morris,  Miir- 
ray,  Xiw  Uclvutin,  Ortega,  TriKlon,  and  ViL^ilantos, 

""  Amador,  ArrqUllo,  Arrillaga,  Carrillo,  Castro,  and  Ortoga. 

''^ ('a!uR"n;.;a,  Carrillo,  Coiifircncia,  Cousljo,  lustriicciones,  Junta,  Plan, 
PronniR-iaiuicnto,  Soils,  1'iatado,  and  /ainorano. 

J;'''r>iulKiiiaii  and  Larkin. 

'"  liari.not',  I'Aliolin,  Totechin,  and  Zavalischin. 

''iJoaglas,  Kcmliick,  Maki«pinu,  Saavcdia,  Wilcox. 


I  il^  til 


m 

L_jy  0 

S4 


BIBLIOGRArifY  OF  CALIFOUXIAX  HISTORY. 


iiiaclo  fi  ]ik(^  iiiiinbor  of  titles.  The  author's  name  is 
followed  ill  <,'aeh  title  ])y  ca>'fas,  corrcsjtondencia,  escri- 
tos,  or  some  similar  ,L;"eneral  te-rii).  Seventy  helonij^ 
to  men  who  wrote  diiellv  hefoi'e  1824;  one  hnmlred 
and  thii'ty  to  those  who  iloui'ished  later.  Ot*  the 
A\hole  nundjer,  twenty  wei'e  Spanish  or  ]\[exican  ofli- 
c'ials  who  wi'ote  hevond  the  limits  of  California; 
twenty  were  ]^"'i'aneisean  friars  of  the  California  mis- 
sions; forty-eii;'ht  were  foreiL^'ii  pioneer  residents  in 
Califoiiiia;  and  one  hundi'ed  and  eleven  were  n.itive, 
jMexican,  or  Spanish  citizens  and  (officials  of  Califor- 
nia. Several  of  tliose  colleeticMis  in  each  class  would 
form  singly  a  large  volume.'" 

One  more  class  of  manuscripts  remains  to  he  no- 
ticed. The  memory  of  men  as  a  source  oi'  historical 
information,  while  not  to  be  coniparcvl  with  original 
documentary  records,  is  yet  of  very  great  importance. 
The  memoiy  of  men  yet  living  when  1  begaii  my  re- 
searches, as  aided  hy  that  of  their  lathers,  covers  in  a 
>>eiise  the  whole  history  of  California  since  its  settle- 

'- Spanish  and  Moxicnn  ofTiciali?,  r.ll  lief.d-c  lS-24:  AjimlacM,  Ar^niiza,  Dai'iy, 
Br.'ii.-it'orto,  J'jtu'arcli,  Callcja,  I '.iwiba,  (V(ii\-,  (lalvcz,  (iariliay,  Haro  y 
Tcralta,  Itiiri.uaiay.  MaiMjuiiia,  Xava,  Koiy'l,  llcvilla,  (jiycilo,  Ugartu  y 
Loyola,  ^'olla(lil(^.  aTid  \'uiR'i,'as. 

radi'ca  or'i!CL-li':^iat*tics,  S  lie  fore  and  li2  after  l.Si!4:  AbcHa,  AiToyo,  ])f)scina, 
Caliut,  e'atahi,  Diniiut/,  Duran,  Kiituni'Lra,  (.iarcia  J>iL',^'|,  Jinicuo,  Lasufii, 
^iai'tin,  Marline/,  Oi'daz,  Palon,  Paycnis,  I'eyii,  (jiiijas,  Iluuset,  Seuan, 
'i'ajiis,  and  Viadci. 

Ftireign  re.sidonts  and  visitors:  Piclden,  I'olcof,  Ijiirton,  Colton,  Cooper, 
Pana,  Davis,  Den,  ])(iuglas,  ]'"itcli,  FlUt:p;c,  Forbes,  Foster,  I'l'iinont,  ( Jarner, 
(iiilespio,  (Ircin,  llartnell,  Hastings,  llineklt;y,  Ilcjward,  dones,  J^arliin, 
Leese,  Leidi'silortl",  l.ivernioio,  Marsli,  Mason,  .Melius,  Molras,  Moreniiaui, 
!Murj)!iy,  Parrott,  Paty,  Prudon,  Ikid,  Itii'liardson,  Senijile,  Spe.iee.  Stearn-, 
Stevenson,  Stoekton,  Sloat,  Sutter,  'J'eniide,  Tlionijisoii,  \'igiies,  and  Vioget. 

(.'alifornian  (iHiLials  and  eiiizens,  liii  li(.'l'ore  and  To  after  ISJf:  Alire^o, 
AUierni,  Alvarado,  Amador,  Ainesli,  Aiehuli'ta,  Argiic  Ho,  Arrilla'.'a,  ]5an- 
diiii,  15oni";i,  lioiiea,  J'.otelio,  JJuehia.  ('ai'iillo,  I'aslaiiares,  L'astiUero,  Cas- 
tillo Xegrete,  Castro,  Cliieo,  (.'urdoha.  (^ironel,  Cota,  Covarruhias,  l]elioandia, 
Ivseoliar,  lOstrada,  I'lstudillo,  I'ages,  l''ernan(lez,  l''igneroa,  Flores,  Font, 
(ionie/,  Coiizalez,  (ioyeoeeliea,  (irajera,  Orijalva,  Cnerra,  ( Gutierrez,  Jiain, 
llcrrera,  ]iijar,  Djan'a,  ],asso,  J,iigo,  ^laoiiado.  Malaria,  Maitorena,  Marti- 
nez, Mieheltorena,  Mora'.ja,  Mnnoz,  Xeve,  Olveia,  Ortega,  Osio,  Osuna, 
Paelieeo,  I'.idres,  I'ena,  Ptralta,  I'eri'Z  '•">  i-n,.ndez,  Pieo,  i'ortilla,  P.anurc ,', 
Iteqilena,  Pivera  y  Monr;nla,  Podri^uuez,  Poineu,  Pniz,  Sal,  Salieliez,  Sei- 
■  -o,  Sola,  Soler,  Sufiol,  'J'apia,  Turre,  Valle,  N'uUejo,  N'icLoriii,  N'illuviccueiu, 
Zuniorano,  and  Ziifiiga. 


TERSOXAL  REMINISCENCES. 


63 


ame  is 
i,<'scri- 
bclong 
luuli'cd 
[)t'   tlio 
an  oili- 
iCornia; 
ia  mi'- 
cuts  ill 
native, 
Calilor- 
s  would 


)  1)0  \\o- 
irttoi'ical 
oi'iiLrinal 
(orUuu'i.'. 
11  my  ro- 
vers in.  a 
:y  bo 


ttlo- 


iza,  I'mTV, 
Haio   y 
L't^artu   y 

/(I,  ]'.osoiii;i, 

,sut,   Souan, 

on,  Cooprr, 
lit,  (Jariit'i-, 

l^arliiii, 
Mnii'liliaiU, 
■i\  Sti'ani>, 
11(1  Viogft. 

Al)iv',>i, 
Uai.'a,  IViii- 
tilluri),  Ca;i- 
Eclioamlia, 
ores,  Flint, 
ncz,  li:iii>, 
L'lia,  Maili- 
MO,  Osinia, 
I,  llaiiiin/, 
iiflii-V,,  Sii- 
ukiviociiciu, 


M 


niont.  I  Iiavc  thorcforc  takon.  diotatlon'^  of  personal 
reniiiiisccncos  from  IGO  old  residents.  Half  of  tlioni 
vci'o  natives,  or  of  Spanish  blood;  the  f)ther  luilf 
i'oi'eiLjn  pioneers  who  came  to  the  country  before  1848. 
( )f  the  former  class  twenty-four  were  men  who  occu- 
jiied  prominent  })ublic  positions,  equally  divided  be 
twc.'!!  tlie  north  and  tiie  south. '^ 

T\ui  time  spent  with  each  by  my  reporters  was 
from  a  few  days  to  twehe  months,  according  to  the 
priiniineiice,  memory,  and  reailiness  to  talk  of  the 
person  interviewed;  and  the  result  varied  in  bulk 
from  a  few  ]iages  to  five  volumes  of  manuscript.  A 
i'lW  sj)o]ce  of  s[)ecial  events;  most  gave  their  general 
recollections  (»f  the  past;  and  several  supplemented 
their  reminisccMices  by  documentary  or  verbal  testi- 
niony  obtaiiK.'d  1'rom  othei'S.  They  include  men  of  all 
classes  and  in  the  aggregate  fairly  re[)resent  the  Cali- 
fornian  peo[)lo.  Eleven  of  the  number  were  women, 
and  tlie  dictation  of  one  of  these,  ]Mrs  Ord — Dona 
Angustias  de  la  (^uerra — compares  favorably  in  accu- 
racy, interest,  and  coin])letoness,  with  the  bci.t  in  my 
collection.  General  A^allejo's  narrative,  expanded  into 
a  formal  Ilistoria  de  Califot'}uu,\s  the  luost  extensive 
and  in  souh!  respects  the  most  valuable  ()f  all;  that  of 
(Jovernor  Alvarado  is  second  in  sizc^  and  in  many 
])arts  of  inferior  (juality.  Tlie  v.'orks  of  JJandini  and 
Osio  dilfer  from  the  otluM'S  in  not  havin<>-  been  written 
expressly  for  my  use.  The  authoi's  were  intelligent 
and  prominent  men,  and  though  their  nan'ativ(>s  ai'e 
much  less  extensive  and  com[»lete  than  those  of  Va- 
llejo  and  jVlvarado,  thiy  are  of  gr(>at  imj.ortance. 
Those  of  such  men  as  liotello,  Coronel,  I'io  and  Je'sus 
IMco,  Arce,  .Vmador,  and  Castro  n:erit   special   nr-n- 

"Aljrogo,  Alvaniilo,  Alviso,  Ainailor,  Arcc,  Arnaz,  Avila,  iKin'liiii,  TJcnial, 
ik'iTcyc.-ia,  iHijtir'jus,  IJuioiala,  Jj:)U11o,  Kucliia,  Jjiirton,  (  arrilK),  ( 'a.sLro,  Curo- 
iK'l,  ilscoliar,  E.spiiiii.sa,  Estiulilli),  l^zijuir,  I'iU'li,  I'l  riiaiuliz,  I'loics,  ( Jalimlo, 
Oaivia,  (.ariiiai.  (Jermaii,  (Joiiif/,  (iuiizalu/,  llartiuU,  llijar,  .lulin  I'lsar, 
.Inaiiz,  l.aiiu.A,  J.fusu,  EuiLiizaiui,  Lii;j,i),  Macliail",  .Mai mil,  Moniio,  O.il, 
Osio,  I'aloinaivH,  I'crcz,  Tioo,  I'iun),  liito,  Uohlis,  l!(i(lri,mi<v,  Uoiiiuro,  Suii- 
<1k'Z,  Sipiilvcda,  Serrano,  Tune,  lariL's,  \i\.\\c,  N'alik'o,  \'alkji>,  No^a,  and 
\  t'jar. 


'"■i. 


;v  : 


66 


BinLTOGRAniY  OF  CALIFORXIAN  HISTORY. 


tion,  and  there  are  many  of  tlie  liriefor  dictations 
"wliicli  in  comparison  with  the  longer  <jnes  cited  have 
a  value  far  beyond  tlieir  hulk. 

Of  the  pioneers  whoso  testimony  was  taken,'*  twelve 
wrote  on  sj)i-eial  to[)ics,  such  as  the  Hear  Fhijj;',  Don- 
ner  l*ai'tv,  or  (jlraham  Affair.  Twenty  of  them  came 
to  Calilornia  l)efore  1840.  Thii'ty-live  came  over- 
land; twenty  in  innnigrant  })arties,  three  or  four  as 
lumters,  and  the  rest  as  soldiers  or  explorers  in 
1845-8;  while  twenty  came  hv  sea,  chielly  as  tra(h-rs 
or  seamen  who  left  their  vessels  secretly.  William 
H.  Davis  has  furnished  one  of  the  most  detaile^l 
and  accurate  records  of  early  events  and  men;  and 
others  meiiting  particidar  mention  are  ]3ai(l ridge, 
Ijelden,  JJidwell,  J^igler,  Chiles,  J<  orster,  jMurray, 
Nidever,  Sutter,  Warner,  and  Wilson.  As  a  whole 
tl:e  testim(»ny  of  the  pioneers  is  hardly  e([ual  in  value 
to  that  of  the  native  (^diiornians,  partly  because  they 
have  in  many  cases  taken  less  interest  and  devoted 
less  time  to  the  mattei"  also  !)ecause  the  testimony 
of  some  of  the  most  competent  has  been  given  mure 
or  less  fully  in  print. 

While  the  personal  reminiscences  of  both  natives 
and  pioneers,  as  used  in  connection  with  and  tested 
by  contemporaneous  documentary  evidence,  have  been 
in  the  aggi-egate  of  great  value  to  me  in  the  pre[)ai'a- 
tion  of  this  work,  yet  I  cnimot  give  them  unlimited 
praise  ns  authorities.  A  writer,  howe\(>r  intellig(,'iit 
and  c(jm})etent,  attempting  to  Ijase  the  annals  of  Cali- 
dbi'iiia  wholly  or  mainly  on  this  l.;ind  of  evidence, 
would  produce  a  very  peculiar  and  inaccurate  work. 
Hardly  one  t)f  these  narratives  if  ])ut  in  })rint  could 

"  Antlioiiy,  B,iMn(1,i,'c,  B;irton.  V.vc,  I'rMcn,  I!.!!,  T.idwcll,  r.i-lor,  T'.inii.-, 
Boirgs,  nnwiii,  Jjiaclit'tt,  ]>niy,  15ruiii,  JJiuwii,  llurtdii,  ( 'ai'ii;.'ii',  CIjimiiIhi  ■ 
lain,  Cliik'.s,  Croishy.  l>ully.  J)avis.  IHttmaii,  iMiiiiu',  l)y>\  I'latoii,  i  indl:', 
Fiir.stLr,  Fostir,  J'Viwh  r,  daiy,  (l-vysoii,  (iilU'sinc,  (Iriiayliaw,  Iliiivu'-'i^'i 
ll(i))|icr,  Ilydc,  .laiissi'iis,  Kiiiulit,  Maivliall,  Martin,  Maxwell,  Mi  ( 'liii .-.tiau, 
Mc!>;:iii(ls,  McKay.  Meadows,  Muno.  \ii!(\-ei'.  Oiil,  Oshdiii,  i'anisli,  IViicc, 
Itliiidrs,  IJieliai'd.siili,  KolK'Tts,  Koliiiisim,  Koss,  Jiuss,  Sihilli,  S|iciK't\  Sticriir, 
SuUi'i-,  Swan,  Swasiy,  'I  ay  lor,  'IVinjilc,  'I'u.stin,  Walki-r,  ^\■u^m;^,  Weeks, 
Wliiilor,  ^\'llitl■,  ^ViJ,'^'ins,  Wilson,  and  Wiso. 


VALUE  OF  nOXEER  TESTI^FOXY, 


67 


-d  have 

*  twelve 
\f,  Don- 
Ill  came 
ic   ovcr- 

ibur  as 
)rors  in 
>  traders 
William 
detailed 
en;  and 
aldridge, 
^.luri'ay, 

a  whole 

in  valne 
uiise  they 

devoted 
cstiniony 

en  more 

1  natives 
lid  tested 
Uive  heeii 

pi-epara- 
inlimited 
jitelli-jjent 
of  Call- 

•videnci', 
lite  worlw 

int  conld 


;:1(M%  T>iriiii', 

It,  CliiiiiilHT- 

lioii,    1  iniil:'., 

ll:ir';r:ivc, 

\li('liri.-.fi:iu, 

Irish,  IVirii', 

L'O.  Stivctrr, 


escape  severe  and  merited  eritieism.  It  is  no  part  of 
iiiv  thity  to  point  out  defeets  in  individual  narratives 
written  i'or  my  use,  but  rather  to  extraet  from  each 
nil  that  it  contains  of  value,  passing  the  rest  in  si- 
lence. And  in  criticising  this  material  in  bulk,  I  do 
net  allude  to  the  few  clumsy  attempts  in  certain 
dictations  and  parts  of  others  to  deceive  me,  or  to  the 
fiilsi'hoods  told  with  a  view  to  exaggc>rate  the  im- 
]i(ivt;nice  or  otherwise  pi'omote  the  interests  of  the 
ii.iii'ator,  but  to  the  general  masH  of  statements  from 
liDiiest  and  int(>lligent  men.  In  the  statements  of 
])ast  events  made  by  the  best  of  men  fi'om  memory — • 
and  I  do  not  lind  witnesses  of  Anglo-Saxon  blood  in 
;uiy  degree  superior  in  this  respect  to  those  of  S[)an- 
ish  race — will  be  found  a  strange  and  often  inexplicable 
mixture  of  truth  and  falsehood.  Side  bv  side  in  the  best 
ii.u  ratives  liind  accounts  of  one  event  which  are  UKxlels 
of  faithful  accuracy  and  accounts  of  another  event 
not  even  remotely  founded  in  fact.  There  ai-e  nota- 
ble instances  where  prominent  witnesses  have  in  their 
statements  done  gross  injustice  to  their  own  I'fjmia- 
tiiiii  or  that  of  their  fi'iends.  There  seems  to  exist  u 
uviieial  inability  to  distinguish  between  the  memory 
nf  real  occurrences  that  Jiave  l^een  se(,'n  and  known, 
and  that  of  idle  tales  that  have  been  heard  in  vears 
long  jtast.  If  in  my  work  I  have  been  somewhat 
o\('i'  cautious  in  the  use  of  su(di  testimony,  it  is  a 
fault  on  whicdi  the  reader  will,  I  ho[te,  look  h'niently. 

The  history,  and  witli  it  the  bibIiograj)hy,  of  Califor- 
nia al'te)'  the  discovery  of  gold  may  be  conveniently 
divided  into  two  periods,  the  ih'st  extending  fioni 
bus  to  innC)  over  the  'llusli  time^^,'  and  the  second 
iVi'ni  ISf)?  to  date.  For  the  fh'st  period  a  largei- part 
lit  ilie  authorities  are  in  manuscrijit  than  would  at  iii'st 
glanct'  aj)]»ear,  though  with  the  advent  of  newspa|)ers 
and  j)rinted  go\-ernment  records  the  necessity  of 
si'iircliing  the  archixes  I'or  the  most  ])ai't  disap[tears; 
ioi'  it  is  to  be  noted  that  most   of  the  d(.)eumentary 


88 


BIBLTOCPvAriTY  OF  CALIFOKXIAX  HISTORY. 


;fi-  !■  '- 


collections,  puljlic  and  jirivate,  already  noticed,  contain 
papers  of  value  of  later  date  than  1849;  and,  .still 
more  important,  the  I'eniiniscences  of  natives  and  the 
earliest  piont'crs  cited  in  preceding  pages,  extend  in 
most  instances  past  the  gohl  dis(;overy.  For  this 
period  I  have  also  collected  in  mannseript  form  the 
testimony  of  about  one  hundred  pioueeis  who  came 
after  1848,"  the  number  including  a  few  na'/ratives 
iclating  in  part  to  Oregon,  and  a  few  miscellaneous 
manuscri[)ts  not  quite  })i'operly  classifiod  with  pioneer 
reeollections;  there  are  besides  some  twenty-five  men, 
'  forty-niners '  for  the  most  pai't,  who  have  devoted 
their  testimony  chietly  to  the  vigilance  connnittecs  (jf 
San  Francisco,  most  bt'ing  prominent  members  of 
those  orLi'anizations.'"  What  lias  been  said  of  similar 
nai'rativos  on  earlier  events  as  authorities  for  hist<.)ry 
may  be  ap})lie(l  to  these.  In  the  aggregate  tliey  ai'o 
of  immense  value,  buini''  tlu?  statements  of  men  who 
had  been  actors  in  the  scenes  describod.  For  impor- 
tant addition-!  to  this  class  of  material,  received  too 
late  for  sjiccial  mention  here,  the  reader  is  referred  to 
the  sup})lementary  list  of  authorities. 


I    :  'm 


i    i 


^Material  printed  in  CalifM^iia  during  this  period, 
including  a  few  items  of  1848  and  of  1  857-8,  is  re[)re- 
sent(Ml  by  about  one  hundred  titles  in  mv  list;  to 
\vjrich  should  be  added  the  legislative  journals  and  the 
numerous  state  documents  printed  i'roni  year  to  year, 

.  "■' Si'c  AIlMip,  AiiiUtsoii,  Aniistronp,  Ashley,  Anlis,  Bacon,  li:;!!,  I'lallini, 
];iinit's,  liiirstow ,  Ji.'utlctt,  liamr,  lli^ki',  noyntiii.  J'.raiUitt,  iiii.-suow ,  JJmtk, 
lirodii',  Hrowii,  15iii'iiott,  Jliinis,  Cassiii,  Ccrriiti,  ( 'luiiul)oilaiii,  C'luipiii,  C'luik, 
Colviii,  Ciiiiiior,  ('onway,  Coon,  Crosby,  Davidson,  l<i'an,  J)()oiitUc,  Dowtll, 
J'nncaii,  Jlarll,  I'aircliilil,  Fay,  Fitzj;i'ral(1,  (larniss,  (Iwiii,  IlaiiLMnk,  Jlail- 
IH'U,  Hawky,  Hayi's,  Jlt'arn,  Jlcnaliaw,  H<'irick,  llini'kloj,  Uiulaock,  Iliid- 
t<on,  ]\iysir,  Kirkpatriik,  J\olil(i',  Js.iaszuw.ski,  l..ainotlc,  Lane,  Lawsoii, 
Liniaiitoiir,  ijittk',  Jjow,  Mans,  Ma.ssctt,  Matthiws(iii,  Mcni!l,  ^loutuomiiy, 
^liMiro,  Morris,  I'alnicr,  I'attcrson,  IVfkliani,  I'owirs,  Ualiliison,  liaudol|'li, 
Iticliardsiin,  Ko(U'r,  lioss,  ]!  :sk,  J!yi.knian,  Sall'ord,  Sawk'lii',  Sayw.n!, 
Sckniicik'll,  Shaw,  shoartT,  Stii.irt,  Sutton,  'Jailiill,  Taykir,  'J  koni's,  \';,ii 
Dyki',  \'owo!l,  Wat.son,  AN'liuaton,  'A'idbui',  Wilky,  AVillianis,  ;,'id  \\"inans. 
'"  lUuxoiiu',  IJui'ns.  Cok',  Cnk'iiian,  Conistock.  Crary,  ])uni;iii'r,  J)o\,s, 
]>iirkii',  l''ar\vcll,  l''iink,  ( iilk'sjiii',  McAllister,  Maiirow,  Xcali,  Olncy,  l{o,:j,(r.s, 
Seluiirk,  Sniiluy,  Stiipk's,  Slilimii'.i,  Truett,  WiuUwortii,  Watldns,  and 
AVoodhi'itiyo. 


' 


■ 


AFTER  THE  GOLD  DISCOVERY. 


59 


jiiid  })rcsorvGcl  as  appendices  to  those  journals,  as  also 
ilic  scries  of"  Cdl/Joni/'d  li<'i>(H'ts  and  Cdllfotiua  SUitafcs. 
There  arc  twentv-one  books  and  panipldets  descrip- 
tivt'  of  the  country,  witli  life  and  events  therein  durin^^ 
tiie  thish  times,  most  of  them  having  also  an  ndmix- 
tuii-  of  ])ast  annals  and  future  prospects.'''  Fifti'cn 
pamphlets  are  records  of  Californian  societies,  com- 
panies, or  associations,  the  annual  j)ul)lication  exteiid- 
iiiu;'  often  l)eyond  this  period.'*^  A  like  number  arcj 
nuuiicipal  rec<  irds  of  dili'erent  towns,  besides  a  doj-cen  di- 
rectories;"'' and  as  many  n)ore  legal,  judicial,  and  otlier 
otHcial  ]»ublications,  not  including  a  very  large  nund)er 
of  brieis  and  court  records  which  are  not  nariied  in 
the  hst;^'  besides  nine  speeches  d.elivered  in  Califor- 
nia and  pul)lished  in  |)amp]det  form;*^^  and  as  many 
n)iscellaneous  publications,  including  one  periodical.''^ 
j\rany  news])apers  might  l)e  enumerated  besides  the 
ulUa,  Ilevuhi ,  Iliillctin,  and  KrcniiKj  Ncics  of  San 
I'^'ancisco,  the  Phurr  7V«/c.s'and  UiiiomA'  SacraniiMiio, 
and  the  (lazctte  of  Santa  J:];irl)ara;  there  are  some  iif- 
teeii  articles  on  early  Californian  subjects/^  and  a  like 
nundjcr  of  scrap-books  in  my  collection,  notabh  those 
made  by  Judu'e  Hayes,  contain  more  or  less  material 


on 


a_y 
tlie  times  under  considej-ation. 


"  lU'uton,  Californin,  Currol,  Carson,  Crane,  Delano,  Kinf;  of  ^ym., 
^Ii'Oiiwan,  MiiRTs,  .Mcji'su,  San  Fnincisi.H),  Taylur,  Turry,  SVail.sworlli, 
Wi'itli,  anil  Wioizhioki. 

'^Cal.  liiiilo  Sol'.,  Cal.  Dry  Dock  Co.,  I'irst  Cal.  (Juard,  iMarysvillc  <t 
llfn.  ];.  R.,  .Mocliank'.s' Inist.,'.M«.!i.antiK'  l.i!>.,  .Mix.  Ocean  Mail,  bvirlan.l 
^hiil.  Sac.  S'all.y  R.  R.,  Sta  <;'lai-a  Col.,  Univ.  Cal.-,  Univ.  Racilic,  Yonn^ 
^len'.s  Christ.  As.s. 

•'■'1.08  An.^'eles,  Rarkitt,  .San  Die;:o,  San  Fr;.r<isco  Act,  S.  1'.  Fire  Dejit., 
S.  F.  :Menional,  S.  F.  .Miinites,  S.  F.  City  Cliar:>'r,  S.  F.  Ordinances,  S.'  1''. 
I'roci'cilings,  S.  F.  I'uli.  Sclujols,  S.  F.  K'nioiistr.ince,  S.  F.  Rept.,  S.  1". 
Town  Co\incil,  and  \Vlie<  Ur.  Directories — Marywville,  Sacramento,  San  Fran- 
cisco, Stockton,  aii<l  'rnolinnne. 

*■"  (,'alil'ornia  (Circuit  Court,  Coniji.  Law.'s,  (^onstit.,  Dist.  Court,  Snji. 
Court),  Constit.  Convention,  Crocker,  llartniau,  Liniaiitoiir,  ^Marvin,  .Mason, 
RiKy.  Tlioruton,  Turner. 

•■'  Baker,  Rates,  liiyler,  RilliiiL's,  ]5ryan,  l''reelon,  Loel^wood,  Sli.iw,  Sjieer. 

'''Cal.  Text  Rook,  (iongenl.eitn,  J.)eniocratie,  l.,iiiiantour,  Tayloi'  (-on;^ 
book),  Willey,  I'ioiiee'-,  (ind.Alnianacs. 

*'■'■  Franklin,  llitteli,  :Mi('los!;ev,  :McDon;.'al.  ■McCowan,  Nugent,  Peekliani, 
liaiMlolph.  Reiil,  Ryan,  Viet..r,  Tra.^k,  W.ed,  W"i!l.  y,  Vallejo'. 

'■' I'.aiicroft  l.ilirary.  IVirton,  lUgle'',  Hiooks,  Caliiorniu,  Dye,  llall,  Hayes, 
Kuiglit,  Rancey,  Levitt,  I'ac.  Mail,  Sta  Cru^. 


60 


BIBLIOGRAriTY  OF  CALIFORXIAN  HISTORY. 


AVovlvS  al)<)ut  California  printed  (.'Isowlierc  wore 
throe  tiiiic'sasminu'roiisa.s  tlioso  oflionie  inamifactvire, 
and  in  most  respects  much  more  im[)oi-tant.  First 
there  were  over  ei^'htv  books,  similar  except  in  })laco 
of  pul)iicalion  to  those  of  a  class  already  mentioned, 
^vhich  described  California,  its  mines  and  towns,  its 
])e<)p]e  an-!  their  customs,  the  journey  by  land  or  sea 
to  th(^  country  with  personal  adventures  of  the  writers 
or  others,  books  in  different  lanijuaws  owinij;;  their 
existence  directly  to  the  discovery  of  gold/'"  ]\lany 
of  these  were  to  a  considcn'able  extent  fictitious,  bu.t 
there  wei'o  others  (containing  little  or  nothing  but 
fiction.'"^  Next  among  works  of  i-eal  value  should  1)0 
noticed  tifty  reports  on  Californian  topics,  pul)lishe(l 
by  the  United  States  government;**'  and  in  this  con- 
nection may  receive  attention  the  regular  sets  of  U. 
S.  government  documents  recording  the  acts  of  con- 
gress from  session  to  session, and  containing  hundreds  of 
vahial)i(!  ])aper,s,  bearing  on  atfairs  in  the  far  west,  with 
sov(,'ral  other  collections  of  somewhat  similar  nature;/^ 
There  were  a  dozen  or  more  pamphlets  on  various 
Cidif'ornian  topics  not  directly  connected  Avith  the 
gold  discovery  ami  its  attendant  phenomena.*'''     Then 

""•'  Al)l)iy,  Adam,  Allsop,  Auger,  Derry,  Eallinstcdt,  Borthwii'k,  Bonclm- 
court,  Jioiiiiil  HoiiK',  JlriM)!;-:,  liiyimt,  J5iiiriiiii,  ('iil.  (luiiig.  (liiide,  (lold  lit-;.'., 
iiids  Naar,  Itrf  (Jold,  Its  I'ast,  >.'ot('s),  ( 'aliloniio,  (/alifornien  (Aiit.  Xacli., 
I'atligtbor,  l.'iid  seiii  (iolt,  seiii  Mill.),  ('a.-isull,  Coiioii,  Diggers,  lldclniaii, 
Faniliaiii,  F<  vry,  ]''()stcr,  (icrstJieUcr,  <  lold-liudcrs,  (liTgdiy,  Jiarliiiaiiii, 
Hclpor,  Jli)!iii.;ki,  ]ioppe,  .Joiinsoii,  Kelly,  King,  Kip,  K.nn/il,  Lamhci tic, 
Letts,  .Mct'wlliun,  Melhaiiie,  Manyat,  Masim,  Meyer,  Oswald,  I'aliiier, 
I'aikiiiaii,  I'laslow,  RoUiiisdii,  Ryan,  Seliwait/,  Sedgley,  Seyd,  SeyiiKiiir, 
.SliTiw,  Sliorudod,  .Simjison,  Solignae,  St  Ainant,  Stirling,  'laylor,  I'lujinpsdii, 
Tyson,  Av'allon,  Weil,  Westdii,  Williainson,  \\'ils(iii,  and  Woods. 

'""  Siieli  as  Aininrd,  Amelia,  IkiUou,  Bigly,  Clinmpagnae,  (lerstiieker,  Pay- 
Hon,  and  many  more. 

<■'  Aliell,  Alexander,  Bartlett,  Be;ilo,  Bockwitli,  falifornia  (Amount,  Coni- 
liii.<sion,  ('o]>y.  Dent,  Kstalilisliment,  Indians,  Land  ( 'oiii..  Message,  X'olini- 
teersi,  (Jooke,  t'ram,  Derhy,  Fla'rg,  h'oi't  Point,  Fri'Uiont.  (UI)l)oiis,  (Jraliaiii, 
(Iray,  llaikek.  Homer,  .lones,  King,  Mason,  Mi'ivilith.  Mex.  IJoundary,  I'ac. 
Wagon  Roads,  Reynolds.  Riley,  San  I'"ran(,ise(),  Sherman,  Sndtli,  Sutter,  Ty- 
son, V.  S.  ami  Mex.,  Warri'ii,  \Vlii|)i)le,  and  Wool. 

•■"1'.  S.  (lovt  Doe.  (two  series),  LI.  S.  Supreme  Court  Reports,  Annals  of 
Congress,  Congressional  Debates,  Cong.  (Molie,  Jkiiton'n  Abridgment,  Smitli- 
Bonian  Kepoits,  and  Pac.  R.  It.  Reports. 

'■■'.Vtl.iu.  X  I'ae.  R.  R.,  Ilrowne.  Cal.  Appeal,  Californin,  Frdmnnt,  Liman- 
toar,  Logan,  Pinggold.  Pae.  M.  S.  S.  Co.,  S.  F.  Custom  House,  S.  F.  Laud 
Aasoe.,  iStillmaii,  aud  Tliumpsuii. 


MODERX  TI^ilES. 


61 


^  wore 
Lxcture, 

First 
n  place 
tiouod, 
vns,  its 
or  sea 
writers 
g  tliL'iv 
"Many 
)US,  l)ut 
iiicr  Imt 
iould  l>e 
LiUislied 
liis  con- 
Ls  of  V. 
.  of  con- 
idredsof 
est,  with 
nature.''^ 

various 
,ith  the 
'"     Then 

|ck,  Boncliii- 

lAiit.  Xacli., 

Is,  1'Ali.liuaii, 

]l;ii-tiii:iiiii, 

LiUiilicitii', 

[id.    I'aliiu'i', 

Tli(jmii.«i>ii. 

fciickor,  Piiy- 

liioiint,  roni- 
\;vj,v.  Vohiii- 
■  is,  (Jialiain, 
liudary,  I'ai'. 
1  Sutter,  'I'y- 

Is,  Annals  "f 
Jiunt,  SniilU- 

Kiut,  Liniaii- 
S.  V.  Land 


■\ve  luivc  more  than  fifty  speeclics  chiefly  delivered 
ill  r'i)ii_iL;"rcss  and  circulated  iu  pamphlet  form,  many 
of  them  pertaining'  to  the  admission  of  California  as 
a  state. "^  ])csidos  the  hoohs  relating' wliolly  or  mainly 
ti)  (ahfornia  there  were  some  thirty  others  on  wcst- 
cin  religions  with  allusions  more  or  less  extended  to 
tlic  o'old  re«jfions;"^  and  half  as  manv  wneral  works 
with  mention  of  (.^difornia."^  l>()th  of  tlieso  ('lass(\s, 
and  especiallv  the  latter,  mifj'ht  be  e'reatlv  extended 
ill  numbers;  and  tlie  same  may  l)e  said  of  tlie  period- 
i(;ds  and  collections  that  contain(>d  articles  on  our 
Milijcct,  there  being  few  such  jjublications  in  the 
world  that  gave  no  attention  to  the  western  El  Do- 


rado 


93 


Of  M'orhs  published  in  and  about  California  since 
185(1,  I  attempt  no  classification.  Within  my  present 
limits  it  would  be  impossible  satisfactoi'ily  to  clasNiiy 
so  bulky  and  diversified  a  mass  of  material,  of  v^'hich, 
indeed,  I  have  not  been  able  evcju  to  ])resent  tlie  titles 
ol'  more  than  half  in  the  alj)habetical  list  of  authori- 
ties. The  efforts  of  modei'ii  writers  to  record  the  his- 
tory of  the  vSpanish  and  ]\rexican  periods  have  already 
been  noticed  in  this  chaptc'r;  but  I  may  add  that 
these  eiforts  have  beon  nuich  more  successful  in  their 
ajiiilication  to  events  subsecjueiit  to  the  discovery  of 

'•"'Avoictt,  I'aldwin,  IV'iniett,  llontdu,  Puiw  ic,  ]5i'ccl;,  Ufo^ks,  Caldwell, 
Caiy,  Clai-k,  Cloveland,  (.'(irwin,  Crowcli,  ])oiii;las,  ]-;st('ll,  Foole,  I'owlcr, 
Ov.iii,  Hall,  lliliaid,  lioward,  llowo.  Lander,  Latham,  MeDou'  ill,  .McLean, 
Megiicen,  :Me\Vinic,  :\Iar;!liall.  :Mason,  Moieliead,  Ohls,  Paikeis'lVarce.  I'lcs- 
tnn,  I'litnani,  I'helps,  Se<ld')n,  SeAvanl,  Sniilli,  Sjariltjlng,  .Stanley,  'riiiini|)- 
.son,  'riniiMnan,  Tinirslon,  Toombs,  Van  Voorliie,  Weller,  Wiley,  'Wintlii'op, 
and  W'dieester. 

'"Ansted,  JJriefc,  Coke,  fondiiev,  Findlay,  (icr.stiicker,  Oold-lields.  Ilea]), 
llines,  lluin,  Lants,  I'ciTV,  I'feit'er,  riinn'h,  Itednitz.  l'nvini;s,  Seliniidt, 
Si  liiiiii'.dcr,  Sinuiker.  Stockton,  Thornton,  Uiiliani,  Wells,  Wesiern  Setiies, 
\Vhi:in'r,  Wilkes,  Wise.  W(  od. 

'■'- I'.eiiton,  Cevallos,  ])e  J!o\v,  Diccionnrio,  Ihinlop,  (larden,  Maich  y  T.a- 
boies,  M;;yer,  Shea,  AW'ieliardt,  Wilson,  Vouiiu.  Zamae<iis. 

"■'Allinni  ,Mex.,  Aniei'.  and  For.  Christ.  I'rdon,  Annual  of  Seientifp;  Dis- 
ciiv.,  LankiiK'.Mag..  Do  liow'.s  Fitiview,  lldiidmr;:!!  Feview,  Hansard,  Ih'rper, 
Jh'Mie  .Missionary.  Jlnnt'.s  Mereh.  Mag.,  Un  'laeion  Mex.,  .Minin;;  Mau'-, 
'Nliilennial  Sl;,r,'Xile,s'  liegister,  Xorth  Ar  .  Jd.view.  Xonvellis  Ain-.ales, 
Fanaiiiii  Star,  Quarterly  llcv.,  iievue  L)eu.\  Mondes,  Sillinian's  Anier.  Jour., 
e!e.,  ote. 


If' 


i 


V  ' 


111'' 


62 


BiBLiocnArnv  of  califorxiax  history. 


gold,  because  mat'i-ial  hxi  been  iiiueli  more  abundant 
and  accessible.  Tliis  a[t[)lics  particularly  to  the  many 
works  on  local  and  county  annals  printed  in  late 
years,  several  of  wliicli  liave  a  standard  value."^ 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  pioneer  reminiscences  of 
my  collection  contain,  and  are  supplemented  by,  the 
statements  of  prominent  men  on  various  practical 
topics  connected  with  the  industrial  development  of 
California  in  recent  times;  that  several  classes  of 
printed  matter  already  mentioned,  such  as  municipal, 
state,  and  national  documents,  continue  to  thro v/ light 
on  events  of  the  last  thirty  years;  that  travellers  have 
never  ceased  to  print  their  ex[)eriences  in,  and  their 
views  res[)ectin<i;',  this  western  land;  that  resident  and 
even  native  writers  have  contributed  largely  to  our 
store  of  boohs  on  industrial,  literar\',  educatit)nal,  re- 
ligious, legal,  political,  and  historical  subjects;  that 
numerous  associations  and  institutions  have  helped  to 
swell  the  mass  of  current  pam[)hlets;  and  that  news- 
})apers — an  invaluable  source  of  n.'aterial  for  local  and 
personal  history — have  greatl^^  nndtiplied.  Indeed, 
('alifornia  has  not  only  by  reason  of  her  peculiar  past 
received  more  attention  at  the  hands  of  writers  from 
abroad  than  any  other  part  of  our  nation,  but  in  re- 
spect of  internal  literary  develop, nent  she  is  not 
behind  other  provinces  of  like  tender  years.  In  con- 
clusion, I  append  a  short  list  of  works  ])ublislied  since 
185G,  which  have  somewhat  exceptional  historic  vahie 
iu  comparison  with  others  of  the  mass.""     Most  of 

"Soc  in  tlio  list,  besides  the  naiiips  of  comities  and  towns:  Banficld,  r>:ir- 
ton,  ]ilcds(je,  Jiutler,  Cooper,  Cox,  Dwinelle,  Fra/ee,  (iift.  Hall,  llalley,  Jfarr, 
Hawley,  Hittcll,  Iliiso,  Lloyd,  iMcl'lurson,  ^Icncl'eo,  ileyiick,  Orr,  Owen, 
I'erUins,  Sarf^ent,  Soule,  Thompson,  1'inkluini,  ^\'ostern  SI  oi'c,  and  Williy. 

"^See  Ahic,  Ames,  Bany,  jiartlutt,  Bates,  Beers,  Bell,  Blake,  Boiiiier, 
Brooks,  Browne,  Bryant,  J3iiriiett,  Bushiiell,  California  (Arrival,  Bio;:., 
liardy,  Leyes,  Med.  Soc.),  Carvalho,  Cliandless,  Clark,  Contenip.  Bioir., 
Cooke,  Cornwallis,  Cronise,  Coyner,  Dixon,  (llees(jn,  Fields,  First  8teanishi|i, 
Fisher,  Ivinjr,  Cray,  Grey.  iJittell,  1  loll'man,  Ilnghes,  Labatt,  MeCue,  !Mc(  lar- 
rahan,  McClasb  in,  jSlollhausen,  Morgan,  Mo\dder,  New  Almadcn,  Norman, 
O'Meara,  Palmer,  Parsons,  Patterson,  Peabody,  Peiree,  Peters,  Plulps, 
Player-Frowd,  Randolph,  Raymond,  Reddini;,  Itossi,  Saxon,  Sclilatriiitwtit, 
Sherman,  Shuck,  Simpson,  Stillman,  Tiithill,  Tyler,  L'pham,  Vallejo,  ^'is• 
clier,   Wetniore,  Willey,  and  Williams. 


ALniABETICAL  INDEX. 


63 


imdant 
)  uuiuy 
ill  late 

nces  of 
bv,  thu 
ractical 
ueut  *>t' 
.sscs    of 
.uucii)al, 
ov;  Y\'j;\\t 
ers  luivc 
lid  tlieir 
Lloiit  anil 
y  to  our 
ioiial,  re- 
els;  that 
lieli)cd  to 
lat  news- 
local  and 
Indeed, 
diar  past 
ers  Ironi 
ut  in  re- 
o  is    not 
In  con- 
llied  sinco 
)ric  vaUic 
jSIost  ot' 


tluiu  1)ut  fwr  the  date  of  tlieir  pu1)lication  uiiglit  bo 
added  to  the  dilforuiit  classes  before  named,  as  per- 
taining to  the  period  of  I848-5G.  For  further  biblio- 
oTa[)hi('  information,  including  full  or  si iglitly  abridged 
titli',  sunnnary  of  contents,  circumstances  attending 
tlu'  prudu(,'ti()n,  criticism  of  liistoric  \alue,  and  bio- 
gi'njiliic  notes  on  the  writer  of  each  work  mentioned 
ill  tlie  (lijferent  classes  and  subdivisions  of  this  (•hai)ter, 
J  rei'er  the  reader  not  only  to  the  list  at  the  beuinninLf 
of  this  volume  but  to  the  foot-notes  of  all  the  seven 
vohnncs,  which  may  be  traced  through  the  alpha- 
betical index  ut  the  cud  of  thu  work. 


Ilanfielil,  V>:n-- 
\lMcy,  Hair, 
OlT,  Owtii, 
lii.l  WiU(  y. 
like,  EouiRT, 
Triviil,    BiiiL'., 
Itcinp.  Bi'i,!-'-. 
U  8team:sUii>, 
[iCuo,  Mctiav- 
^eu,  Noriiiiiii, 
Jtcrs,    riulv^, 
Iclilinriutwrit, 
IVaU'ejo,  Vis- 


CHAPTER  III. 


1' 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORXIA. 

Iu42-17G8. 

Okioiv  of  the  Name — CoNJKcrrRKs— Seiujas  of  Ehplandiax— ^Tr  ITale's 
DiscovKUY — Lateu  Va1!Iations  of  the  Xame — Who  First  Saw  Ai.ta 
Califorxia?— Ulloa,  Alarcon,  DrAz— Five  Expeditions— Voyace  ov 
Ji'Av  RoDRUiunz  C  vr.itit.i.o,  1,")4'2-.1 — Exit.ouation  i'ro:\i  Sa.v  Dii;(io  to 

I'OINT  C'oNCEl't'KJN — FeRREI.O   IX  THE  NoRTII — VoYACE  (iF  SiR  FlIANCIS 

Drake,  loTO— New  Albiox — Drake  did  not  Discover  Sax  Francisio 
Bay' — Maps — The  rinuppixE  .Ships — Gai.i's  Voyace,  ir)S4 — Cape  Men- 
docino—Voyack  OF  Sebastian  RoDRKifEZ  de  C'ermenon,  IoO.j — Tim 
Om)  Sax  Francisco — Explorations  of  Sep.astiax  Vizcaixo,  1G02-Ij— 
Map — Discovery   of  Monterey — AoriEAii's   XoRTiir.RX   Limit— C'a- 

liRERA    DUENO'S    WoRK,  17:54— SPANISH    ClIART,   174'J — TlIE   XoRTHKRN 

Mystery  and  Early  Maps. 

Thouoh  the  California  wliicli  is  the  subject  of  this 
work  iiiheiitcd  its  iianic  from  an  older  country  whose 
annals  have  been  already  recorded  by  me,  yet  a  state- 
ment respecting'  the  origin  and  application  of  the  name 
seems  a[)propriate  here.  When  Jimenez  discovered 
the  peninsula,  supposed  to  be  an  island,  in  loo'o,  he 
applied  no  name  so  far  as  can  be  known.  Cortes, 
landing  at  the  same  place  with  a  colony  on  the  r>d  of 
May  1535,  named  the  port  and  the  country  adjoining 
Santa  Cruz,  from  the  day.  There  is  no  evidence  tliat 
he  ever  gave,  or  e^■en  used,  any  other  name,  the  name 
California  not  occurring  in  any  of  his  writings.^    Uhoa 

'Atlcastl  have  not  found  it.  Tlic  'inierto  ybahiade  Santa  Cniz'  is  naiiicd 
in  tlu!  orij;inal  document  of  lo."!").  ('nrtrx,  Atitodc  Pc'-'Ciioii,  in  Col.  Dor.  Jiml., 
iv.  192.  Alter  Ills  return  to  Spain  in  1540  in  a  memorial  to  tlio  king  lie  testi- 
fied 'I  arrived  at  the  land  of  Santa  Cruz  and  was  in  it.  .  .and  being  in  tlie  w;iil 
land  of  Santa  Cruz  I  had  eomjilete  knowledge  of  tlie  said  laud. '  (  or/r.i,  M(n  "■ 
rial,  in  ( 'al.  ])oc.  IiiriL,  iv.  "Jl  1.  Otlier  witnesses  wlio  had  accompanied  ( 'orti.3 
testilied  '•'  Spain  about  the  same  time;  one,  that  tlic  country  M'as  eaHcd  'J  ar- 
sis; another,  that  the  country  had  no  name,  but  that  tlic  bay  wa.s  called  Santa 
i'vuz;  several,  tliat  they  rt  mcnibored  no  name.  I'robauza,  in  Puchcco  ami  t  a/- 
deltas,  Vol.  Due,  xvi.  12,  22,  27. 

(Git 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  NAME. 


Cj 


-:Mr  Hai-k's 
tsT  Saw  Ai.iv 

5— VoVAC.K  til' 
^AN'  DlKliO  TO 
|.'SlllFl!AMIM 
AN  FuANfl^'" 

4— Cait.Mia- 
,N,  ir)9.j— The 
VINO,  100-2-3 - 
N    Limit— C'a- 

lir.   NOUTIU.KN 

-ct  of  tliis 

itry  ^vhose 

ct  a  statc- 

ilic  uuiiio 

;liscoveivil 

11  L533,  lie 

Cortes, 

tliu  ;>.l_  of 

adjoiuin.U 
lenco  tliat 
^  the  name 

(vs/    L'lloa 

o 

Cmz'  is  luumil 

V.y.  /v.  ^""':' 

o  Idiig  Iw  ti->ti- 

ciu^iii  the  !-"i'l 

Lpiinieil  ( 'I'lt'S 
jwas  calU'il  'iai- 
l-a.s  called  SauU 
Ikc/rco  ami  Cur- 

(Cll 


sailed  down  the  coast  in  15.10,  and  tlio  name  Cali- 
I'oi  Ilia  first  a))]H'ars  in  PriM-iado's  diaiy  of  tliat  voya^'o. 
It  was  a])])liod,  not  to  tlio  Avliolo  (-(juntr}',  but  to  a 
|i„..^|ify_-piY)l)al)ly  but  not  certainly  identical  with 
Santa  Cru/,  or  La  Paz." 

Bcrnal  Diaz,  writint^  before  1,108,  spcahs  of  tlic 
isliind  of  Santa  Cruz,  and  says  that  Cortes  al'tei-  many 
tionliles  there  "went  to  (Hscover  other  lands,  and  came 
to  California,  which  is  a  bay."^  This  testimony  is  not 
of 'i-rcat  weight,  but  it  increases  the  uncertainty.  The 
(iilfei'encc  is  not,  however,  essential.  The  name  was 
;i|ili]ied  between  lf)^5  and  15-')0  to  a  locality.  It  was 
sinni  extended  to  the  whole  adjoining  region;  and  as 
the  region  was  supposed  to  be  a  group  of  islands,  the 
iiaine  was  often  given  a  plural  form,  Las  Californias. 

Whence  came  the  name  thus  applied,  or  applied  by 
Cortes  as  has  been  erroneously  believed,  was  a  ques- 
tion that  gave  rise  to  much  conjecture  before  the 
truth  was  known.  The  Jesuit  missionaries  as  repre- 
Rented  by  Veneijas  and  Claviofcro  suixiiested  that  it 

t/  O  O  Oil 

might  have  been  deliberately  made  up  from  Latin  or 
Creek  roots;  but  favored  the  much  more  reasonable 
theory  that  the  discoverers  had  founded  the  name  on 
some  misunderstood  words  of  the   natives.*     These 

^  Printed  in  ir)Cr>,  in  Pamiisio,  Viafifii,  iii.  Ii4^.  Having  left  Santa  Cruz  Oct. 
'J!itli,  on  1 0th  of  Nov.  '  \vu  found  oiir.selves  54  lea^nie.s  distant  from  (Jalifornia, 
a  little  more  or  less,  always  in  the  .south-west  seeing  in  the  nipht  three  or  four 
llres.'  (Seniprodallapartcdiltarbinovetl'Midolanotte,  ote.)  llakluyfs  trans- 
latiiiuot  1(;00,  I'vi/fi'jr--!,  iii.  40(i-7,  is  'always  toMartl  the  soutli-we.st,  seeing  in 
tlie  night,' etc.  i'loin  the  Otii  to  the  l.")tli  they  made  10  leagues;  from  the 
l()th  to  the  'Jltli,  I'J  or  1,")  leagues;  and  were  then,  having  sighted  the  J.sle  of 
1 'earls,  TO  h'agues  from  Santa,  Cruz.  The  author  only  uses  the  name  (,'alifornia 
oni,'e;  llakhiyt's  'point  of  California'  is  an  interpolation.  The  defniite 
ili>t.in(e  of  .'")4  leagues  indicates  that  California  was  a  place  they  had  passed; 
it  iduhl  not  Ije  54  leagues  either  south-west  or  north-east  of  tlieir  position, 
and  1  suji]ioso  tlio  direction  refers  to  tlic coast  generally  or  the  fires.  'J'hc  dis- 
taiues  are  not  out  of  tlio  way  if  we  allow  (!  or  !)  leagues  for  the  progress  made 
on  Xov.  Dtli.  Thci'o  is  some  ohscurity  of  meaning;  Ijut  apparently  California 
^^asatornear  Santa  Cruz.  Throughout  his  voyage  up  and  down  tin;  gulf 
I'rcriado  uses  the  name  Santa  Cruz  frequently  to  locate  the  lands  in  the  wi  ;t. 

■^lunial  JJhzilcl  Cnstillo,  Jl'isf.  Vcnla<l<-r<i,  '2:);\,  printed  in  l(j.",i.'.  'J'lii.s 
has  often  licen  called  the  first  mention  of  the  name.  Some  have  blunderingly 
tullicil  of  Diaz  as  the  discoverer  and  namcr  of  California. 

*  l'<'n(<ict.i,  Kot.  Cat.,  i.  2-");  CUiriijern,  S/oria  dilla  Cal.,  20-.10.  The  Latin 
ntHilfi  foniiLv,  or  'hot  furnace,'  is  the  most  conimon  of  the  conjectural  deriva- 
tions, the  reference  being  supposably  either  to  the  hot  climate,  though  it  was 
Uiai.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    5 


CO 


TITH  DISCIJVKRY  OF  CALIFOTIXIA. 


tliooiievs  liavc  Ix'cii  oflcii  icpoatcd  l)_v  later  wrllcTs, 
with  additions  I'ivalliiiiLf  cacli  otlici'  in  a  I  (surdity.  At 
last  in  ISC-J  Jvlward  I'i.  JlaU;  was  so  fortunate 
as  to  discover  the  sourci!  wlieneo  the  di-.coverers 
olttaineil  .tlie  name.  An  old  romance,  the  S('iyti.'< 
(>^' J'.'sp/diKh'dn,  hy  Ordonez  do  ^[(tntalvo,  ti'anslafor  ef 
^■liiKn/is  if  (liinl,  printed  jn>rha[)s  in  If)!*),  and  cer- 
taiidy  in  editions  of  la  I!),  ir)'JI,  la'Jf),  and  l;VJ(j  in 
Spaniili,  mentioned  an  island  of  California  "on  thi; 
I'i^iit  liand  of  the  Indies,  very  n(;ar  the  'l\'rrestri;d 
I'aratlise,"  jH'opled  with  MacU  women,  L^ridins,  and 
other  creatui'es  of  the  author's  imagination."  There 
is  no  direct  historical  evidence  of  i\\r.  application  of 
this  name;  no)"  is  anv  needed.  No  intAJliu'ent  man 
will  ever  ([Uestion  the  accuracy  of  Ilah-'s  theoiy. 
The  nund)er  of  S})anish  editions  would  indicate  that 
the  hook  was  popidar  at  the  time  of  the  discovery; 
indeed  I5ernal  ])ia/  often  mentions  i\\o  ^Uaadi.^  (f 
(jldul,  to  which  the  Ksplmidain  was  attached. 

(/ortes,  as  we  know,  was  I.  nt  on  l(»llowin<j^  the 
coast  round  to  India,  and  contident  of  tindiuL;'  lich  and 
wonderi'ul  isles  on  the  way.  It  would  have  been  most 
natural  for  him  to  Mpply  the  old  fabulous  name,  if  it 
had  met  his  eye,  to  the  supposinl  island  when  iirst 
discovered;  but  it  appears   he  did  not  do  it;  and   1 

not  liot  cniupiirc'il  with  othtT.s  to  which  tlio  discovci'rrs  wore  nccuHtoniwl,  or 
to  the  hotlir.Ui.i,  ov  l<  iii<'.<r(ilf's,  of  tiio  iiiitives.  CaHi/iis  jai-nKs,  ('(ilii'iifr  fur- 
lud'd,  ('((/'/(in  11,  ;iii<l  ('(i/iriitc  //(■nio  inv  otiior  cr^ivciisioua  of  tho  raiiio  I'cot, 
Arohiliald  iioliii;.;  of  the  hist  that  it  ^\o^lKl  Ijc  I'athi  r /ci/'/ o  culicjitc,  inaUiiij,' 
tho  iiaiiic  '  Fill  iiifalia'  instead  of  ( 'alil'oruia.  Aiiolhcr  dorivaLioii  i  •.  from  cil'i, 
?/_/(ir»/.r,  S])aiii- hand  Latin  for  'cin^iaml  vault 'or  'vaulted  eove,'  froniaiieculi.Mr 
natural  iornialion  near  Tape;  San  Liicas.  From  tho  (Jreck  we  liave  htid  j'h'.r 
111(1,  litlii  pluira,  iicii,  /.(tld  jilwr  ii'in,  l.dlti  ji/iiirii<i<i,  laid,  flmvit  iiirt,  or  /«/"< 
j)/i(:riiiu — v;ni(ni:;ly  ivnilered  'beautiful  woman,'  'moonshine,' or  'adidlerv;' 
■fertile  land;'  (jr  'new  country.'  Cu'dj'nn  or  '•cldjoiiid.  the  Siiani.sh  for  I'c.-iii, 
has  also  lieeu  Ki'^'^;estecl.  hi  l'p]icr  California,  the  idea  ^^a^ia  favorite  (  no 
that  the  name  waa  of  Indian  ori,L'in;  hut  there  ^^aH  little  jiLrreement  refjieet- 
in]L,'  <letails.  According  to  the  Vallejos,  Alvarado,  and  others,  all  a;.;reed  that 
it  eanu'  from  Lal'i  jorin),  the  information  eoniiu;^'  from  Haja  ( 'alifornia,  nalivesi 
hut  there  were  two  factions,  one  interpretin;,'  the  word.s  'hi,L,'h  hill'  or  'moiin- 
tain' and  the  c, her 'native  land.'  K.  l>.(luilhcrt,  resident  of  Coinda,  Sinal";i, 
told  mo  in  iJiTS  that  an  old  Jndian  of  hi^;  locality  called  the  peninsula  'J'ehali- 
falni-al,  'the  shandy  land  heyond  the  water.' 

"llulcVs  discovery  was  lir.-.t  pidjlishcd  in  the  Amcr.  Aiifi<i.  So<\,  Procoil., 
Apr.  JiO,  LSO'J,  Ait-oo;  also  in  Adctnlk  Moulhlij,  xiii.  '2(i5;  J/ah's  Ilk  L<  cd 
Best,  etc.,  2ol. 


ArrLICATION  OF  TIIK  NAMR. 


C>7 


'•  wriicrs, 
ility.  At- 
loitunatc! 

SCOVC'l't'lS 

Iislillol"  of 
iuid  <'ci- 
l  \:>-2(\  ill 
"on  tlu! 
\'rrcstri;il 
lliiis,  ami 
.'•  Thvvo 
icatiou  of 
jfeiit  mail 

S     tllC'OlT. 

icat(;  that 
liscovorv; 

(1. 

)\viii;^    till! 

K  licli  and 

|)ccu  ntost 

nu',  it'  it 

lien  iirst 

it;  and   1 

L'Oistoiiic'tl,  or 

(  'aUfii'f  /'')'- 

11'  iimic  rcot, 

;t(',  liKiUin,^ 

It  i  i  I'l'diii  c'lJd 

I'roiiii'.iu-culiMi' 

IVO  hflld   j'll'l' 

iiin,  or  /«'"< 
or  'adiillcry;' 

lis! I  for  rc.-iii, 
t'avorito  <  no 
incut  rcppvi-t- 
illii;4rc'c<i  tluit 
■orni;i  uiitivis; 

ill'  or  'liioiiii- 
>liiil:!,  Sili;il";i, 
linsiihi  'J"(jli;ili- 

'?(»•.,  Prorrnl., 
It's  U'tn  L<f<l 


CI  I 
ol' 


st,  n^ly  .sus{)('ct  the  name  was  a[)i»liud  in  diiision  hy 
Ills  (Hsu'usted  colonists  on  their  return  in  laiKJ.  At 
,iiiv  I'att!  there  ean  be  no  donht  the  name  was  adojjted 
tVuiii  the  novel  between  Ijoj  and  15J»9.  Th(3  etyniol- 
(i'4V  of  the  name  and  th(^  sourc*  whenee  ^NTontalvo  ob- 
tained it  still  remain  a  Held  for  ingenious  _u,"iU'sswoi-k. 
indeed  most  of  the  old  conjeetures  may  still  be  ap])lii(l 
ti>  the  subject  in  its  new  phase.  But  this  is  not  an 
lii^toiical  subject,  nor  one  of  the  slightest  iin])ortanee. 
ill  such  matters  the  ])robable  is  but  rarely  the  inu\ 
What  brilliant  etymological  theoiies  might  be  drawn 
oiil  by  the  name  C'alistoga,  if  it  wei'c  not  known  how 
Samuel  Jjrau'ian  built  the  word  l'rt)ni  California  and 
^•inatoga." 

The  name  California,  once  applied  to  the  island  or 
|)iiiinsula,  was  also  naturally  used  to  designate  the; 
ntry  extending  indelinitely  northward  tothe  strait 
Vnian,  or  to  Asia,  oxccjtt  as  interrupted  in  the 
\  iew  of  some  foreign  geograi»hers  by  Drake's  Xew 
Alhion.  Kino  at  the  mouth  of  the  Coloi'ado  in  1700 
spoke  of  Alta  Califoi'uia;  but  ho  meant  simply  tlu! 
'upper'  part  of  the  peninsula.  After  1701)  the  north- 
eiai  country  was  for  a  time  known  as  the  Xew  lOstab- 
li>hments,  or  Los  Establecimientos  de  San  Diego  y 
^[ontcrcy,    or   the    Northern    Missions.     In    a    few 

"In  Wchalfr'n  Dlctiovari/,  the  Spanish  caJifa,  Arabic  KhaVfit,  'successor,' 
'cMliiili,'  is  iiiloptcd,  Jis  indcid  fiurr^cstcd  by  lliile,  as  the  possible  root  of  tlio 
iiaiiK'.  Ari'hbalil,  Oirr/niid  J/oii/h/i/,  ii.  440,  su<,'.L,'csts  Calplniriiia,  (':vsar's 
V.  i;c.  I'ciliaps  tin'  coolest  exhibition  of  assurance  which  this  matter  lias  drawn 
out  in  niiiclerii  times  is  I'rof.  ,Iules  .Marcou's  essay  on  the  'true  origin'  of  the 
ii^iiiie.  'J  he  whole  pamphlet,  although  printed  by  the  United  States  j,'overn- 
111'  at,  with  Ihe  degree  of  intelligence  too  often  employed  in  such  eases,  iierliajis 
hiiaiiscdf  an  old  Ilia])  attached  to  it,  has  about  as  many  blunders  as  ilie  ])age.s 
laii  accoiiiiiKHlate.  1  have  no  space  to  point  them  out;  luit  this  is  what'ho 
say)  of  tlie  name:  'Cortes  and  his  companions,  struck  with  the  dillerenee  lie- 
turcu  the  dry  and  burning  heat  they  exi)crienee<l,  compareil  with  the  moist 
and  niiiehless  oppressive  heatof  thcMexicaiW/' /'cff  rnliciitr,  Iirst  gave  to  a  bay, 
and  atiurwards  extenih'd  to  the  entire  country  the  nanu'  of  t'n  rni  CuHjhniin, 
il(  lived  fvom  ciili(/fi.j'vrnii.r,  which  signifies  liery  furnace,  or  hot  as  an  oven. 
Heri.au  (  orti's,  who  was  i.ioreovcr  a,  man  of  learning,  was  it  once  strongly 
iui[ire.sseil  with  the  singul;ir  anil  striking  climatic  ditl'ercnces.  .  .to  wlioiir  is 
due  the  appropriate  classilic.'ition  of  the  Mexican  regions  into  /i(  rnifrin,  /!i  rrn 
l-iijlikflii.  tii-rni  cdHdilc,  and  /!(  rrn  Ciiii/nriiin  '!  M(i,-i-on\s  Xolr.-t  h'/udi  thi-  jir.^t, 
J  >'■'■'  nnrii.i  o/  C'ai:/urii''a  ,ni(l  f/ii'  oriijhi  ('/!/■•<  ^hlnlr,^\'i^iihmgtol^,  1878.  See  also 
i'.S.aeo,/.  hiurviij,  Whwlii;  Ript.,  1878,  p.  '2:28. 


C8 


THE  DISCOVIT.Y  OF  C.UJFOnXIA. 


b'lj 


m' 


^  I- 1 


i  i    ':,( 


years,  liowovDr,  without  any  uniformity  of  usacro  tlio 
upper  countiy  began  to  be  known  as  California  Sep- 
tentrional, California  del  Norte,  Nueva  Califoi-nia,  or 
('alifijrnia  Superior.  But  {gradually  Alta  California 
heeanie  more  eonunon  than  the  others,  both  in  private 
and  offieial  coniniunications,  though  from  the  date  of 
the  se]5aration  of  the  provinces  in  1804  Nueva  Cali- 
lornii)  became  the  legal  name,  as  did  Alta  California 
after  1824.  In  these  later  times  Las  Californias  meant 
not  as  at  first  Las  Islas  Californias,  but  the  two 
])i'ovincos,  old  and  new,  lower  and  upper.  Down  to 
I  84G,  however,  the  whole  country  was  often  called  by 
^Mexicans  and  Californians  oven  in  official  documents 
ix  peninsula. 

It  is  not  impossible  that  Francisco  de  Ulloa,  at  the 
liead  of  the  gulf  in  15;39,  had  a  distant  glimpse  of 
mountains  within  the  territory  now  called  Caliibrnia; 
it  is  very  probable  that  Hernando  de  Alarcon,  as- 
cending the  Colorado  in  boats  neai'ly  to  the  Gila 
and  possibly  beyond  it,  saw  Californian  soil  in  Sep- 
tember 1540;  and  perhaps  Melchor  Diaz,  who  crossed 
the  Colorado  later  in  the  same  year,  had  a  similar 
view. 

Thus  strictly  speaking  the  honor  of  the  first  dis- 
covery may  with  nuich  plausibility  be  attributed  to 
one  of  these  explorers,  though  none  of  them  mentione(l 
the  discovery,  or  could  do  so,  boundary  lines  l)eing 
as  yet  not  dreamed  of  Subsequently  Juan  do  Ohate 
and  his  com])anions,  coming  down  the  Colorado  in 
1  004,  certainly  gazed  across  the  river  on  Califoj-nia, 
and  even  learned  i'rom  the  natives  tha.t  the  sea  was  not 
f;ir  distant.  After  1009  Kino  and  his  Jesuit  asso- 
ciates not  unfrequently  looked  upon  v.'hat  was  to  b<! 
(  aliibrnia  i'rom  the  (jlila  junction.  No  ]']>u'()peaii, 
howe\er,  from  this  'I'ection  is  kni>wn  to  have  trod 
the  soil  of  the  promised  land;  theretore  this  plia^' 
of  the  subject  may  be  dismissed  without  further 
remark. 


CARRILLO'S  VOYAGE. 


69 


All  that  was  known  of  Califoniia  before  17G9  was 
founded  on  the  reports  of  tive  expeditions;  that  of 
Juan  ]^^dril;■nez  CabriHo  in  ir)42-3,  that  of  Franeia 
])rake  in  1579,  tliat  of  Frnneiseo  do  Gali  in  1584, 
tliat  of  Seljastian  Rodrij^niez  de  Cennenon  in  1595,  and 
tliat  of  Sebastian  Yizciiino  in  1G02-3.  To  deseribo 
these  expcditi(»ns^ — so  far  only  as  they  relate  to  the 
coast  of  Alta  California,  for  in  a  general  way  eaeh  hi.s 
been  presented  in  the  annals  of  regions  farther  south — 
with  a  glance  also  at  a  few  other  voyages  bearing  ii)- 
(Hre'-tly  upon  the  subject,  is  my  j^urpose  in  the  present 
chapter. 

On  the  28tli  of  Soptember  1542,  Juan  Tiodriguez 
C'abrillo,  coioing  from  tiic  soutli  in  command  of  t\\<> 
Spanish  ex])loring  vessels,'  discovered  a  "  landjoehed 
iiiid  very  LTood  liarbor,"  which  he  named  San  ]Miguel 
and  located  in  34°  20'.  The  next  day  he  sent  a  boat 
''farther  into  the  port  which  was  largo;"  and  whiL; 
aiiciiorcd  here  "  a  verv  great  gale  blew  from  the  west- 
south-west,  and  soutli-south-west;  but  the  i)ort  being 
good  they  felt  nothing."** 

'On  the  fittiiif;-out  of  the  expedition  and  its  achievements  south  of  C.ili- 
foniia,  .Sfo  Hist.  Xnrth  Mix.  Sldtts,  this  surics. 

"(Mlirilh),  Iifldcioii  <i  d'lario,  de  la  )iniri;ii.cion  que  li'~r>  Jiinn  Ho'lrli/im  Ca- 
lirilhi  foil  iloa  V(in'u!<,  a'  de-sciihrliihi'iiln  del  pwo  dil  Mur  di  I  Siir  nl.  imrte,  ete. 
Original  in  Spanish  aivhivts  of  Seville  from  Siniaiicas,  eeitilieil  liy  Xavni'ictc, 


(Hpy  in  ^[uudZ  Collection,  printed  in  FlurUln.  Ci'l.  J>r,\,  17.'?  S!».  '  r)e  .Inaii 
I'uv/.'  i.s  Diailicdon  the  Muiio/.  oojiy.  .AnothiTjinnted  orij^inal  from  'Archivo 
ddniiias  Tationato,  est.  1,  caj.  i.,'is  found  in  Pm-lii'ca  and  ( 'iir<lfiin.'i,  Cul.  Do 


XIV, 


I ().■)-!)],  under  the  title  Jklar 


non  (/( I  il( snil/raiiifiifi)  i/ii 


IliZ'l  ,/l> 


nidri- 


ijiH',  iicinijait'lo  jior  Id  roiilni  cisfa  drl  ui'tr  ild  Siir  (d  iiiirtc  ln'-ha  ]>iir  Jiiaii 


J 


■cu: 


Thus  it  is  pi-ohalile  that  Juan  I'at.',  was  the  autlmr.     He 


'III.,  ilec.  vu. 


//i^l. 
lil).  v.  cap.  iii.-iv.,  gave  in  lli(!0  a  condensed  ai'count  ja'obably 
fiuni  tl";  ahove  orininal,  l)ut  ^^■it!^  many  omissions,  and  a  fi  \v  additions,  wiiieh 
htiviMie  the  foundation  of  most  that  was  sulise(|Uently  wi'i'ten  on  the  stiliject, 
fdlhiWed  by  lUirney  and  others.     In  ISO'J  Navarrete  in  his  introductiim 


1h 

to  tlii:  Sii/:i  1/  Ml  xicdiia,   Viiuti',  xxix.-xxxvi. 


a  narrative.  In  mi 


th. 


with  notes  in  which  he  located,  fer  the  mrjst  ]iart  accurately,  the  ]ioiiit3 


iiaiucd  by  (.'abrillo.    'J'lii/lor's  Fir.if   I'o'/d'ji'  to  l/n' Cnd-t  n/ ( 'dl'j'nri 


.hii  (' 


lii-Woy  San  I'Vancisco,  Is.'i.'i,  was  a  kind  of  translation  from  Kavarrete,  ^\  hose 
lioti'S  the  translator  attcnipti'il  to  correct  \\ithoutai.y  very  luiUiant  ••^iiiccs.^. 


Fiiiidly  in  bST',)  we  havi^J; 


(/  /-//  thr  ]iijci.  r, 


II., 

iijWiiilli  Aiiicrirn  ill  1l 

oil 


md  Ihn-^hdii'K  Ti-dii'<ldt''i}ii  j'ro,n  (lir  S]idiil'li  nj 
if  thi:   i'lii/dii)'  of  CidiriUo  ciloinj  I  Id'  Vf-^t  mnnf 


pri 


ited 


U.  S.  (I'i'Oi/,  Sii 


An-ld 


'<ii,l!i. -0')-',)]-l.    lliehard  S.  Kvans  was  the  translator;  II.  W.  llenshaw,  \\\ 


dcantiquavian  researches  on  the  enast,  was  the  author  of  theniitci 


dll. 


(\  TiiVior,  V.  S.  N.,  of  the  Coast  Survey,  aided  the  gcntlcnu'n  named  with 


tlic  remits  of  his 


ac4U 


[liutance  with  the  coast. 


til 


70 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  C.UJFOnXIA. 


:■.<■■'. 


I 


|:m 


Tlieiv  is  IK )  furtlior  description ;  tlic  latitiulo  is  wrong ; 
and  the  port  must  be  identiiied  if  ut  all  by  its  relation 
to  other  ])()iuts  visited  by  Cabrillo.  It  has  iisually 
been  identiiied  Ijy  those  who  have  followed  Navarrete, 
the  earliest  investij^ator,  with  San  ]}iego;  but  recently 
1)y  llensliaw  and  Taylor  with  San  Pedro  further  nortli, 
San  Diego  being  in  that  case  Cabrillo's  San  jNIateo;' 
IFere,  as  in  most  parts  of  this  narrative,  there  is  little 
room  for  positive  assertion;  but  I  prefer  to  regard 
San  Miguel  as  l\au  Diego.  Difficulties  arise  at  every 
step  wliieh  no  theory  can  remove.  It  is  tlie  fault  of 
the  narrative,  respecting  the  genuineness  of  whidi, 
however,  there  is  no  room  for  doubt.  Without  attenqit- 
in<,!;  to  get  over  obstacles  by  ignoring  them  I  sli;ill 
treat  them  maitdy  in  notes.^" 

At  any  rate  Cabrillo  entered  Up})er  Calif  si'niau 
M'atiirs,  never  before  disturbed  by  other  craft  tluiii 
Indian  canoes,  and  ancliored  in  San  Diego  Bay  in 
Septend)er  15-42.  If  we  suppose  this  port  to  have  been 
his  San  ]\Iiguel,  he  remained  six  da3's.     The  nati\rs 

'•'Sail  !M:!tco  WHS  .also  do.scriljed  a.s  a  j^'ood  and  landlocked  (<_<  rrwin)  port, 
vitli  ;i  little  lake  of  iVoli  wati'V,  and  with  ji-i-oves  of  li-ci's  Wkv  <r'iJ'i.x,  except 
tl'a.  Hw.  wood  was  hard.  There  were  alsomuny  drift-lo^'s  M-af^hod  licro  liy  tiiO 
sea,  liroad  grassy  plains,  liigli  and  rolling  land,  and  animals  in  drove.)  ot  Kh) 
or  n\or(!  i-esemliJinL,'  I'eruvian  slieej)  w  ilh  long  wool,  siiuiU  horns,  and  hrnad 
I'ouuil  tails.     L  itituilo  {riveri  'XV  '10'. 

'"San  Au;,'ustin  Island,  the  last  point  on  wlii<'h  Xa\arretc  and  Ilcnshaw 
i\;.'reo.  is  identiiied  with  San  Martin  in  aoont  \W  .'?(•'  on  the  IJaja  (,'aliforiiia 
I'oast.  Tiu'ee  il.iys  with  little  \\  ind  lirou;j;ht  the  ships,  no  ilistance  given,  to 
(_'ape  San  Martin,  north  of  San  Angustin,  where  the  euast  turns  from  nortli  to 
jiorth-west.  This  trend,  and  also  the  time,  if  we  disreL'-ar<l  th(\  ealin,  favors 
llensiiaw'.s  locati<jn  of  Todos  Sant<).s  rather  than  Xavarrete's  of  San  yuintiii. 
X(  xt  they  sailed  fonr  leagues  X.  K.,  or  X.  X.  E  ;  l>\it  this  is  not  possilile  from 
I'odos  Santos  either  l)y  tlw!  best  niapfiovtlie  trend  justliotecl.  Xcxt  "JI  leagues 
X.  w.,  and  N.  X.  \v.  to  San  Mateo;  the  distance  "J.")  leagues  eoi'respondiii'^ 
lietter  with  that  from  San  (>>ui'itin  to  Todos  ,Sanl.)s,  than  with  that  from  t!ie 
latter  to  San])ie;io.  On  the  other  hanil,  the  next  sta','e,  ^1  leagues  to  San 
idiguel,  lu'tter  lit.s  that  from  San  Diego  to  San  I'edro  than  from  Todos  Santos 
to  the  former.  Dut  they  ]iassed  fi.  little  island  close  to  the  jshore  on  arriviir,' 
lit  San  Mateo,  therebeing  none  at  Todos  Santos  so  far  as  the  maps  show;  anil 
on  the  other  hand,  on  sailing  to  San  Migrn  1,  they  jas.scd  three  islus  ih/x  riM 
tliree  leagues  from  the  mairi,  the  largest  being  two  leagues  long,  or  iiossihlv 
in  eirenniference,  which  agrees  better  with  the  Coi'onados  just  below  San 
]>iego  than  with  San  ( 'Icnientt^  ."  nd  Santa  ( 'atalina.  ^loreovcr  the  de.scri|iiii)n 
of  San  Mat.'o  with  its  lake,  and  t'spccially  its  groves  of  trees,  does  not  cnrrc- 
s|iond  at  all  to  S.nn  Oiego.  The  strongest  reason  \\\\\  San  .Mi'^uel  must  be  S;in 
]Meg()  ami  not  San  TediV)  will  be  nolic(Ml  pnsenlly.  The  investigator's  troulilcs 
icie  not  lessened  b}  the  noii-existence  of  a  perfect  chart  of  the  IJaja  Califnraia 
ct.iust. 


ll 


JUAN  r.ODrJGUEZ  AT  SAX  TEDRO, 


71 


s  rclatitiu 
ls  usually 
fuvarieto, 
,t  recently 
hcriiortli, 
,u  Mateo." 
re  is  little 

to  regard 
ie  at  every 
iic  fault  of 

of  wlii(/li. 
itatteni])t- 
:;iu  I  hIuiU 

Califirninn 
craft  tlian 
■go  Bay  in 
)  have  beru 
lie  iiatiM'S 

ri-((ilo)  port, 
cr'ih'il'.,  CKCc'l't 

^hoil  hero  by  tl'o 
(Irovc.iot   liK) 
•us,  uiul  In'iKiJ 

ami  ITcnsliaw 
!'>aj;i  Ciilifi'nii:v 
stance  giveii.  to 
IS  Ircim  noi'tli  to 
he  calm,  I'avnis 
if  Sim  (.>uiiUiii. 
,t  [Hissilile  fri'lii 
XcxfJllwiLriifS 
ciinx'spoiuliug 
h  tliat  from  Uie 
lca'j:uert  to  Siiii 
111  Toilos  Santos 
...ire  on  ariivinij 
naps  show ;  ami 
I'L-  ialufi  d<':-i'i'  '■'«■' 
ou'-t,  or  IMissilily 
j\ist  below  Sun 
the  iloMCviption 
(hies  IK  it  iMiTC- 
ml  must  be  San 
iurAor's  tnniMr" 
'llajafalil'-nii;' 


\\cre  tiiiiid  in  their  intercourse  with  the  stiangers, 
vdimn  they  called  Guacanial;  Imt  they  won ndrd  with 
thrir  arrows  three  of  a  l>arty  that  landeil  at  night  to 
lisli.  lnter\ie\vs,  voluntary  and  en'"  .'ced,  were  hold 
with  a  few  individuals  both  on  shore  and  on  tlu;  ships; 
and  the  Spaniai'ds  underst(.Hxl  by  their  signs  that  the 
natives  had  seen  or  lieard  of  men  like  th(.'inselves, 
licnrdtd,  mounted,  and  armed,  somewhere  in  the  in- 
Irrior. " 

J^('aving  San  Miguel  Octol)er  od,  thoy  sail  three 
day.s  or  about  eighteen  leagues,  along  a  coast  of  val- 
hys  and  ])]ains  and  smokes,  with  high  mountains  in 
th(.!  interior,  to  the  islands  some  seven  leagues  fj'om 
tlic  main,  v/liich  they  name  from  their  vessels  San  8al- 
vador  and  Mtoria.  They  land  on  one  of  the  islands, 
alter  the  inhabitants,  timid  and  even  hostile  at  first, 
Iiave  been  appeased  by  signs  and  have  come  olf  in  a 
eaiioe  to  receive  gilts.  They  tt)0  tell  of  white  men  on 
the  main.  On  Sunday  the  Spaniards  go  over  to  llcrni 
llj'inc  to  a  JarLi'e  bay  whicJ)  thev  call  Bahi'a  de  los 
J'\unos,  or  Fuegos,  from  the  smoke  of  iires  sec.ui  there. 
]t  is  tlescribed  as  a  good  })ort  with  good  lands,  valleys, 
].Liii!s,  and  groves,  lying  in  35°.  I  suppose  the  island 
\  isitcd  to  have  been  Santa  Catalina,  and  the  [)ort  to 
have  been  San  Pedro.^" 

Saihn<r  six  leao-ues  fai'ther  on  Octo1)er  0th,  Cabiillo 
anchoi's  in  a  large  cnsciiada,  or  bight,  whieh  is  doubt- 
less Santa,  Monica. ^'^    Thence  they  go  on  the  next  day 

"  It  is  n<it  impossilile,  thoii^'h  not  jirobable,  tliat  the  natives  hail  hearJ  of 
I)ia/,  Alareon,  ami  Ullna,  a.t  the  head  of  ilie  ^ulf.  The  iinliaiii  ul  San  J)ieL;i) 
arc  ill',  crib'.'d  as  well  foniieil,  of  lan'e  si/e,  clothed  in  sliiiis. 

'-  lleiisliaw,  n;)  we  havo  .seen,  makes  this  liahia  de.  I'ltmos  I'lahia  Ona  (or 
Santa  Miiuica),  iilelitifying  San  Pedro  with  San  ;Mi,^'iiel,  and  tlie  i.-i!aml  with 
S::iita  (.'rnz.  The  name  San  Salvador  as  mentioned  later  seems  hij  .strom.'i'st 
ri  ason,  tiiou^h  he  does  not  say  so.  He  admits  the  diliieiilty  ef  idciitilj  in;.,' 
Santa  (.'atalina  v.iih  the  Jslas  IJesiertas,  hintin;,'  that  ollur  sinalkr  islands 
may  havo  di.sijipeaied;  bnt  a  more  serious  objection  still — eonelii.sive  tome-  - 
is  the  hict  that  San  rc:did  would  never  havo  lucn  called  a  /iikiIi  rfrnnln,  or 
landlocked  ]io;'t;  nor  v.oiild  it  have  a  Horded  |iiotccti(in  froma  siouth-we;  t  tab'. 

'■'Certainly  not  the  Idijiiiia  near  i't  Mu_l;u  as  iienshaw  says.  Santa  Muiiica 
vas  exactly  v.hat  fhe  Sjtaniards  woulil  have  ealleil  an  < iim  iirn/n :  indetd,  they 
did  often  so  e.dl  it  in  later  years  as  they  did  also  Monterey  Hay.  i;nd  San 
JVancisco  outside  the  heads  iVoni  I't  IJeVcs  to  I'i-i'nn  I'oint.'alviay  .  (he  J.'n- 
t>' Kwlii  (U'  lnH  i\ind(uM:s,     Like   the  navi;^ators  of  other  nation:;,  ihey  wero 


■x-^ 
^a^" 


72 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


ill 


some  t'in'lit  L.'au'uos  to  an  Indian  town,  ancliorinr' 
c);)i)ositc  u  great  valley.  The  town,  called  Pueblo  du 
\i\H  Caiioas  and  located  in  35"  20',  is  doubtless  in  the 
vicinity  of  San  Buenaventura,  the  valley  being  that 
of  the  Santa  Clara/*  The  Spaniards  take  formal 
possession  and  remain  here  finir  days.  The  natives 
come  to  the  ships  in  tine  canoes,  each  canying  twelvi.' 
oi-  thirteen  men, and  they  report  other  Christians  seven 
days'  journey  distant,  for  Avhom  they  take  a  letter, 
also  indicating  the  existence  of  a  great  ri\er.  They 
say  thei'e  is  maize  in  the  valley,  Avliich  assertion  is 
conlirmed  later  by  natives  who  talk  also  of  cae  which 
the  vovagers  undei'stand  to  bo  cows,  callin<jj  the 
maize  t>ry>.  The  natives  arc  fishermen;  they  dress  in 
skins,  and  live  on  raw  fish  and  ma<ju('ij.  Their  name 
for  the  town  is  Xucu,  and  they  call  the  Christians 
Taquimine. 

Six  or  seven  leagues  bring  them  on  the  13th  past 
two  islands  each  four  leagues  long  and  four  leagues 
from  the  coast,  uniiduibited  for  lack  of  water,  but 
with  good  ports. ^'^  The  next  anchoi'age  is  two  leagues 
farther,  opposite  a  fine  valley,  perha[)s  Santa  Bar- 
bara, where  the  natives  are  friendly  and  bring  tish  in 
canoes  lor  barter.  The  ten  leagues  of  October  loth 
carry  them  past  an  island  fiftt^en  leagues  in  length, 
which  the}'  name  San  Lucas,  ajijuirently  Santa  liosa."' 

not  very  strict  in  tlirir  iiso  of  gcograpliicnl  terms;  but  to  suppose  th.it  tlio 
little  lai'iiiKi  would  liiive  l)eni  c.iUed  by  tliuin  iiu  'cnsciuula  j'rauilc'  i.s  tcio 
!ibsui'(l  I'or  even  refutation;  'iuli't'  is  not  a  cori'ect  remieriiii,' of  iiisi'ikiiIh. 
Taylor  idcuitilics  tlie  cuscn.Tila  with  the  cove  or  roadstead  of  Santa  lli'irhata. 
/'//>•'  I'di/dji'  li)  the  CimikI  iif  ('<il'/<>i-n!(t.  J  le  points  out  tlie^-laringdeiiiieUL-ii  s 
iu  all  tliat  liad  lie'u  wi'itten  on  the  subject,  and  Hatters  himself  tliat  by  tlie 
aid  of  men  iamiliar  with  tlic  coast  he  has  I'olhiued  the  route  of  tlio  iia\  ii'ators 
Very  elosi'ly;  and  so  lie  has,  just  as  far  :',s  he  copies  Xavarrele,  bliiiiderii';^ 
fearfully  in  most  licsides. 

"Navarrcto  says  iu  the  cnscnada  of  San  Juan  Capistrano,  which  is  unin- 
telli,;.'il)le. 

'' Anai'apa  and  tlie  eastern  jinrt  of  Santa  Cruz  as  seen  from  a  distance  and 
as  e\])laiued  by  the  natives' si,L;us,  which  were  n<jt  understo<id. 

'"Six  lca;tues  from  the  uia'n,  and  ei,u'htccu  lenirues  fi'cm  rnel>lo  de  Cnnoas. 
It  was  said  to  b.ave  the  billiw  in[,'  pueblos:  Kiipiipos,  Maxnl,  Xui'ua,  "N'itd, 
^Macanio.  Niinitopal.  l^ater  it  is  stati'd  that  San  Liic'as  was  the  middle  island. 
iiaviiiLi;  threes  puibhis  ^vlios<"  names  do  not  a-ree  wiili  tho.'-.i'  lure  iiivcii.  Thcie 
i  1  a  Impekss  confusion  in  the  accountsof  these  islands,  bid  no  dviubt  that  this 
was  the  yruup  visited. 


CAr.TULLO  IX  THE  SANTA  BARBARA  CIIA:>X1:L. 


iclioriu!^' 
leblo  (.It! 
s  ill  the 
iiLj  that 
1  lornuil 

natives 
f  twelve 
lis  seven 
a  letter, 
-.  Tliey 
L'l'tion  is 
w  \vhieh 
ling    the 

dress  in 
uir  name 
hristiaii;; 

Oth  past 
•  loau,'ues 
iter,  but 
)  leagues 
ita  l>ar- 
tr  iish  in 
ei'  15  th 
length, 
Ivosa. 

|iso  that  tliti 
aule'  is  ten) 

|if    (  IIH'IKII^ll. 

(l;i  Bih-liara. 
j(l(jliL'ifiicits 
It  hat  l.y  tlio 
I;  iiavi_L'at(ir.s 
bliiiuk'riii;^' 

[ii;h  is  liiiiii- 

|i.-!tancc  ami 

di'  Canoas. 

"ua,  Nitrl, 

idle  islaiitl. 

tni.    Tiii'i'' 

Vt  that  tlii^ 


^[oiHliiv  the  l()(h  the}' sail  four  leagues  to  two  towns, 
ill  u  region  A\here  there  is  a  i)lace  still  called  Dos 
]*uehlos;  and  three  leagues  more  on  Tuesday.  The 
iialives  wear  their  hair  long,  and  intertwined  with 
.-(rings  of  Hint,  bone,  and  v»ooden  daggers.  Next  day 
ilu  v  eonie  to  a  point  in  latitude  3(r,  whieli  tliey  name 
('a[)e  (JaleiTi,  now  Point  Concepcion  in  latitude  34° 
L'(!'.  The  distance  from  Pueblo  de  Canoas  is  thirty 
1.  agues,  Xexu  being  the  general  name  of  the  province, 
A\liirh  lias  more  than  forty  towns." 

1'lie  narrative  of  what  Cabrillo  saw  on  tlie  sliores 
and  islands  of  the  Santa  Barbara  Channel,  exce])t  a 
unirDrin  exaggeration  in  the  size  of  the  islands,  confu- 
sidii  in  locating  them,  and  perhajis  the  casa.->  (jmndes 
ot"  Canoas  town,  agrees  very  well  Avith  tlie  truth  as 
iwealcd  by  later  mission  annals  and  by  the  relics 
exhumed  Jii  late  years  b}^  antiquarians.  Tlie  region 
was  certainly  inhabited  in  early  times  by  people  who 
used  canoes,  lived  mainly  by  fishing,  and  wei-e  much 
superior  in  many  respects  to  most  otlier  natives  of 
California.  There  was  a  tendency  at  ilrst,  as  is  usual 
ill  such  cases,  to  ascribe  the  Channel  relics  to  a  ])!■('■ 
historic  race;^**  but  nothing  indicating  such  an  origin 

'■  TIk;  imcblos,  l)osiuiiing  Avith  Canoas,  were,  Xucn,  Bis,  Sojinno,  Ailoc, 
Xal)aagi;a,  X-jOdtoc,  I'otoltuc,  Xachuo,  QucLjiicnii;,  ?i!isina,mu!,  Miiesoiiano, 
];i(l!iii,  ('(I'.oc,  Mil;,'!!,  Xagua,  Aiiacljuc,  I'artocac,  Susmjiu'y,  (Juaiiimi,  (iiia 
for  (^>uaiiimigua),  Asiinu,  Ai^uin,  L'asalio,  Tucuiim,  IiR-puini,  Cicacut  (Sardi- 
iias),  Ciiicut,  Anaoot,  Maciuinanoa,  I'altatrc,  Aiiacoat  (<ii'  Anacoac),  Ulesiuci, 
Caaiat  (or  Caai'ac),  I'altocuc,  Tocaiie,  Opia,  Opistopia,  Xocos,  Yiitiiiii,  (^)ui- 
liiaii,  Xiioiua,  (Jaioniisopona,  and  Xcxo;  ciul  ou  the  islands.  On  /i(pii- 
iiniyiun,  nr  Juan  Kodi-igucz,  or  rosesioii  (San  ^liy;iU'l),  Xaco  (or  Caco)  ami 
XiinnUullo.  On  Xicahpie,  or  San  Lucas  (Santa  liosa),  Xiclioi^hi,  Coycuy, 
aud  Ivitixoloco  (ov  t'ulocd).  On  the  other  San  Lucas.  See  note  1(1.  On  Limn 
i"V  Liiuuu)  (ir  San  Salvador  (Santa  Cruz),  Xi(picscs(|uc]ua,  Poclc,  ris([ucm), 
I'ualiiac.aup,  I'atiipiin,  ralii|uili(l,  Xinuniu,  Muoc,  rilid([uay,  LilelKipie. 
'I'luse  names  uere  those  which  the  Indian  natives  were  nndeislood  to  apply 
t(i  towns  not  visited,  ami  vi'ry  little  accuracy  is  to  he  expected.  'I'aylor,  Jii-'- 
(■'//■(/•(/•..  ui.il  Foil  nil' rs,  i.  Xo.  1,  claini.s  to  liavo  identilied  Calnillo'.s  names  in 
.-^cMi'al  instances  with  those  found  iu  the  mission  re,Li--ter.s.  This  is  net  ini- 
likily,  ih(iu,L;h  the  authority  i.s  nut  a  safe  one.  He  also  say.s  that  tii''  Indians 
in  I, so;!  reco;.;nized  the  native  iiaiues  ol  San  ^ligucl  and  its  towns  as  ^iv<.'n  by 
C.iliiil'o.  >,(ine  of  tlie  many  rancluria  names  which  I  have  m<'t  and  wiucli 
will  lie  given  iu  later  mission  annals  show  any  mark'      resemblance  to  the  old 

JlidlM'S. 

'"  <  )n  the  Indiana  of  thi.s  i-c,::ion  see  A'o/icc  /I'acr.s',  i,  4(V2-'2-;  iv.  ()S7-!>7.  Seo 
id.-(jc.n  archaMilii.^qcal  researchc;-:  l\  ,S.  O'emj.  tSiirrii/,  U'/mlir,  vol.  vii.  Art/no- 
'jIojj,  V>'u»liinyton,  1S79,  [lussiin. 


1 

■n 


I 


ill' 


ii 


i  i 


74  THE  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFOnXIA. 

has  ovcrbcun  runnel  tliero.     Iluiiinis,  like  those  of  the 
co\V8  and  maize,  \vei'e  far  from  accurate. 

From  Cape  Galera  they  go  October  18th  to  dis- 
cover two  islands  ten  leauaies  from  the  main,  and  thev 
spend  a  week  of  stormy  weather  in  a  good  harbor  in 
tlie  smaller  one  which  they  name  La  Posesion,  prol)- 
ably  Cnyler's  Ilai-bor  in  San  jSliguel.  Tlio  two  are 
called  8an  Liicas.^"  Leaving  the  ])ort  Wednesday 
the  25th  the  ships  are  beaten  about  by  adverse  \vdnds 
for  anotlier  week,  making  ]ittlc>  j^rogress,  Ijai-ely  reach- 
ing a  })oint  ten  leagues  beyond  Cape  Galera  in  00°  []()'. 
They  do  not  anchor,  nor  can  they  iintl  a  gi'eat  river 
said  to  be  there,  though  there  are  signs  of  rivers,  but 
on  the  1st  of  November  they  return  to  the  ancliorage 
imder  Cape  Galera,  by  them  named  Todos  Santos, 
now  Coxo,  where  is  the  town  of  Xexo.  They  haw 
])robably  gone  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Santa  ]\Iarfu 
in  latitude  35°.-"  Next  day  they  proceed  down  the 
coast  to  tliG  town  of  Cicacut,  or  Sardinas,  in  35°  45', 
where  wood  and  water  are  more  accessible  than  at  tlic 
cape.  1'his  seems  a  head  town  of  the  ])rovinc(.%  ruled 
by  an  old  woman  who  j)asscs  two  nights  on  one  of  the 
Aessels."^  StartiniX  the  Gtli,  it  takes  them  till  the  10th 
to  get  back  to  the  cape  anchorage  of  Todos  Santos. 

Perhaps  they  pass  the  capo  on  the  lOtli.  At  nil 
events  on  tlie  morning  of  the  11th  they  are  near  tlio 
place  readied  before,  twelve  leagues  beyond  tlie  cape; 
and  that  day  with  a  fair  wind  tlun*  sail  twentv  leaoms 
north-west,  along  a  wild  coast  without  shelter,  and 
with  a  lofiy  sierra  rising  abruptly  from  the  shore. 
The  mountains  in  37°  30'  are  named  Sierra  de  Sail 
Martin,  I'ormiiig  a  cape  at  their  end  in  38°,  or  as  is 


DISCOVERY  OF  TOINT  TINOS. 


76 


stated  later  in  o7°  30'.  The  sierra  is  that  now  called 
Santa  Lueia,  and  I  suppose  the  cape  to  liave  been 
that  still  called  San  ]\Ia]tin,  or  Puiita  Gorda  in  ?>')° 
[)l',  though  this  is  not  quite  certain.--^  In  the  ni^'ht 
heiuo"  six  leaj^ues  oil*  the  coast  they  are  struck  hy  a 
sronu  which  separates  the  ships  and  lasts  all  day  Suu- 
(!av  and  until  Monday  noon.  Under  a  small  fore- 
staysail  Cabrillo's  shii)S  drift  slowly  and  laboriously 
iiorth-westward  with  the  Avind.  jMonday  evening',  the 
wcatlier  clearing  somewhat  and  the  wind  shiiting  to 
the  westward,  the  flag-shi})  turns  toward  the  land,''''  in 
scare] I  of  the  consort.  At  dawn  she  sights  land,  and 
idl  (lay  in  a  high  sea  labors  slowly  to  tlie  north-west 
aJDU"'  a  rou'jli  coast  without  harbors,  where  are  many 
ti'ccs  and  lofty  nioiuitains  covered  with  snow.  They 
sight  a  point  covered  with  trees  in  40°;  and  at  night 
heave  to. 

Of  their  coxn^so  and  progress  next  day,  the  15th, 
iiotliiu'''  is  said,  but  iirobablv  advancinuc  somewhat 
fartlier  north-westward  they  see  the  consort  and  join 
hei-  at  niglitfall,  when  they  take  in  sail  and  heave  to. 
At  dawn  next  morning  they  have  drifted  back  to  a 
lai'ge  ensenada  in  39°  or  a  little  more,  the  shores  of 
which  are  covered  witli  })ines,  and  which  is  therefore 
named  ]3ahia  de  los  Pinos,  and  one  of  its  ])oiiits  C'abo 
de  Pinos.  They  hope  to  find  a  port  and  river,  but 
after  working  against  the  wind  for  two  days  and 
a  night,   they  are  unable  to  discover  either.     They 

--  ITciisliaw  makes  it  Pt  Siir  in  .SO"  20';  and  it  is  true  that  the  coast  of  tho 
day's  r;  iliiv^  con'os]-.oiids  liotter  in  f-omc  respects  Mith  tliat  up  to  I't  Snr  tliiin 
tn  I't  (.lordii.  IJi]\vcver,  tho  latitude  ."T"  .'i"'  ^\ilh  allnwaiu-o  I'nr  Cdii  IIIu'm 
ayera.i'c  excels,  iijipliea  better  to  rtOorda;  tliat  ]M>int  alfio,  aeeordiu;,' to  the 
r.  S.  Coast  Survey  ehart.s,  eorrespdii^Is  mueli  lielter,  tVnui  a  southei  ii  stand- 
lii'int,  to  the  rcriidt'  (jf  tlie  sierra  as  deserihed;  the  distaiiee  from  J't  Cunee])- 
eiiiii,  Wl  leagues,  has  to  he  eon;- iderahly  exau'.^erated  even  to  reaeli  I'ttJorda; 
01!  tin.'  return  it  i.snoted.  tliat  aliont  1.')  leai^ues  isouth  of  tlie  ea-pc  tho  ehioaeter 
of  the  coast  changed  and  settlements  began.  mIucIi  agrees  better  -with  <  ;or(hi 
than  Sur,  and  docs  not  agree  with  the  .statement  tliat  all  of  the  voyage  of  tlic 
1  lt!i  \vas  along  a  coast  uhere  the  mountains  rise  abriqitly  from  tlu;  ^^ater.  I 
think  the  eouot  from  San  Luis  to  I't  (lorda  agrees  well  enough  \M,h  tho 
'h -fiiption;  and  this  supposition  throws  some  light  on  proceedings  farther 
ninth. 

■■  '.V  la  vuelta  dc  la  tierra.'  !N'ot  'at  the  turn  of  the  luud'  as  Evans  tnui.s- 
lutes  it. 


76 


THE   DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORXIA. 


:^i!|! 


anchor  in  forty-five  fiitlionis  to  tak(>  possession,  but 
dare  not  land  on  account  of  the  high  sea.  Lying  to 
for  the  night,  on  the  18th  tliey  descend  the  coast, 
under  lofty  sno\v-cai)p{;d  mountains  so  near  that  they 
seem  about  to  fall  on  them.  The  Sierras  Nevadas, 
they  are  called,  and  a  point  passed  in  38"  45'  Cabo  de 
Nievc.  Then  they  procceil  to  Caj)e  San  ]\Iarttn,  and 
on  the  23d  arrive  at  the  old  harbor  on  Poset-ion,  or 
San  j\Iiguel  Island. 

Cabrillo  had  run  along  the  coast,  point  by  point, 
from  Cape  Pinos  to  the  island;  from  Pinos  to  vSan 
IMartin  the  coast  was  wild,  rough,  without  shelter, 
and  with  no  signs  of  iidiabitants;  but  below  Siin  ]Mar- 
tin  fifteen  leagues — possibly  for  a  distance  of  fifteen 
leagues — the  countrv  became  better  and  inJuibited. 
Many  difficulties  present  themselves  in  comiection 
with  this  northern  navigation;  but  I  am  convinced 
that  the  Bahia  de  Pirios  was  Monterey  Bay;  Cabo 
de  Pinos  the  cape  still  so  called  at  the  soutliern  end 
of  that  bay;  Cabo  de  Xievo,  or  Snowy  Capo,  the 
])rescnt  Point  Sur;  and  the  point  in  40°,  Point  Aho 
Nuevo,  Pigeon  Point,  Pillar  Pointy  or  at  most  not 
above  Point  Peycs  in  38°."'* 

'"Navarrcte  agrees  with  tliis  view,  except  that  he  does  not  identify  the 
rape  in  Hf,  and  makes  Cape  Xicve  tlio  same  as  Afio  Xuovo,  wliicli  last  cf 
eoursc  is  a  hhniilcr.  Taylor  ako  idontilicH  ^Monterey  Bay,  ni.ik.s  Point  Ivovis 
the  capo  iu  40°,  but  falls  into  great  confusion,  osjiecially  in  locating  I'oint 
Martin  ahovo  Monterey,  llerrera  makes  Point  Pinos  the  cape  in  4()'.  Ilum- 
l)o'dt,  L.tmi!  Pol.,  ',\'l'^,  thinks  the  enpcvas  Auo  Xucvo.  Venei;as,  Lorenzana, 
and  C'avo  imply  that  the  cape  was  Mendocino;  and  it  is  probable  indeed  that 
that  name  vas  givin  later  to  a  cape  t  upposed  to  be  this  one,  ;.s  \\c  shall  see. 
Finally  Evans  and  Jlensliaw  identify  the  cape  in  40"  with  I'cint  Arenas  (.'IS' 
57'),  the  Hay  of  Pinos  vrith  Bodega  15ay,  I'oint  Pinos  presumably  the  south- 
ern p.oint  of  that  bay,  and  Cape  Xieve  tlicy  ]irononnec  nniden'.iliable.  I  find 
very  little,  excc]it  the  latitudes  cited,  to  justify  the  conclusion.',  last  given,  and 
I  find  much  nyoiust  them.  I'oint  Arenas  is  not  a  wooded  point  iu  any  sense 
not  f|uite  as  applicable  to  any  of  the  points  turthcr  south.  Bodega  Bay  might 
possibly  be  called  an  (vnwvld,  incorrectlj' translated  inlet,  but  not  a  kirire 
one;  if  entered  its  peciiliar  ramifications  would  have  called  for  oth'>r  remark 
than  that  nopoi't  or  river  could  be  found;  its  .shores  were  nevi'r  covered  Mith 
jiine  ■.;  and  Point  Touiales  in  no  way  corrcijionds  to  Cabrillo 's  Point  P'iuos. 
Ju  co;;stiiig  southward  from  Bodega,  Point  Itcyes  would  certainly  have  been 
noted;  anil  assuredly  that  coast  has  no  mountains  overhanging  the  Avater. 
Evans  and  Ilenshaw  have  to  avoid  this  dillieulty  l)y  mistranslating  cosftiili  sfc 
i/'ii  tiie  'coast  they  passed  from  tliis  day;'  but  even  that  does  not  suliice,  for 
tlicri'  is  no  such  coast  for  a  long  distance.  Again,  Cabrillo  claims  to  havc! 
followed  the  coast  'pouit  by  point,'  from  Pinos  to  the  islands,  liuduig  no 


DEATH  OF  CABPJLLO.  77 

At  La  Poscsion  the  voyagers  I'cnnalnod  for  iioni'ly 
two  moiitlis,  and  they  ii-iuiiiuxl  the  island  .luaii  IJodri- 
ciicz  Croni  their  brave  eonnnandei'  Cahrillo,  v.ho  died 
there  Jainiary  3,  lo-lO.  lie  liad  had  a  fall  on  the 
i  -land  in  October,  had  made  the  northern  trip  sutlir- 
iii'4-  from  a  broken  arm,  and  from  exposure  the  injuiy 
hi'came  fatal.  ]Iis  dying  orders  were  to  push  the 
(.•\ploration  northward  at  every  hazard.  He  Avas  a 
Poitugueso  navigator  ill  the  Spanish  service,  of  whom 
nntiiing  is  known  beyond  the  skill  and  bravery  dis- 
played on  this  expedition,  and  the  fact  th.'it  his  repu- 
1. it  ion  was  believed  to  justify  his  appointment  as 
conimander.  No  traces  of  his  last  resting-])lace,  almost 
certainly  on  San  Miguel  near  Cuyler's  harbor,  have 
1)eeii  found;  and  the  drifting  sands  have  perhaps  made 
such  a  discovery  doubtful.  To  this  bold  mariner,  the 
lirst  to  discover  her  coasts,  if  to  any  one,  California 
]iia\'  with  })r()priety  erect  a  monument."'' 

On  Cabrillo's  death  Bartolome  Ferrelo,  the  Levan- 
tine piloto  mayor,  assumes  connnand;  but  the  weathei- 
does  not  permit  departure  till  the  19th.  Even  then. 
when  they  start  for  the  main  they  are  driven  to  the 
island  of  San  Salvador,  or  Santa  Cruz,""  and  finding 
no  harbor  are  forced  to  beat  al^out  the  islan<ls  in 
veering  winds  for  eight  days,  until  on  the  27th  they 

aiKlioraf,'c  iiiid  no  good  iuli;il)itt'(l  eouiitry  until  jiasfc  San  Martin.  Tliis  is  vory 
iilteiinl  wlicu  applied  to  ]jodfj,'a,  but  ti'iu;  cnougii  from  Monterey.  Tlie  traiis- 
liiturs  nvo  indeed  struck  with  this  ahsnrdity,  whieh  they  veiy  weakly  explain 
liy  siiiiiio^iiii,'  tiiat  Cabrilk)  trusted  tolas  oliser'.atiuns  in  the  storm  and  log  of 
the  ti  ip  Horiiiward.  There  seems  never  to  have  been  nuicli  doubt  among  llie 
Sp:ir.iards  aliout  the  identity  of  Cabrillo's  I'inos;  and  I  deem  it  very  unwise 
.  1  iihiiige  into  such  diliieulties  as  those  ju.-5t  niention(Ml  for  the  purpose  of  eoii- 
liimiiig  C.iliriilo's  observations  of  latitude,  which  are  known  to  have  been  very 
faulty  at  best. 

'-'T.iylor,  Di'-cor.  and  Founders,  i.  No.  1,  mentions  unsuccessful  researelirs 
by  liiiiiKrlf,  A'lniiral  Ahh  n,  and  Xidever.  In  187."),  however,  he  found  two])its 
oil  a  level  near  ( ,'uyler's  Harbor,  abf)ut  10  feet  in  diameter,  which  he  doulits 
ih't  wiU  prove  to  be  the  grave  of  C'abrillo  and  his  men.  At  any  rate  they  '  hail 
a  Very  peculiar  loi'k  I'  And  an  old  sailor  of  Santa  liarliara  told  this  jnithiu' 
that  ill  IS7'J  he  opened  a  Spanish  grave  on  .Santa  Cruz  Island,  which  had  a 
w<iode'i  head-board  on  which  could  be  deciphered  the  date  of  abi/ut  IfiliO! 

'■'•  I  suppose  this  was  not  the  San  Salvadoi-  lirst  named,  which  was  ])r(ihal)ly 
San  (!kiiieiite.  That  there  was  confusiou  in  the  statements  ivspoetiug  these 
islands  is  eci\ciin;  but  in  niy  ojiinioii  it  is  not  lessened  by  Henshaw's  theory 
tlinl  Sin  ( 'lemente  and  Santa  Catalina  were  the  islas  desiertas,  or  by  Navur- 
rcte's  that  Fericlo  at  this  time  went  to  Sua  Clemcnte. 


if? 


1" 


I-  k 


'rf: 


II 


I 


78 


THE  PISCO\ERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


M'turii  to  tlu;  old  li;ul)or.  Two  days  later  tlioy  stait 
a!4ain,  lirst  for  Sail  Lucas,  tliu  middlt)  isle,  to  icm-ovci- 
aiicliors  loft  there  and  olitaiii  water,  then  to  Port  Sar- 
(llnas  lor  other  8Up})lii'S,  and  hack  to  San  Salvador, 
A\  Iicnce  they  fhially  .sail  the  18th  of  Fehruary.  With 
a  noitli-cast  wind  thev  f(.llow  a  south-west  course  in 
quest  of  certain  islands,  which  they  sec  at  niLj'htlbll, 
six  in  number,-''  havinjjf  sailed  about  twelve  leagues. 
At  dawn  tliey  arc  ten  le-  'jfues  to  windward  of  these; 
islands.  With  a  wind  from  thow.  n.  w.,  they  stand 
oir  south-westward  for  five  days,-"  making  a  distance  of 
about  one  hundred  leagues.  Then  they  turn  their 
course  landward  on  the  22d  with  a  south-west  wind 
whicli  blows  with  iiicreasiuLj  violence  for  throe  davs 
until  at  dawn  on  Sunday,  the  25tli,  they  sight  Caju! 
I'inos,  and  anchor  at  niu'ht  on  a  bleak  coast  twenty 
lengues  to  windward  near  a  point  where  the  coast 
turns  iVoin  N.w.  to  n.  N.  w."" — tliat  is  at  Pigeon  Point, 
or  thereabout  in  37°  12'.  Ilerrera  names  it  Cabo  do 
Portunas,  or  Capo  Aclvciituro."'' 

Fr<Mn  this  point  the  narrative  furnishes  but  little 
O'round  for  anvthinuf  but  coniecturo.  There  are  no 
longer  recognizable  landmarks  but  only  course's  and 
winds  with  one  solar  observation.  The  latitude  oii 
Wednesday  the  28th  is  43°.  If  wc  go  l.>y  this  alone, 
deducting  the  two  degrees  of  excess  that  pertain  to 
all  of  this  navii>'a tor's  more  northern  latitudes,  we  have 
41°,  or  the  region  between  Humboldt  and  Trinichid 
bays,  as  Ferrelo's  position;  but  if  wc  judge  by  his 
starting-point,  and  probable  progress  as  coinj)ar(d 
with  other  parts  of  the  voyage,  it  is  more  probablo 

^'Of  course  the  iKlnmls  conM  have  hccn  no  otlicrs  than  Sail  CkMncntc, 
Santa  Ciitiilina,  Santa  lliiiliara,  San  Xicohi.i,  anil  ]legj,'3  Rouk,  with  t'ataliiKV 
a|>|icaiuig  as  two  to  make  six  ;  though  these  arc  not  south-west  of  the  noithi.  i  a 
gn)U]i. 

''"Ry  the  dates  it  couhl  not  have  hcon  ([uite  4  days. 

-"  Evans  incorrectly  says  to  the  N.w.;  and  though  the  point  is  not  identi- 
fied, it  must  i)e  tlie  Ft  Cahrillo  of  modern  maps  just  above  Ft  Arenas  accmil- 
ing  to  lleiisliaw. 

•*'  Ilerrera,  dec.  A-ii.  lib.  v.  cap.  iv.     Ho  puts  it  in  41",  that  is  1°  beyoiul 
C.  Finos,  whieli  ho  identities  with  tiie  cape  in  40^     He  gives  the  ilato  as  I'l  ' 
2(itli.    In  other  rcppeets  llcrrera's  accouii 
ha\e  been  taken  from  the  original  uurative. 


t  contains  nothing  that 


it  nut 


F::r.nRLo  in  the  xortit. 


70 


lliat  Ik-  Is  still  far  l)(.'l(»\v  Ca[M>  "Meiuloeiiio,  a  coiichisioii 
that  lias  ?;ll'''!it  coiiliniuitioii  in  the  I'act  that  the  luw- 


lativc  iiidlfati'S  iio  chaii.^^o  In  the  {^(cneral  iiortli-we'st 
Irtiid  (it'lhu  coast.  I  ajipc'iul  an  abrldj^^od  statciucnt.'" 
Diirlii'^"  till!  iili;lit  of  Fchruary  '28tli,  and  most  of  tho 
iitxt  (lav,  they  aro  driven  l»ya  soutli-west  gale  towards 
Ihc  land,  and  as  tlioy  estimate  to  latitude  44  .  ■  Tlu;y 
recoijjnize  tluir  Imminent  peril,  and  a[)pcal  to  »»uv  Lady 
of  ( !ua(laln|)e.      in   answer  to  their  cries,  a  norther 


conies  w 


hlch 


1  sends  them  lar  so 


utl 


nvan 


land 


saves  tneir 


th 


lives.  Thi^'V  imagine  they  see  signs  of  tlie  inevitable 
'great  river'  between  41°  and  43';  they  sco  Capo  Piiios 
^larcli  ud;  and  on  the  5th  are  off  the  island  of  Juan 
luidrigucz,  their  northern  wanderings  being  at  an  enil. 
Of  course  there  is  no  possibility  of  determining 
(le'initely  Ferrelo's  northern  limit.  He  thought  that 
lie  reached  44',  being  driven  by  the  gale  sixty  mil 


es 


)iyon 


4 


111  ■host  observation  iu  43^;  and  there  is  no 


I'eason  to  suspect  any  intentional  misrepresentation  in 
the  nairatlvc!,  written  either  by  Ferrelo  or  by  one  of  his 


assoc 


lat 


es. 


IJut  in  southern  California  the  latitudes 


of  this  voyage  are  about  1°  30'  too  hio'h,  increasing 
iipjai'ently  to  about  2^  farther  north;  thus  Ferrelo's 
northern  limit  was  at  uiost  42°  or  42°  30',  just  beyond 


til 


iresL'i 


it  1 


)() 


undary  ot 


Calif. 


ornia. 


Tl 


lis  1; 


>ul)st; 


Ul- 


tiallv  the  conclusion  of  both  Navarrete  and  lleiishaw.'*'* 


■"  Feb.  '2.")tli,  midnight  to  <l;nvn,  cnurse  w.  x.  \v..  -wind  s.  s.  w;  Feb.  20th, 
coiusu  N.  vr.,  v.ii.il  \v.  s.  w.  very  sti'on,'^';  Feb.  '27th,  cour.-o  W.  N'.  w.,  %vitli 
liiwi  icil  fdi'csiiil,  wind  s.  s.  w.  All  ni^ht  ran  s.  with  w.  wind  iiml  l'lJn^;h  .sea; 
Fell.  "iSih,  wind  .'^.  w.  iirid  niodenite;  liiUtudc  4.T.  In  tlic  ligli'  (•our.".o  n.  w. 
Willi  nu'.ch  labor.  Mareli  1,  a  furioun  j,'alo  fruni  the  .s.  s.  \v.,  v.ith  ii  hi;;h  se;ti 
liViiikiuL;  over  the  ,'^ln]i;  eonisc  X,  K.  towards  the  land.  Tlio  ioy,  thick,  but 
sijus  of  l.'Mid  in  the  yliapc  (if  birds,  lloatinj^  wood,  ote.,  also  indication  of 
rivi:s.  At  ;!  r.  m.  a  n.  wind  came  to  f;ave  tliem,  and  carii'd  tlu  ni  s.  all 
iii'.ht.  March  'Jd,  course  .i^.  w  ith  i-ougli  sea;  in  tiie  niglit  a  n.  \v.  and  \.  .\.  w. 
g;ik',  cor.r.~c  s.  K.  and  K.  H.  K.  March  3,  eleured  up  at  iioon;  wind  N.  W.; 
lighted  ( '.  1  inos. 

"'-llevreva  saya  they  took  an  observation  in  44°  on  March  1st.  Venegaa 
folln\v;i  hiui,  but' makes  the  ilato  March  10th. 

■"  l'erlia]!S  .Juan  I'aez  as  already  explained.  Herrera  calls  Ferrelo  I'errer. 
'I'lu'  orii.'iuid  Uf.ci!  both  the  forms  Ferrelo  and  Ferrer. 

"'  Xavarrcte  puts  it  '  4.'f'  eon  corta  dii'erencia  .segun  cl  error  de  exccso  (pic 
gcneralniente  se  notii  en  sus  latitudes;'  but  ho  himself  makes  the  iivorago 
excess  I  ;i(r,  so  that  the  limit  was  41'  110'.  Ilcnshaw  was  not,  as  he  implies, 
tile  lirst  to  note  the  uniform  excess.  He  thinks  the  soutlicru  bouudury  of 
Oregon  '  not  far  out  of  the  way.' 


80 


TlIK  PT.^COVKRV  OF  CAl.IFORXrA. 


But  if  W(!  (lisn^ufiird  ]'\'rri'l()'s  solar  obscrvailoiis  all 
otlur  cvidc'iico  to  1)0  drawn  from  llic  oiit;'iiial  iiar- 
I'ativo  points  to  a  latitudt;  much  lower  cvcii  than 
4i2',  ])ar(i<'iilarly  if,  as  I  think  I  have  shown  ocyond 
nnich  d(»uht  in  the  j)rec('din^  jiai^c^s,  the  ha}' and  jioiiiL 
of  Pinos  arc  to  bo  identiMod  v.ith  INEontcri'V.  It  is 
my  opinion  that  the  Spaniards  in  this  voyaj^o  did  not 
pass  far,  if  at  all,  hoyond  Ca^x;  JMinidociiio  in  -lO'  2(\'; 
aiid  thci'o  is  nothing  to  support  thu  hfliof  of  later 
years  that  Fcrrelo  discovered  that  cape.  It  may 
liowevei*  have  been  named  indirectly  iVouj  Cahrillo's 
snp[)ose(l  discovery;  that  is,  the  name  may  ha\'e  been 
<;iven  after  the  return  to  the  cape  in  '10'  ^vllieh  Ca- 
brillo  discovered  and  did  not  name,  though  Torque- 
mada  says  the  discovery  was  made  by  vessels  comiiiL;' 
IVom  ^Manila.  Nor  is  it  unlikely  that  ]\[anila  vessels 
noting  the  cape  in  later  years  may  have  identified  it 


^vith  Cabrill( 


d 


th 


i'dinu'b 


o 


OS  ca[)e  antl  given  tne  name  accoi 
in  honor  of  the  viceroy  jMeixloza."' 

Unal)le  l)y  rc'son  of  rouuh  Aveather  to  enter  the 
Id  port  in  the  island  of  Juan  liodrigue:-:,  on  ]March 
/jth  Ferrelo  runs  over  to  San  Salvador  M'hcrc  he  loses 
siglit  of  the  consort.  On  the  8th  ho  proceeds  to  the' 
l*uel)lo  de  Canoas,  obtaining  four  natives  and  return- 
ing  n(^xt  day.  Two  daj's  later  he  goes  down  to  San 
jMiguel,  or  San  Diego,  where  he  W'aits  six  davs  for  the 
missing  vessel,  taking  two  boys  to  be  carried  to  Mex- 
ico as  intc-i'preters.  On  the  ITtli  they  are  at  San 
Mateo,  or  Todos  Santos;  and  on  the  "JGtli  join  the 
]^itoria  at  C'edros  Island.  They  have  been  in  great 
peril    on    some  shoals   at    Cahrillo's    island;    but  l»y 


3'  T(wqiiem(i(lit,  i.  (jf).*?.  Vcncgaa,  Kof.  CaL,  i.  l.'>l-3,  RPoins  to  liavc  liciii 
the  ilrat  to  .statu  tliut  Caln'illo  (lisuovi'icd  and  iiaincil  tlio  ta]io.  l^on  iizaiia,  ii 
l.'orli'x,  Hi-t.  y.  h'spiiiid,  H'Z'i-Ci,  ami  Cavo,  'J'n.i  S/(jlof.  i.  l'M>,  make  the  same 
statement;  and  it  i-t  followed  l)y  most  later  writers.  The  early  writers,  hi>«- 
ever,  all  imply  that  the  capo  was  di.scoverod  before  Cibrillo'.s  death  and  n^t 
by  I'errelo,  doiiV>tless  identifying  it  with  the  namcle.ss  cape  in  40^  really  Aiio 
Xiievo  or  l'ij,'eon  I'oint.  Laet,  Nofii.i  0>-bi%  .30(>-7,  mak's  ('.  Fortunas  tin: 
iKiithern  limit  of  tlic  voyage;  and  Ihimey,  t'liron.  Ilixt.,  i.  220-5,  ideutilu  s 
I'ortunas  with  Mendocino,  and  is  followed  by  Crecnhow,  Or.  (unl  dil.,  02-.". 
A  ^•ery  absn  rd  theory  has  been  more  or  less  current  that  i'errelo  ga,vc  \di 
uaiiie  to  the  Farallones  of  Siin  Francisco. 


SIR  FRAXCIS  DIIAICE. 


81 


IIS  all 

iKir- 

tlian 

jyon.l 

point 

It  is 
id  not 
d'  20'; 
'  later 
'(.  may 
ji'illo's 
i>  l)oeu 
,-li  Ca- 
'orque- 
•onunL,' 
vcsstAs 
:ilic(l  it 
I'dingly 

tor  tlio 

Mnivli 

\c  loses 

to  til.) 

Ii'ctum- 

to  San 

for  the 

)  Mox- 

\t  San 

)1U    till- 

1  great 
ut  l>v 


liavc  lii'iu 

.iizana,  ii 

the  sumo 

Iters,  liDW  ■ 

111  iUlll  11' it 

Ically  Alio 
Hiiii;is  tlio 
i<lciitirn.'3 
]',(/.,  0-2-:!. 
jo  gave  Ui3 


lira  vers  and  promises  tlioy  i\ro  sa\'ed,  Tlu'V  arrixo 
;it  Xa\  idad  Ajii'd  I  Ith,  and  the  iir.st  voyage  to  .Vita 
Caliloi'iiia  is  at  an  iiid."" 

VraiK'is  Drake,  made  Sir  Francis  latter,  entered  tin; 
]\ieilie  I)}""  May  of  Cajx^  Horn  in  ITiTS,  having  in  viev 
not  only  a  raid  on  Spanish  treasure,  hut  a  leturn  hy 
tlie  long-songht  strait  ot'  Aniaii,  or,  if  tliat  eould  not 
he  found,  at  least  a  Aoyage^  round  (lie  world.  His 
plundering  cruise.;  having  heeu  most  suceosslul.  he 
.sailed  in  April  1571)  from  (Juatulco  on  the  Oajaca 
cu;ist  to  find  the  strait  that  ^vas  to  all'ord  him  a  passage 
llu'ough  t1u)  continent.    He  kept  well  out  t:)  sea;  hut 


JIL 
e\ 


J 


ho    1 


locamo  di.scoiiragt.'rl   on   account  ol  11 


rt  nie  cold,  resolved  to  ahandon  the  northern  enter- 
]irise,  ami  having  anchored  in  a  had  hay,  ])erha[)S  in 
latitude  4;r,  he  camo  down  the  ccjast  in  the  (loliJci 
jliiid  to  relit,  wdieii  a  suilahlo  ])lace  could  he  found, 
for  a  ^<>yago  round  Capo  Good  Hope  and  homo.  The 
particulars  of  his  operations  both  in  the  north  and 
south  are  fully  treated  elsewhere;  it  is  only  wiih  what 
he  did  and  saw  in  California  that 


corne( 


''■■OuC'iil.rill 


Ywoii  voy,' 


we  are  now  con- 


,  in  nddition  to  the  Movks  to  wliicli  I  liavo  hail 


fioii  t'>  refer,  seo  tlio  follow  iii;.r   none  of  which,  however,  tlirow.-i  any  adili- 


lioual  li^^'lit  on  the  siihjeet,  many  beir  ;  ]jnt  I)ii(  f  allu.s 


to  tl 


FiH'sfrr'.i  //(VJV.7.,-ltS-;);  Fi 


10  voyajie: 


,  in  Muirhdiid,  lV(/.,i.  viii.-ix.;  Mi/iitaniis 


Xhini-e  Wirn'il,  1210-11,   101;   A/.,  ymi'.  W'llt,   'J.'iT-S;  Clai'hjn-o,  S/>r.   Ctil. 
l.',i-:>;  JI!4.  .l/((;/rr.;//i',  ix.  IIS;   II  ittrhhin^''  Mf(,/.,i.  Ill;  iii.  14(1;  iv.  I  10,  ")47 


Cnl.  I'ar 


May  4,  lS:iO, 


ills,  isuj,  Ai 


11. 


(IVi 


liiid  Mi,iit/i!i/,   April  1S71,   -J!);;  Forltr.i    IHM.   CaL,  9;  Fiii'llni/x  Jjhfcfon/, 

i.  31-1;  Jji-oinic'.-<  L.  ('((/.,   1S-I!»;    Ca}>roii'n  J/iM.   ('«/.,    ll'l-_';     J)o,ii(;,ii fL'.t 

]:<-(fl.%  i,  •Jj;;:   r,-;,/,',/,  L.  Cai.,  ( 

J/iiiis'   To//.,  X)-;   Jlu/ildijijhrtll,  V<i-surh;    .Miirrai/'.i  A 

l''>nliiiii'l,  l!("j.,  '>ioiirc!'(.i,    20;    ,St  Amiml,  To'/. 

T!iilr\JIU.  11  -       ^ 


20;  (•■I'iS'iii'.i  I  list.  Cut/i.  C/i.,  i. 


!I-S(); 


i:i:i 


rs-!); 


/'(>//.(■,   iOrcjo 


M'l 


n  £. 


s,s'  Ori'ion.  Oiiesf.,  '22;  ('inii!sc's  Xi'l.  Wmllli, 


:paitOf(l,    11. 


narh(r\i  Jl!.<(.,  4,")!);  Mof, 


/■;, 


i.  !Hi- 


:i.N;  I'(i;/ii  ',m  Sh:  2[c.c.  (.Vo;/.,  Ilo'i-tia  ..'U  JJjt.,  ii.  I'X);  A't/;-'.s  ('../.   I'uij.,  ii. 
11-:  .■cud  a  l.'irge  iinmbcr  of  motlern  mentions  in  hook.-i  and  iie\v.s[)a])cr.s. 

•'■See.  //;.>■/.  Aorl/i.  ,)/< x.  St.itc-',  and  JJist.  yorl/ncc't  Const,  i.,  tlii.i  f^ei'ics, 
Jiot  oidy  for  detaili  of  Drake';)  perl'onnance.s,  but  fur  bibliographieal  inloi'iua- 
tiou  tcaiehinv;  the  ori,'.;inal  autliorities.    Of  t!ie  latter  tliero  are  only  (hrei!  that 


ii;iiT:ito  the  (Uii:)'.;s  in  Calif 
iii.  440-2;  !)riih'\t  World  1. 


Drah 


J)rub\i  lo 


oriua; 
)ico:jiii((--s(:d,  J.,i)n"lon,  1G2S; 


!'/ii/io/hi  i'oydji',  hi  ll'i/:lin/l\i  I''//. 


an< 


I  J) 


niv'i  an 


IE. 


■pfo.ifc- 


MS.     Tl 


i^cullf.i'  <ij    >ii' 


leso  are  all  repnbliished  in  the 


lirnnijKiS-'i  I,    Wlllcll 


U  tl 


le    odllloil 


Uidduyt  Society  ediiion  of  the  tVo,:'  >  J: 

lelerrLil  to  i'l  my  iiote.s.    H.irdly  a  cjllectiou  of  voyajed  or  any  knid  ol  work 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    0 


,-s 


82 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


(^11  tlio  I7tli  of  Jnno  Drake  found  a  "eoniicmcnt 
and  lit  hai'boi'ougli"  for  ]iis  ])urposo  in  latitTidc  .''8°  30'^^ 
wIktc  ho  cast  anchor  and  reuiahicd  over  a  niontli, 
until  'ridy  '2od.  ]Jo\vn  to  this  point  tlio  coast  M'as 
"l)ut  low  and  reasonahlc  plainc,"  every  hill  being  cov- 
ered v.ith  snow;  and  durinir  all  theii'  stav,  tliouHi  in 
tli(,^  hei;;'ht  of  siinnner,  the  cold  was  nippinj  as  farther 
uor'ili,  the  air  Ibr  f  )urtcen  days  being  not  clear  ei'ough 
bv  reason  of  'stinkinsx  foufu'os'  for  an  observation  of 
tlio  sun  or  stars,  ami  the  lur-clad  un.tivos  sliivcrin^' 
under  a  lee  bank.'"  After  a  few  days  the  ship  was 
brou;dit  near  the  shore  and  lightened  of  hercaru-o  for 
the  purpose  of  repairs,  tents  l)eing  erected  on  shore 

relating  to  tlic  early  history  of  Culiforniii  lias  ever  been  priblishcd  that  liaa 
not  contnincd  a  narrative  oi' a  nuiitioii  of  l)rahc'rt  voyage;  but,  pardcularly 
so  far  as  Califcrnia  is  eouccrned,  they  have  ooutaiiieil  nothing  not  ilrawn  from 
the  a:)i!rc'e;i  iiaiiiecl.  To  jioiut  out  the  many  cvicny  rcsrdtiiig  lVo:n  cari-iessness 
and  oilier  caiises  would  reijuiro  niiich  ipa^c  and  ?erve  no  ;;'0tid  jmrjiosf .  I 
shall  have  oeeaKion  to  name  a  few  v.orh.-i  in  later iioteu  of  thine'.iaptc.';  I  refer 
the  reader  t!j  the  lisfci.f  aiitlioiiLies  on  C'aliiillo'^j  voya;;e,!^iveu  in  note  .TJ,  Mhiuh 
with  i'e\ve.\ee])lionfialsodeseril)o  Drake':)  vi;;it;  arid  i  also  name  t'lefollowiiv,' 
in  addition:  An,  xviii.  11;  Bennvjer,  Col.  Voi/.,  i.  (il!, 
10;  C'rcitiiuifiiit/(il,',oiis  iif  ilUihc,  85;  Kcrr.~!  (.'ol.  \  t  y.,  x. 
XV.  !.">;  ]'!ii/.r'i-l(iu'.-<  1  0//.,  xii.  10!);  Siinimli:ii;i,  xii.  f);  I 
Trni\;    Voiiajrs,  Col.   ((.'/unrhHr.s),  viii.  4.j'J;    I'oi/ri'jr-^, 

I 't.,y«'/'>.s,  ]!iirlci:iu  ('ill.,  ii.  ■i?\;  I'oymji'n,  A'cu.^  CJ.,  id.  15;  roi/ft;,c.-!,  Aoo 
Mixci'l.  Col.,  i.  .")7;  Voi/rirjc.i,  jXnn  Uii'iv.  Cul.,  i.  2?->;  Voy  nje",  J'ist.  V< y.  ronivl 
W'l.iiil,  i.  1,  A'l;  \'iyn;/i-,  World  JJi.-</i'iiy:il,  v.  150;  IJcrroir's  l.'.fi'  Dnikc, 
"5;  Clarb'.'i  L'j'c  l:ralr,  ',V.)\  PiiiThiis  ht-i  I'^hji-'anc^,  ii.  5J;  Co'J'rlidl,  K'-in', 
U''/MUii;  !>•  ti>t,  lA'hcii,?A\;  Eii.i,  ]Vi:.-<f  ami  <M.  fril.  LiiKl;iart,\\\\;  lltonhnldt, 
M-^»u  Pol.,  317,  "iW;  Lihr,  Miir  Oiiir  iSivhaiiii)  Jlarh,  41;  McrcU'i,  FoMi  Xoi\ 
<h'l>.,  27;  /-'('',  Xni:  Orliix,  307;  A'avcii-rCr,  Iidmd.,  >;cviii.;  /./.,  ]'hiii(ti .\p6c., 
33;  Unnii  y\i  Civon.  Jilt.,  i.  350;  IjC  Mn'irr,  Sjiidylrl,  77;  I'linr,  I'.vdti  rclu'.<, 
i.  I7-;  /.'(/'■//. /.Vc/i  (c,  Xo.  cixii.  1870;  iv'.'.Vs' /.Vr/.'.-.v  ;•,  Iw.  17'.;  Ilin-t'n  Mitrh. 
J/iiii..  :  11.  ri-2'.);  Jf'i/.'i'  Si'/'aji.^,  <'ul.  Xolrfs,  in.  10;  (Jitii/!(}/',t  IrUh  ItiU', 
ltd';  X.  Aii.rr.  J.',  rl'cir,  June  US30,  132;  Cncuhon-^  Or.  c.id  Ciil.,10;  II. 
Mi-tnuu-,  ;;U;  Xlciilar.-i  Or.  Tcr.,  2-1;  <'uvn,  Trc.-t  S'lijl ,;  i.  21  !.;  Clir.-i'ii'.i  lIUl. 
('.ah.  <!i.,  i.  73,  ii.  35;  Bch'hir's  Voy.,  1.31(3;  IladUrn  Cn'a'  did  Fidih,  4; 
( 'alif'ii  ii'ii,  I'lixl,  J\ryi'iif,  5^  IVost's  Ila'/Ji  mrs,  101 ;  jlr(  li-i'iiii'ii(li'ld('U.StuU , 


1 17;  J  J  arris,  Xur.,  i, 
27;  Lrilrir/ic,  Aliriiy', 
'i.y-iyc:',  ('il.  Voy.  and 
<  'urioiin  Col.,  V.  153; 


43;  Tr. 


■,f  lli.ti.  Cd.,  17;  y/  'iiiik'  All.  Aiiirr.,  i.  00;  Miiyrr'n  Mc.r.  Az'i 


0;    I'rlijr'.*  Xoiii'. 

,,  -,  Tiiyl-.r,  in  Cul. 


I(i8;  Mi  yvr,  Xndi  di  in  Sa'\,  107;  Xormniin  Yoidli'n  lilst. 
I'oi/.,  ii.  llO;  /'oii.'n'ni,  (Juii^f.  dc  I'Ori'i/.,  2.'J;  /(/.  / '.  N 
Ihrimr,  llawh  29,  MTA;  Apiil  25,  Aug.  1.5,  22,  20,  ]yi)-2;  JV.llard's  L'i4 
L(ari:t,  113;  Dninylays'  Sinniimry,  i.  35;  i'rhuy.'^  li'n!.,  ',)",{};  Fariih'n;''s  Jli^. 
(iriiioii,  11,  21;  Cooilra-h'.i  Man  .i]ioii  Ihf  Ski.  241;  JJc'ajior.'r,  Jiciycn,  4.'7; 
L'rmi.'i'  Ptujif.  SiL,  3;  Fa'roiur'.^  Ony.  (Jiirsf.,  12,  ;'/.!:  /b/A-.s'  Ji.st.  Cul.  10,  7'.'; 
■C'a:liiy'.i  P<v.  Monthly,  2'Sl;  Soiil:'n  An.  S.  P.,  .">_';  .-dao  mo.st  of  the  recenily 
pnlili.Jied  eounty  Listorieti  of  California. 

'•'^  World  L'lifinnpasi^id,  115.  'A  fa  ire  and  pood  bny'inr,S^.  Pami'iis  Vo;i. 
'A  harhorow  for  his  iNJiip'  in  44".  Pl.-ironr.-ic,  |84. 

"'-'Tlie  exeessi\e  eold  here  i:i  mentioned  oidy  in  ilie  H'l.r,''/  /,';(.'"'://'('.<.••.  '• 
The  aiitlior'^j  ubuurd  statements  ami  explanation.'s  are  nut  worth  leproduein^' 
ill  dutuil. 


DRAKE  ON  THE  COAST, 


83 


for  the  men,  with  a  kind  of  i\>rt  for  protection.  Of 
the  I'cpairs  the  two  chief  authorities  say  nothing;  bub 
tin:  thiixl  tells  us  that  Drake's  men  "grounded  his 
sl;i[)  to  trim  her,"  and  that  tliey  set  sail  ;. ''^"r  liaving 
"graved  and  watred  theiro  ship."** 

When  the  ship  iirst  anchored  a  native  ambassador 
ajijU'oaehed  in  a  canoe  to  make  a  long  speech,  bringiiig 
tii.-i  a  tuft  of  feathers  and  a  basket  of  ilx  Ijerb  called 
ta.hd/i.'^^  AVhen  the  Englishmen  landed  the  Indians 
came  to  the  shore  in  great  numbers,  ()ut  showed  no 
hostility,  I'reely  receiving  and  givnig  presents,  nnd 
!~()(>n  came  to  rei^ard  the  strangers,  so  the  latter  be- 
lieved,  as  gods.  The  narratives  are  chiclly  filled  with 
details  of  the  cevemonies  and  sacriti"es  l)y  Avliich  they 
si'iiilied  their  submission,  even  crowning  Drake  as 
their  hiiih,  or  king.  The  men  went  for  ilie  most  ]iart 
naked,  the  women  wearing  a  loose  garment  of  bul- 
i't):;hes  with  a  deerskin  over  tlie  shoulders.  Their 
houses,  some  of  them  close  to  the  water,  were  partly 
►subterranean,  the  upper  parts  being  conical,  of  woo(b 
and  covered  with  earth.  In  details  respecting  the 
]ieople  and  their  habits  and  ceremonies  there  is  much 
exaggeration  :ind  inaccui'acv;  but  the  descriptions  iu 
a  general  way  are  applicable  enough  to  the  Central 
C'alil'orniaiis.'" 

L'efore  his  departuie  Di,;ke  made  a  journey  up  into 
tiie  land,  "  to  bo  th;^  betteracquaintjd  with  the  natunj 
ami  conunc»dities  of  tlie  country,"  v'isiting  several  vil- 
lages. "The  inland  we  found  ^o  be  fari'o  dilfennt 
I'Voni  the  shoare,  a  goodly  count  y,  and  iVuitfull  soyle, 
biored  with  manv  blessinu's  fit  for  the  vs(^  of  man: 
ni!j;;ii:e  was  the  company  of  vimt  large  and  fat  Deero 
^.ll..  li  then-  \\c  sawe  l)y  thou- nids,  as  w(>  supposed, 
in  a  I,i';ird;  besides  a  multitude  of  a,  stranger  kinde  of 
(wiirs,  by  farre  exdHMling  then)  in  nuudier:  their 
lii-'ai     and  bodies,  in  whieh  they  resemble  othei'  Ct)nies, 

"* /;;,vco/'r.sr,  1S4. 

"  <  i|-  t  (bail,  ciilk'il  by  tho  Ftimoim  I'ni/a jc,  tahacco,  Tlicy  had  also  a  tout 
e.illi  il  pet  ih  of  wlik'li  tliey  niadu  iiical  luul  liivad. 

'■See  Xalivc  Ihics,  i.  301  ct  se(^.  ' 


m 


t.iS 


m 
.^ 

% 

t: 


84 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


,.  II 


arc  ])ut  sirinll;  liis  taylo,  like  the  tayle  of  a  Hat,  ok- 
ceediiiy^  long;  and  liis  foot  like  the  pawcs  ofaAVaiit 
or  moalo;  under  liis  cliinne,  on  cither  side,  he  hath  a 
han';.;e,  into  whieh  he  gatlicreth  his  nieate,  wlim  he 
hath  iilkjd  his  belly  abroade ...  the  ])eo[)le  eate  th'.'ir 
bodies,  and  make  great  account  of  tlieir  skinnes,  for 
tliL'ir  kings  holidaie.s  coate  was  niade  of  tliein."'" 

"  This  eountiy  cnu'  Generall  named  Albion,"  or  X(>u<i 
Alhioa  acco]\liiii>'  to  the  lutnioiis  Voi/aai',  "and  that  for 
two  causes;  Ihe  one  in  res[»ect  of  the  wiiite  bancksand 
elides,  which  lie  toward  the  sea;  the  other,  t'lat  it 
might  haiu!  some  aflinity,  eiien  in  name  also,  willi  our 
own  country,  wiiieli.  was  sometime  so  called."  "There 
is  no  part  of  earth  here  to  bee  taken  up,  wherein  there 
is  not  some  speciall  likeliliood  of  gold  or  silver."" 
"  Before  we  went  from  thence,  otu'  rionerall  caiised  to 
be  sot  v[)  a  moimment  of  our  being  there,  as  also  of  her 
maii'sties  and  success(n's  I'ieht  and  title  to  that  kin;'-- 
dome;  namely,  a  plate  of  brasse,  fast  nailed  to  a  great 
and  lirmepost;  wliereon  is  engratien  her  graces  name, 
a'ld  tlie  day  a.nd  yeare  of  our  arriual  there,  and  of 
tlie  fre(j  giuing  \p  of  thc^  prouince  and  kingdome,  botli 
by  tlie  king  and  ])eo[)le,  into  her  niaiesties  liand^: 
together  with  her  highnesse  picture  and  armos,  in  a 
])iece  of  sixpence  currajit  ]']nglish  monie,  shewing 
itselfe  by  a  hole  made  of  pur[)ose  through  the  jilatc; 
vnderneatli  was  likewise  engraucai  the  name  of  our 
(icnerall,  etc.'^  The  Spaniards  ncuer  had  any  dealing, 
or  so  imicli  as  set  a  foote  in  this  countrr,  the  utmost 
of  their  dis(,'ovei'ies  reaching  onely  to  many  degrees 
Southward  of  tliis  place."  'J'hey  hnally  saih.'d  on  the 
23vl  of  Julv,'"  on  a  south-south-west  course  accord- 

■'■'  Wurld  ]Jif<>)ii/)i(K^i(l,  ];\]  2.  'Wofinuul  the  wliolo  cmintryto  lico  a  wmf- 
icn  of  ii  aU'iiDgo  kiiulo  (if  ('(niio.-i,  t!n.'ir  lioilyi^  in  liii;iR's  as  lio  tho  I'iirljiiiy 
(Jollies,  tlu.'ir  lieiuli  as  tlio  lioailn  of  oiun,  tlio  foot  of  a  Want,  and  tins  tailo  i4' 
a  la!.  l)ciii:^  uf  groat  longtli:  nnilcr  lior  ohiuuo  on  oiiiiof  sulo  a  bai^^o,'  etc. 
i'liiiioiiH  \o:iii'j'\ 

*'  J'dinoiiH  1''/,'/",'/'%  tlio  I'ost  being  fi'oin  Worl'f  A'/f^'oi^yiawrJ. 

^''Ju  this  iilaeo  Drake  .s'l  \ii)  'a  greato  p'wt  and  naylod  tliereon  a  vj'^  ,«' '' 
t'le  counlroy  people  \voor.slii[H)eil  iis  if  i.  had  liin  (lod;  also  Jieo  nayh'd  vjiih''! 
thin  jinst  a  phite  of  h'ad,  and  M'ratehod  therein  tile  t^ueoiics  Uiinic'  Dii<cijti/\'i- 

''  •  la  tho  l,it,.or  oudo  (.if  Au^-.iol.'  iJljcuitrfC,  164. 


It.iiV 


IDENTITY  OF  DllAKF/S  AXCIIORACIE. 


85 


ii>'4  fo  tlio  Discourse,  niul  "not,  {-AVVi^  ^\•it!l()ut  iliis  liai'- 
Ixiroiigh  (lid  lye  certain  Ilands  (we  called  them  tlio 
Hands  of  Saint  Joiiu's)  liauiiiL;-  on  tlieni  plentii'ull  and 
o'l'ent  store  of  Scales  and  biixls,  with  one  of  which  wa 
iell  Jtdij  24,  whereon  we  found  such  prouision  as  nii/^ht 
(■(iii'.petcntly  scnc  our  tuiMie  for  a  while.  We  dejsarled 
ii'^.iint^  ilie  day  next  followinL;',  \'va.,  Jnhj  25."  Xo 
iiioi'e  hind   vas  seen  till  they  had  crosst'd  the  Pacilic. 

It  should  be  noted  that  no  re<>ular  diarv  or  lo'j'  of 
this  vo\'aGfo  is  extant  or  is  known  to  have  ever  been 
(  xt.nit.  Of  the  three  narratives  which  I  have  cited 
one  was  perhaps  written  from  memory  by  a  companion 
of  Drahe.  The  others  are  com[)ilations  fr<»m  notes  of 
till'  chaplain,  Fletchcj-,  written  under  circumstances 
of  v.liich  we  know  but  little,  by  a  man  not  noted  f  )r 
his  veracity,  and  from  the  reminiscences  probably  ef 
ri:..  -s.  Naturallv  they  abound  in  discrcnancies  and 
i.i,.. •curacies,  as  is  sliown  still  more  cleai'ly  in  parts  not 
relatiuLC  to  California.  They  are  sufficiently  aiM-urato 
to  leave  no  room  for  reasonable  d(.)ubt  that  ],)rako 
nally  anchored  on  the  coast  in  tin;  reg'ion  indicated, 
touchin;^'  at  one  of  the  I'arallones  on  his  departure; 
but  in  respect  of  further  details  they  inspire  no  conh- 
dciicc. 

Yet  the  identity  of  Drake's  anchorau'c  is  a  mo.st 
intcicsting'  point,  and  one  that  has  caused  much  dis- 
cLis.'ion.  There  are  three  bays  not  far  a[)ai't  on  tlio 
Clint,  those  of  Bodega,  Drake,  and  San  Francisco, 
any  one  of  which  to  a  certain  extent  may  answer  the 
requirements,  and  each  of  whicli  has  had  its  advocates. 
Tin  ;r  positions  are  shown  on  (lie  annexed  majt.  The 
central  bav  under  Point  Peyes,  the  old  San  Francisco, 
IS  almost  exactly  in  latitude  "S'',  and  it  a'.;-rees  better 
llian  the  others  with  the  south-south-\\\  st  course  to 


V. 


I'ai'allon 


es   a^ 


iven   hy  one   ot 


th 


narralivc^s: 


1  ao-rees  well  enou,u'h  Vvith  the   "8 


;o' 


lie 


'/.7n'/s' 


] 


'.'/".V^'^ 


md  more  nrc 


prope 


•Iv  til 


!in   the  (ttliir 


11. ay  be  termed  a   'I'aire  ami  j^ootl  bay;'    while   ^^:   i 
]'V;:iicisco,  though  some  twenty  minutes  south  of  tlie 


ill 


i  I 


ll 


inr 


m 


)-■  f. 


I'  i! 


ir  I: 

in! 


r, 

I 


'I 


86 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


lowest  latitude  ineiitioiied,  is  a  very  luucli  more  *con- 
iieiiieiit  ]iai'l)i)roug']i'  than  either  of  the  others. 

For  luuirly  two  centuries  after  the  voyage  there 
Avas  but  slight  occasion  to  identity  Di-ake's  anchorage; 
yet  there;  can  1)0  no  doubt  tliat  it  was  to  a  certain 
extent  confounded  with  the  old  San  Francisco  men- 


,  WlIEUK   DIU   DUAKE   LaND? 

tioncd  Ity  Torquemada,  and  tliat  the  confusion  was 
^hown,  or  increased,  by  the  occasional  occurrenci;  of 
ihe  name  S.  Francisco  ])rak  for  Sir  Francis  Drake 
on  old  maps.  And  later  when  the  new  San  I'^i-ancisco 
Avas  i'ound,  iew  if  any  but  S])aniards  understood  the 
dilVerence   l)etween  the  two;"*'   and  thereibre,  as  well 

'•Cabrera  riueiin,  Nair(i<tnon  Esjicridulira,  M;uii!:i,  17^14,  iii.ilics  tin-  <lis- 
tiiR'tiiin  pcrt'i'i'Uy  cU'iir;  luit  <it'  this  work  iidtliiiiL;  Wiis  kii(i-\ii  to  the  •\vcivM 
1)1  yuiid  it;(  luurc  cxisli'iicc  till  1S74,  when  nnc  of  my  ;issistiiiit.s  in  thci  (inr- 
laud  M(ih//i/;i  gave  a  (riiii!>lalion  uf  its  eonteiits  so  fur  u.s  rehiliiig  to  this  Mih- 
jcet.  Duylo  ii!  his  rejiriiit  of  J'lilim,  yuticluit,  i.  ix.-x.,  gave  tlio  same  iu 
Bubstauce  later,  after  consulliny  my  copy. 


IDEAS  OF  THE  SPAXIAEDS. 


■ 


as  on  account  of  tlic  excellence  of  the  new  liai'l)or, 
Di'ake'.s  anclioi'agi^  was  veiy  natuially  identified  by 
most  with  the  buy  of  Sun  Francisco.  The  Spaniards, 
liowcviT,  never  accepted  this  theory,  but  were  dis- 
])oscd  fr(Mn  the  first  to  claim  for  l^ortoLl's  exjiedi- 
lion  tlie  honor  of  discovering  the  new  San  Francisco, 
and  to  restrict  Dj-ahe's  discovei'ies  to  Ijode_i;a. '^  ]t 
camiot  be  claimed,  however,  that  the  Sj)aniards  had 
any  special  facilities  for  learning  the  truUi  of  the 
matter;  n.nd  indeed  .some  of  them  seem  t;)  have  de- 
clared iu  favor  of  the  bay  vmder  l^)int  lleyes,'^  v/ldch 
lias  for  many  ye;;r.s  borne  Drake's  name  on  tlio  maps, 
thougli  a.dvoeates  of  both  the  other  bays  ha\c-  not 
been  wanting.     The  general  opinion  i:<>  modern  times 


,;i  i:. 


•iX,E. 


2ME. 


2^7  E. 


10  X 


Nuuun  All .i|i.  rtJ  .t,  1 

Dra|;.j|i:i{l.>i' lid  1379 


23sa 


f 


Map  fuo.m  Arcano  del  Makk,  KilT. 

*"  Tu  Doflnia  y  Cnuih-n,  V'l/fji'  ih'  177'.  M><..  it  is  clcMvly  .--taf  nl  that  lifi'lega 
wns  ])ral;(;'.i  l;;;y  jinil  tliiit  it  Ava.si)istinr:  Irmu  i'iili('ri'^;iii  i'raiu'isco.  Flcui-imi, 
I'lli-iiil.  Mnri'haiiil,  IVj/.,  i.  Ixxvi.  ctsi.i[.,  liy  a  I'luinlii  iiii^  I'lt'civiiuu  to  Mau- 
ri 'li\^  Joi'i-iial,  4.')  ct  Bi'([.,  idfiiaiit'il  J'xitlcj,';!  iiml  Sau  Fiaiicisfi),  making  somo 
alisiiid  cliai-i^'ca  against  thu  .Siwinianls  <>t'  having  changed  tho  nainr.  wliii-h 
chaigc.s  Xavarictc,  Iiitrod.  Si(fil ;/  Me.r.  r/a;/c.  \o\  iii.- i.\.,  ii  fult's,  at  tho  t<anio 
tiiiic  implying  Iiia  ainiroval  of  tlio  identity  of  l)rai;c'«  li.iy  and  Ijodoga.  Iluni- 
liiildt,  J:.iyii!.  I'ol.,  327,  takc.-i  the  same  view  of  tiio  Hnliju't. 

■''■'\'an('M;vor.  ViH«'i<  ^,  i.  4;!(),  in  17!>'2  nndei>tnud  tho  Spaniards  to  ho  of 
tliis  ojiininu.  Yot  <  iiinl  no  cviilencc  tliat  tliis  ojiiniou  waa  e\er  tin;  pev.iil- 
mg  one.  Tho  'Sro:ii:4i  tvtiditinn'  iu  Calil'irnia  was  very  slKjng  against  now 
S:in  F'auci.sco;  Ws  was  l»v>t  voiy  pi-nnonneod  as  lietween  ohl  San  iVaneiseo 
and  ]'.i,iU'ga,  f;i<\'oiing,  however,  th,  latter.  I'adKs  >;i<l,  Ajiiiiilwi'hn  ",  'S, 
M  liting  iu  iilxiirt  171vS\i>.'claiY»l  his  opinion  that  l)rako'.s  hay  wud  at  ilio  mouth 
of  Caiiialo  l;i\er! 


ah 


m 


i'^ 


I 


4  T^i- 


m 


I 

l'i\ 


n 
i 


88 


THE  DISCOVERY  OE  CALIFORXIA. 


lij's  1)0011  tliat  tlio  o-voat  frooljooter  <:i(l  ii(;t  ontor  San 
Francisco  Bay,  and  that  lie  probably  did  aiK'lior  at 
Drake  IJav. 

Early  maps,  it  Avould  scoiii,  should  throw  sorn"  light 
oil  this  (piostioii,  Jjut  they  tail  to  do  so.  With  tlr; 
exception  of  Vizcaino's  map, to  be  reproduced  |)resently 
and  I  a\in'j'  no  beariiiu"  on  .Drake's  voyaixo,  I  h;i\'e  iKjt 
lo'iiid  a  siiif^^le  map  of  the  California  coast  of  earlier 
date  than  ]7G9  bearin-^''  the  slig'htost  indicaticai  of 
havinij:  been  founded  on  anvtliiii!''  but  the  narratives 
still  extant  and  the  imagination  of  the  map-maker.  I 
re[irodnce  two  sections  of  maps  i'roni  the  Arrcito  del 
Marc  to  which  Halt!  attaclies  some  importance  in 
this  connection,  with  another  by  liondius  and  sup- 
posed to    re})rosent  Drake's    port   in  New  Albion.^' 


^        /"^  /^'.'/i  Don  OoajKr 

-  \    )  i^i.UcU  nuovo 

'^-^  del  JJruffU  Inijluee 


Ai:cANO  PKL  Mahf,. 


IIiiNnus'  3SIAP. 


^"  //(tie's  Earhi  Maji.^  of  America,  (tivl  a  vole  on  Rithrvt  Duildn  uvd  ilic 
Area  no  (/('!  J/arr,  Worcester,  1S74,  a  papei'  read  hefdic  the  American  Antiij. 
Soc.  ill  l'.?''.  The  iiuthor  i:j  iucliiicd  to  think  tluit  Dadli-y  IkuI  ponie  si)Ocial 
nuthoiity  ■tiiihiiown  to  ir;  for  lii.^  jiiapss  of  tliis  coar,t.  'Our  California  friciidn 
must  ]uTinit  inc  to  cay  tliatTorto  lioiiissiino  (an  inscription  for  L'rakc's  port) 
is  ft  very  Btron;;  pliraic^  for  the  fipcii  road-;;Lea(l  <i  '■.■<ir  I'ranci.s  L\.;kc';t  l!ay "' 
AM  it  iinow  understood.'  Of  tlic  peculiar  '  l)ottlc-slia;ied  loop'  of  the  lay,  it 
is  .'•aid,  'tlieliaycf  ."-'".n  Eranci-'^eo  attrr  uuuievous  r.'duciiou<  and  eopyin;;s 
Would  j'.uninio  nnu'li  tlii.-s  sliape.'  And  the  diliicully  ariain/^'  from  the  otlier 
liay  of  liice  !ihap(-  just  above  San  Erancisco  on  lioth  uiapa  i.s  thus  iu'^eniously, 
if  not  viiy  LialiHlaetorily,  exjilaiucd  away.  '  I  confess  tiiat  it  Sicenis  to  me  that 
more  t!rin  one  na\ii;atorof  thc>;-e  tinic.'^proliaMy  cntc^red  the(!olden  (late  into 
the  bay  of  Sa.u  Erancisco.  Eacli  one  rceoi'ded  hi.s  ov.n  latitude — and  these 
two  bays,  aim  ;  identical  in  appearance,  are  due  to  an  eli'ort  of  the  map- 
maker  to  iue'.iide  two  incorrect  latitudes  in  one  map'!  Hale  reproduces  ouo 
of  tlie  Arcaiio  niajis  and  aids  the  liondius  map  in  A'r'/"/^r,>'  J/inK  f/.  .S'.,  ii. 
TiTC-T.  litre  he  i -s  non-ci  nniittal  alicmt  the  idi'ulily  of  the  bay.s,  ■••.dndttiu;,' 
tlint  the  mnlicr  of  the  irotulius  map  had  no  kno\vle(l;;e  of  San  Erancisco  Eay, 
(n' indetd  of  any  other  liay  on  the  coast.  In  one  of  the  ai.'(iiments  ii;';ainst 
San  Erancisco  t!%"it  seems  to  have  most  wei^dit  with  him  he  is  however  in  error. 
'It  is  (juite  ('(rtain  that  the  S|:aniards,  who  ea;;evly  tried  to  rediscover  tiio 
port,  wiui  tlds  niap  in  their  jiossef^sion,  ilid  not  succeed  v.ntil  near  two  huu- 
drwl   \s  ar.i  after.     Long  before  they  did  discover  it  they  weie  seeking  for  it, 


IP 


Tin:  EVIDENCE  OF  MAPS. 


80 


"Willi  diK.'  ros;!L'rt  for  Ilalc's  viowfs  ;^^'  llKv^oof  ;iu  able 
and  cviasL-ioiitioLi.s  iuvcytr^ator,  T  lliul  ia  tlii'.a  iiotliiii!^ 
t'>  rluinLi'O  liiy  own  as  just  cx[)i'casud.  TIujkc  maps 
like  all  others  ivprcst 'lit  Drake's  i)Oi't  Irom  t:ie  current 
narratives  as  a  good  bay  in  about  oi;'  ol'  latitude;  all 
the  rest  is  purely  inian-inary.  For  like  roascns  I  e;ni- 
iiot  ;!"-ree  with  another  able  student  of  ( 'alilnmia 
history  v;]io  finds  pi-oof  in  the  niaji.:;  i-lvou  Iry  Halo 
that  Drake  anchored  in  Bodega  Day.  1  do  nut  object 
vcrv  strongly  to  the  conclusion,  but  I  lind  no  prooi",  or 
even  evidence  in  the  niaps."'^ 

calliii'  it  tlu'  liny  of  S;iu  I'raucisoo,  that  iianit^  proliably  liavij!^^  li'-c.i  taken 
from  110  Icii  a  s;aiit  tluui  tliu  heretic,  Sir  riaucij  D^aUc'  'lliia  ii  the  uM 
i.-ollu:;n  II  ;',h'o;'.(V/  a'h'.tkil  to.  Halo  UlK'W  uolhiir;  of  lI:o  ilisliiirlioii  l).';\vc(il 
tlio  old  ami  ii'iw  San  I'rancisco.  Tlic  Spanianla  v.-oio  f;miiliar  v.iUi  tho 
positio;)  of  the  i'ormci-aftL'r  i La  discovery  awl  iKiiaiii^'  hy  Cenuciiou  in  1.j9.">; 
Vizo:  ir.o  witd-fd  it  without  diHijulty  in  l(j;)o;  ror;;o!.i  v.-aa  appnachinr;  it  tia 
apcrl'ecLly  \.-c!l  known  laudinarli.  v.hcn  he  str.nihlud  0:1  the  nowSaii  IViiicisco 
ill  17i;;).  Thuif  ii  110  uviilcucc  tliat  tho  Spauiaidij  ever  sought  buu  Francisco 
oil  aiivoth' r  oc'jai.ion. 

i"' '[  allude  to  the  writer  of  a  revii.'W  of  Ijnjnul'x  II'sl.  U.  S.  in  tho  S.  /•' 
Jjiilldi.i,  Oct.  ."),  n.Ty,  whom  1  .suppose  to  have  been  J-lui  W.  Dwiu^ile,  and 
whose  ai"r''-ii5c:it  13  worth  (piotiry  at  some  lcn,'j'di.  After  .sono  reiii;u-k:i  on 
HoinUu;i'1'acilides  for  knowiii','  tiie  truth,  Dwiiiello  v.-ri'.e.-;:  'Tliis  map  does 
not  ajcr.raLoly  deMciilie  llidcga  Fay.  Theic  is  now  a  lon.'i;  s;;it  of  sand 
I'linuiiiT  from  the  ca.'it  at  the  foot  of  the  bay  .lud  nearly  .shnttin-;  it  up.  F)Ut 
tliat  Baud  i-pit  did  not  exist  when  l.'aptaiu  Bode;  u  di,;iiuvered  the  bay  iii  1773, 
altliu;:';i  hr.  ie;.ori.cd  his  (.i.hiion  tliat  a  bur  v.,is  f.n-;niu;(  there.  The  Idi'', 
narrow  i.dand  repreyented  on  Ilondiua'  iii.ip  of  the  bay  a.i  lying  on  the  (Mitsido 
of  tho  coaatand  parallel  to  the  bay,  really  lies  at  tlie  foot  of  (he  ]>ny,  below 
the  peuiusida;  but,  viewed  I'rom  the  point  v  le.'re  T):'ak,''.i  sldp  'a  represented 
aa  lyinu.  the  i  jhuul  appears  to  lie  out;dde  of  the  peninsula.  Drake's  ship 
passed  lliij  inland  only  twice,  nauioly,  when  he  lailed  in  a:id  when  he  sailed 
out.  Lilt  it  wa:!  in  .'^ijht  every  day  from  tlie  p'laco  where  his  shii)  h\y  during 
the  live  wre!^lh:it  ho  v.as  there,  and  from  that  point,  we  rcp^'at,  thin  island 
ajipe;;;:;  to  lr?T)Utside.  The  bay  itself,  t'lere  at  its  head,  i;ppear:j  to  1)0  twice 
;is  wide  as  it  ii  at  it:i  mouth  some  miles  below,  alth()i;;di  the  reverse  is  tho 
fact.  Unt  it  is  just  such  a  map  as  a  good  penman  ignorantof  linear  and  aerial 
perspeeuve  v.-ovdd  have  made  on  the  spot,  if  he  ha  1  a  t;'..:LC  fjr  }ien  and  ink 
iiiap.!,  .such  a3  Idaceliev,  Drake,  s  chaplain,  is  known  to  have  h;ul.  We  have 
visited  Fi>dc;rii  Fay  v.idia,  iihotographie  copy  of  lloudiuo'  niaii  of  Drake 'a 
B.-iy,  lalvcn  from  t'.iat  in  tho  Fritisli  maseuin,  but  cnlai-ged  to  the  dimension  of 
")  liy  (i  inches.  All  the  imlieatioiis  e:illcd  for  by  Drake'.;  nniT.-ilive  e.\i  ^t  tlierc. 
Tliuse  we  havemeniioiied;  al.so  the  Indian  viihi;;es;  llie  sIielM'sli;  the  seals; 
the  deeiduou.1  trets,  the  '•eoiiies"  which  honey-eonibed  tiic  soil;  the  elev.a- 
tienof  the  eoar.t,  whieh  ceimnenced  01  idi(,ut  Ih.at  l.i'.ituik';  the  wluto  saiid- 
hilis,  whieh  wi;,",'e.stcd  the  name  ol  Aliiioii.  Also  autuli'  r  indie:ition  which 
dues  not  appearin  the  map  as  eopii'd  intlie  history,  a  line  of  roe!;s  below  tho 
1>  :ie!i  at  tlie  luwi'r  H'hi-hand  w  aterdiiie,  tliUR  formiuv;  a  double  coast  line. 
V-'eh;:ve  '  i  'o^(t  tliat  F(>ilei.;!i  Fay  is  ])rak<'ii  Fay,  a..d  that  Ilondins' map 
was  fiH'nishtci  t:''1iim  by  Fletcher,  who  made  it  on  tii<!  si  ot.  Drake's  ship 
could  ;.',o  in  (lie I'o  flow  anil  anchor  ac  itsluud  in  1.')  feet  w, iter,  iCiO  feet  from 
the  slwre,  w'.icre  tin  iv  is  a  eood  .sandy  bcacli  on  wldcli  te  careen  and  repair 


I   11 

4 


3il,1 


90 


TlIK  DT^^COVEr.Y  OF  CAI.IFOIIXIA. 


Tlio  iiKiiu  ([ncstion  is,  did  Dral;o  enter  San  Frnn- 
cisito  Lji'.y  I  It  would  serve  no  good  })urp()se  to  eata- 
loL;'ue  the  modern  writers  v.dio  liave  er.poiised  one 
theory  or  tlie  other.  Able  men  like  Burney,  David- 
son, Tntlnll,  and  Sfdlnuin  have  maintained  that  Drahe 
anehored  v.ithin  the  (Jolden  Gate,  ai>'ain!st  the  con- 
trary opinions  of  otlier  able  nun  lilai  IFunibiddt, 
SouL',  i  )oyle,  iJwinelle,  and  llittell.  Sonie  luive  been 
veiy   [JosiUNe,  otliers   cautious   and   doubt ild.     ]Most 


vessels,  .-i-  '1  v.licvo  there  w;iH  an   Imliaii  villn'^c  "en  t!io   hill   filiove,"  ns 
(leuuindcil  liy  i'rakc':i  n;ui-;itive.     'J'lio  iiiiip  l'n>n»  Arccmo  del,  J/rir.  edition  of 


1047,  givt;i  at  pago  ."71  in  tlio  liistory,  i;i  our  oj) 


jre;.t!y  ^;tren^;tIlel:.^  thi.s 


view.  Dii'cetly  o]i]ior;itc  tlio  r.ioutii  of  J)Oile_;:i  J]:iy  t;i  tho  r^onth  i.s  tlio  mouth 
of  Tonial'.s  J'>:iy.  Between  tho  two  the  llio  Jvstero  Amcriea!;  >  of  tho  Spanisli 
( 'aliforni;:!!.!!  delponeh'si  into  the  oeean  ;  a  stream  whcyo  lic^l  it  almost  liare  in 
tlio  dry  !■  ^'.son,  Lut  wliieh,  iluriii^  tho  rainy  season  and  fir  fimio  time  after- 
Vard.;,  poured  into  tho  f ci  a  shallow  volunio  of  tnrliulcnt  waters,  Kuvcial 
Inindred  fci't  in  v.idth  Vv'lu  n  l)rako  vai  on  thij  cc)a:it,  tlio  v/intir  or  rainy 
season  w;;!i  imninially  protracted,  so  far  that  tho  dcciduon:!  tree,".,  v/hieli  usually 
resume  tin  ir  l(>lia;:0  in  JIareli  and  April,  had  not  done  aj  v.i  Lilo  aa  July,  and 
it  H'lill  ."nov.'ed  on  the  eoast.  Snow  on  the  eoa.:t  meaiij  rain  in  the  interior  at 
a  short  di  tancc  from  the  sea.  It  may  l>c  safely  aaiiur.itd  th::t  the  llio  i;stei'i) 
Amerieaii'j  was  tiwi'lling  full  iu  its  margin — jirol.ahly  unu -ualiy  full.  The 
"holtlo-ijliapcd"  hay  on  t'le  ri'duced  sealo  of  tho  map  {■.\:i:i  Ar(  ti.io  del  Mar 
mi,i.;lit  vre'l  re])rcRent  the  two  bays,  the  neelc  fitandisi;^  f  )r  tho  river.  Tho 
latiUiilo  i.;  preeisely  that  re:juii'ed  f(>r  Uodejra  ]':iy.  Foil  iv.-in;.;  down  tho  map, 
tlio  coast  Tuio  corresponds  v.ith  great  exaetnt'sa  v.ilh  thntf.f  t!io  modern  mans 
as  given  at  pa.;c  .^70;  (J.  (Calio)  di  San  I'ietro,  Cape  St  I'etcr,  ij  Capo  I'uiila 
do  U).i  llcycy,  t!ic  v,c.';tern  point  of  .Taek's,  or  Drake':;  hs.y  of  r.iodesn  times;  and 
(r.  (;;olfo)  di  t'an  I'ieU-o,  corresponds  exactly  to  Jack's,  or  Dralce'a  Bay,  ai  it 
ajipears  f.om  tho  sea,  and  also  CNaetly  to  its  latitude.  'Wo  aro  of  opinion 
that  this  liiap  must  ho  re.'jardcd  as  authentic,  and  iilso  tho  vijnettes  engraved 
upon  the  same  sheet.  Two  r;f  Iheso  represent  Drakes  th:p,  t'lc  PiJlfiii,  the 
first  ;is  she  kiy  strajided  on  tho  rocks  at  tho  \\■iud^^■ard  Is.lands,  and  tho  other 
as  lyinv;  at  anchor.  They  both  correspond  in  all  their  details.  Prohably  the 
drav,  ings  from  whieli  the  enTravinrf  was  executecl  v.-ero  made  from  the  ship 
itself.  Drake  returned  to  Jviglan<l  in  loSO.  lie  never  sailed  a;;ain.  The 
engravings  were  made  between  1,100  and  l(il!0.  Jlondins  was  in  l^n^dand  all 
this  time:.  If  not  r.iade  from  the  ship,  the  engraving  maj'  1)0  safely  assumed 
to  reiircsent  the  stylo  of  naval  ari'hiteeture  of  the  period.  Tho  thip  i:;  reiire- 
sented  as  broad  in  the  lieam  and  round  in  tho  bow.  Jler  burden,  Drak<  "s 
narrative  informs  us,  M\'is  100  tons.  She  was  therefoi'o  sliallov,*  and  drew  but 
little  v.'atcr.  The  ship-builders  whom  v.'c  have  consulted  infoi'm  us  that  with 
all  her  armament  she  could  not  have  drawn  more  than  from  5  to  0  feet  of 
water.  She  could  then  tore  liavi^  entered  I'olinas  Bay,  Jack's,  or  I>rake's 
(interior)  Bay,  Tomales  Bay,  Bo  lega  Bay,  lTuiid)oldt  Jiay,  ami  any  or  all  of 
the  rivers  wiiicii  Dra!:c  enccjuntered.  Mod.ei-n  navigators  and  hydrogvaphcrs 
uhoar.rie  that  Drake  must  iiavo  entered  the  Bay  ot  San  !■';■!; ucisi/o  ljecau>o 
111)  (;th(r  bay  wati  deep  enough  f(n'  tho  entry  and  repairing' of  a  niaii-of-war, 
nuist  ha\o  certainly  had  in  theii'  minds  a  moi'urn  74-gun  sh;]>,  and  not  a  little 
caravel  of  100  tons  carrying  six  feet  of  draft.'  Jtwill  In;  notiixd  t'lat  the 
vriti  r  attempts  no  <  xplauationof  the  two  bottlo-.sliap.edba.ys.  It  is  n>ore(jMr 
remarkable  that  he  i'siuld  aece[>t  Fletclier's  stutemeuty  about  tho  climate  and 
Bcason  as  even  remotely  for.nded  on  truth. 


PID  DKAKK  ENTER  SAX  FRANCISCO? 


01 


have  written  witliout  a  full  uiidc  rstau<lin[^  of  llio  dls- 
tin  *.i()U  between  the  two  San  Fi'undsros,  lAiv/  havo 
hcen  suirieiently  impressed  with  the  i'undaniontal  truth 
that  Chaplain  Fletcher  was  a  liar.  ]Jcside.5  certain 
N|)rci::l  pleading's  often  more  ingenious  than  v.-ei;,;hty, 
tlie  convineing  arguments  have  been  on  the  one  lido 
tliat  Drake  alter  a  stay  of  live  weeks  wcndd  not  havo 
called  any  other  bay  but  that  of  San  Franci; ;;,•;>  a  ^'ood 
li;uhi)i',  or  have  thanked  God  for  a  fair  wind  to  enter 
the  same;  and  on  the  other,  that,  having  entered  S;in 
Francisco,  he  would  never  have  dismissed  it  wiih  mere 
mention  as  a  good  bav.  The  former  ar!j[umcnt  i ;  le-^s 
applicable  to  Bodega  than  to  the  bay  under  Point 
iJcyes. 

The  latter  appears  to  mo  unanswerable.  It  i;^  one 
that  has  naturally  oc(,'urred  to  all,  but  I  doubt  if 
any  have  comprehended  its  full  I'orce.  It  ,";r(jws  on 
the  student  as  he  becomes  ac(juainted  with  t'.ic  spirit 
of  the  jiast  centuries  in  relation  to  maritime  ah'airs 
and  particularly  to  the  north-west  coast  of  America. 
I  treat  this  subject  full}'  clsewdiorc."  That  Drake 
and  his  men  shcjuld  have  spent  a  month  in  so  kirg'o 
and  t:o  iieculiar  a  bav  without  an  exoLjratlon  exteiid- 
in'(  thirty  er  forty  miles  into  the  interior  l)y  water; 
that  notes  should  be  written  on  the  visit  without  a 
mention  of  any  exploration,  or  of  the  great  rivc}rs 
flowing  into  the  bay,  or  of  its  great  arms;  that  Drake's 
companions  shoidd  havo  evaded  the  questions  of  such 
UKii  as  Eichard  llaldnyt,  and  have  died  without  im- 
iiarting  a  woixl  of  the  information  so  eagorlv  soughfc 
by  so  many  men,  is  indi'cd  incredible.  I'or  sailors  in 
tliosc  da\s  to  talk  of  inlets  they  had  never  seen  v.as 
coumion;  to  suppress  their  knov.dedge  of  real  inlets 
would  indeed  have  been  a  marvel.''^     Drake's  business 

•''-Sco  //ist.  X(irthii'r4  Coa-'f,  i.  chap,  ii.-iv.,  thii  fcripa, 
''Stiilniiiu  tiiys,  KicliiKj  llu-  Goldin  riacf,  IX.O:  '  ITc  ^vna  not  en  a  voyn^e 
of  disctvc'.y;  lii.j  v>:',:i  ii  luisiiKs:^  ciitcri.ritie,  .iml  ho  lind  vw  cyo  I  >  V.\\.\':  v.  t.ic. 
Wl:;it  \Vii'3  ii(,t  (^olil  ;'.!i(l  s-ilvcr  was  of  '^'iinll  censcquciii.c  to  hiia.'  V/htuco 
iici'Liipu  lii:;  ir.iimlc  dcliiils  <if  Iiulliiii  ccrniur.icy!  '  N(  r  doc;;  it  i^ccr.i  p/cUi- 
f)i!'  'S.iiX  lio  l>i:i\v  I'lo  extent  (if  tbc  li;iy  <>f  Sa:i  Francbco.  lie  'i.;il  i;  ready 
coachukil.  .  .tluit  there  could  bo  no  noithwcbt  passage. .  .and  ho  hiid  uIjuu- 


i 


u> 


y 


02 


Till'-  DISCOVr.RY  or  CALIFOUXIA. 


'St; 


|i  ■■  i  il  1: 


I' 


ill  llio  Xortli  Piuiilc  was  to  find  an  intLToecanic  pas- 
sa^-^'c;  if  lie  iibandoiK'd  tlio  ]i(»[)('  in  the  I'ai'  noi'lli,  un(> 
glancu  at  the  (Joldcn  (Jato  wuuM  have  i-cldndh'd  it; 
a  si:'lit  oi'tho  far-i\;acIiinLr  arms  within  would  li.ut"  cim- 
vinct'd  liini  that  the  strait  was  found;  San  Pnhlo  ]hy 
would  liavc  removed  the  last  doul)t  tVom  the  niip.d  d' 
everyiiicrcdulous  eonipanion;  in  Suisun  \yjyt]\r(i(i/'l( 
JJiii'l  M'ould  have  \)vv\i  well  on  her  way  througli  tli 
continent;  and  a  little  farther  the  onlyijuestion  would 
have  been  whether  to  proceed  directly  to  Newfound- 
land hy  the  Sacramento  or  to  l"'lori(la  by  the  San 
Jo;i(juin.  That  a  man  like  Fletcher,  who  found  sceptres 
and  crowns  and  kin'.''s  amoni;'  the  ('entral  (.'alifornians, 
who  found  a  s[)ecial  likelihood  of  _^'old  and  silver  where 
iiothin  >•  of  the  kind  ever  existed,  who  was  so  neai'lv 
frozen  among  the  snow-covered  Californian  hills  in 
sununcr,  should  have  called  the  anchora'jfo  under  l*oint 
lleyes,  to  say  nothm^'  of  I>od(>ga,  a  fine  harbor  woul<l 
have  been  wonderful  accuracy  and  moderation  on  his 
])ar(.  Uut  supposing  San  Francisco  Bay  to  have  bet.'U 
the  subject  of  his  description,  let  the  reader  imagine 
the  result.  The  continent  is  lujt  broad  enou'^li  1o 
contam  the  complication  of  channels  he  would  have 
described. 

Proof  of  the  most  positive  nature,  more  definite  than 
tli(^  vague  narratives  in  question  could  be  expected 
reasonably  to  yield,  is  I'equired  to  overthrow  the  pre- 
sumption that  Drake  did  not  enter  San  Francisco 
Bay.  This  proof  Stillman,  who  has  made  hinisclf  ia 
these  later  years  champion  of  the  cause/''  believes 
himself  to  have  found.  First,  he  declai'es,  and  forti- 
fies his  position  with  the  testimony  of  a  coast-survey 
f)fHcial  and  otlier  naviixators,  that  Drake  could  net 


-'l 


tlcncd  the  hope.'  And  Tuthill,  [[!■•(!.  Cal..  24:  '  Tlicy  did  not  ^n  into  ecstasies 
iiliont  tlio  liiiihor.  Tliuy  wctc  not  Iiiiuting  li:irliors,  Lut  fortune.';  in  conipiu't 
form.  Ifiirbors,  so  pi-cfion.s  to  tlio  Spiinirirds,  who  had  a  commerce  i:i  tlie 
Piiciilu  to  1)0  protected,  wei'o  of  binall  account  to  roving  Engliohmeu.'  These 
aro  evasions  of  the  issue,  or  the  statements  of  men  not  acquiiintcd  witli  the 
maritime  spirit  of  the  time. 

'•>'  .'■:f:il»i(iii'ii  Foot/iriii/.i  ill  CaUfornia  of  Earhj  KctrigatcrK,  hi  Id.;  Sedln'j 
tin:  Gulden  Ihcvc,  -"So  et  tcq. ;  Id.,  in  Occduiid  Month! ij,  i.  'oo2. 


STILLMAX'.s  TIIEOniES. 


03 


l!;i\'(^  «jfr;iV(.'!l  Ills  vessel  in  (liu  Itay  ili:it  bears  liis  iiaiiio 
without  till'  certainty  ol' destruction.  Xavi^'ators  with 
whom  I  liave  conversed  ai'e  soniewliat  less  ])osili\e 
en  the  subject,  sinijily  stutiujjf  that  t]i(>  heacliinj^-  of 
a  Vessel  thei'e  would  he  ^■entu^esoln(%  and  ii  wise 
captain  would  if  possiUc  avoid  it.  ]t  is  not  at  all 
uncununon  at  many  places  on  tin;  coast  for  vi'ssi  Is  to 
lie  heaclied  in  ii  storm,  and  sal'ely  released  1)\'  tlie  hv'li 
tide.  Stillman  and  his  witnessey  imitly  tliat  ])rak(.!'s 
shi[i  was  ^a'ountled  to  bo  repairt'd  and  graved,  but 
only  ono  of  tlie  narratives,  and  that  tlie  least  reliable, 
contains  such  a  stntement;  tliu  others  simply  mention 
a  leak  to  bo  stop[)od,  perhaps  not  far  below  the  water- 
line,  a!id  I  am  sure  that  small  vossels  upon  this  coast 
have  1)een  often  careened  and  m-aved  without  beini>' 
bearjied  at  all.  The  coast  survev  chai'ts  declare  the 
harb(.'r  to  ])o  a  secure  ono  exce[)t  in  south-east  gales. 
There  is  an  interior  bav,  communicatin'j;'  with  tlie' 
oufer  by  ii  passag(!  now  somewhat  obstructed  liy  a 
hai',  which  possibly  now,  and  very  pi'obably  in  l,")"'.), 
would  afl'orvl  ].)rake',s  snia.ll  ship  a  safe  anchorage. 
And  finally  tins  objection  would  lose  it ;  force  if  r;p- 
])lied  to  ]>odega  instead  of  ])rake  Bay.  Thus  we  tlnd 
in  this  argument  notliing  of  the  positive  character 
wliicli  alone  could  make  it  valiil. 

T!ie  other  argument  urged  is  that  rietclicr's  'conies' 
were  gi'ound-squirrels  and  that  these  animals  never 
existed  in  the  region  of  Drake  JJa}'.  It  must  bo 
admitted  that  the  description  in  several  respects  tits 
the  ground-squirrel  better  than  the  goplier  or 


aiiN 


oiiK'rannna 


loftl 


ns  region: 


but 


1  \-ery  accm 


ate  d 


escni)- 


tiiiii  of  anything  would  bo  out  of  place,  and  certainly 
!-<  not  found,  in  these  narratives;   the'  'conies'— litei'- 


abbit 


s — were  s(!en  on  a  tiio  ui)  into  the  count;'\ 


ion 


ar  we  do 


not  k 


now 


i   "1' 
and  no  verv  satisf 


\\U[ 


1 


iroi  > 


]>  presented  that  ground-s(|uiri>ds  never  ireijUe'iiied 
llie  region  of  eitln-r  ])rak(.'  Vkx}'  or  l^odega.  'J'liere- 
lore  whatever  wi'ight  might  be  given  to  SLillmaii's 
arguments  as  auainst  bimikir  ar<>'umeuts  on  the  other 


1 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  {MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


**  IIIIIM  IllM 


112 


m 

|J0 


1.4 


111 


2.2 


1.6 


^ 


<^ 


/}. 


7 


<p. 


^>         :>' 


y 


/^ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


J 


^ 


^ 


,\ 


\\ 


«^ 


<>^  \ 


o^ 


r^^^ 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


<^^4£'x 


Ua 


■**■. 


i 


94 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  C.VLIFORXIA. 


side  (li'awu  fioia  the  faulty  descriptions  available, 
they  arc  in  niyo})inion  entitled  to  very  little  consider- 
ation as  agaiiist  the  overwhelming  and  irresistible  ])re- 
suniptinu  noted  that  Drake  could  not  have  entered 
San  Fi'aneisco  Bay.''^ 

Ijetween  Drake  Bay  and  Bodega  I  have  no  decided 
ojiiiiiun  to  cxj)ress.  I  find  no  foundation  for  such  au 
opinion.  It  is  not  probable  that  there  will  ever  be 
any  ineaiis  of  ascertaining  the  truth.  Drake's  post 
and  plale  were  doubtless  moved  from  their  original 
Hiic  at  an  early  date.  If  my  supposition  that  Ca- 
brillo  dill  not  pass  Cape  Mendocino  is  correct,  then  the 
Iv.igllsli  navigator  may  perhaps  be  entithnl  to  the 
honor  of  having  discovered  a  portion  of  the  California 
coast  aI)ove  that  point;  yet  it  is  by  no  means  certain 
that  he  crossed  the  parallel  of  42°.^° 

The  Pliilippinc  ships  from  1505  followed  a  northern 
route  in  rot'^vning  across  the  Pacific  to  Acapulco;  but 
of  tlic;-o  trips  we  have  for  the  most  part  no  records. 
Th'-'ir  ij!i;tiUctions  were  to  keep  as  to  the  line 

of  .'jO"  ar5  possible,  and  to  go  no  fan ,  r  north  than 
wa.'i  necessary  to  get  a  wind.  It  is  probable  that, 
while  ihey  oi'tcn  reached  latitude  37°,  or  higher,  they 
rai'cly  ;  i;>lited  the  coast  of  Upper  California,  on  ac- 
count of  turning  to  the  south  as  soon  as  they  found 
sea-weeds  or  other  indications  that  land  was  near. 
Tlu>  lovrer  end  of  the  peninsula  was  generally  the  Ih'st 
land  nc>en  in  these  early  years. 

In  ]  r>ol,  however,  Francisco  Gali,  commanding  one 
of  these  ^>hips  returning  from  Macao  by  way  of  Japan, 
sailed  (Vom  that  island  east  and  cast  by  north  about 
three  liundred  lea^'ues  until  he  struck  the  gfreat  oce- 

■•■''Stillnrn'a  reference  to  the  Spanish  map  puMishcd  1)y  Anson,  which  I 
rcproih'.cu  Luer,  should  l)c  noticed.  It  certainly  gives  a  peculiar  form  to  i.ic 
ba  ,■  under  i'<^iiil.  Keycs;  liut  it  has  no  bearing  on  Drake's  voyage.  It  Kiiiiply 
Bhuv,;)  tl:;!t  tlio  <irauglit.snifm  failed  to  get  a  correct  idea  of  the  port  from  the 
tcxLof  \i.:taino  r.nd  Cabrera  Ihieno. 

'''Cn  the  rcyort  ( f  one  of  ] hake's  men  Iiaving  been  landed  in  California, 
and  hr.vii!;;  j;  iie  to  Mexico  nvcrhmd,  a  I'cport  not  founded  on  fact,  see  Hint, 
2^ijiihucU  djuat,  i.  GO-1,  thid  series. 


TOY  AG  K  OF  FRANCISCO  DE  GALl. 


05 


niii("  current,  Avliicli  carried  liim  some  seven  liuiulred 
]t,'ague.s  to  witliin  two  hundred  lea^'ues  oC  the  Ameri- 
can coast.  Tlien,  "beinu;'  hy  the  same  courso  up^n  the 
coast  of  Xew  Spain,  under  07'  UO',  we  i)assod  hy  a 
very  hii^h  and  fair  land  with  many  trees,  wholly  with- 
(>ut  snow,  and  four  leagues  from  the  land  you  iind 
thereahiMit  UKMiy  drifts  of  roots,  leaves  of  trees,  j  'ods, 
anil  otlier  leaves  like  fig-leaves,  the  lilce  when^of  we 
found  in  great  abundance  in  the  countiy  of  Japan, 
which  tliey  eat;  and  some  of  those  that  v.'o  found,  I 
caused  to  he  sodden  with  tlesh,  and  being  sod(^en,  they 
cat  like  colev/oits;  there  likewise  we  f(jund  great  store 
ol'  seals;  v.hcruhy  it  is  to  be  presumed  and  cciT.iinly 
to  be  believed,  that  there  are  many  riwrs,  bays,  and 
havens  along  by  those  coasts  to  the  haven  of  xVca- 
pulco,  ]''rom  thence  we  ran  south-cast,  south-east 
and  by  south,  and  south-east  and  by  cast,  as  we  found 
the  wind,  to  tlie  point  called  Cabo  de  8nn  J^i'cas,  which 
is  the  beginning  of  the  land  of  Calilbi-nia,  on  the 
north-west  side,  lying  under  22°,  bciiiuf  iive  huiulrerl 
leagues  distant  irom  Cape  Mendocino."  This  is  all 
that  ( lali's  narrative  contains  respecting  the  California 
coast."''' 

(hdi'.s  seems  to  be  the  first  mention  of  Cape  ]\Ien- 
(lociuo,  though  it  is  iU)t  implied  that  the  name  was 
given  l>y  li;:.i,  as  nevertheless  it  may  havo  been.  Wo 
have  s;'eii  thr.t  the  name  was  not,  as  has  beengt'nernlly 
believed,  a]);;lied  by  Cabrillo  or  l^'cM-relo  in  l.')42-;); 
and  j'orquemada's  statemeJit  has  been  noted  to  the 
elieet  t'lat  the  cape  was  discovered  by  the  Manila 
ship,;,  it  i:!  p')ssiblo  that  it  had  been  thus  discovered 
in  ail  unrecorded  vo3'agc  preceding  t!i;it  of  (^ali;  but 
it  is  (juite  as  likely  that  the  name  was  giv(n  in  .Mexico, 

'•"  Tlii )  ii-irrntlvo  w.as  trnnplatcd  into  Dutch  and  iniI)lislK(l  l>y  Ij'nscliotcn  in 
lii-i  f:'iiii);i:i  !i!i(l  (.it-roprintcil  ll.iicrarioiA  I.'IM!.  I'loin  tlii.i  i  inucc  ;in  I,!n;;li.sli 
tniiislaiiiii  ii  ;;iv(.n  in  /hiLlKi/l's  l'">/.,  iii.-4-l"2-7.  A  l)lmiik'r  i:i  a  rniitli  tiiina- 
l.nioii  1  y  wl'.icii  r,7  '  '.VS  m;h  K\ili.-.titatcil  I'nr  'A''  lUt'liiis  caiiKcil  a  l"AtiUi.<i.s  ini- 
piiitiiiico  to  1)0  uttiiclieil  to  thu  voyage,  not  liowi^vcr  alliitiii;^  ( 'tliuiniia.  Slo 
J!iirii,ii\  Cin-'iti.  I/inf.,  ii.  "iS-OI;  v,  ](i;5-4;  Xur^irnfc,  li.livil  ,  Si>l  / ;/  Mi.r., 
xi'lxi.-ix.:  /(/.  I/rf'/is  .l/zoV.,  4'J-;>;  'J'wi-s'  Or.  <Jiii.iioii,  'iSA',\l;  aiii' iiiuitiou  in 
niaiiy  of  tlio  \voiU.s  cited  on  the  \oyages of  Cabrillo,  Drake,  and  S'i.'cuiuo. 


00 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


of  course  in  lionor  of  tlic  viceroy  !^^('luloza,  to  a  point 
discovered  but  not  named  by  Cabrill<». 

Tlic  fonrtli  voyaj^o  of  Californian  annal::i  ^vas  like 
tlie  third  one  from  the  i'ar  west.  The  ])I!()t()  Sebastian 
]u)(hii;iiez  de  Cernieuon  in  charge  of  t!i<;  San  A'jiistin 
coming  from  the  Philii>pines  in  inDT),  wns  ordered  by 
(Jo\ernor  (iloiiie/  Perez  das  Marinas,  in  accor(1an(;e 
M'ifli  roval  instructions  tlu'ouujh  A^ici'rov  ^'el;l^i(•o,  to 
mal^e  some  ex])loi'aiions  on  the  coast,  doiil/th'ss  with 
a  view  to  fnid  a  suitable  station  i'ur  the  ^Manila  sliips. 
Of  Cermenou's  adventures  ve  know  on!y  lli;i(.  his 
vessel  ran  ii^n-ound  on  a  leo  shore'"'*  behind  vhat  v/as 
Inter  called  i^olnt  lieyi-s,  hjaving  on  i]\<.i  land  a  larger 
(piantity  of  wax  and  silk  in  boxis.  It  Is  possible  that 
tlie  Siiii  .I'juyf/'n  was  accomj)anu'd  by  another  vessel 
on  whlcli  the  olRcer.s  and  men  escaped;  but  mu(  h  more 
probable  I  think  that  the  expression  'was  lost'  in  the 
record  is  an  error,  and  that  the  ship  escaped  v,  i(li  a 
loss  of  her  cargo.  One  of  tlie  men,  Fratidsco  ]  Jolailos, 
was  pUoto  )it(i;joi',  or  sailing-mastor,  under  Vhccaino  in 
IGOo,  when  lie  anchored  in  the  s;une  port  to  see  if 
any  trace  of  the  cargo  remained,  but  witlord.  lar.(h*ng. 
The  statemi.'ut  of  I'olanos  as  re[iorte.l  inddeutally  in 
the  narrative  of  A'izcaino's  voya-'V  by  Ascension  and 
Toi'(|Uema(!a  is,  so  I'ar  as  1  can  learn,  the  only  reconl 
extant  of  this  vovaiiv."^ 

•'"  'So  jH'Vilic'i,  y  <li<'i  :i  laconta  cnn  vn  viciito  t^avc.^ia.'  'Quu  en  nquci  pucrto 
nvia  (l;i(l)  a  laCmia  el  r.no  ilo  I,V.)5.' 

""  Tdii/ni  null  i,  Mitumij.  luil.,  i.  TlT-r*^.  'En  lao-ta  I'ccoiiocinioaclpucrto 
tl,!  S;m  l'i:'.ui.i.fii,  iicliiiidc!  til  ticiupiM  pahUldoH  to  ifiHiin  r.iiii  u;')  tlj  i'liiiijKjuu 
\t'iiia  con  nnkn  lU"  dt'scnljiir  cr.ta  conia,  y  civo  «inc  luiy  <li;i.  Iw.y  niuclia  cera  y 
losa/a  |li«;;'rj  ijiu!  cl  ),avio  traia.'  Auri  iisimi,  Hihir'tan,  o.iiS.  'llcio  WiiH  wlioiu 
the  sl.ip  .S'.  Aij:;.;liii  Y,;';i  lo;  t  iu  t!i(!  ycir  l.")!)."i,  ('(iniiiiT  to  nr\Lo  (lisci)V(."ics, 
fiml  the  i\uu;o  of  her  lic'in,%'  lost  \Vii:i  rather  tho  fault  of  him  who  islocrcil  ihiai 
^i|■(.•^;.s  of  wcai-Iar.'  d'hr' rii  liiniio,  Xarnjarniii,  o^'X  \'(  ii:'_;aM,  A'o' V.'d,  i. 
\.<\,  say:4  'till',  vicinvy  V<j!ascn,  ih  sii'oiM<if  iiial.iiig  a  f  tatio  i  I'lu-  i'l.'  rh:!i[>iiiiio 
fillips  on  tho  oi'.tur  coast,  tent  a  nliip  callcil  tiuii  A'jiix'/,!,  \\liit!i  [ioou  icaiini  il 
\\  itiioat  a  11 V results.'  ^\nil  l,oriii;aiia,  in  <  oc/'.s',  ///.•'.  ,V.  /,'-;/., I) Jli.  A!  o,  i'loin 
Toiiiiu  iiiada,  S(i/irrrii,i,  I'l'ac.,  'JO;  Xul,  Ajiiiiit,  74;  and  Xarnrritf,  I,  IroiL, 
hi.-  vii.     It  di/c:j  i.nt  dearly  aj  jicar  that  any  of  tluiH,'  writcia  i  :uv  anyiliing  in 


dditi 


T,  MS. 


to  tin;  st.iLcnii'nt  i:i  Tov.jilL'iuada.     In  /.'  diy  • 


■Irn,   I  .';/'' 


It 


lid  tl.at  Ccnnefioii  was  wrecked  in  a  lontli-c,  t  \vi;i 


1 


couUl  not  lia\  o  hccii  at  Doi'i'^ja  or  the  new  San  1  raiiciaco.    Where  tliia  iufor- 
luution  wau  obtauicd  docs  not  appear. 


h 


CER:kIE?sON'S  SHIPWRECK. 


07 


()  .1  point 


was  liko 
Sebastian 
n  A'justin 
•cloved  by 
['(•()i'(lan<;o 
elasco,  to 
tloss  with 
lila  si  lips. 

lliat,  his 
V,  luit  was 
(1  a  larg-o 
siblo  that 
[k'V  vessel 
null  more 
)st'  in  tho 
e;l  with  a 

IJolanos, 
i/caino  in 

1<)  sec  if 

,  lar.dinj^. 
it  ally  in 

isiou  and 

ly  I'eeord 

lii^r.cl  pucrlo 

liioriclpucrti) 
y..\ «  lihiii  iiuu 
Itiuclia  cc'i'ii  y 
|i!  \v;iH  wIr'iu 
«lisi-!jvc;vi<'s, 
U'l'icd  tliiiil 
A'(/.'  (.'((,  i. 
■  rhiiipi.iii'^ 

A!  o,  iioiii 

r  tr,  J,  trail., 

|iaiy;liiiiy;  in 

l•(^  r;  •;/«■  (''■■ 

l\vi:i  1,  !'.H    111' 

|e  lliia  iul'or- 


Tt  is  somewhat  reinarkablo  that  no  additional  lit^ht 
has  ever  been  thi'own  on  this  voyage;  bnt,  slight  as 
is  tlio  I'ecord,  there  is  no  good  reason  to  (juestion  its 
accuracy,  es{)ccially  as  no  grand  and  impossible  discov- 
eries of  interoceanic  channels  arc  involved.  There 
can  be  veiy  little  doubt  that  Cernienon  named  the 
port  of  his  disaster  San  Francisco,  perhaps  i'roni  the 
(lay  of  his  arrival.  There  is  ncjthing  to  support  the 
\  icw  sometimes  expressed  that  he  came  in  search  of 
a  San  Francisco  Bav,  or  of  the  i)ort  discovered  bv 
])rala;;  though  it  is  not  unlikely  that  rumors  (;f 
J)rake's  fine  bay  had  an  inlluence  with  other  motives 
ill  promoting  this  exploration.  That  the  Spaniards, 
now  or  at  any  other  time,  founded  the  name  of  San 
Francisco  on  that  of  Sir  Francis,  the  English  free- 
booter, is  so  improbable  as  to  merit  no  consideration; 
but  it  is  certain  that  subsequently  foreign  writers  and 
map-makers  confounded  tho  names  to  some  extent,  as 
was  natural  enough.  That  Vizcaino,  Cabrera  Ikieno, 
and  otlier  Spaniards  of  the  early  times  mistook  tho 
identity  of  Ccrnienon's  bay  is  hardly  ])ossible.  The 
tiiiiely  circulation  of  a  paragraph  from  Cabrera 
]>ii«'no's  work  of  1732  and  another  from  Crespi's 
(liarv  of  17G9  would  have  well  nigh  removed  all  dith- 
( ulties  in  this  matter,  which  has  proved  so  puzzling 
to  the  annalists. 

Sebastian  Vizcaino,  commanding  a  Spanish  ex]ilor- 
iiig  ilect  of  three  vessels,  anchored  in  San  ]3iego  Bay 
on  Xovember  10,  1G03.  He  had  sailed  from  Acapul<'<» 
ill  ^Tay  of  tho  preceding  year,  with  a  force  of  neaily 
Iwo  hundred  men  including  throe  Carmelite  friars. 
His  special  mission,  in  addition  to  that  of  general  ex- 
jiloiation  and  tho  over  potent  purpose  of  iinding  an 
interoceanic  strait,  was  to  find  a  suitable  port  for  the 
i'liilippino  ships.  Details  of  his  expedition  to  the 
(late  mentioned  and  of  his  explorations  along  the  outer 
coast  of  the  peninsula  have  been  presented  in  another 
part  of  this  work.     It  is  only  with  his  experience  on 

UibT.  Cal.,  Vol.  1.    7 


08 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


the  coast  of  upper  California  that  we  are  now  con- 
cerned.'"' 

It  liad  l)oon  sixty  years  since  Cabrillo  had  visited 
this  bay  and  named  it  San  Miufucl;  but  liere  as  else- 
where on  the  Californian  coast  Vizcaino  pays  no  heed 
to  the  discoveries  of  his  predecessor;  giving  indeed  no 
indication  that  they  were  known  to  him.  The  name 
was  now  given  doubtless  with  reference  to  that  of  the 
ilag-ship,  and  also  to  the  day  of  San  Diego  de  Alcahi 
occurring  on  the  12th  of  November.  A  juirty  landed 
to  explore,  climbed  to  the  summit  of  the  hills  on  the 
northern  peninsula,  had  a  view  of  the  grand  harbor 
and  a  glimjjso  of  the  False  Bay,  found  plenty  of  wood, 
and  came  bach  to  report.  The  general  decided  to  clean 
and  pay  his  ship,  and  to  t)btain  a  supply  of  wood  and 
water.  A  tent  church  for  the  friars  was  pitched 
somewhere  on  the  western  shore  between  what  are 
now  La  Plava  and  Point  Loma.i  Wells  were  divj;  on 
the  oppofsite  sand  issland,  or  })eninsula,  and  the  work  of 

''"  Ifiif.  Xarlh  Mcr.  Statc/<,  this  sorica.  TIic  vessels  were  tlic  ila'j-sliip,  uv 
capitana,  Sim  hh-iji),  on  ^vllR•ll  sailed  Vizcaino  as  captaiu-'jencral;  the  tianto 
Ti^max,  mulji-  Toriliio  (ioiiicz  do  Corvan  as  admiral;  an<l  the  Tre-i  Hci/cs  under 
Aifercz  M;irtiu  A'^'iiilar  ami  the  jiiloto  Antonio  Tlores.  Other  odieers  were 
Captain  Aliinso  I'lstrvan  I'eu'iicro,  Captain  Caspar  Alarcon,  Captain  (Jerc'i- 
iiiini)  Martin  l'alaeii>3,  cosnio,!,'raj)licr;  AllY'rcces  Juan  Francisco  Suriano, 
Sebastian  Melendez,  and  .Juan  tie  Acevcdo  Tejeda;  pilotos  Francisco  Bolafios, 
]5altasar  ilo  Armas,  and  dnan  I'aseual;  sergeants  Mi;j;nel  Lcgar  and  .Inan 
Castillo  llueno;  and  corporals  Estevan  Lopez  and  Francisco  Vitlal.  The 
friars  vero  Andres  do  la  Asuncion,  'I'onias  dc  Arpiino,  and  Antonio  do 
l:i  Ascension,  the  first  servin;^  as  C'lmixdrio  and  the  latter  as  ehronich  r 
and  assistant  eosniograjiher  and  niap-niaker.  The  standard  and  original 
authorities  are  I'adre  Ascension's  account,  ]ierhaps  but  little  chting((l  I'roni 
the  original  diary,  in  Ton/ni  iintila,  i.  (i;)4-7-l);  the  same  author's  Iichir'n,,!, 
Jlirvr,  i)',','.)  74,  written  in  IG20,  and  adding  iKjt  much  of  iniportaneo  to  ti;o 
oilier;  Salinirmi,  J,'i  frtrioum,  It-'Jl,  the  author  of  wlneh  was  personally 
aeijuainteil  with  Ascension  and  other  ciMUjianionsof  Vizcaino;  C'abri  ra  Jini'iio. 
Ann  iiucioii,  .'iOJ-lli,  which  contains  a  derrotero  of  the  coast  from  (,'apc  Men- 
docino south,  drawn  from  Vizcaino's  log  and  charts;  I'diitjn-i.  A^/^,  i.  lli.'l- 
'2>\;  iii.  •JJ-I.'!;)  and  Xantrnfc,  Siif't  1/  J/c.r.  ix.-xviii.,  the  autiior  of  whi>  h 
saw  in  the  Spanish  archives  eei'titicil  copies  of  all  the  ]iapcr3  relating  to  the 
evpeilition,  including  ."(•J  niajis,  a  small  reduction  from  which  comliined  in  one 
lie  ]inl)lished  in  his  atlas.  This  map,  which  1  repi'oducc,  was  also  ]jul)lishid 
in  JliiriK  i/\i  <  'linm.  J/1.4.,  ii.  •Jlid-.")!).  It  is  very  much  to  bo  regretted  that  tin 
narratives  and  niajis  of  this  voyage  have  never  been  published,  and  tiiat  \a\  - 
arreto  has  niadt!  so  inadcfpuite  a  use  of  them.  For  accounts  of  the  voyage 
adding  nothing  to  information  derived  from  those  mentioned  I  refer  tlie 
reader  to  the  account  in  an  earlier  volume  of  my  work;  it  may  be  aMed  that 
very  many  of  the  works  cited  in  this  chapter  on  the  voyages  of  Cabrillo  and 
Drake  contain  also  a  mention  of  Vizcaino. 


VIZCAINOS   EXrEDITIOX, 


99 


icntting  wont  on,  tliouji^li  iiiany  were  sick  Avitli  tlic 
.scurvy  of  which  some  had  already  died.  Indians 
;i''iiicd  with  hows  and  arrows  soon  appeai'cd  on  the 
licach  hut  were  neither  liostilc  nor  very  timid,  gladly 
consenting  to  an  interchange  of  gifts.  They  were 
understood  to  say  hy  signs  that  other  bearded  mm 
]i!<(^  the  Spaniards  wei'e  in  the  interior.  All  were  dc- 
li-litcd  with  the  port  and  its  surroundings.  Vizcaino 
with  Fray  Antonio  and  an  escort  made  an  expeditit)n 
oil  land,  how  extensive  or  in  what  (hivction  wo  may 
not  know,  but  probably  including  the  eastern  shores. 
Alter  a  stay  of  ten  days,  tluy  set  sail  on  tho  'JOtli  of 
Xi)vembcr."^  The  islands  known  as  Los  Coronados 
v.cre  noted  and  named  by  Vizcaino;  and  Cabrei-a 
]iueno,  giving  a  full  descri[)tion  of  the  port  which  lie 
})uts  in  latitude  34°,  names  also  the  Punta  de  (iuijar- 
]<)s,  that  is  the  point  of  cobble-stones,  or  ballast.^' 

\  voyaije  of  ei'j'ht  days  against  a  north-west  wind, 
thi'  7)-('s  JiCijcs  hugging  the  coast  and  the  others  keej)- 
iii''-  farther  out,  brouu'ht  them  to  an  anchoraLjc  at  the 
island  which  from  the  day  they  named  Santa  Cata- 
hua,  siLjlitiuii  another  laru'o  island  in  the  soutli-wesL 
named  San  Clcmente.'^'  3>efore  arrivincr  here  thev 
had  gone  to  a  bight  on  the  main,  where  smoke  and 
j^reen  vegetation  were  seen,  but  there  seemed  to  be 
no  protection  from  the  winds.  This  was  prol)ably 
the  bay  they  called  San  Pedro,'^*  a  name  .still  retained. 


'''The  narratives  enter  somewhat  into  descriptive  details  for  wliicli  I  Iim-.o 
nusjiiice.  Says  Ascciisinn:  'la  tlio  .sail;'!;,  of  the  1h;u'!i  tlnn.,' \va!<a;^ri'at  ijiiaii- 
ti;y  i.f  iiiarcasitc,  golJcii  (doraila)  .-.nd  spon/y,  which  is  .a  cluar  s^iirn  that  i  i 
th.'  iiuimitaiiri  round  the  jiort  tl'.erc  nrv  j/old-inincs,  hoc-ausr  tlio  umums  whvi 
it  I'liiiii  l.rijiL;  it  from  the  mountain;.'  'J'hiy  also  found  in  tl;o  s.ind  nia.sses  if 
a  ,"niyli ;'ht  suhstanco  like  dried  ox-dnncr,  whi'.-h  itwas  thought  mi^'Iit  l:o  am- 
1"  r.  S'  int!  vei-y  heavy  l>luo  stones  with  which  powderccl  and  mixed  in  waf  r 
the  nativ'9  made  sliinin.t;  streaks  <jn  their  faees  were  thonL'ht  to  lie  rieh  in 
.«i!ver.  The  fertility  of  the  soil,  ahundanec  of  ;^anio  and  iisli,  and  indeed  a";l 
tlic  natnnd  (pialitics  of  the  jilaee  arc  highly  praised.  San  Diego  was  deemed 
a  hue  site  for  a  Spanish  settlement. 

^•('iihirra  liiuiio,  Xnir;iaiion,  .30."). 

'■^  Xame  only  in  <  'uhrrrn.  liucnn,  X<tr.,  ."lO,").    The  island  is  not  on  th(>  m;ip. 

'■On  tiie  map  it  is  Knsenada  do  S.  Andres.  Calirera,  llneno  nanus  San 
iViho  in  ,'!1'  ;io',  and  mentions  the  little  i.-land  there.  Nov.  "Jtith  is  the  day 
of  St  IV'ter,  hishop  of  Alexandria.  It  will  bo  remembered  that  Cahrillo  had 
e:il!rd  this  hay  Uahia  <le  loa  llumoa. 


iK 


100 


TIIK  PLSCOVERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


like  iliosc  of  tile  islands.  Santa  Catalina  had  a  large 
j)(>])ulati()n  of  ii.slicriiien  and  tradei\s,  who  had  large 
well  built  canoes  and  houses,  as  well  as  a  temple 
where  they  sacrificed  birds  to  an  idol.  They  had  no 
fear  and  Mere  friendly,  though  skillful  thieves.  One 
or  two  days  were  spent  here,*"  and  then  they  went  on 
through  the  wateis  which  they  named  the  Canal  de 
Santa  Barbara,""*  between  the  main  and  a  chain  of 
islands  which  commanders  of  the  Philippine  ships 
are  said  to  have  regarded  before  as  tierni  Jlrme.    The 


\P.A">' 


5!""' 


I 


^^      V 


oV*  Plu.Surraa*— ^  ^.  ,/,      , 

^  -  No  ee  viu  fontlo 

T0L103    SAMOS^ 


Vizcaino's  Map. 

country  was  very  attractive  on  both  sides  of  the 
channel,  but  Vizcaino  did  not  anchor,  deeming  it 
important  to  take  advantage  of  favorable  winds  to 
reach  northern  latitudes.  A  chief  came  off  in  a  canoe, 
however,  and  used  all  his  eloquence  to  induce  the 
strangers  to  visit  his  home,  ofi'ering  ten  women  ioi- 
each  man  to  supply  a  need  that  he  noted  on  board 
the  ships.  I  give  here  a  copy  of  Vizcaino's  map  of 
the  coast  up  to  Monterey.     Between  the  narrative, 

^  Torqiiemada,  i.  713,  Bays  they  departed  on  December  25th,  but  tliis  must 
be  an  error. 

""  The  day  of  Santa  Barbara  is  December  4th. 


VIZCAINO  AT  MONTEREY. 


101 


tlic  map,  and  Cabrera's  description  there  is  no  Httlo 
(•(•ni'iKsion  in  details."' 

Tlicre  were  other  friendly  visits  from  the  natives 
{IS  the  Spaniards  advanced  northward;  but  after 
enieru'ing  from  the  channel  and  passing  Point  Concep- 
cion  the  coast  was  so  hidden  from  view  by  fogs  as  to 
greatly  interfere  with  the  search  for  a  harbor."^  On 
t!ie  14th  of  December  the  fog  lifted  and  revealed  to 
the  voyagers  the  lofty  coast  range  which  I'rom  tlie 
})rcceding  day  was  named  Sierra  do  Santa  Lucia,  and 
which  as  the  chronicler  states  had  been  the  landmark 
usually  sighted  by  the  China  ships.  Four  leagues 
beyond,  a  river  flowing  from  loi'ty  hills  enters  the  ocean 
Vvith  fertile  and  well  wooded  banks  between  the  shore 
dill's.  It  was  named  the  Rio  do  Carmelo  in  honor  of 
the  Carmelite  friars  who  accompanied  the  expedition.*^' 
Then  Vizcaino's  fleet  rounded  and  named  Puiita  do 
I'inos,  and  on  the  ]  Gth  of  December  anchored  in  a 
famoso,  or  excellent,  harbor  which  in  honor  of  the 
A  iecroy  who  had  despatched  the  expedition  was  named 
^Monterey."'' 

Next  day  the  church  tent  was  jiitched  under  tho 
sliiule  of  an  oak  whose  branches  touched  the  tide- 
water,  twenty  paces  from  springs  of  good  water  in  a 
ravine,  which  barranca,  with  similar  trees  not  quite 
so  near  the  shore,  is  still  a  prominent  landmark  at 
]\[()ntcrey.    There  were  now  but  few  men  on  tho  shi[)S 

''''  Map  from  Sulll  y  Mexicniia,  Vicif]e,  Atlas  No.  4.  Torqiiomailii  givc-ii 
1111  iiiimc's  except  Santa  Catjilina  Island  and  Santa  ]]:ii-l)Mia  Canal.  < 'altera 
lUieno,  I!fl4,  yivcs  a  pa,i,"o  of  nut  very  clear  desci'iption.  lie  names  I'unta  do 
Coiicepcion  in  .').")'  30',  Farallon  de  Lolios,  ("anal  de  Sta  ll.ulia'a,  I'linta,  de  la 
Ciiiiveisiun  (porliajis  identical  with  tiie  Tnnta  de  IJio  Oidce  of  the  map,  ami 
■\(  ith  tile  iiioiiein  I't  Jlueneme)  Isla  de  Sta  liarbara,  Isla  de  Sta  Cataliua  in 
;;i'  :>i)',  I.sla  do  San  Clement'!  in  4:j'  (a  little  less). 

'""On  the  map  in  named  Knsenada  de  Itoijue,  whiili  is  either  San  Luis 
Olijspi)  or  Kstoro  liay;  and  '  point  wliicli  looks  like  an  i-dand,'  t^vidently  I't 
Sir.  Calirera  gives  no  names  except  Tierra  de  Santa  Lucia,  mentioning  huw- 
ever  the  'niorro'  corresponding  to  I't  Sur. 

'"  N'lit  shown  on  the  mjip.  Called  by  Cabrera  Bneno  a  'famoso  pnerto  (pio 
tii;ie  ahrigo  do  todus  vientoa,  y  tienc  tin  rio  de  nniy  Imeiia  agua,  y  de  poco 
t'  udo,  el  (pial  por  las  orillas  cstii  nniy  poblado  do  muehos  Alamos iiegros;'  also 
'alamos  bhmcos'  as  the  others  say. 

'"Oitcn  written  in  early  times  in  two  words  !Monte  Rcy  or  Monte-Rei, 
also  Monterei  and  very  commonly  Monterrey.  Of  course  the  Europt'aii  origin 
vi  the  name  in  very  remote  times  was  monte  del  rcij  or  '  king's  mountain.' 


10-2 


Tin:  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


Dot  afTcctcd  ))>'  tlio  scurvy.  Many  wuio  Moriously  III, 
and  sixteen  luul  died.  In  a  council  held  imniediatcly 
after  religious  services  it  was  decided  to  send  hack  one 
«)t'  the  vessels  to  carry  the  sick  and  re])ort  pro^i'i'ss. 
Accordinnly  after  such  rest  and  relief  as  could  he 
ohtained  from  a  short  stay  on  shore,  the  Santo  Tonuis 
was  des[)atched  on  the  2i)th  of  December  for  Acapulco, 
carrying  Father  Aquino  anionuf  the  disabled.  'J'he 
voyage  was  one  of  great  suffering;  twenty-five  men 
dieil  either  on  the  way  or  soon  after  arrival;  and  only 
nine  survived,  among  whom  were  the  admiral,  Corvan, 
and  Fray  Tomus.  Five  days  after  Corvan's  dej)art- 
ure  the  San  IJicf/o  and  Tres  L*e)/es  having  ol^tainc^l  a 
supply  of  wood  and  water  sailed  from  ISIonterey  for 
tile  north  on  January  3,  1G03. 

The  qualities  of  Monterey  as  a  harbor  protected 
irom  all  winds  were  somewhat  exaggerated,  though 
no  minute  desc]i[)tion  was  given  in  the  diary;  and 
the  explorers  were  very  enthusiastic  in  their  praises 
of  its  surroundings,  its  abundance  and  variety  of  ani- 
mals and  tishcs,  its  fertile  soil,  and  plentiful  wood  and 
water.  It  was  deemed  es])ecially  well  fitted  for  a  re- 
fitting station  for  the  Philip])ine  ships,  being  in  the 
latitude  where  they  often  sighted  the  coast.  The 
natives,  respecting  whom  less  information  is  given 
than  about  the  fauna  and  flora  of  the  region,  were 
friendly.'^ 

For  three  days  from  Montere}'-  no  discoveries  arc 
recorded;  and  on  the  7th  of  January  the  vessels  are 
separated,  not  to  meet  again,  by  some  misunderstand- 
ing of  signals.  Vizcaino  on  the  San  Dityo  turns  back 
by  a  point  passed  on  the  sixth,  and  named  from  the 
day  Punta  de  los  Reyes,  to  enter  the  port  of  San 
J^'rancisco  under  that  point  in  search  of  trat.'cs  of 
Cermefion's  visit  in  151)5.    He  anchors,  but  does  not 

'*  Both  Torquemada  and  Ascension  give  some  details  of  animals,  plants 
trees,  and  fishes.     The  latter  mentions  tlie  fact  that  a  dead  uliale  was  lying 
ou  the  beach,  which  bears  camo  down  to  eat  at  night,     (^'abrera  liucuo  puts 
the  port  in  37°,  gives  a  very  accurate  description  of  it,  and  states  that  tho 
anchorage  is  well  protected  except  against  uorth-west  winds. 


VIZCAINO  AT  (Ari:  .MF.XDOCIXO. 


103 


1,111(1,  and  next  day  sails  on  in  qnost  of  tlic  ooiisort, 
iiiakinn'  iiiconsidcnildo  ])ro,<,M'c'ss  till  i\\v.  l-tli,  when 
tliiv  sin'ht  what  they  lu'licvt)  to  l»u  Cajjo  Mciidociiio, 
ill  hititudo  41"  '50'.  Next  day  the  ship  is  liovc  to  in 
;i  south-(>ast  ^ale;  and  as  only  six  men  are  tit  for  work, 
it  is  decided  to  return  to  La  ].*az  in  the  <'ult*,  hi  t  tiie 


/ 


(CVn/a  7M#  ijuitt  al  Co,  Nann 
C.MflTiH-CtTlVf/'riCRRAS  OCL  CO.   BUNQUrSCAl  V  SltRRAt  NCVADAt 


Ih   hiu  B»  urpnd$ 


III  rt'irhnt't  at  .V.  /•<>r'f,trutlriit  hrvrv  tfnniwt  j>»i,  acrinn  rmulttlumi 
etrea  Uct  Caho 


^  Cutta  Jt  barrantat  iup$ra$ 


Cnata  StifttUta  fntre  «/  Ho  ftrantlt  Jt  S.  Stlaitian 
y  la  bahiagranU*  <i«t  U.  XtntUMino 


CMla  Jt  tomai 

\«ii(oi/«oi-6oI«J<i 

\^  Cotta  (i*jwra 

Ida 

lkba$Him 

r% 

7r 

AiI(i(/o 

\.. 

Jc  l>,»  Rt\ff 

t 
(^i\i. 

dt  barraneaa  ftanM$ 

\ 

Cu^ta  Ue  arlole-ta 

FRAILC^  U    ■■-t'.DtP^  ''^ 

)>;n«.  (iran'U 

^\Co9ta  $4gura 

\  Cotta  dt  barraneia  $ 

arbola. 

V.P.  .u  AnoA'uti-ii 

A           _.    -_ 

Vizcaino's  Map. 

ualc  causes  them  to  drift  northward.  On  the  14th 
tlicy  are  close  to  Capo  Mendocino,  but  on  the  10th 
the  weather  clears  and  they  find  themselves  in  latitude 
42,'  in  sight  of  a  white  point  near  high  snowy  moun- 
tains.    Tiiey  name  the  point  Cabo  Blanco  do  San 


m 


lot 


TTTE  PTSrOVERY  OF  CATJFOT^XLV. 


'.■■ 


Sibnstian,  and,  with  a  favoralili^  wind,  turn  sontli- 
Avard  on  St  Sebastian's  day.  They  kt'cp  ncai*  tlic 
slidrc,  l)ut  without  di.scovciricH  tlwit  liave  \v\'t  any 
traces  in  the  narrative,  and  without  anchoriiiLC  until 
tliey  come  to  Cech'os  Island  on  the  7th  of  January, 
'i'hi!  sulleriiii,'  and  loss  of  life  from  scurvy  liavo  heen 
terril»l(>,  hut  relief  is  found  at  ^Tazallan. 

Meanwhile  Ajjfuilar  in  tho  Tres  Uvijcn  advances  to 
latitude  AV  and  is  then  driven  hy  the  Ljale  to  .in 
anclioi-aufe  hehind  a  j^reat  eliiF  near  Capo  ^[endociiio. 
( 'ontinuinLj  his  voyai^e  after  tho  storm,  he  linds  hi> 
lalitude  on  the  I'Jth  to  he  43',  near  a  point  named 
('aj)o  IManco,  beN'ond  which  the  coast  turns  to  tli  • 
north-west,'"^  and  also  near  a  large  I'iver.  On  account, 
of  sickness  anil  because  ho  has  already  reached  tlh' 
limit  of  the  viceroy's  instructions,  A;^uilar  resolves  to 
I'l'tm-n.  Doth  lu^  and  Flores  die  on  the  vo^'aij^e,  only 
iive  men  surviving.  1  give  a  copy  of  the  map  rejin- 
st'nting  discoverii's  above  ^lonterev,  not  agreeinLf  in 

*^  t,'    '  cj  ■" 

all  respects  with  tlie  narrative,  and  showing  nothing 
above  Cape  !^^endocino.  Tho  groat  river,  supposed  by 
Padre  Ascension  to  be  the  entrance  to  Anian  Strait, 
nmst  have  been  either  imaginar  or  a  small  stream. 
It  is  not  possible  to  determine  accurately  tho  northeiu 
limit  of  tliis  exploration;  but  the  indications  are  that, 
it  ^\■as  not  beyond  the  present  Oregon  line  of  42  anil 
thatA'izcaino's  Cape  San  Sebastian  and  Aguilar's  Cap'' 
IJlanco  were  identical  with  the  modern  Trinidad  an  I 
St  George.'^ 

'■^  Ascension  snj'a  nortli-cast  and  names  tlin  rivor  Sa-ita  Inc'^g. 

''See  Ilittt.  Xurthircitt  ('oaxi,  i.  147-S.  ( 'iilircra  IJucno'.s  <lcscription  of  tlio 
nortlicrn  coii.-;t  is  as  f(»Il(j\vs:  '  In  Lititudi!  42^  is  a  liigli  cape,  apparently  lUt 
ildWn  porpc'iiilicularly  to  the  Hi'a,  and  fi'oni  it  runs  a  lower  coa.st  some  cij,'lit 
li'aunos  southward,  where  the  land  forms  another  hiuli  point,  bare,  with  sd.ho 
white  el  ill's  which  rise  from  the  water's  edge;  this  point  is  in  41' .*?;)'  and  is 
tailed  Capo  Mendocinr).  From  lieio  the  coast  trends  s.  i;.  to  lat.  .'iO'  liO',  tin' 
land  lieingof  medium  elevation  and  tliiekly  wooded,  with  some  small  hills  haio 
alcng  the  shore.  In  the  said  latitude  it  forms  a  low  point  of  white  clilFs  riit 
down  to  the  sea;  and  from  here  the  coast  trendss.  e.  one  quarter  s.  to  US  ,"> ' , 
where  tho  land  fomia  a  point  of  medium  licight,  separated  from  the  coast  s) 
as  to  appear  from  a  distance  to  l>o  an  island,  which  is  called  I'unta  dc  i'lS 
IJeyes.  It  forms  a  steep  elilV  (inorro),  and  on  its  north  side  affords  a  gcd 
shelter  from  all  winds,  in  lat.  ;{S^  ,'{0',  and  is  called  San  Francisco.  In  a  souili 
or  South-east  wind  the  anchorage  is  at  the  cud  of  the  beach  where  it  forms  :in 


RE><tn,TS  OF  ACni.An-.'^  EXPLORATTOV. 


ia'. 


rn  soutli- 
iicjir  tilt! 
Icll  any 
•'u\>^  iiiilil 
Jamiiirv. 
wive  1)('<'U 

I  vane* 'S  to 
ale  to  ail 
[cndociiK*. 
!  iiiuls  ]\U 
iiit  nainiil 
ns  to   til" 
hi  account 
aclu'd  till' 
'csolvos  to 
yai]jc,  only 
nap  ri'iiri- 
greciui^  in 
ig  nothing' 
pposed  l»y 
ian  Strait, 
ill  stream, 
northern 
s  are  that 
)f  42    an<l 
lar's  Ca]"' 
nklad  an.  I 


lAC('i)t  the  (liscoverv  of  Moiitcrcv  Hav  Vizcaino 
liad  a<'<'oni|tiish((l  iio  inni-c,  and  indeed  in  several 
ji-liects  less,  than  had  ( 'ahrillo  sixty  years  before;  hut 


llie  I'esnlts  (if  his  Vo\ 


ere  clearlv  recorded,  whilt 


tile  t'X|K'<lition  «>f  jiis preu  'cessor  ha<l  h^ft  practically  no 
Ir.Ki- in  the  woi'ld's  knowle  <;■(>.  From  KIOM  the  trend 
and  general  character  of  tlu!  ( *alif<»iMna  coast,  toget  hei' 
with  its  ehicf  jiarhors,  always  excepting  tin'  nnchscov- 
ei-i'd  San  Kianciseo,  were  well  known  t»»  the  Sp.w  '  o'ds 
\i\-  these  I'ecords;  hut  for  more  than  a  ct'iitury  and  a 
lialf  there  was  no  addition  to  this  knowledu'e.  Xit 
.-iiip  is  known  to  have  entei-ed  the  north*'  •  wat»  rs 
fioin  the  south,  while  the  Manila  shi|is  iVcm  the  far 
west  neit'"'!'  touched  at  the  iic^w  ports  nor  left  iiuy 
ricoi'd  (if  what  they  saw  as  they  passed.  A  izcujno 
mad  strong  efforts  to  he  intrusted  with  a  ni'W  expe- 
dition for  the  occupation  of  Monterey;  and  in  \(\iu\ 
there  was  a  prosj»ect  of  his  success;  hut  att<'ntion  was 
<!i\(rted  to  the  far  west;  and  though  this  navigator, 
letuining  as  a  passenger  from  .lajian,  on  the  <SV'/^  Fniii- 
risni,  again  sighted  Cape  ^lendocino  (»n  Deeenihei'  ■_'(!. 
K)!;"!,  11(1  niort'  attempts  wei'e  made  on  tlieoutei'<'oast.^ 
There  is  a  perfect  hiank  of  one  hundi'ed  and  sixty-six 
ycaj's  in  the  annals  of  what  we  call  California. 

ilerrera's  historv  eontainin<j:  an  account  of  Ca- 
hrlllo's  diseovcrit'S  had  heen  puhlished  in  KiO  l-i  f),  and 
new   Spanish   (.-ditions  appeared    in    I7l'8  and    l7-"!(». 


oi(jiienia(las  g 


ivat  work  v>ith  a  record  of  N'izcain 


o  s 


Icriptiou  of  the 

Tuiparintly  int 

liHt  soino  cijjht 

[ire,  with  sK.nit 

141'  -lO'  mill  i< 

lit.  .W  :M)\  t!i" 

InmllliillslKiic 

Ivliitc  cliirs  lilt 

?r  ».  t(>;}S  ;!', 

Ini  the  coast  ^•> 

j  I'linta  lie  ln3 

IfVords  a  j^o'"l 

|o.    Iiiasoutli 

li'o  it  fornix  an 


nnglo  on  tin-  N.  w. ;  ■wliilo  on  tlu-  n.  k.  are  tlirco  wliite  rocks  very  ncnr  tlio 
Hi'M,  ami  (>ii|)ositc  the  niiililU'  one  an  <sti  rn  iiiakcH  in  fr(»ni  the  .-ica  witii  a  gou^l 
( '.itiiiucraml  \\<>  l)roa!;ir.-!.  In^-iiloaio  toiinil  liicinlly  Imlians,  anil  fii'.sli  w.itcr 
may  lie  ca.sily  <ilitainc(l.  S.s.  w.  tVuni  tlii  ■.  imrtarc  si\  oi.-.i'\i  n  small  «  liitc  tara- 
11  mcs  .siiuic  lir.i.'ir  tliaii  oIIk  rs,  oc.npyinj,'  iivcr;i  Ira^uc  in  cii'cnit.  .  ..Vliout  I  1 
lr:i;.'!ii's  s.  v..  \  s.  finni  I't  Jtivos,  the  lainl  ni;i!i(  i  a  puint,  lut'ni-c  icju'liini,'  wliiili 
tlic  land  i^  of  miiliuni  clcvatiiin,  liarc  alom;  tlic  slunf.  wiili  sunn:  sti'c|i  clill-i, 
tliniiL.'!!  inlanil  it  i.s  iii^'li  ami  wooili'ij,  until  a  low  p.a  ^  is  ivaclicd  in  ;>7  Jin' 
("illcil  i't  Ano  \ucvo.'  X<ii'i(iiiiitiii,',V)'l~',\.  Tliis  antlmr  n  latiti.ilc  s  arc  fr'riii 
.'1!)' til  a  ili'j,'rci;  tipo  liiLtli.  Jlc  c\  iilcntly  saw  a  more  niiiintr  accuuii*  of  \'i/.- 
laino'.;  voy;ii^'c  tlian  liic  one  jmlilislicd,  or  what  is  not  unlikely,  had  access  to 
C'lnu'iuin's  report. 

"  IV';/n/((«.  AV,/.  (V(/.,  i.  101,  201  ;  Clurhin'o,  S/orhi,  i'<l'a  Cnl.,  |fi!»  (10;  Cdli- 
furn'iii,  Enfiih.  If  Pruj.,  !),  10;  JJor.  Iii-f.  Mi.c.,  ser.  ii.  toni.  iii.  -iVA;  < 'tinlnu", 
M'u'  rifil.  lO;'  \'}:-a:iio,  Hctaviuii,  I'Jll-lJ,  p.  lOi);  si:e  //in/,  yijrl/i  Jli-c.  .V., 
i.  rljap.  \iii.  tiii.-i  ;jeries. 


]00 


TIIK  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


V(»y;ig(^  and  Cenncuon's  mishaps  appoarc;!  in  101:3 
and  was  ropul)lislic'd  in  172.'].  ])iako's  advontui'cs 
M'cre  related  in  scores  of  jiopular  voyage  colleelions 
l)esi<les  the  ori^nnal  printed  accounts.  In  17;J-1:  Ca- 
brera liueno's  sailing  directions  were  ])i-inted  across 
the  l*acilic,  but  the  work  was  not  widclv  circulated.'^ 
In  1742  Anson,  the  English  i)rivateer,  found  on  a 
captured  galleon  the  S})anish  chart  of  which  I  re- 
])roduce  that  ]iart  showing  the  coast  of  California. 
There  is  nothing  to  indicate  that  the  maher  luivl 
access  to  any  information  not  given  l)y  Vizcaino  and 


ru.iit 


A  no  Xuovo 


PUi.de  Piuu 


PUt.d.'  in  C<  i;ic,.li  Jl't 


'>/ju 


,tt« 


K^^ 


Co« 


i.rolro 


iVo» 


Pta.ile  Sii.Dlceo 

^^KustHiitla  til  I'ltVirjinet 

LliLH  DF   SN.MAHTIN 


Spanish  Chart,  1742. 

''^  Nnveriadon  E^-tpcculativn,  y  Prdctica,  con  la  Explkac'ionde  ahjrnoK  innfrii- 
vieiito-i,  (JVC  rslaii  jhk.x  cii  vho  en  Ion  navi'ijautcs.  con  la-i  rc'ihix  ii'rcunrins  pnra  xii 
IV  /'(/r/'/f ;•((  r,io, etc. ;  Tuhla  (If  Ins  ilrcUnnciont s <h  I  sol,  co)iijinlivhtii nl  iner/il'diioi/i 
San  lieriKiriiiDn;  el  modo  dr  nnrnjar  j)or  Imjiomrtrid ;  j.or  Ini  Udihiti  tie  rnniho^: 
pnr  Id  arilhiiiitira;  ])or  la  trhjonomclria;  ]:or  cl  qitddrantr  de,  rvdncdon ;  jmr 
los  sdinit  /iii/nrltldiios;  y  comiincx;  con  Ion  cstumpan,  yjii/iimn  /wiicnicicii/r.i  d  In 
diclio,  y  ofra.t  tm/ddos  ciiriosox.  Coinj/irsfd  for  cl  (dmirnnlo  D.  loncph  Gnu- 
Zdli'z  ( 'alin  rd  Ilinno,  /lilolo  mayor  de  In  Corrcrd  de  I'hilijtivas,  ji  iiri/iinil  dc  la 
i-la  dc  Tciirrifv  niid  de  Ion  Ciniarian,  qrkn  la  diilira  al  M.  III.'''''  Siil  1).  J'l  r- 
Vdiido  dc  Vuhlcn  y  Tamon.  .  Xlovcrumlor  y  Capitdn  General  dc  Ian  Inlan  I'/iili- 
jiiiian,  etc.  Maniia,  1792,  fol.  11  f.  392  pages.  '2  f.  The  bulk  of  the  woi'k  ia  a 
treatise  on  navigation;  but  Part  V^., '292-304,  is  devoted  to  derrotas,  containing 
sailing  directions  for  the  various  I'hilippinc  and  Pacific  routes;  and  ciiap.  v., 
;{02-22,  relates  to  the  coast  from  C.  Mendocino  to  Pananid.  Portokl  and 
(  respi  in  1709  had  a  copy  of  this  work,  or  at  least  were  familiar  with  its  eon- 
tents;  but  from  that  time  to  1874,  when  it  was  described  and  quoted  in  the 
ih-crUxiid  Monthly  by  my  assistant,  I  have  found  no  indication  of  its  having 
bccu  consulted  by  any  writer. 


THE  NORTHERN  MYSTERY. 


107 


ill  IGir. 
[ventures 
)lUH'ti<)ns 

L7iM  Ca- 

J(l    iU'lMSS 

■culated.'' 
md  on  a 
icli  I  re- 
'alilornia. 
akor  lusvl 
caino  and 


iCCO 


iarhi^  /mm  •<'« 

|f(.S(/«  riniilio<: 
flucci'in;  ]">!' 
tiiich'iitC'f  d  I" 

\iiftlin-iil  (If  III' 
i  Snl  J).  ]'•  !■■ 
/.s-'as  rii/i- 
the  work  i-*  a 
Is,  containing 
Tiul  cimp.  v., 
[Portoki  iiiul 
Ivvith  its  ciiii- 
liioted  in  tln' 
If  its  having 


r'alncra  Biiono.'"  In  l";")"  appeared  Venegas'  work 
■  111  l>;ija  California,  from  which,  more  than  from  any 
ciIk  r,  a  })(»puhir  knowledge  of  the  northern  expedi- 
tions was  derived."'' 

The  topic  that  I  designate  the  Northern  I\h-stcry — • 
lliat  is  what  was  thought  and  written  and  i)ictured  in 
laajis  respecting  the  coast  region  above  the  Californian 
L;air  from  1530  to  17G0,  the  voyages  which  I  have 
(li'scrilied  in  this  chapter  furnishing  a  slight  founda- 
tion of  actual  knowledge  on  which  an  imi^osing  struct- 
ure  was  reared  by  imagination,  theory,  and  falsehood — ■ 
might  very  plausibly  bo  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  his- 
t  try  of  California  as  a  country  stretching  indelinilely 
tVttni  the  peninsula  to  the  mythic  strait  of  Anian. 
\'rt  much  more  essential  is  this  subject  to  the  annals 
(if  tht^  regions  above  latitude  42°,  and  therefore, 
csjiocially  as  a  general  view  of  the  theories  involved 
lias  already  been  presented,"  to  avoid  imdesirable 
ivpctition  I  treat  the  subject  very  fully,  with  a  repro- 
duction of  many  quaint  old  maps,  in  another  volume 
rchdiiig  to  the  northern  countries,"''  confining  my  re- 
marks here  to  a  very  brief  statement. 

The  chief  element  of  the  Northern  IMystcry  was 
the  belief  in  and  search  for  an  intemceanic  strait  sepa- 
latiii'''  the  Mexican  reunions  from  Asia,  This  strait 
at  liist  was  between  South  America  and  the  Asiatic 
main;  but  was  pushed  constantly  northward  by  ex- 
jiloi'ation,  and  was  to  l)e  found  always  just  beyond  the 
liighest  latitude  visited.  Each  inlet  was  the  enti\ance 
to  the  strait  until  the  contrary  was  proved;  inlets 
wore  discovered  or  written  about  that  existed  only  in 
imagination,  and  navigators  even  went  so  far  as  to 
(laiiu  boldly  that  they  had  sailed  through  the  strait. 

'"''  Aiii-nrif  Voj/nije,  eil.  177t),  ."^Sf.  Also  in  Vcneijas,  Not.  Cat.,  iii.  235-0, 
Till-  ilitti  (1  line  sliows  the  route  of  the  gnllooiis, 

'■Hire  may  bo  mentionoil  a  njKirt  given  by  tho  natives  of  San  Luis 
Ohis]iii  to  lather  l''iguer  and  recorded  in  Atr.n,  Dinrh,  MS.,  l()'J-3,  in  177<i, 
tliiit  "Jit  years  before,  in  17.").1,  twelvo  wjute  men  dressed  like  tho  Si)aniiirils 
lauded  frmr,  a  boat  and  were  subsecjueiitly  east  iiway  on  tho  coast  and  perished. 

I'^Sco  //(,s7.  Korth  iU",./C(/?(  States,  i.,  this  series. 

■'See  Hist.  Xorthiccut  t'oust,  i,  cLa]).  ii.-iv.,  this  scries. 


108 


THE  DISCOVERY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


At  first  the  belief  in  rich  islands  on  the  way  to  India 
had  been  strong,  and  with  reports  of  the  strait,  rnmors 
of  great  kingd"ms,  cities,  amazon  isles,  gold,  and  pre- 
cious stones  naturally  multiplied. 

Next  by  some  strange  blunder,  apparently  of  tlio 
historian  Goniara,  the  wanderings  of  Coronado  in 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  and  the  far  north-east,  were 
transferred  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  for  many  yoais 
Tiguox,  Cicuic,  Quivira,  and  the  rest  appeared  dis- 
tributed along  the  shore  with  names  from  Cahri'l  > 
and  Drake.  For  no  other  reason  apparently  than  to 
provide  room  for  all  these  names,  it  was  customary  tu 
make  the  coast  trend  but  little  north  of  west  betwciu 
2;")°  and  40°,  tlience  extending  north  to  the  strait. 
One  map,  however,  placed  California  far  north  of  tliD 
strait  of  Anian,  and  very  near  the  north  pole. 

In  the  third  grc^at  development  of  the  imaginary 
geography,  California  played  a  more  definitely  iiu- 
portant  part  than  in  those  mentioned.  The  New 
]\[exican  names  were  removed  from  the  coast,  but 
California  from  Capo  San  Li'icas  to  latitude  44'  Ix- 
came  a  great  island.  At  first  the  gulf  and  peninsula 
were  mapped  with  reraai'kablc  accuracy.  But  Lok  i:i 
1582  turned  the  coast  abruptly  eastward  above  4i. 
Ascension  in  1G03  arrjued  that  Aguilar's  river  in  4i' 
was  the  entrance  of  Anian,  and  probably  connect;  4 
with  the  ijulf  Onate  at  the  Colorado  mouth  in  Ki'i  t 
convinced  himself  that  the  gulf  extended  north  and 
east  to  the  Atlantic.  Cardona  in  1G17,  havincf  as  Ik; 
believed  seen  deep  water  extending  far  beyond  "  (  , 
openly  declared  the  whole  country  an  island.  Ai  4 
finally  a  party  of  adventurers  about  1G20  had  no  dil- 
ficulty  in  circumnavigating  California.  For  many 
years  the  coi  ,itry  was  so  mapped  and  (lescrii)ed,  X'.'\a 
Albion  forming  the  north  end  of  the  island.  From 
1700  to  174G  the  Jesuits  labored  to  restoic  the  Ix-Tn  I' 
in  a  peninsula,  and  were  successful.  The  last  pluiscs 
of  the  mystery  were  those  of  1751  and  1774  tliat  th-; 
Colorado  River  sent  off  a  branch  to  jMonterej-  or  Saii 


ANXIEXT  MAPS. 


109 


l'iaii<isco,  and  tlien  the  searcli  for  northern  wonders 
V, ;is  transferred  to  the  far  north,  beyond  the  farthest 
limits  of  our  California. 

( )i'  the  many  maps  of  the  early  times  which  I  rc- 
jiumIuco  elsewhere,  and  of  the  many  more  similar  ones 
wliirli  I  have  studied,  not  one  except  those  presented 
ill  this  chajiter  contains  any  real  information  about 
the  coast  of  Upper  California.  On  them  the  reader 
will  find  a  coast  line  varying  in  its  trend  from  north 
to  west,  marked  with  capes,  bays,  rivers,  and  towns, 
wlilcli,  except  so  far  as  founded  on  the  narratives  and 
iiKijis  which  I  have  noted  in  this  chapter,  are  purely 
iiiuiuinary,  the  names  beimx  traceable  to  the  same  nar- 
rutivos  and  maps,  except  such  as  come  from  Coronado's 
inland  explorations.  These  maps  aft'ord  an  interestini^ 
.study,  but  have  no  bearing  on  real  discovery.  It  is 
not  unlikeh^  however,  that  useful  original  maps  of 
( 'abrillo's,  Cermenon's,  or  Vizcaino's  ex])lorations  may 
yet  come  to  light,  or  that  in  the  mean  time  men  will 
continue  to  build  grave  theories  of  local  discovery  on 
the  \agaries  of  the  old  cosmographers. 


fe:!: 


CHAPTER  IV. 

^MOTIVES  AND  PREPARATIONS  FOR  SPANISH  OCCUPATION. 

17G7-1770. 

State  of  the  Spanish  Colonies — Accidental  Awakenino  fiiom  ArATin  — 
Revival  of  Old  Motives — Feaii  ok  the  Rl'ssians — Visitadou  Jose  iie 
Galvez  on  the  Peninsula — Ciiahacteu  and  ArTiioniTY  of  tiii.  ^Ian- 
Condition  of  Affaius  in  Lower  California — Instructions  and  Plans 
OF  Galvez  fortue  Occufation  of  San  DiEdo  and  Monterev— A  Fori;- 

FOLD  EXI'EDITIO.N  tJ  SkA  AND  LaND — V'esSELS,  TrOOFS,  AND  Sui'FLIES— 

PoktolA,  Rivera,  and  Serra — Plans  for  the  Conquista  Esfiritual 
— Galvez  Consults  the  Padue  Presidente— Sacimcd  Forced  Loans- 
Active  Preparations— Sailing  of  the  Fleet  fro.m  La  Paz  and  Cai'i; 
San  Lucas—  Iarcii  of  the  Army  from  the  Xorthicrn  Frontier- 
Loss  of  the  'San  Jose' — Tidings  of  Success. 

In  all  the  liistorical  phases  briefly  alluded  to  in  Uw 
introductory  chapters  of  tliis  volume,  and  fully  piv- 
sented  in  early  volumes  of  this  work,  I  have  shown  nii 
epoch  of  decadence,  of  varying  len,q;th  in  difrerciit 
jirovinccs,  but  nowhere  much  Iciss  than  half  a  century 
in  duration.  The  adventurous  spirit  of  the  contiuorors 
had  for  the  most  part  faded  away.  Poorly  e(jui[)}ic.l 
soldiers  performed  their  routine  of  garrison  duty,  an  1 
of  entradas  asfainst  frontier  savages,  in  a  listless  im- 
chanical  way  that  but  feebly  rellected  old-time  glories. 
Presidios  were  a  kind  of  [)ublic  works  for  the  support 
of  oflicials,  and  the  drawing  of  money  from  the  roy.il 
coflTers.  Missionary  zeal  had  not  perhaps  niatoriallv 
abated;  but  one  of  the  g'reat  religious  orders  had  bc(  :i 
driven  from  the  country.  The  fi-iars  were  imjiednl 
in  their  efforts  by  discouraging  difficulties;  and  tho 
mission  establishments,  reduced  in  number  by  socul.ii- 
izatioii  in  the  south,  by  destruction  and  consolidation 

(110) 


AWAKENING  FROM  LETHARGY. 


Ill 


ill  tlio  north,  tlecimatcd  in  population  by  pestilence, 
(It^scrtion,  and  diminished  I'eeundity,  ever  coveted  and 
disturbed  by  vicious  pobladores,  or  settlers,  had  [)assod 
tilt'  era  of  their  greatest  prosjDcrity.  The  most  lanious 
iniiicral  districts  had  yielded  tlieir  richest  superlicial 
treasures  and  were  now,  by  reason  of  savage  raids, 
iiiclHcient  working,  and  the  quicksilver  monopoly, 
cniiiparatively  abandoned.  Commercial,  agricultural, 
ami  manufacturing  industi'ies  were  now  as  ever  at  a 
luw  ebb.  The  native  population  had  lost  moie  tliaii 
nine  tenths  of  its  original  numbers,  the  survivors  liv- 
ing quietly  in  the  missions  as  neophytes,  toiling  in  tho 
iiiinos  or  on  the  haciendas  practically  as  slaves,  or 
ranging  the  mountains  as  apostates  more  dreaded 
tliaii  the  savages  of  the  frontier.  The  fables  of  the 
X(»illiern  Mystery  had  lost  something  of  tlieir  charm, 
.'ind  were  no  longer  potent  to  inspire  at  court  the  lit- 
tinu'-out  of  armies  or  lleets.  For  more  than  a  centurv 
and  a  lialf  no  exploring  vessel  had  sailed  up  the  north- 
ci'ii  loasts.  l*rovince  after  province  had  settled  into 
that  stagnation  which  sooner  or  later  became  the  lot 
of  every  Spanish  colony. 

We  come  now  to  the  partial  awakening  from  this 
li'thaigy  which  caused,  or  permitted,  the  occupation 
of  Alta  California  by  Spain  in  I7()'.).  This  o(CUj)a- 
tinii  v»as  in  a  certain  sense  accidental;  that  is,  all  the 
motives  leadin'jf  to  it  had  hnyr  existed  and  had  v;ith 
one  exception  no  new  force  at  this  time.  For  over 
one  hundr;^  ul  sixty  years,  or  since  the  voyage  of 
Sehastian  A  izcaino  in  lG0"2,as  nuich  had  l)een  known 
et'the  country  as  was  now  known.  This  knowledge!  em- 
braced the  general  trend  an<l  a])pearance  of  the  <'oast, 
the  comparative  fertility  of  the  countiy  and  inlelli- 
gcnt  docility  of  its  peo[)le,  the  existenci",  location,  an<l 
li'ciieral  description  of  ports  San  Diego,  Monterey,  and 
that  under  Point  Reyes  called  San  Francisco,  with  a 
tolera.hly  accurate  account  of  the  Santa  Barbara  chan- 
nel and  islands.  Thus  it  was  no  new  information  about 
the  country  that  prompted  the  Californiau  contiuest. 


I  ; 


ii; 


rREl'ARATIOXS  FOR  SPANISH  OCCUPATION. 


])uriii_u;"  all  those  years  the  Spaiiisli  Court  had  fully 
realized  the  inn)()rtance  of  exteudiiiij^  its  doHiiui('U 
over  tlie  north  and  especially  over  the  coast  region; 
but  vaiious  ti'oubles  at  houie  and  abrtnid  had  encour- 
aged procrastination.  Year  after  year  the  Manila 
galleon,  coining  from  the  west  by  the  northern  route 
yadly  in  need  of  a  refitting  and  relief  station,  had 
borne  her  strained  timbers  and  oriental  treasure  and 
scurvy-stricken  crew  down  past  the  California  ports; 
3'et  no  practical  effort  was  made  to  possess  and  utilize 
those  ports,  though  it  was  always  intended  to  do  so 
at  some  future  convenient  season,  and  scores  of  un- 
heeded counnunications  on  the  subject  passed  between 
Mexico  and  Spain.  Tales  of  the  Northern  Mystery, 
of  great  empires  and  lich  cities,  of  golden  mountains, 
pearl  islands,  and  giant  queens,  so  effective  in  the 
earlier  days,  had  lost,  as  we  have  seen,  much  of  their 
j)ower  at  court,  if  not  elsewhere;  yet  little  doubt  Mas 
ever  felt  tlipt  tlie  strait  of  Anian  afforded  a  northern 
])assage  by  which  a  fleet  of  English  cruisers  might 
any  day  appear  from  the  north-east  to  seize  upon 
Anian  and  Quivira,  and  to  ravage  more  southern 
coasts.  The  fear  was  real  enough  to  the  Spaniards, 
but  it  was  bv  no  means  sufficient  to  rouse  them  from 
their  apathy,  which  also  successfully  withstood  the 
l)etter-f bunded  fear  of  Russian  encroachments  from 
the  north-west  across  rather  than  through  the  famous 
strait;  a  fear  that  furnished  the  only  motive  for  north- 
ern conquest  which  had  any  new  or  unusual  weight  at 
this  time.  Finally  among  operative  incentives  must 
be  mentioned  the  missionary  ambition  to  convert 
northern  gentiles.  Many  times  was  the  king  rt- 
uiinded  of  the  rich  spiritual  harvest  to  be  gathered 
in  California,  by  friars  who  never  allowed  him  to  ibr- 
get  the  secular  advantages  to  be  gained  by  complying,' 
with  their  wishes;  but  of  late  the  petitions  of  Jesuits 
and  Franciscans,  even  for  aid  and  protection  in  tlio 
old  frontier  districts,  had  received  but  little  attention. 
Indeed,  it  does  not  appear  that  the  Franciscans  wire 


GALVEZ  IX  THE  PENINSULA. 


113 


rsj)oc'mlly  iirL''cnt  at  this  juncture  in  their  claims  to 
\k-  sriit  up  the  coast. 

Tlie  expulsion  of  the  Jesuits  in  1707  fixed  the 
jittentioi.  of  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  authorities  on 
tlie  north-west,  where  were  situated  the  principal 
missions  of  the  expelled  order.  California,  by  reason 
ni'  the  old  mysterious  cl^rni  hanging  about  the  name 
and  country,  the  strangely  exalted  value  and  impor- 
tance wliich  the  Jesuits  had  always  attached  to  the 
liaiTcn  peninsula,  and  the  current  tales  of  immense 
treasure  hidden  there  by  the  society,  attracted  a  very 
large  sliare  of  this  attention.  Moreover  the  explora- 
tions of  tlie  liussians  on  the  Alaska  coasts  from  1741 
to  17(55  were  tolerably  well  known  to  the  S])anish 
authorities;  the  danger  of  Kussian  encroachment 
seemed  more  threatening  than  in  past  yeavs;  and 
iinally  the  fitting-out  of  a  military  expedition  for  the 
relief  of  Sonora  suggested  the  expediency  of  taking 
steps  at  this  time  for  the  protection  of  the  peninsula. 
AccorcHngly  Jose  do  Galvez  decided  to  visit  in  person 
the  western  coast,  and  not  only  to  superintend  prep- 
arations for  the  Sonora  campaign,  but  to  cross  tlie 
gulf,  investigate  the  state  of  atfairs  in  Baja  California, 
and  to  adopt  such  measures  as  might  be  found  neces- 
sary {'or  its  safety. 

(Jalvez  set  out  from  Mexico  for  San  Bias  April  I), 
17()S.  Shortly  after  his  departure  Viceroy  Croix  re- 
ceived from  King  Carlos  III.  orders  to  the  efl'ect  that 
in  connection  with  other  precautions  against  the  llus- 
sians  on  the  north-west  coast,  San  Diego  and  Mon- 
terey should  be  occupied  and  fortified.  It  had  oceurretl 
to  the  monarch,  or  his  advisers,  that  this  would  be  an 
o[)portune  time  to  carry  into  effect  an  old  scheme, 
give  to  tlie  galleons  their  long-desired  harbor,  and 
secure  an  important  coast  line  from  foreign  aggression. 
How  the  order  was  worded,  whether  peremptory  in  its 
tei'nis  or  in  the  form  of  a  recommendation,  does  not 
appear.  But  that  under  ordinary  circumstances  it 
\\c)uld  liav(,^  been  obeyed  with  any  degree  of  prompti- 

liisi.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    s" 


ijr:i 


lU 


PREPARATIOXS  FOR  SPANISH  OCCUPATIOX. 


tutio  may  well  be  doubt ed.  The  governor  instrurtcd 
to  investigate  and  report;  zealous  iiiar.s  called  ujuin 
for  their  views;  the  Franciscan  authorities  consulted 
as  t(-)  the  supi)lj  of  missionaries;  treasury  officials 
questioned  about  ways  and  means;  preliminary  exjJor- 
afions,  conllicting  reports,  petty  quarrels — all  these 
with  the  interminable  complication  of  red-tape  com- 
munications therewith  connected,  resulting  in  vexa- 
tious delay,  if  not  in  absolute  failure,  may  be  readily 
pictured  by  the  reader  of  preceding  volumes,  familiar 
with  tlie  ways  of  the  period. 

Fortunately  none  of  these  obstacles  was  in  this  case 
interposed.  The  royal  o*'der  was  clear  that  San  Dii'go 
and  Monterey  should  be  occupied;  the  movement  v. as 
not  a  complicated  or  apparently  difficult  one;  it  was 
promptly  and  etl'ectually  executed.  The  cause  of  this 
unusual  promptness  was  in  the  man  who  undertook  to 
carry  out  the  order.  The  whole  matter  was  by  the 
viceroy  turned  over  to  Jose  de  Galvez,  who  was,  as  we 
have  seen,  on  his  way  to  the  Jalisco  coast  to  embark 
for  the  peninsula.  Galvez  had  come  to  Mexico  in  17(55 
as  visitador  general  of  New  S[)ain.  lie  was  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  and  subsequently  minis- 
ter of  state,  ht)lding  the  latter  position  at  the  time 
of  his  death  in  1781).  lie  was  invested  by  Carlos  III. 
with  Vv^ell  nigh  absolute  powers  to  investigate  and 
reform  the  administration  of  the  government  in  its 
different  branches,  particularly  in  matters  pertaining 
to  the  royal  linances.  Independent  of  the  viceroy  in 
many  I'cspeets  by  virtue  of  his  position,  only  nominally 
subordinate  in  others,  assuming  probably  some  prerog- 
atives that  did  not  belong  to  him,  he  was  to  all  intents 
the  highest  authority  in  New  Spain.  The  viceny 
Cruillas  was  removed  from  otficc  largely  because  nf 
his  opposition  to  the  visitador,  and  was  replaced  by 
the  more  complaisant  Marques  de  Croix.  If  theie 
were  any  viceregal  attributes  not  originally  possesstd 
by  Galvez,  or  arbitrarily  assumed  by  him,  they  weie 
especially  delegated  to  him  by  Croix  when  he  started 


DON  JOSn  DE  GAL\T.Z. 


115 


truotcd 

d   UJ)*!!! 

insult  I'd 
officials 
ex\)l()r- 
11  these 
po  c(  mi- 
ll   VCXil- 

3  readily 
faiuiliar 

this  case 

neiit  v.as 
3;  it  v.as 
AC  of  this 
ertook  to 
:is  by  the 
vas,  as  we 
,0  embark 
coin  1  <"():) 
member 
ly  minis- 
t'ho  time 

ruiosin. 

vate  and 
;nt  in  its 
icrtainiiisj; 
.iccroy  in 
liominally 

111  intents 
viceroy 
pcause  ft 
flaced  by 
hf  there 
Possessed 
[hey  Nvcve 
le  btartod 


fortlio  west.  Thus  powerful  arul  independent,  Galvez 
A\  ;is  also  remarkable  for  his  practical  good  sense,  busi- 
ness ability,  untiring  energy,  and  disregard  of  all 
loutine  formalities  that  stood  in  his  way.  lie  is 
(iilided  to  the  first  place  anumg  the  pioneers  of  Cal- 
il'oiiiia  though  ho  never  set  foot  in  the  country.^ 

(lalvez  sailed  from  San  Bias  in  May,  but  was  driven 
to  tlie  Tres  Marias  and  back  to  Mazatlan,  not  reach- 
ii);4'  the  peninsula  till  the  first  week  in  July.  At  this 
tiuu;  Ca[)tain  Gaspar  do  Portola,  an  easy-going,  pop- 
ular man,  but  l)rave  and  honest  withal,  was  ruling  the 
country  as  civil  and  military  governor,  while  Captain 
Fernando  Javier  Rivera  v  Moncada  commanded  tho 
garrison  of  about  forty  soldiers  at  Loreto.  Portola 
was  a  new-comer  of  tlie  ))receding  year;  Pi  vera  had 
been  long  in  the  country.^     The  missions  were  in  the 

'n;ilvcz  wag  'alcnklc  do  cnsa  y  rortc,  ministro  tlcl  conscjo  do  Indias,  mar- 
qui'i  (L'.  Sonova,  iiiinistroik'  cstaduy  dcldcspaclio  iiniveraahlo  Iiulias.'  Ji'V'  nt, 
(Ji.'.i  ,\  uiit(S  i!e  Mr.v.,  4')2-\C).  Thi.i  i^  the  oidy  r.'.ithoi'ity  I  have  seen  for  tho 
exi.ct  ('ato  of  tlio  departure  from  Mexico.  In  nil  edict  tlatcd  Nov.  'J,  17>iS, 
in  Luv.i. r  California,  (.lalvoz  tii;^'n3  Linisclf  'del  conscjo  y  canir.ra do  Sii  .\lfi\,'cs- 
t;.d  (U  ( 1  real  y  En]ncnio  dc  laa  India?,  yntcndcntc  do  cxcrcito,  visitador  poii- 
trr.l  do  todoa  I03  tribunalcs  dc  jnsticia,  c;i\:is,  y  dcniars  ranioddc  real  liacii  iida 
dc  i:sUa  vcyuon,  y  coniijionadocon  las  anipli^inias  facultadca  del  Ex.  ih'.  Mar- 
qu('.!  do  Croix.'  J'roi:  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  U.  In  hi.i  report  to  tlio  viceroy  dated 
Ju:io  10,  17G0,  ho  givca  as  the  chief  object  of  tlio  northern  expedition  tho 
ciiLa'.lijhin.nt  of  a  presidio  to  protect  tlic  peninsula  from  the  danger  ahvaya 
t!n't:'lcncd  by  foreign  r.ations  'y  con  rppeeialidad  his  (t'jntativ;;; )  que  '.'.Uiiiia- 
iiiento  luin  liccho  Ins  runos  prctendiendo  faniiHariz:!rso  con  la  navcgacion  del 
mar  ilj 'iV.vtaria.'  Pa/o:i,  2\'of.,  i.  l.jli.  Sec  also  for  noticcii  ciinceniing<  kdvez' 
co;:r;!g  to  1  v.vcr  Calilornia.  LI. ,  i.  2  VCy-'O.  Fear  of  the  Pais  iians  as  tlic  leai'.ing 
mo'.ivc  f.ir  the  noi'thern  establishment  i:^  mentioned  in  Annoim,  Carta,  1770, 
iu  JJiir.  JL'.st.  J[i.v.,  4th  ser.,  tor.i.  ii.  iri(i-7;  licvilld-ilhicdn,  Injhrmc  tie  \~'Si, 
according  to  Cava,  Ttra  Nr/'os,  iii.  117;  byXavarretc,  introd.  to  Snt'd  ij  Me.r. 
\'i(';i<',  xci.-ii. ;  and  by  other  writer?!.  (.Jreenliow,  Or.  and  Cal.,  lOo,  tells  ns 
that  (lalvca  wv.ao,  man  of  tho  most  violent  and  tyrannical  disposition.  If  tins 
be  tnio  it  i,!  to  bu  regretted  that  vi;ilcncc  Jind  tyranny  were  not  more  eommon 
fjiu'.liliea  ill  .\;p:-.nisli  ollieials.  Ilughcr.,  ('■d/forii!a,  110,  learns  from  Jliir/<(r'.i 
lit -'J.  I'd  loi^cd'ia,  tliat  Gr.lvez  vioiteil  (..'aliiornia  in  search  of  gold-mini  .-j  tlis- 
einvrcd  by  (ho  Jesuits;  that  his  companioM,  Jliguel  Josii  dc  Aren:<a,  becamo 
dijfouragcd  after  a  few  weeks,  recommending  the  abandonment  of  the  .search 
and  accusing  flalvez  of  insanity  for  continuing  it,  for  wliieh.  he  was  cast 
ialipriron!  (Jalvcz  was  ill  in  Sonora  afier  leaving  California,  and  is  said 
to  h,vc  imprisoned  his  secretary  Azanza,  afterward  viceroy,  for  s.;ying 
th  t  l.i.}  milady  was  mcnfcil.  Sucli  was  the  origin  doubtless  of  the  story. 
Venc;-as,  A'ct.  Cal.,  ii.  200,  .")4,V4,  iii.  4-14,  lias  something  to  say  on  tho 
pro;)o;ab  to  settle  Alta  California  nnd  how  tlie  matter  stood  in  the  uiiddlo 
of  (!r>  century. 

"  iliographical  sketches  of  these  officers  will  be  given  later.     As  authority 
for  tlie  form  of  Portola's  name  I  cite  his  signature  in  an  original  letter  of  177!) 


1 1 


116 


rREPAr.ATIONS  FOR  SrANTSlI  OCCITATIOX. 


liands  of  sixteen  Franciscan  friars  from  tlio  collcnfc  of 
San  Fernando  in  Mexico,  who  liad  l>ecn  in  possession 
only  a])out  three  months,  and  were  under  Iho  (Urcc- 
tion  of  Father  Junfpero  Scrra  as  president.^  Tlu're  is 
nothinjj^  to  show  that  either  governor,  or  commandant , 
or  president  had  come  to  the  peninsula  with  nny  ex- 
pectation that  their  authority  was  to  ho  soon  cxtcncl  l 
to  the  northern  coast.  Yet  all  doubtless  shared  the 
prevalent  impression,  amounting  to  a  hope  in  the 
minds  of  the  padres,  that  sooner  or  later  jSIonterty 
and  San  Diego  were  to  be  v^ccupied  and  niissionniy 
work  begun.  Galvez  set  himself  to  work  most  zeal- 
ously to  investigate  the  condition  and  supply  the  needs 
of  the  peninsula  establishments.  His  policy  and  acts 
in  this  direction  are  fully  set  forth  in  connection  with 
the  annals  of  Lower  California.* 

But  the  visitador  kept  always  in  mind  his  projei  t 
of  northern  conquest.  Rapidly  his  busy  brain  ma- 
tured a  plan  of  action,  which  had  probably  been  con- 
ceived before  he  left  San  Bias,  and  which  a  few  montlis 
after  his  arrival  he  was  ready  to  carry  into  execution. 
Means  and  methods  were  fortunately  under  his  exclu- 
sive control,  and  he  had  resolved  on  an  expedition  in 
four  divisions,  two  by  sea  and  two  by  land,  to  stait 
separately,  but  all  to  meet  at  San  Diego,  and  thence 
press  on  to  Monterey.  Thus  a  practical  knowledge  of 
both  routes  would  be  gained,  transportation  econo- 
mized, and  risks  of  failure  lessened.  Available  for  the 
sea-goingdi  visions  were  two  small  vessels,the/;cf  (7  uehotcs, 
or  snows,  San  Carlos  and  San  Antonio,  under  the  com- 
mand of  captains  Vicente  Vila  and  Juan  Perez,  expe- 
rienced piYo^os  of  the  royal  navy.    They  had  been  bui't 

among^the  MSS.  of  Molera;  Portolci,  Dlario  del  Vinrje,  17G9,  MS.,  a  emit' m- 
porary  copy;  Ortega  in  Santa  Clara,  Arch.  Parr.,  MS.,  48;  Pulon,  Vila:  iui'l 
Monterey,  Lstrarlo  de.  Notlchts;  though  Serra  wrote  it  Portala  in  San  JJic,/", 
Lib.  Mision,  AIS.,  G3;  and  in  Paloii,  Notlcias,  it  is  printed  Portola. 

*  Father  Serra  was  a  native  of  Mallorca,  55  years  of  age,  wlio  ha<l  coiiic 
to  America  in  1749,  had  served  as  a  missionary  in  the  Sierra  Gorda  dlstiii  t 
for  nine  years,  and  about  the  same  time  in  the  college,  or  travelling  as  eouii- 
sario  of  the  inquisition.  Paloii,  Vida,  1-1.'5,  4;}-G.     See  preceding  note. 

*  See  Hist.  North  Mexican  States,  vol.  i.,  this  series. 


VISITADOR  AXP  PRESIDRNT. 


117 


)Sscssi()U 
ic  (linc- 
Tlu'iv  is 
iiuuuliinl, 
I  any  «^'\- 
cxtondtd 
luired  till! 
IC  in   the 
Montorty 
iiissionaiy 
nost  zcal- 
thc  needs 
y  and  acts 
ction  with 

bis  project 
brain  nui- 
j  been  c'du- 
|cw  months 
cxecutif'H. 
his  exchi- 
edition  in 
to  stai't 
md  tliencc 
owledge  of 
ion  econo- 
mic for  tiio 
paquehotcs, 
Y  tlie  coiu- 
erez,  ex\H'- 
been  built 

kiS.,  a  cont'in- 
[ion,  Vida:  in\<\ 

,  in  San  JJi(-:i'>, 
Irtola. 

Iwho  had  cor.io 
1  Gorda  .listiict 

I'clUng  as  couu- 
ling  note. 


fur  (lie  transportation  oftroojjs  to  Sonora,  and  tlicco- 
niainlaiite  at  San  Hlas  liad  orders  to  lit  them  out  and 
f^ciid  thi'MJ  over  to  La  I*a/  wit  li  tlie  lt;ast  possible  delay. 
The  land  exitedltions  under  I'ortoliian*!  Jlivera  were  to 
niaifli  IVoui  Santa  ^fan'a  on  the  northern  tVontie'r.  An 
aiMitional  military  force  would  be  required,  to  supply 
which  Colonel  Elizondo  was  instructed  to  send  over 
twenty- live  Catalan  volunteers''  under  Lieutenant 
]  Vdi'o  IXtJi'es.  The  j)cninf,ular  missions  nnist  assist  at 
the  bli'th  of  the  new  ones,  by  furnishing;'  ehui'ch  orna- 
ments, liv(^-stock,and  other  su})plies  to  the  full  extent 
(it"  theii-  al)llity. 

I'rom  his  head-quarters  at  Santa  Ana  Galvez  super- 
intended the  collection  at  La  Paz  and  Capo  San  Lucas 
of  cvei'vthini;  tliat  was  to  be  forwarded  by  sea.  lie 
sent  north  supplies  for  the  land  exjjedition,  and  ap- 
jiuinted  Captain  Rivera,  a  man  practically  ac(piainted 
with  the  country,  as  comisario  with  instructions  to 
pro(.'eed  northward  froui  mission  to  mission,  and  take 
tVoni  each  all  the  live-stock,  provisions,  and  imple- 
ments that  could  be  spared.  Likewise  he  was  to  re- 
cruit some  people  for  the  new  settlements,  and  bring 
everything  to  Santa  Maria  with  all  possible  despatch, 
liivera  set  out  upon  this  work  in  August  or  Septem- 
ber 17G8.° 

The  proposed  occupation  of  the  northern  countiy, 
however,  was  to  be  spiritual  as  well  as  military.  The 
natives  were  to  be  converted  after  their  subjection, 
and  not  only  presidios  but  missions  were  to  bo 
founded.  Preparations  having  been  efl'ectually  set  on 
f  Kit  (')i  lo  sc'cnlar,  it  was  now  time  for  the  spiritual 
aspect  of  the  scheme  to  receive  attention.  Accord- 
ingly the  padre  president  was  invited  to  come  down 
to  Santa  Ana  for  a  personal  interview  with  the  visita- 
doi',  as  ho  did,  arriving  at  the  end  of  Oetober.  Serra 
doubtless  had  before  this  time  made  himself  jn-etty 
Will  acquainted  with  what  Galvez  was  doing  and  pro- 

'Tlio  Catilonia  compnny,  1st  batt.ilion,  '2d  rogiincnt,  light  infantry,  had 
k'lt( VkHz  M;.y  -27,  I7(i7.   i'ror.  St«f.  Pxp-  ^^^-^  i-  -• 

•'raluii,  2\ol.  i.  2v;-,  says  August;  but  iu  Vldu,  Gj,  Soptcmbor. 


I 


f  ■  f^ 


lis 


rUKl'ARATIONS  FOR  SPANISTI  OCCITATIOX. 


jKtsod  to  do;  l)ut  ho  listened  patiently  tt)  the  visita- 
dor's  explanations,  and  then  not  only  expressed  iiis 
approval  of  the  sehemo,  but  aiuiouneed  his  intention 
to  join  the  land  expedition  in  person.  It  was  thou<(lit 
best  to  found,  besides  the  missions  at  San  Dic'^o  and 
INIonterey,  another  at  some  interniediat(!  j)oint,"  aii<l 
Btill  another  on  the  frontier  of  Lower  California  in 
order  to  facilitate  eomniunieation  between  the  old 
establishments  and  the  now.  Three  priests  were  to  j^o 
north  by  sea  and  three  by  land;  and  in  order  that  so 
many  miijjht  bo  spared  three  were  drawn  fi-oin  the 
(•olleLTo  of  San  Fernando.  Serra  agreed  with  Galvez 
that  ehureh  furniture,  ornaments,  and  vestments, 
nuist  bo  supjdied  by  the  old  missions.  Surplus  grain 
and  other  articles  of  food  were  to  bo  taken  as  gifts, 
Avhile  live-stock  and  implements  must  be  regarded  as 
loans,  and  as  such  repaid  in  kind.  This  burden,  al- 
though in  accord  with  the  past  policy  of  both  Jesuits 
and  Franciscans  that  old  missions  must  support  tlio 
new,  might  have  niet  with  opposition  had  there  been 
any  to  oppose. 

The  king's  and  viceroy's  representative,  the  civil 
and  military  governor,  and  the  president  of  tlic 
missions  were  in  accord  on  the  subject.  The  natives 
were  not  consulted,  and  the  priests  were  new-comers, 
not  very  deeply  interested  in  the  country  or  in  their 
respective  missions.^  Galvez  and  Sera  had  only 
themselves  to  convii  "jo  that  the  measure  was  rig] it, 
and  the  task  was  '  »t  a  hard  one.  The  Francis- 
cans were  bound  hy  .heir  vows,  said  the  visitador, 
the  president  echoing  approval,  to  spread  the  failli, 
not  to  accumulate  wet.  ,h  or  build  up  grand  establish- 
ments— a  doctrine  th  t  subsequently  lost  sometliing 
of  its  force  in  the  land  ^v^hither  the}'  were  going.  Serra 
took  a  list  of  the  church  property  that  Galvez  had 
already  collected,  and  promised  to  continue  this  sacri'l 

'  According  to  Pa^on,  V'tda,  ■")",  this  iutermcdiato  inission  was  to  1)C  calK<l 
Sail  liiu'iiavcntura. 

"I'alou.  A<//..  I.  43-.T),  claims  abo  that  (lalvcz,  the  viceroy,  ami  the  kin^ 
fully  repaid  tlic  luissious  later  for  all  that  was  taken. 


A  TATROX  SAINT. 


110 


tli<)U;;li  ciiforccd  loan  in  tliu  iiortli,  as  ho  did  some 
iiK'iitlis  latrr." 

Durlni^  tiic  month  of  Xovondjor,  Fatlior  Juin'pi'ro 
iiKiilo  Ji  tonr  of  tilt)  soutlnTii  missions,  coinphtin:^' 
;iii'an,!^^cnK'nts  for  sucnhiri/ation  whicli  siiouM  ivK-asc 
two  more  priests  for  (hity  in  the  north.  A  slaui^hti'r 
of  w  ild  cattlo  in  the  sonth  furnished  meat  for  the  lii'.Nt 
m;i  (Xpethtion.  Stoi'es  of  all  kinds  wi-i'e  eolleeted 
jit  La  I'az.  (jialvez  issned  a  proclamation  naming;"  St 
.losepli  the  patron  saint  of  tlie  adventure,'"  and  sliortly 
nil.  r  Lieutena.it  Fa^'es  ariived  I'rom  (niaymas  with 
t\\  I'nty-iivo  Catalan  volunteers  of  tlie  comimiita  fndtrn, 
who  were  to  ]fo  hv  sea  as  a  first  detaehment  of  tlie 
iiivadinLj  army  to  ovei-eonje  j^entile  haltalions  that 
iiiiL;liL  oppose  the  landing  and  progress  of  the  Spaniartls. 

"  I'iili.u  f'ivoH  loiij^  lists  of  nil  the  church  property  taken  from  e«.'h  iiiif<sion, 
V. Iiicli  I  li;i\o  tliDUj^lit  it,  Worth  while  to  eouihiiu!  int.)  the  f(jll.>\\iii;,',  whi.'h  i.s 
as  in:irly  iiceiiuitu  u.i  tlie  iiuthor's  oceasioiial  use  of  the  t.'nii.4  '  iievcral'  ami  '  a 
few'  will  jierniit:  7  church  hells.  1 1  HUmll  altar  hell;*,  'l'.\  altar  cloths,  .5  ch.iir 
c.iiM:<,  'i  Kurplicc:),  4  curpcts,  '1  coverlets,  ,'i  ruqudin,  3  veils,  1!)  full  fiets  sacrid 
vestment-!,  (liilerent  colors,  (J  ol.l  siu'^le  vestments,  17  (iHxit,  allw,  or  wliitu 
tunics,  10  /lulion,  palliunis,  or  short  I'loaks,  \Otiiiilli'H,  amices,  or  jiieccHof  linen, 
10  ciiaiuiiiles,  1 J  girdles,  (i  lio/)n<,  or  cassocks,  ]H  altar-linens,  or  r  >r/>oriil('-<,  Ml 
■j'l'i-'.iiniil'iir-!,  purilicat.iries,  or  chalice  eloths,  1  pall  ch.th,  11  jiicture.s  of  the 
vJT'.in,  12  bilver  or  (.^ildc.l  chalices,  1  cil)ary,  or  silver  goblet,  7  vrltiinrui^,  or 
hilv.r  iiliials  fir  chiisni,  or  sacreil  oil,  I  CHstniitn,  or  silver  caslcet  for  holy 
wafers,  ~>  roiirfifi.i,  or  silver  conchs  for  l)aptism,  (i  iiir('iis(tr!u-<,  or  silver  c.nser.s 
with  incense  dish  and  spoon,  I'J  jiairs  of  viiifujrrdK,  silver  and  glast  cruets  for 
will"  and  water,  1  silver  cro-;.s  with  jiclestal,  1  h  )X  ontainin .;  .le.uis,  Mary, 
.•ind  .Iiise})h,  1  copper  platter  for  baptismal  f.int,  '2  copper  baiitismal  fonts,  'JK 
brass,  copper,  an.l  silver  can.llesticka,  1  co]>per  dipper  for  holy  water,  1  silver 
jar,  1  tin  wafer  box,  ,']  statues,  2  silver  suns  or  daiv.lers,  4  iro  is  for  making 
wafers,  coins  and  rin;,'.s  for  (fr/vi.i  at  marria^'cs,  ")  uriis,  or  couscerate.l  stones, 
4  uiijsals  and  u  missal-stand,  1  IJetancurt'tJ -Manual;  also  quanti  ies  of  haml- 
k.  reliiefs,  curtains,  and  tinsels;  with  laces,  silks,  and  other  stull's  to  be  ma.lo 
into  altar  ui)holateiy,  taken  from  the  royal  (i/ninren  at  Loreto.  This  chureli 
]iro|icrl.y  was  for  the  most  prvt  sent  by  water  to  tlio  new  establishments. 
M;iiiy  of  the  ol.l  vestments  an.l  cluireli  .irnaineuts,  some  dating'  back  ])erhaps 
ti)  tlii.  lirst  invoice,  are  yet  preserved  in  the  missions,  .See  Visit  to  SuuIIk  ra 
('ulli'iij-)iiu,  AIS. 

'"In  his  pro!.lamation,  dated  Xov.  '21st,  nu.l  presei-ved  in  Arch.  Siiiitri.  Iliir- 
hunt,  .Ms.,  i,  1,"),  1(5,  ( ia I ve.'? refers  to  the  driviii:,'  away  of  the  locusts  in  1707.  at 
San  .b)X'  del  Cabo  iiy  ai.l  of  St  .fose])h's  inia';e,  as  a  reason  why  the  Monteuy 
ixpe'li'iion  is  to  be  under  him  as  patron,  lie  charges  the  priests  to  say  mass 
on  the  IDth  of  every  month,  and  the  rojative  litany  while  t  ho  cxpe.lilions  con- 
tinue, ini;i!ofiiig  tlirongli  iliu  intercession  of  the  saint  divine  indtcctivUi,  and 
this  in  addition  to  the  rcgnlarwa/^r  to  Maria,  patron  of  all  the  Oalifornian  eon- 
V(  r,io:!s,  .".u.l  aI:'.o  in  .iddition  to  the  regular y/V'/n  of  S.in  Jouc'.  On  the  same 
day  lie  c:ill  i  tiio  att'.'iition  of  Tadro  L-uuen  to  this  matter.  Letter  in  //.,  xi. 
S.i'.i  70,  with  auother  letter  of  Xov.  23d,  relating  to  supplies  from  the  Loreto 
v.i^rL  house. 


120 


rRErARATio:;s  ior  Spanish  occupatiox. 


Early  in  Decci>i])or  tlio  San  Ciirlot^  arrived  at  L:i  Paz 
from  San  Bias.  She  had  boon  hastily  and,  hko  all 
Pacific  coast  craft  of  tlio  time,  imperfectly  constructed, 
had  encountered  stormy  weather,  and  was  in  a  leaky 
condition.  She  was  already  partially  laden  with  eii'e.'ts 
for  the  iioi'th  from  the  San  Bias  warehouses;  but  had 
to  bo  uidoaded,  careened,  and  loaded  again,  all  of  which 
labor  Galvcz  personally  superintended,  often  lending 
a  hand  in  the  stowing  of  an  unwieldy  package,  greatly 
to  the  en(;ouragement  of  his  men  and  to  the  a;hui ra- 
tion of  the  chroniclers.^^  The  Oth  of  January  17(1',) 
the  San  (Jdr/os  was  ready.  All  who  were  going  in 
her  confessed,  lieard  mass,  partook  of  the  communion, 
and  then  listened  to  a  parting  addres.,  i'lom  Galvcz. 
The  visitador  reminded  hi.s  hearers  that  theirs  was  a 
glorious  mission,  that  they  were  going  to  plant  the 
cross  amonu:  the  heathen,  and  charged  them  in  the 
name  of  God,  the  king,  and  the  viceroy  to  respect 
their  priests  and  maintain  peace  and  union  among 
themselves.  Finally  Junipero  Serra  pronounced  a 
formal  blessing  on  the  pilgrims,  their  vessel,  the  Hag, 
the  crew,  and  on  Father  l*arron,  to  whom  was  in- 
trusted the  spiritual  care  of  the  company.  The  cere- 
mony over,  the  Sfia  Curios  put  to  sea.  Galvez  in  the 
Coitccpc'on  accompanied  her  d(  )wn  the  gulf  from  1  yd  Paz 
to  Cape  San  Lucas,  watching  her  until  slu3  doubled  (lu; 
point  and  sti'uck  bravely  northward  l)efore  a  fair  wind. '^ 
While  the  president  returned  to  Loreto  Cialve/, 
gave  his  attention  to  the  San  Antonio,  which  v\as  to 
follow  the  San  Carlos.  Touching  at  La  I*az  the  latli 
of  January,  she  arrived  at  Cape  San  Lucas  the  'jritli.'' 

"  l'ali)ii,  I'iild,  (JO,  notes  that  CSalvcz  was  jiarticii.ljaiy  zealous  in  jiackii^' 
for  San  TiU'navciitnr.a  wliieli  lie  called  liis  mission,  and  was  delighted  at  liavin,' 
done  liis  work  quicker  than  I'adre  .hinipero  who  packe<l  tor  hid  mission  nf 
San  ( Virlos. 

'-('re.s[)i,  in  Pitlmi,  Xnf.,  ii.  M!),  says  the  Sail  Ciir/o-i  sailed  January  10th. 
Leavin;^  La  I'azon  the  Otii,  slie  u\»y  have  iieen  last  seenliy  (Jalve/on  the  Kliii, 
tliou,i;h  I'alou,  A'o/..  i.  '2U>,  r-ays  it  was  the  I  Ith.  Forfurther  details  re.qiectin.; 
the  oliieers,  nun,  eargo,  instrneiions,  and  plans,  see  description  of  the  voya;^'e 
in  the  next  chapter. 

'•■'Calvez'lectt  in  P,rn\  Sf.  Pup.,  MS.,  i.  44.  Palon,  Vlilii,  01,  tells  iis 
that  tiic  S  III  Aiiliiiiiii  hud  gone  to  Sun  Lucas  because  prevented  by  the  wind 
from  reacliin;'  J^a  l'.".z. 


PEREZ  SAILS  OX  THE  SAX  AXTOXIO. 


121 


La  Paz 

like  all 
;tini('to(l, 

a  leaky 
h  elVc'.'ts 
but  luul 
of  which 
I  lending 
;,  greatly 
)  u;luiii"a- 
ary  170'.) 

•roill'JC    ill 

mnuuiou, 
,1  (Jalvc-z. 
;ii'S  Avas  a 
plant  the 
;in  in  the 
:o  respect 
)U   amon;^ 
ouneed    a 
,  the  ihiX, 
1  was   In- 
The  ceiv- 
07.  in  the 
m  l.ara7> 
ul)le(l  the 
lirwinil.'' 
)    CJalvc/. 
h  V\-a8  to 
the  irjth 
Ihe  •i.-.th." 

lis  in  pni'kiuj; 
\teil:it  li:iviu:,' 
lis  iiiirisiou  iif 

(auuary  lOtli. 

'.(iiitho  lOiii. 
|il«  i-c.spootiiiJ! 

if  1 1 10  voyiigo 

O;,  U'lli*  us 
by  the  wiii'l 


JTcr  condition  being  no  better  tlian  tliat  of  the 
ciil>:f<ii)H,  or  ilag-ship,  she  was  unloaded  and  careened, 
aiid  so  was  not  rcatly  for  sea  till  tlio  ]  .Itli  of  Feb- 
inarv.    Then,  after  an  exhortation  1)v(Kdv('z  and  the 


ii-na 


1  reliu'ious  cerei 


nonies, 


Perez  shook  out  his  sails 


i!"d   witli  a  fiiir  wind  struck    northward    from    San 
,i(ise   del   Cabo.     "God    seems    to    leward    my    only 
ue,  mv  I'aith,"  writes  Galvez  to  FaLTos,  "for  all 


Vll 


Wt 


11. 


'14 


dili 


Meanwhile  active  preparations  for  the  land  cx[)e- 

"  '  had 


I 


till  ion  were   t)om<»'  made  ni   the  north 


•th 


-UNcra 


left  Santa  .Vna  in    Scptcmljer,  as  we  luivo  seen.      () 
liis  wav  northward  he  had  visited  each 


li.id  t: 


ikcn  sncli.  live-stock  an 


1  oth 


n 

nnssion   audi 
,1 


1 


er  nee-icii  sui)])ncs 


U'l 


:li 


as  lie  and  the  different  friars  thought  could  be  spareck 
Tlie  200  cattle,  140  horses,  4G  nudes,  and  two  assess, 
with  various  im[)loments  and  articles  of  food  thu.s 
ac(juii'cd,''  were  collected  at  first  at  the  frontier  mis- 
sion of  Santa  Maria,  but  the  pasturage  there  being 
insullicient  for  his  animals,  Pivera  soon  transferred  his 
cnni])  to  Yelicata  ei^lit  or  ten  leau'ues  farther  north.'" 
Fioiii  this  point  he  sent  word  to  Galvez  at  Santa  Ana 
;uid  to  Serra  at  Loreto  that  he  would  be  ready  to 
start  for  San  ].)iego  in  Alarch.  The  president  had 
returned  to  Loreto  at  tfie  end  of  January,  and  had 
since  been  busily  engagoil  in  his  pre])arations,  forward- 
ing such  articles  as  iio  could  get  to  La  Pr.z  or  to  Santa 
^iaria  according  as  they  were  to  go  by  water  or  by 
land.  On  receipt  of  Riveras  message  he  at  once  noti- 
fied Finy  Juan  Crespf,  v/lio  was  to  aecomitany  the  lirst 
kmd  expedition,  to  join  tlie  I'orce  at  A\'licaf  ;i  without 
delay.     Cres[)i,  an  intimate  [)ersonal  friend  as  well  as 

"  Pvnv.  St.  l'„p.,  MS.,  i.  40. 

' 'TlicdilicliM,  not.  including;  tlio  Loreto  ooiiti-ibuti'in,  \vcfo  .'l  f75for/o<,  or 
pack-siuliilc.i,  'JS  Irathei-  l^:i;;s,  l  case,  of  liottlLM,  i;i  ^illo:^  of  IwitluT.  'JSaiTohas 
(if  li;.s,  1  Ijalu  !iiul  4  r.rnibas  of  hwi 


riobas  t](i 


i.li 


IlllKlL'S    PIIIOIC 


ir,  l!4;)  lUTolias /((,si/yV),  or  tirioil  iiuat,  'JH 
M    l"aiu';j;as  vhcat,   •_'.'$  arroba.^  raisins,  4 

caiyas  bi.'x'uits,  10  arrobas  lard,  2  jii,l,m  and  )Jl)ottl('a  wine.     IvitabU's  wi'ro 

j.'ih.s.     Pd/oit,  J\'iit.,i.  4;i-."'>.     Cialviz  stiit  .some  iinikuients  and  seeds.   /(/. 

Villa.  (iO, 

'"lie  reached  Velieatii  before  Dec.  liOth  on  v.  Iiieh  date  lie  wrote  to  (Julvez. 

J'>-'.r.  .S7,  J'ap.^  MS.,  i.  4.5. 


I 


122 


TRErARATIONS  FOR  SPANISH  OCCUPATION. 


obedient  subordinate  of  Scrra/'^  accordingly  left  liis 
mission  of  Purisinia  the  2Gth  of  February  ajid  reached 
Hivera's  camp  (tn  the  22d  of  INIarch,  hoving  been 
joined  at  Santa  ^Mari'a  by  Padre  Lasuen  v/lio  ]ia,l 
journeyed  from  San  Francisco  de  Borja  in  order  to 
bestow  the  customary  blessing  on  the  departing  [)il- 
gi-ims.  Everything  was  in  readiness,  and  two  days 
after  tlie  coming  of  the  friars  Rivei'a's  little  army 
be!jran  its  march  into  the  land  of  wntiles. 

Portola  with  the  second  division  of  the  land  expe- 
dition was  already  on  his  way  to  the  northern  frontier, 
having  left  Loreto  on  tlic  ninth  of  March ;^^  but  lie 
was  obliged  to  await  at  Santa  Maiia  the  transporta- 
tion from  San  Luis  Bay  of  supplies  which  had  been 
sent  up  by  water."  Soira  was  unable  to  accompany 
the  governor  because  his  work  of  collecting  church 
utensils  and  ornaments  v.\as  not  yet  comjdeted,  ami 
he  was  besides  suiFering  from  a  sore  foot,  obtained 
long  before  on  a  v/alli  from  Vera  Cruz  to  IMexico, 
which  made  it  doubtful  to  every  one  but  himself 
whether  ho  would  bo  able  to  go  with  the  expeditinn 
at  all.  Ilovv'ever,  ho  promised  to  follow  as  soon  as 
I)ossible,  and  meanwhile  sent  Campa  from  San  Ig'nacio 
in  his  place.  At  the  end  (»f  March,  though  still  very 
lame,  he  was  ready  to  start,  and  after  spending  sevei'al 
days  at  San  Javier  with  Francisco  Palou,"^  whom  lie 
appointed  president  of  the  old  missions  during  his 
absence,  he  journeyed  slowly  and  painfully  nortluvard, 
stoi)})ing  at  each  mission  except  Mulege,  and  finally 

•'Ci'cspi  was  liko  Scn'.a  a  native  of  Mi'.llorcn,  liiul  coirn;  to  America  in  t!ie 
same  vcsicl,  and  liiid  served  KJ  years  in  tlie  Sieri'.a  GdhUi  miti..U'>nn.  li.' 
was  at  this  time  4;-i  years  of  n;^e.  JIany  old  Calii'ornians  say  tlu'V  \m  ii; 
neenstoim'd  to  licaf  his  name  proiionncdl  )iy  their  fatliers  Crcspl,  and  it  i-ij-o 
vritlen  in  PurtoLi,  J)i(irii)  and  other  ^ISS, 

'"Sev^^ieant  Jo.sj  F.  t)rte;ra,  who  was  with  Portolii  on  tliis  marcli,  says  t'i:;t 
ho  left  Loreto  ]\Iareh  14.  J'riii'.  Sf.  J'<i/>.,  }dS.,  vi.  171.  Aceordin;;  to  a  fra,'- 
ineiit  in  ()rief:a's  handwriting  in  Sla.  (:!(ira,  Air/i.  /'arroquiu,  ^IS.,48,  lae 
date  was  March  Mth  or  Kiih.     Palon  makes  jt  the  !)th. 

'"  They  had  lieeii  sent  by  tlio  caiindfi  San  Ljhdno  and  San  Iloijti,  v\iu\i 
retnrned  to  San  l^ucas  li<  fore  I'el).  14th.   /'roc.  .S7.  y'try*.,  MS.,  i.  4.'(. 

'■'"  P;dnu  wa-s  now  47  years  i>f  a';e.  He  had  been  a  jiupil  of  Seir.i  in  S['.;iiii. 
w;u;  pirhaj's  ;;l:;i>  a  jialixcof  Jlallorca,  had  come  with  him  to  A-meiica.  ;i'i'l 
had  served  with  him  iu  the  tsierra  Gorda. 


1;!  'i: 


ALL  EX  ROUTE. 


123 


loft  his 
I  reaclu'd 

wlio  ]iad 
order  to 
rtiiig  pil- 
two  da_\>; 
tic  ariuy 

irid  cxpc- 
1  frontier, 
;i8  but  lie 
:-ansport:i- 
had  been 
cconipany 
ig  churcli 
Icted,  and 
,  obtained 
0  Mexico, 
it  hiniselt' 
Dxpedit  it'll 
Ls  Moon  ;i.s 
m  Ignacio 

still  very 
n'^  tjcvcral 

v/hom  lie 

uring  bi^ 
ortliward. 
nd  tinally 


IVinovica  in  tho 
l)ius,ii'ms.  H^' 
liy  i'ai'.v  vi'ii! 
)i,  ami  it  i^>u 

m-ch,  snys  t'i;;t 

liiii;  toaliM'-!- 

I,  .NiS.,4S,  llie 

llorja,  V  hi'-l' 
li.  4:.. 
\cvv.i  in  Sii:iii\. 

Aiucvica,  ami 


joining  the  governor's  party  at  Santa  ISIaria  tho  5th 
of  ^lay.  The  whole  company  left  Santa  ]\Iaria  on  tho 
11  til,  and  arrived  at  Velicata  the  14tli.'^'  The  same 
(lav  a  mission  was  founded  there  under  the  name  of 
San  Fernando,  Campa  being  left  in  charge;  then  on 
tlie  lath  of  May  Portola  with  the  second  land  expe- 
dition set  out  and  followed  tho  track  of  Eivera. 

Thus  within  a  period  of  four  months  Galvez  had 
despatched  the  four  divisions,  and  onl}^  an  extraordi- 
nary series  of  misfurtuncs  could  prevent  the  successful 
occupation  of  San  Diego  and  Monterey.  He  had  not, 
however,  <|uite  reached  tho  limit  of  his  efforts  in  that 
direction,  since  he  had  caused  to  be  built  at  San  Bias 
a  new  vessel,  especially  intended  for  northern  coast 
service,  and  named  for  the  patron  saint  of  the  expedi- 
tion the  Sail  Joye.  She  arrived  at  Cape  San  Liicas  on 
the  13th  of  February,  two  days  before  the  departure 
of  the  San  Antonio,'''''  but  it  was  found  necessary  to 
overhaul  her  for  repairs  at  the  cape  harbor,  whence 
she  was  convoyed  by  Galvez  in  a  sloop  t(j  Loreto  in 
April.  In  ^Ma^'she  bore  the  visitador  across  the  gulf 
to  the  Rio  ^la^'o,  and  brought  back  part  of  a  cargo  of 
sujiplies  to  Loreto,  where  she  completed  her  lading 
and  sailed  for  San  Diego  on  the  IGth  of  June.-''  She 
was  to  have  touched  at  San  Jose  del  Caljo  to  take  on 
hoard  Fatlier  ]Murguia  and  some  church  ornaments; 
hut  nothing  was  seen  of  her  there  or  elsewhere,  until 
three  months  later  she  appeared  at  Loreto  witli  a 
broken  mast  and  otherwise  disabled.  Word  was  sent 
to  (ralvo/C  in  Sonera,  and  he  ordered  her  to  San  Bias 
ior  reiniirs.  The  cargo  was  taken  out  and  scmt  in 
boats  io  Capo  San  Lucas,  except  a  (piantily  of  corn 
iri't  on  lioard.  A  trunk  of  vestments  was  st'ut  t<> 
Velicata  by  land,  and  the  vessel  sailed  for  San  JJlr.s 

■■"  P<ii-ioh'(,  l>i(h-io.  MS..  1,  '2.  TIic  leadtT  and  friars  wciil,  in  atlvpuce  and 
nauliiMl  N'flifalaun  tho  l.'itli. 

••'Oalvcz,  in  /'/•or.  ,sy.  J'ap.,  MS.,  i.  4."t. 

''■^  I'alijd,  i'(  /a,  (i;t,  says  tlin  vi'sscl  was  never  liciird  of  attain,  and  it  is  nn'y 
ill  his  (illuiMvoiU,  .\iifici(i8,  i.  r»4,  "JTli-il,  in  wiiich,  liiiwevt  r,  lie  saj-a  uotliiu;^ 
of  hir  trip  to  Soiioiu,  that  lie  describes  licr  subsequent  niovemeuts. 


I 


124 


TREr^UIATIONS  FOR  SPANISH  OCCUPATION. 


ill  October.  The  unfortunate  paquehot  came  back 
next  year,  and  sailed  from  San  Jose  del  Cabo  in  jNIay 
with  a  cargo  of  supplies  and  a  double  crew  to  reiin- 
force  the  other  vessels,  but  without  Murguia,  who 
was  detained  by  illness.  Nothing  was  ever  hoju'd 
subsequently  of  either  vessel  or  crew.  The  captain's 
name  was  Callegan. 

Tlic  proceedings  of  Galvcz  and  other  events  in  the 
peninsula  after  the  departure  of  the  northern  expedi- 
tions have  been  fully  narrated  elsewhere;-^  and  thcic; 
is  but  little  in  connection  with  those  annals  for  several 
years  that  has  any  bearing  on  the  new  establishments 
of  San  Diego  and  Monterey.  As  early  as  July  17GI), 
the  San  Antonio  returned  to  San  Bias,  and  on  the  7th 
of  September  a  schooner  brought  u|)  to  Loreto  news 
that  all  the  expeditions  had  reached  San  Diego."'  Tlio 
25th  of  February  1770  Rivera  returned  to  Velicatil 
for  cattle  and  other  supplies  left  there,  with  San  Diego 
news  to  the  11th  of  February,  and  with  reports  ibr 
Galvez  and  the  viceroy  on  the  failure  of  the  first 
attempt  to  find  Monterey.  A  month  later  two  natives 
arrived  from  San  Diego  with  April  letters  to  Palou 
and  the  viceroy  which  reached  Loreto  late  in  ^lay. '" 
The  2d  of  Auo-ust  mcssenarers  arrived  from  ]\Iontercv 
at  Todos  Santos,  bringing  to  Governor  Armona  and 
Father  Palou  news  of  the  founding  of  San  Carlos 
mission.  The  event  was  celebrated  by  a  mass  of 
thanksgiving  and  by  a  discharge  of  fire-arms  at  Santa 
Ana.  From  Portola  who  returned  by  sea  the  good 
news  was  received  in  Mexico  about  the  same  time.-' 
I  have  already  noticed  the  despatching  of  the  ill-fated 
San  Jo,^e  in  May  1770.    Palou,  the  acting  president, 

'*Sce  TI'iM.  North  Mexican  Sdifes,  vol.  i.,  this  series. 

^'' All;,'.  20,  !'(!!>,  Juan  15.  Anza  writes  from  Tiibac,  Sonora,  toOov.  Pinedii 
tliataii  Inilian  froii)  the  Gila  has  reported  thatanation  heyond  theCoLOiiiaii- 
copas  met  four  Spaniards  Avith  gnns,  whom  the  writer  thinks  may  be  part  uf 
tlu'  Monterey  expedition,   /he.  JIht.  Jlcr.,  scr.  iv.  torn.  ii.  117-lS. 

'-'Ulov.  Armona  of  liaja  California  writes  from  Santa  Ana  July  10,  177", 
that  ho  arrived  Juno  l.'ith,  and  found  good  news  of  the  nortln'm  expcditinn.-, 
ineluding  the  discovery  of  tiie  'prodiuiosisimo  pnerto'  called  San  l^'rancisro 
and  whieh  may  ho  Monterey.    Due.  llisl.  Mrx.,  scr.  iv.  toni.  ii.  IM-'. 

■^  Uvjjt.  «.  I'ajj.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  Ixxxvii.  10. 


T. 


PALOU  IN  THE  PENINSULA. 


125 


line  back 

0  in  May 

1  to  rciin- 
iwiix,  who 
.'cr  heard 

captain's 

nts  in  tho 
rn  cxpcdi- 
and  then; 
foi'suvoral 
)hshmonts 
ruly  170!), 
on  tho  7th 
ircto  news 
cj^o."''  Tho 
o  Vcheat;i 
3an  Diem> 
•oports  I'or 
f  tho  tirst 
o  natives 
to  Pah)U 
n  ^Ia>'."' 
^Monterey 
niona  and 
in  Carlos 
mass  of 
at  Santa 
tho  good 
luo  time.-' 
e  ill-lated 
president, 


k('])t  liimself  in  constant  communication  with  Serra, 
aiul  in  the  midst  of  all  liis  cares  and  vexations  respeet- 
\\vj^  peninsular  affairs,  never  lost  sight  of  the  new 
111  ii'thern  establishments.^'^ 

■"*  On  preparations  in  the  peninsula  for  the  northern  expeditions  the  standard 
nutlmrity  is  I'nhm,  Noticiun,  i.  2'J-o(),  247-7!),  and  Id.,  I'ida  dc  Jniiipcro  Strrf, 
57 -T'l.  ln'sides  the  original  sources  of  iiiforiniition  to  whicli  I  have  rufen-id  tni 
,s|ifci;d  ]ioiiits  inpast  notes.  So  large  and  complete  is  my  collection  of  oriiiiniil, 
and  es|)(_cially  mannscrijit,  authorities  on  California  history  that  I  shall  nut 
attcnint  any  .systematically  complete  reference  to  all  the  printed  workti  which 
toutli  upon  oacli  point  or  each  brief  epoch,  Init  which  give  information  at 
second  h.ind  oidy.  I  shall  refer  to  such  works  to  pointout  errors  worth  mitic- 
ing,  orfiir  other  special  purposes;  and  I  shall  also  for  bibliographical  purpo.scs 
give  occasional  lists  of  these  secondary  authorities  bearing  on  definite  historic 
periods.  For  such  a  list  on  tho  occupation  and  early  niis.siou  history  of  Cal- 
ifornia see  end  of  this  volume. 


o  Gov.  rineda 
theCoconiaii-_ 
i;iy  be  part  ut 

-is. 

luly  10.  1770, 
|i  cxpcditiiiu-, 
■>an  Francisco 
lo(J-7. 


CHAPTER  V. 


OCCUTATION  OF  SAN  DIEGO-KXriCDITIONS  BY  SEA  AND  LiVSB. 

17G9. 

Voyage  OF  Peuez  IN'  the  'Sax  Antomo' — Arrival  in  San  Dieco  Bay— 
A  Miracle— Discovery  op  Santa  Ciii'z  Island — Waitixo  for  the 
Cai'itana — VoYAOE  OF  ViLA  IN  THE  'San  Carlos  ' — Fa(;es  and  III.S 
Catalan  Volunteers — Instructions  by  Oalvez — A  Scurvy-stricken 
Crew — A  rEsT-iioisE  at  San  Diego-- Arrival  of  Rivera  y  ^'  in- 
CADA— CiiE.si'i'3  Diary — Camv  and  ITosriTAL  Moved  to  North  San 
Diego — Coming  of  PortolA  and  Junii'Ero  Serra — Reunion  of  the 
Four  Kxfeditions — Tiiankscjiving  to  Saint  Joseph — The  'San  An- 
Tt)Nio'  Sent  to  San  Blas — PortolaSet.s  outfor  Mc"  terey — Found- 
IN(!  OF  San  Diego  Mission — A  Baitle  with  the  Natives — A  Mission 
without  Converts. 


Turn  now  to  tlic  northern  coasts,  to  the  bay  of  San 
Dit'go,  whose  waters  had  lain  for  more  than  ...century 
and  a  half  undisturbed  by  European  keel,  whose 
sliores  had  known  no  tread  of  iron  heel  since  Sebas- 
tian Vizcaino  was  there.  The  native  inhabitants  yet 
preserved  a  traditional  renienibraucc  of  white  and 
bearded  visitors,  kept  alive  perhaps  by  an  occasional 
rumor  wafLed  overland  from  the  south-east,  and  ])y 
distant  glimpses  of  the  white-winged  galleon  which 
year  after  year  bore  its  oriental  treasure  down  jnist 
this  ]iort,  which,  so  far  as  can  be  known,  was  never 
entered.  And  now  the  aboriginal  solitude  is  destined 
to  be  forever  broken. 

The  11th  of  April  17G9^  a  Spanish  vessel  appears 
and  anchors  in  the  bay.  It  is  the  Stoi  Anfoiu'o  sonie- 
times  called  7:7  Principe,  nud  is  connnanded  by  Juau 

iCrespi,  in  Paloii,  Xot.,  ii.  140,  gives  the  date  as  April  14tli.  ITunibuldt, 
ivksaJ.  Pol.,  IMS,  saya  it  was  in  April  1703. 

(120) 


ARRIVAL  OF  THE  FIRST  EXPEDITIOX. 


127 


AND  L^VXD. 


Pcroz,  an  experienced  Mallorcaji  who  lias  seen  scrvieo 
ill  the  Pacific  as  pllolo,  or  master,  of  the  ]\Ijuiila  gal- 
Il'oii.  She  had  been  despatclied  from  Cape  San  Lucas 
ill  Fehruaiy,  after  rehgious  services  and  a  [)arling 
address  from  the  visitador  gvneralJose  de  Galvez,  the 
highest  official  who  had  visited  tlio  nortli-westerii 
coast  since  the  days  of  Ilernan  Cortes.  On  board  are 
the  IViars  Juan  Vizcaino  and  Francisco  Gomez,  a  few 
caipeiiters  and  blacksmiths,  then  tliere  is  the  crew, 
whose  number  is  not  known,  and  a  miscellaneous 
cai'Lj,"o  of  supj)lies  for  two  settlements  which  it  is 
tlcsigued  to  found  on  the  ii})per  coast.  Under  the 
jirotecting  care  of  Saint  Anthony  of  Padua,  patron, 
indeed,  of  the  day  of  sailinj^"  as  well  as  of  the  vessel 
herself,  the  voyage  of  twenty-iour  days  has  been  a 
]in>s]ierous  one,  the  only  misfortune  recorded  beinj^ 
the  illness  of  a  few  seamen  who  suilered  from  scurvy, 
a  scourjjfc  rarely  escaped  by  voyagers  of  the  period. 

The  lirst  land  maile  was  an  island  in  the  Santa  Bar- 
bara Channel,  which  was  named  Santa  Cruz  I'rom  tlie 
honesty  of  the  natives  in  restoring'  an  iron  cross  left 
on  sliore.  Ilere  they  received  the  best  of  treatment 
and  obtained  plenty  of  fish  and  water  in  exchange  for 
beads;  but  their  observations  showed  that  they  were 
aho\e  the  supposed  latitude  of  San  Dieg'o,"  and  Perez 
accordin!>ly  returned  southward  aloivjf  the  coast  until 
he  passed  Point  Guijarros  and  entered  tlie  desired 
))ort,  as  we  have  seen,  on  the  11th  of  April.  Hero 
v\m)  the  natives  are  kind  to  the  strano'er,;,''  but  Perez 
iinds  iK^  sign  of  Vila,  his  superior  in  command  of  the 

-'Aceonling  to  observations  the  vessol  w;is  in  .".4"  '10',  Imt  roiilly  in  about 
^\  \  while  Sail  Diego,  supposotl  to  be  in  ',]\  .  i\ihrcra  lltu  iw,  Xnauacioiijo'do, 
vas  marly  a  degree  and  a  half  further  nmtli. 

'  Tlie  natives  at  lir.'.t  took  the  vo.siel  fur  a  ;;rrat  wludc,  but  soon  discovered 
tliei;-  error,  and  regarded  it  as  the  forerunner  of  v.'ondevfnl  thin'ri,  espt'ei.diy 
ay  an  eelipoO  of  the  sun  and  an  carthip-.ak;'  occurred  !;inuiltanecm:;ly  v.'itli  tiio 
Rnival  of  the  vessel.  This  stoi'v  was  told  ])y  them  later,  and  i.>  recorded  l)y 
Scmi,  l!iprr.<vi.t(icton  nohiv  Mi^-oncK,  jl  il'  M<i>io  l,}.!,  ^IS.,  -who  sjays  the 
Spiu'.iard;;  noticed  neither  eclipse  nor  tvmhior,  and  regards  it  as  a  uiiraclo  l)y 
which,  though  the  padres  could  not  yet  begin  their  teachings,  '  cnnienzaron 
A  jreiiicar  prodigiosaniente  ii  nqnellos  niiseros  gentiles  las  criatnras  insensiblea 
•111  Ciclo  y  do  la  tierra.'  'ihese  phenomena  arc  also  noticed,  fioui  the  sumo 
source,  in  the  ,V.  t\  Bulletin,  Oct.  12,  1805. 


1-28 


OCCUPATION  OF  SAN  DIEGO. 


flag-sliip,  Avliit'li  had  sailed  from  the  peninsula  moi-e 
than  a  month  bolore  the  San  Antonio,  and  which  he 
had  hoped  to  find  at  San  Diego.  Neither  are  there 
any  tidings  to  be  obtained  of  the  overland  party  to 
the  same  port.  Under  these  circumstances  the  cap- 
tain's orders  call  for  a  stay  of  twenty  days  before  pro- 
ceeding to  Monterey.  As  thei-e  are  no  soldiers,  aiul 
as  the  instructions  of  Galvez  had  been  to  run  no  risks, 
the  friars  do  not  land,  nor  is  any  attempt  made  to  ex- 
])l()re  the  country.  Two  days  before  the  twenty  days 
elapse,  that  is  on  the  29th  of  April,  the  taidy  caj^ti- 
tana  comes  in  sight. 

The  San  Carlos,  otherwise  called  the  Golden  Fleece, 
is  commanded  by  Vicente  A^ila,  a  native  of  Andalucia, 
and  sailing-master  of  the  first  class  in  the  royal  Spanisli 
navy.*  She  had  sailed  from  La  Paz  having  on  boai'd 
Vila,  a  mate  not  named,  Alferez  Miguel  CostanscV' 
acting  as  cosmographer,  and  a  crew  of  twenty-thiee 
sailors  and  two  boys.  Also  on  board  were  Lieutenant 
Pedro  Pages,  with  twenty-five  Catalan  volunteeis, 
including  a  sergeant  and  corporal;  Hernando  Parron, 
a  Franciscan  friar;  Pedro  Prat,  a  Frenchman  and 
surgeon  of  the  royal  army;  four  cooks  and  two  black- 
smiths— sixty-two  persons  in  all;  with  supplies  for 
eight  months  or  a  year,  implements  of  various  kinds, 
and  a  quantity  of  church  furniture  and  other  mission 
property."     All  the  proper  religious  ceremonies  had 

^Vila's  appointment  by  Galvcz,  tlated  La  Paz,  Dec.  27,  1708,  names  as 
'C'apituii,  Piloto  ^Mayor,  y  coinanduuto  del  .S'rt,7  ('lirlo.'i,  n  \).  Vicontu  ^'ila, 
piloto  dc  lo.s  jiriiiKTos  do  la  Ecal  Armada,  por  las  aprcciablcs  circniiHtniui:is 
(jiic  en  el  conenrren,  con  la  jnrisdiooiony  prerogativasque  le  eon'csponden  ]>  >r 
la  lieal  Ordenanza  de  !Maiiiia,'  with  61-0  per  month  and  i}'M  additional  if  t!ie 
voyage  is  successful.  Otiicers  and  crew.s  of  hoth  vessels  are  ordered  uinlrr 
severe  penaltit's  to  obey  Vila  as  commander  of  the  caj)itana.  Prui\  St.  J'li;'-, 
MS.,  i.  «G-S. 

"  Printed  Costanso  in  Jfonfeir)/,  Eslracto  de  A^ot!cia.<,  and  so  signed  by  liini- 
self  in  several  autographs  now  before  me.  Often  printed  Costanzo  or  Constan  ■'>. 

^Thc  manifest  of  the  San  Carlos  signed  l)y  Vila  on  Jan.  uth  is  prcservol  in 
Prov.  St.  /'«//.,  jMS.,  i.  13-'J1.  The  list  of  supplies  includes:  4,()7(i  lbs.  nu  :it, 
1,783  lbs.  fish,  "JoO  bush,  maize,  oOO  lbs.  lard,  7  jars  vinegar,  5  tons  wood,  l,'_'7r 
Ills,  brown  sugar,  5  jars  brandy,  (i  tai)(tt<s  figs,  3  tiiiia/cf  raisius,  '2  rnKth  -•<  datis 
300  lbs.  redpepjier,  I'J,')  lbs.  garlic,  (),r)78  lbs.  bread,  common,  (i!);*  lljs.  bn:i>l, 
white,  9-15  lbs.  rice,  !)4"')  lbs.  cliickjieas,  17  Imshels  salt,  3,800  gallons  Miitir, 
4;)0  lbs.  cheese,  0  jars  Cal.  wine,  l'2o  lbs.  sugar,  "275  Iba.  chocolate,  10  luuiis, 


VOYAGE  OF  THE  SAN  CARLOS. 


129 


=>ula  laoi'c 
which  he 
are  there 
I  party  t(t 
s  the  cap- 
before  pro- 
Idicrs,  and 
n  no  risks, 
lade  to  e\- 
I'cnty  days 
,aidy  cai>(- 

dcn  Fleece, 
A.ndakicia, 
-al  Spanisli 
g  on  board 
Costanso' 
'onty-thiee 
Lieutenant 
vohinteers, 
do  ParroH, 
hman  and 
two  black- 
ipplies  I'lir 
Hous  kinds, 
Icr  mission 
nonies  had 

|l7()S,  naiiioi  ns 
Vicoiito  \'ila, 
cironiist;iiu-i;n 
Irrcspoiiilcnii  n" 
llilitioiialit't'ic 
Tonlfn-cil  uiii'rr 
Vrui-.  St.  P<u:, 

IsifniP'^  I'Y  ''i'"" 
)urCoiistan:'|'. 
is  prcservi'il  in 

LOTO  11)S.  Ill'  :i_t; 
llUH  wood,   I. -It 

l2ri»f(/(.'>'<l:ito.s 
fi!);)  llw.  linad, 
Ifrallolis  wati'V, 
llatc,  10  luuns 


been  attended  to  at  the  start;  Junipero  Serrn,  presi- 
dent of  tlie  CaHlbrnia  missions,  had  invoketl  the 
blessing  of  heaven  upon  this  first  detachment  of  pa- 
cilieators;  ^Miguel  de  Azanza,  subsequently  viceioy  of 
Xcw  Sjiain,  had  acted  as  shipping-clerk  at  tho  eni- 
liarlvation  of  the  su})])lies;  and  Jose  de  (bdvoz,  the 
I'oicniost  man  in  America,  had  not  only  aitkd  in  tlie 
lading  and  delivered  a  parting  address,  but  had  ac- 
coiiijianicd  tlie  vessel  to  the  cape,  seeing  hor  safely 
licacled  for  San  Diego. 

Yet  despite  such  favorable  auspices  the  Smi  Cdrlos 
v;as  unfortunate.  The  water-casks  leaked  and  noth- 
ing but  water  of  a  bad  quality  could  be  obtained  at 
Cedros  Island.  This  !]^reatly  ncj'ijravated  tlic  scui-vy, 
always  prevalent  on  the  coast,  and  soon  no  sailors 
wore  left  with  suflicient  strength  to  work  tlie  vessel 
or  to  launcli  the  boats  for  fresh  water.  Vila,  in  accord- 
ance with  his  instructions,"  was  obliged  to  go  I'p  tlie 
coast  to  34'  as  had  Perez  before  him,  the  increased 
distance  and  cold  adding  greatly  to  his  troubles.     At 

11  bott'c;  oil,  2  ll)s.  spice,  25  smoked  l)oof-tongucs,  G  live  oattlo,  ,"7."i  lli-5.  len- 
tils, IIJ  ]lis.  caniU'Js,  l,.';i)!)  Ui.s.  (lour,  1.")  sacks  hraii,  4'.),j  llis.  liraiis,  l(j  sacks 
coal,  111  ii.s  t'urllie  siuk  ami  for  breciling,  91,000  in  moucj',  etc.  'J'lie  liraiidyand 
cliccsc  Were  foi'  litorniy  v.X'athcr  only,  the  former  being  considered  couducivo 
to  soinvy  if  used  liahitually  on  this  coast.  The  wine  was  f(jr  cabin  u;c,  or  for 
the  mi  sions.  iMaiij'  (,f  the  articles  named,  or  sspecilicd  portions  thereof,  wero 
iutenihsl  ftr  the  missions,  or  for  the  land  expedition;  and  part  of  ilni  punoi:h(i 
was  to  be  used  in  .sweetening  tlie  temper  of  tlie  natives. 

'Oalyei;'  inLitrnctions to  C.'apt.A'ila,  dati'd  Jan.  .">lli,  arc  preserved  in  Prov. 
Si.  Pfi  '.,  !MS.,  i.  2J-|]1,  under  the  title,  '  Jnstruetion  to  bo  ob.-^erved  by  D. 
Vicente  X'iln,  lirst-cliss  master  in  the  royal  navy  and  Captain  C.jrn.indunte 
ot  the /(rt'/'/' ';  t  vi  his  majesty  called  the  .sV(/i  Cdrf'j.i  alias  y'lrnoit  dc  Vro  in 
tlie  voyage  wliich  by  divine  aid  this  ves'^el  is  to  make  to  the  ports  f.f  San 
l>ie_;o  and  Mont're.\-,  situated  ou  tin;  nortln'in  coast  of  this  iieiuiusuki  of  Ca!i- 
t  •rnia.)  i.i  .S;j'  and  :!7'of  kitiaiilc\'  'J'lie  dill' 'rent  artiek^s  of  tii's  doi;iinient  are 
ill  sabstance  as  f..l!o\vs:  1st.  The  objeet  is  to  establi.>h  the  Calholio  faith,  to 
extend  S,.:'.ni.,h  domain,  to  cheek  the  ambitious  schemes  of  a  foreign  nation, 
luid  to  carry  out  a,  plan  formed  by  IVlijfc  111.  as  early  as  lOl):!.  Therefore  no 
pains  crji  bo  L-pared  without  olFcnse  t>  <  lod,  t!io  l:ing,  and  the  c  lantry.  'Jd. 
'1  he  ves'^el  being  new,  strong,  and  well  siippHi'd  for  over  a  year,  to  be  followed 
by  the  S(t  I  .■l//^J;r^' wit li  additional  .siippli<'s,  having  only  ,'!()0  h"V;'ies  to  make, 
having  a  .stron;,'  mi'.itiry  force',  and  going  to  a  kuul  whose  uaUvrs  arc  docile, 
have  no  arms  but  bi)W.3  and  .-.rrow.s,  and  are  without  boats,  thera  eau  bo  no 
eM'iise  i.i  (')  h'n.iauo  for  failure.  ;}d.  Vila  is  to  sail  Jan.  7th,  weather  \v.y- 
laitting,  in.'cp  out  to  sea  according  to  bis  jiiilgUK  nt  in  .=;carc!i  of  fav(v,'ablo 
V.  iiiils,  to  take  cai'cful  observations,  and  to  stand  in  sliorc  at  \'y\\  San  !.)iego 
being  hi  ;!;>'  according  to  the  ceunla  of  Felipe  III.,  and  being  ea:  y  ti  llnd  iiy 
^  izeaiuo  s  narrative  enclosed  with  this  docuuicut  in  print  iii  the  third  volume 
Hisr,  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    9 


130 


occur ATIOX  OF  SAN  DIEGO. 


last,  liowcvcr,  a  tedious  navigation  of  a  hundred  and 
ten  days  was  ended  by  the  San  Carlos,  ahnost  mi- 
raculously it  would  seem,  by  turninj^  into  San  Diej,''o 
Bay  the  29th  of  April' 

Perez  has  already  deposited  a  letter  at  the  foot  of 
a  cross  on  shore,  and  has  completed  his  preparations 
to  sail  on  the  1st  of  May,  when  the  San  Carlos  ajt- 
pears  and  drops  anchor,  but  without  lowering  a  boat. 
A  visit  to  the  vessel  soon  reveals  the  fact  that  all 
hands  are  down  with  scurvy.  The  sick  are  at  once 
removed  by  the  crew  of  the  San  Antonio  to  the  shore, 
where  they  are  sheltered  by  sail  tents  and  receive 
from  Dr  Prat  and  the  three  friars  such  care  as  cir- 
cumstances allow.  It  does  not  clearly  appear  that 
more  than  two  had  succumbed  at  sea;  but  now  death 
begins  its  ravages  in  the  canvas  pest-house  on  the 
beach."     Perez*^  men  are  attacked   by  the  scourge; 

of  the  Not'tcia  ile  Cali/ornias  (that  is  in  Vcncfjax,  Kut.  Cal.,  iii.  85-0).  4th.  If 
Capt.  lliveni  bo  fiiunJ  iit  Hiin  Diego,  the  mission  ell'ccts  arc  to  he  laiidoil,  ami 
Buch  otlic  r  supplies  as  Rivera  may  iiccd,  tlio  rest  to  bo  taken  by  sea  io  Mon- 
terey. .")th.  if  Itivcra  and  the  land  forcn  have  not  arrived  Vila  is  to  wait  I') 
or  '20  tlays  at  most,  obtaining  wood  and  water,  while  Fages  and  Co.stans  i 
explore  tlie  eountry.  Gth.  After  the  '20  day.s,  or  on  Rivera's  arrival,  the  Sun 
Cdr/im  is  t(}  sail  for  Monterey,  with  the  Sail  Aiitonio  if  sle  be  there.  7tli. 
The  strictest  discipline  is  to  be  kept,  every  precaution  taken  for  safety,  and 
any  outrage  on  the  natives  to  bo  severely  punislied.  Sth.  The  sailors  are  to 
aid  the  soldiers  in  Imilding  a  temporary  fort  at  Monterey.  J)tli.  The  iiativf:^ 
are  to  be  conciliated  with  punocha  and  trifles,  bnt  to  bo  very  closely  watclicil, 
and  to  be  induced  to  look  on  weapons  as  a  kind  of  adornment.  10th.  Pcumrlvi, 
cloths,  etc.,  arc  to  bo  given  to  Fages  and  liivcra  on  their  demand,  a  receipt 
being  taken.  11th.  A  report  is  to  be  sent  to  Galvez  from  San  Diego  by  laiul, 
and  from  Monterey  one  of  the  vessels  is  to  return  to  8an  Diego  with  di- 
spateiics  to  go  overland,  or  if  oidy  one  vessel  is  there  she  is  to  come  as  soon 
as  safety  will  permit  and  return  immediately.  I'ith.  Vila  to  remain  in  tlio 
best  fitted  of  the  two  vessels  at  Monterey  until  the  San  Jond  shall  arrive. 
13th.  The  other  vessel  is  to  remain  at  San  Diego  long  enough  to  deliver 
despatclics,  etc.,  and  is  then  to  continue  her  voyage  to  C.  San  Lucas  and  San 
Bias  with  duplicate  despatches.  ]4tli.  Coasts  about  Monterey  are  to  l^e 
explored,  especially  port  and  river  Carnielo,  and  if  possible  the  port  of  San 
Francisco  said  to  be  in  liS"'  30'.  To  this  end  Vila  will  give  all  possible  aid  to 
Costans(')  and  Fages.  15th.  On  the  arrival  of  the  San  Josd,  Vila  in  his  vessel 
will  return  to  San  Bias,  exploring  the  coast  in  order  to  confirm  or  correct 
Cabrera  Bucno's  derrotero,  the  best  extant.  Kavegacion  Especulativa  y  prac- 
tica,  Manila,  1734. 

•* According  to  Pahu,  Not.,  i.  262,  she  anchored  on  the  30th. 

•Judge  Hayes,  Emig.  Notes,  MS.,  474,  thinks  that  the  vessels  were 
anchored  off  what  is  now  New  Town,  between  the  two  wharves,  and  that 
Punta  de  loa  Muertes,  or  Dead  Men's  Point,  derived  its  uume  from  the  burial 


RAVAGES  OF  THE  SCURVY. 


181 


aivl  of  about  nlucty  sailor*,  soklitra,  and  anecliaiiics 
considerably  less  than  one  third  survive,  bliough  none 
(»t'  the  officer's  or  friars  die  or  are  even  attacked  so 
far  as  the  records  show.*''  Of  course  the  continua- 
ti(»n  of  the  voyage  to  Monterey  is  not  possible  under 
i\w  circumstances.  Neither  can  Fagcs  and  Costanso 
do  otherwise  than  disregard  their  instructions"  call- 
ing for  a  preliminary  exploration  of  the  surrounding 

of  the  scurv-y-strickcn  s.iilors.  Anil  such  is  probably  the  fact,  for  the  name 
HplKiirs  oil  i'antoja'.s  chart  of  1784  iu  Sutil  y  Mtxicmea,  Viaycs,  Atlas,  No.  5. 
i^t't'  jilso  BanrrojTs  I'lrs.  Obs.,  MS.,  14. 

'"There  is  some  confusion  respecting  numbers,  increased  by  our  ignorance 
(if  the  exact  force  on  the  Sdn  Antonio,  Ralou  says,  Not.,  i.  202,  that  fiom 
the  Sun  Carlos  5  of  tlie  crow  anil  12  soliliera  survived;  while  of  the  other 
iTC'W  all  but  7  (lied.  Again,  ii.  151,  ho  says  that  before  May  14th  9  of  tlie 
iS'ii/t  Ciirlon  had  died.  Again,  i.  282,  that  the  Sun  Antonio,  sailing  July  0th 
(or  ittIO,  lost  9  men  on  the  voyage,  an'iving  at  San  Bias  niu  ijcnte  para  murcar. 
And  iinally,  tliat  5  sailors  and  2  boys  remained  on  the  San  Cdrloa  after  July 
1  Uh,  at  which  time  29  sailors  and  soldiers  had  been  buried  on  the  beach. 
Iu  u  k'tter  dated  July  3d,  Serra  states  that  all  tiie  crew  of  the  Sail  CiirloH 
(lied  e.\cei)t  one  man  and  a  cook,  and  8  died  from  the  San  Antonio,  Puinu, 
Villa,  70.  He  writes  in  the  San  Diego  death  register,  San.  JJiei/o,  Lib,  Mijiiun, 
M.S.,  03-5,  that  half  of  Fages'  soldiers  died;  that  Parron  at  first  and  himself 
later  kept  a  record  of  deaths  which  was  destroyed  with  tlio  mission  a  few 
yearn  later,  and  that  the  deaths  witliin  a  few  montlis  amounted  to  over  OO, 
including  some  Indians.  The  good  friar  hopes  the  nanies  arc  inscribed  in  the 
'hook  of  life.'  li\  Loreto,  Lib.  Minion,  MS.,  129,  the  Indian  Juan  Alvarez 
U  mentioned  as  liaving  been  one  of  the  San  Ant07iio'«  men,  who  died  at  San 
l)i("4o  on  June  25th. 

"  ( Jalvez'  instructions  to  Fages,  dated  like  those  to  Vila  January  5th,  and 
found  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  !51-43,  arc  substantially  as  follows:  1st.  Fages, 
military  chief  of  the  sea  expedition,  is  to  exercise  the  same  authority  on  land 
until  (Jov.  I'ortolil  arrives;  that  is  he  is  to  be  Rivera's  superior,  and  is  to 
.siipevinteud  the  economical  distribution  of  rations.  2(1.  Tho  soldiers  are  to 
aid  the  sailors,  and  Fages  must  see  that  harmony  and  iliscii)]inc  are  preserved, 
.'id.  Three  lircs  on  tho  hill  north-west  of  San  Diego  will  bo  a  signal  to  the 
vessel  that  Rivera  has  already  arrived.  4th.  If  Rivera  has  not  arrived  at 
.Sua  Diego,  Fages  is  to  use  every  possible  means  by  exploration  and  inquiry 
to  leani  his  wheroabouts  and  aid  his  march.  5th.  JJeforc  Rivera's  arrival  the 
natives,  and  especially  chiefs,  are  to  be  prepared  so  far  as  pos.siblc  by  Fages 
and  I'arron  for  the  founding  of  a  mission.  0th.  The  natives  being  friendly, 
and  Cnstansi)  liaving  selected  a  proper  site,  Fagcs  may  erect  some  buildings, 
and  thus  prepare  for  Rivera's  coming  with  soldiers  for  a  mission  guard;  but 
if  Rivera  has  already  attended  to  tliis,  Fages  is  to  render  any  needed  aid 
with  the  least  possible  delay  to  +hc  vessel.  7th.  If  Rivera  has  not  come,  and 
the  Sitn  Antonio  arrives,  tl>c  latter  vessel  is  to  be  left  at  San  Diego,  with  iialf 
the  soldiers,  to  attend  to  the  preceding  instructions,  while  the  San  Cdrlon, 
with  Fages,  goes  on  to  ^lonterey.  Galvez  also  wrote  to  Fages  on  February 
14th,  Id.,  40-7,  directing  him  to  put  half  his  men  on  board  the  San  Antonio, 
8th.  At  Monterey  the  Indians  arc  to  bo  pacified,  a  landing  eflccted  with  all 
caution,  and  a  camp  fortified  with  ditch,  extacnda,  and  cannons  on  a  site 
cho-<en  l)y  the  engineer,  and  under  the  guns  of  the  vessel.  9th.  The  natives 
are  to  1)(;  impressed  with  the  advantages  of  peace  and  salvation  and  protection 
from  foreign  insult  ofTered  by  the  Spaniards.  10th.  The  natives,  if  friendly, 
to  he  told  of  Rivera's  approach  and  induced  to  send  guides.     11  tU.  Fugos  aud 


-11 


i:w 


occur ATIOX  OF  SAN  PTKOO. 


romitiy.  For  two  weeks  the  well  linvo  more  tlian 
enoinifli  to  do  in  caiinjif  for  the  Hick  and  iti  buryiiin' 
the  dead,  and  then  on  the  14th  oi'  May  other  S|taii- 
iard^i  conic  to  ilu'ir  relief. 

'^riu 'se  are  Kivera  y  ^Foneada  with  his  twenty-five 
s(>]<lndi)S  dc  ci(,ra,^''ov  cuirassiers,  from  the  presidio  (if 
Lorcto;  also  the  pri(^st  Juan  Crcspf,  the  2)ilotln^'^  Josi- 
(anizares,  three  muleteers,  and  a  hand  of  ehristiani/id 
natives  from  the  northern  missions  of  ]>aja  (jalifdniia. 
Of  those  last  there  were  forty-two  in  number  at  the 
outset,  whoso  duty  it  was  to  make  roads,  assist  the 
midetcors,  and  perform  the  drudj^ory.  This  first 
division  of  the  land  expedition  liad  started  from 
Velieatil  in  JNTarch,  and  had  been  fifty-one  days  on 
the  way,  the  distance  boini^  given  at  tlio  time  as  oiu; 
hundred  and  twenty-one  leaufuos.  Two  diaries  wvvo. 
kept  and  arc  extant,  one  by  Crcspf  and  the  other  liy 
Caiiizares."  l^oth  arc  very  complete,  but  neitliei' 
affords  matter  of  mucli  interest  to  the  historical  stu- 
dent, since  it  could  servo  no  good  purpose  to  repeat 
the  details  of  that  monotonous  march. 

]\[any  localities  were    named    and   their   latitudes 

Costansi')  may,  if  deemed  best,  send  .soldiers  with  tlio  natives  to  meet  Rivera. 
I'Jtli.  Fiigcs  may  use  force  to  overcome  resistance  if  necessary,  lljih.  Tliu 
natives  arc  never  to  lie  fully  trusted,  hut  always  •\vatelic<l,  for  the  'cnminou 
ineniy'  v.iU  surely  incite  them  to  mischief.  14l!i.  IJoth  sohliers  and  t-ailors  ti 
work  on  tlic  fort.  l."Jtli.  Constant  in'ccautions  a;,'aiiist  dan;^er,  notwith:;t;ini!- 
inj;  pc'iceful  appearances.  IGtli.  Trade  will:  the  natives  is  allowed,  tj;it  ii" 
knives  or  otlicr  weapons  mnst  bo  given  tlicm.  i7th.  Fagcs  is  to  send  fidl  re- 
j)or(3  to  Cialvez  dovrn  to  tliC  time  of  Port^ol;'''.!  td  .n^  the  comniimd.  <!r(it 
reliance  is  placed  in  tlie  'activity,  honor,  and  piddence'  of  Fages  and  Cn- 
taiiso.  (lalvc/. addsanoto  to  the  eili^et  tlia*-.  !ie  prcsidioand  mission  at  Men- 
tercy  avo  to  be  called  liy  the  glorious  nanie.  ^.I  :  mx  C'iirlos. 

''These  soldiers  derived  their  name  from  the  ciicm,  or  cuirass,  whieh  iu 
Oaliforuia  was  a  sleeveh  ss  jacket  made  of  7  or  S  thicknesses  of  deer  or  i-lii'iji 
skin  quilted.  From  the  Latin  corium.  The  metallic  cuirass  was  called  iii 
Spanish  C'lrnza. 

"•A  p'Jotiii  was  the  master's  mate  on  a  vessel.  Cafiizares  accompanied  the 
land  force  to  tal;o  observations  and  write  a  diary. 

'*(>.;"( ('irtrf.s',  JJiario  (Jcciffado  por  T/erraiksrl';  el  parage  de  ViUacata  a  ('>>' 
jnirrto  de.  Sail  Jyic'ici,  I'O'J,  ]MS.  Tliis  diary  is  dated  July  Sd,  and  was  inolci- 
bly  sent  south  by  the  Sai)  Antonio  a  few  days  later.  Vresjii,  Pri/iu-ra  K i"<l- 
dn  Ticrra  nl  Dcsruliriinkuto  dnl  Puerto  de  San.  Dicjo,  in  J'alou,  Xot.,  ii.  !'■!- 
140.  This  diary  extends  to  .July  'Jd,  and  probably  was  coiiiplctt.d  like  the  other 
on  July  .^d.  The  writer  hnd  before  him  the  diaries  of  the  secoud  cxp 'din.ii 
under  I'ortolil,  from  ^^  hich  he  takes  some  material  respecting  changes  in  naaies 
of  places  along  the  route. 


THE  FIRST  LAND  EXPEPITIOX. 


1^3 


I  buryiiiL;' 
ler  Spuii- 

^ronty-fivo 
irosidio  ol' 

•itstiiUii/AHl 
L'alifoinia. 
bcr  at  till) 
assist  tl\(! 
This  ihst 
ftud  iVoui 
0  days  on 
ime  as  ono. 
aries  wvw, 
0  other  l>y 

Lit     lU'ithiT 

borical  stu- 
)  to  repeat 

latitudes 

lo  meet  ravft'.i. 

Vy.  lljtii.  'I'll" 
tho  'cfniuiiiiu 
luid  Kailui'.-<to 
liiot\villi;;t:iiii!- 
llowi'd,  liut  ii'i 
Ic)  KOllli  fiiU  I*'- 
liniuul.  (Jrint 
lagua  iiuil  <''i- 
i^'sion  at  Mmi- 

kass,  whi^li  in 
lilocror  ^!i(,'t.;p 
Iwas  callt'il  ill 

lompani'-'tl  i'"-' 

\iUacatfi  d  c<te 
1(1  was  jiioba- 

\oi.,  ii.  o:*- 

Iliko  tlio  otlu'i" 
jil  expedition 

JgCS  ill  lUlUlL'S 


fixed,  hut  theso  iCfeographieal  details  ludonic  to  tin; 
|i(  iiiiisula  I'atluT  than  to  Alta  Calii'oriiia.  The  route, 
l,iv  west  of  the  main  siorra  and  lor  the  most  part  near 
the  coiist,*'  The  eountry  was  barren  and  unattraetl\  (t; 
water  had  to  ho  earried  Ibr  the  animals  and  men  l"<>r 
(lays  iit  a  time;  and  at  times  tlu'ir  pro'^ress  wms  Jiin- 
(1.  red  hy  showers  of  rain.  At  Santa  Cruz  on  Todos 
Santos  Bay  the  savages  mode  some  threatening  (Unnon- 
sti'iitions,  and  onee  again  there  was  ahnost  a  light,  hut 
the  I'ne  was  IVightened  away  by  the  noise  of  gun- 
powder. The  Indians  of  the  oomi)any  soon  began  to 
sifken  and  die'*'  or  to  desert,  and  one  or  more  of  the 
men  had  usually  to  be  carried  on  t('p('sth':<,  or  litters. 
As  the  party  approciolu^d  San  Diego  the  gentiles 
lic'c;;uie  more  numerous,  less  timid,  more  disposed  to 
c'luinsity  and  theft,  and  eager  to  exi»laln  by  their  sign- 
language  the  recent  i)assing  of  the  Spanisli  ships.  On 
till'  nioi-ning  of  the  14th  of  jNTay  the  little  army  roso 
so  eeniiiletely  wet  through  by  the  rain  that  had  fallen 
duiing  the  niu'ht  that  mass  had  to  be  omitted,  nnieh 
to  the  sorrow  of  Father  Crespi  because  it  was  tin;  tir>t 
day  of  pentecost.  The  inarch  began  at  ten  o'clock. 
St) on  they  caught  a  distant  view'  of  the  anchored  ves- 
sels; Crespi  says  they  had  seen  the  mast-tops  the  <lay 
before;  and  at  four  in  the  alternoon,  having  ti-avelled 
six  leagues  during  the  da}',  they  readied  the  camp  on 
the  heach  and  were  welcomed  by  a  salute  from  tdl  the 
fire-arms  that  could  be  maimed.^' 

The  first  thing  to  be  done,  now  that  the  coming  of 
Bivera's  men  renders  it  possible,  is  to  prepare  for  per- 
manent settlement.     The  old  cam}),  or  pest-house,  on 

''  At  the  outset  t'ley  followed  tho  route  of  Link  iu  170G,  hut  the  latter  soon 

tiinii  d  to  the  rijjht  to  cross  tho  mountains. 

"'Se;ra,  in  San  D!<-ijo,  L'th.  Misioii,  MS.,  04,  says  that  5  died.  Nino  do- 
sorto  I  at  one  tiino  accordinj,'  to  I'aUju. 

'■  Oiic;;a,  in  Santit  Chra,  Arrli.  Parroqula,  MS.,  48-54,  f;ivos  an  aocount 
''1  thi:-)  cxjiuditiun  in  which  he  represents  tlic  sufl'criujs  of  thesohliers  to  havo 
liii'U  very  great,  three  tortilhis  per  day  being  the  rations.  VaHejo,  Ji!-^/.  (.'a'., 
^.S,,  i.  s:!,  obtained  tlic  same  idea  from  his  fatlii.'rs  narrative,  statin;.;  that 
tau  solilicrs  were  glad  to  ])arter  their  jewelry  and  clothing  for  tho  rations  of 
their  Indian  eonipauious,  while  the  latter  lived  on  roots,  wild  fruits,  etc. 


134 


OCCUPATION  OF  SAN  DIEGO. 


the  bay  shore,  is  probably  within  the  limits  of  what 
is  now  the  city  of  San  Diego,  locally  known  as  New 
Town;  but  the  day  after  his  arrival  Rivera — so  say 
the  chroniclers,  althoujjh  according  to  the  instructions 
of  Galvcz,  Fages  was  chief  in  command — selects  a 
new  site  some  miles  north,  at  what  is  now  Old,  or 
North,  San  Diego,  at  the  foot  of  a  hill  on  which  are 
still  to  be  seen  the  remains  of  the  old  presidio.  Here 
camp  is  pitched  and  fortified,  a  corral  for  the  animals 
and  a  few  rude  huts  are  built,  and  hither  on  the  sev- 
enteenth are  transported  the  sick  and  their  tents. 
The  immediate  purpose  is  that  the  camp  may  be  near 
the  river  which  at  this  point  flows  into  the  north  end 
of  the  bay.  For  six  weeks  officers,  priests,  and  sol- 
diers are  occupied  in  attending  to  the  wants  of  the 
sick  and  in  unloading  the  San  Antonio.  Then  thoy 
await  the  arrival  of  Portold. 

In  the  last  days  of  June  Sergeant  Ortega  with  a 
soldier  makes  his  appearance  in  camp,  announcing  diat 
his  companions  under  Portola  are  only  a  few  days' 
march  from  the  port.  Ten  soldiers  are  sent  back  with 
Ortega  to  meet  the  approaching  party.  On  the  20tli 
the  governor  arrives  in  advance  of  his  men;  and  on 
the  first  of  July,  a  little  before  noon,  Father  Scrra 
and  all  the  rest  are  welcomed  in  camp.  This  second 
division  of  the  land  expedition,  consisting  of  the  throe 
officials  just  named,  of  nine  or  ten  soldiers  de  cucrd, 
four  muleteers,  two  servants  of  the  governor  and 
president,  and  forty-four  natives  of  Lower  California, 
had  left  Velicatd  the  15th  of  May,  and  had  folloucil 
the  route  of  Rivera's  party.  The  journey  had  boon 
an  uneventful  and  comparatively  easy  one.  The  gen- 
tiles were  occasionallv  threatening,  but  did  no  harm. 
As  in  the  case  of  the  first  division  most  of  the  neo- 
phytes deserted,  only  twelve  reaching  San  Diego; 
but  there  were  no  deatlis.^^     The  second  day  Fatlur 

"  Porfohi,  Dinrio  del  Viage  que  haze  por  tierra  Z)»  Gmpar  de  Porfohi,  Cap- 
itnn  de  JJraijoiiex  del  reijhniento  de.  Espana,  Govrnador  de  California^,  d  hs 
piierto.^  de  Sun  Dieijo  y  Moulereij  ndnndox  en  33  y  37  <irudos,  huvkndo  silo  :ioin- 
brado  comandante  en  ijej'e  de  esta  txpedkioii  pur  cl  lllmo  Senor  JJ'*  Josiph  de 


F  T  ■ ' 


THE  SECOND  LAXD  EXPEDITION. 


135 


Junfpero's  foot  became  so  painful  that  it  seemed  im- 
]i().s,siblo  for  liim  to  continue.  Portolil  wished  to  send 
liiiii  ba(.'k,  but  the  president  would  not  think  of  it.  A 
litter  was  thereupon  ordered  to  be  made,  but  Serra 
was  much  troubled  at  the  extra  work  this  imposed  on 
the  j)oor  Indians.  Calling  an  arriero  he  induced  him 
to  [ircptire  an  ointment  of  tallow  and  herbs  which, 
combined  with  the  friar's  faith  and  prayers,  so  far 
healed  the  affected  limb  in  a  single  night  that  it  gave 
no  more  trouble.  Listen  to  the  record:  ''  That  even- 
ing he  called  the  arriero  Juan  Antonio  Coronel,  and 
said,  'Son,  canst  thou  not  make  me  a  remedy  for  the 
ulcer  on  my  foot  and  leg?'  But  he  answered,  '  Padre, 
wiiat  remedy  can  I  know?  Am  I  a  surgeon?  I  am  an 
arriov,  and  have  healed  only  the  sores  of  beasts.' 
'  Then,  son,  suppose  me  a  beast  and  this  ulcer  a  saddle- 
gall  from  which  have  resulted  the  swelling  of  the  leg 
and  the  pains  that  I  feel  and  that  give  me  no  I'est;  and 
make  for  me  the  same  medicament  that  thou  wouldst 
apply  to  a  beast.' "^"^ 

Galcfz  cii  virtuil  dc  las facuUadcs  vlce-regiasque  le  ha  concedldo  »ii  Excel''-  Dicha 
f.j-pcdicioii  ,se  componia  de  37  noldados  ile  cucra  con  mi  capilan  J)»  Fernando  <le 
lUrciu  (Icrieiido  cste  adelantarite  con  27  soldados,  y  cl  govemador  con  10  y  uii 
sdrijciilo.  MS.,  folio,  35  pages.  This  diary  is  a  copy  from  tlio  original  inado 
in  early  times.  It  includes  not  only  the  trip  to  San  Diego  but  tlie  Liter  ono 
to  Miiutercy  to  bo  noticed  in  tlio  next  chapter.  The  entries  for  caeh  day's 
march  aie  very  brief,  containing  the  number  of  hours  niarelied,  generally  4  or 
")  per  day,  tlic  character  of  tho  road  and  camping-plaee,  and  some  notes  of 
inteivicws  witli  gentiles.  For  example,  I\i.iy  -7,  'a.Juvimoa  eomo  eincf* 
hnras,  l)iien  camino,  paramos  en  la  c'encgi'i'ia,  cuio  nombrc  puso  tl  padre 
jisiiita  Line,  desdo  aqui  so  tomo  otro  nunbo,  y  paramos  en  uii  arroyuelo 
aumiiic  seco,' etc.  June  'ii,  thej' \vero  ;;t 'J'odoa  Santo':,  and  heard  of  fither 
S|iaiiiai(l.s beyond.  For  chc  last  li  or  4  Jays  they  travelled  on  or  near  the  shore. 
OLlier  diaries  of  this  journey,  sever;!  of  whi'h  were  written,  are  not  extant; 
but  ('rc.spi"s  journal  already  referred  to  was  iuiended  to  embody  all  tliu  infor- 
mation worth  preserving.  Sergt.  Ortega,  in  iSanfa  Clara,  Arch.  Parritfjnia, 
MS.,  4S-,")4,  represents  the  hardships  of  tlic  soldiers  as  very  great;  liut  he 
\\as  evidently  writing  for  an  object  that  required  this  view  of  the  matter. 
The  same  writer  gives  a  brief  and  rather  confuted  account  of  the  journey  in 
a  narrative  of  his  own  services  dated  178(5.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS,,  vi.  171--. 
Srna,  ill  his  let*^  July  3d,  to  I'alou,  .say.st'.iere  was  no  siUl'eriiig  whatever. 

J'nlnii,  Vidd,  7t);  (.ucenhow.  Or.  and  Cal.,  101),  erroneously  implies  that  both 
land  expeditions  started  together  and  that  rortoli'i  arrived  last  on  uecor.ut  of 
lia\  ill.;  followed  a  more  dilllcidt  rcmte. 

''•'  From  San  Diego  Serra  himself  Avrites,  Painu,  Vida,  73-8:  '  Now  the  foot 
is  all  .smuid  like  the  other,  while  from  the  ankle  half  way  np  the  log  it  is  us 
the  luot  was  before,  an  ulcer;  ))ut  without  swelling  or  pain  except  iliv.  occa- 
bional  itching.     In  fuct  it  is  uothiug  serious.' 


1  i 


136 


OCCUPATION  OF  SAN  DIEGO. 


I 


i! 


Tliiis  are  the  four  branches  of  the  \Ioitador  gen- 
eral's grand  cx])edition  finally  reunited  at  San  Diego, 
one  year  after  Galvez  had  begun  his  preparations  on 
the  [)eninsula.  Next  day  is  Sunday,  Jicsta  de  hi  visi- 
iacioi),  and  the  California  pilgrims,  one  hundred  and 
twenty-six  in  number — out  of  two  hundred  and  nine- 
teen "who  had  started;'"*'  or,  omitting  natives  and 
sailors,  seventy-eight  of  Spanish  blood  out  of  ninety 
who  had  come  to  remain — celebrate  their  safe  reuni(jn 
by  a  solonni  thanksgiving  mass  to  the  patron  San 
Jose  clianted  with  "  la  solemnidad  posible,"  and  to  tlio 
accompaniment  of  exploding  gunpowder.  The  cere- 
monies over,  the  two  comandantes  Portola  and  Vila 
meet  to  consult  respecting  future  movements,  tlie 
want  ol'  sailors  necessitating  changes  in  the  oriLjinal 
plans.  The  decision  is  to  send  the  San  Antonio  back 
to  San  IJlas  for  supplies,  and  especially  a  crew  for 
herself  and  the  San  Carlos,  which  is  to  await  her 
return.  The  friars  for  missionary  and  hospital  work 
are  to  be  left  at  San  Diego  under  the  protection  of  a 
guard  of  soldiers,  while  the  main  force  presses  on  to 
Monterey  by  land.  Great  dependence  is  placed  on 
the  Scui  Joxe  which  on  arrival  is  to  be  sent  up  tlie 
coast  to  aid  the  land  expedition.  Accordingly  the 
9th  of  July  Perez  sails  with  a  small  crew  of  convales- 
cent sailors  for  the  soutli,'^^  bearing  reports  froui  tlie 
connnandants  and  president.  Five  days  later  PortoLl 
starts  on  his  overland  march  northward,  which  A\ill 
be  described  in  the  following  chapter. 

There  are  left  at  San  Diego  Captain  Vila,  Surgeon 
Prat,  the  mate  Canizares,  three  friars,  a  guard  of  eight 

•"  TIio  imnibera  nrc  not  exact,  statements  of  dcatlifs  bcinu'  eonflictina.  These 
pinnec '.s  iiic!n(k'd  captains  l'orl(il;'i  and  Itivera,  Lient.  I'atrrs,  eapiains  \  iLi 
and  Perez  (if  the  vessels,  padres  Sei'rn,  Cresjii,  Vizcaino,  (Jonie/,  and  Parroi!; 
Siiruciin  I'rat;  Costanso,  en^rineer;  ( 'afii/ares,  /liloto  :  and  serL'eanta  Ortoga 
uml  I'liii;.     For  names  of  all  the  band  sec  list  at  end  of  this  vohmie. 

'■''  I'akm,  Xot.yi.  '282,  says  that  JulyOtlnvas  the  day  set  for  sailing;;  Imt  Uu'i 
may  l;o  a  misprint.  Xinc  of  the  sailors  died  of  senrvy  on  the  voyage.  L  is 
prcjhalilo  that  these  last  victims  were  inehidcd  in  I'alou's  statement  of  1'2  sur- 
vivors, oof  wlmm  Were  left  on  the  yon  CufloK,  'J  or  ■'!  reached  San  Jjlas,  and 
4  or  .">  reuiained  ill  at  Sau  Diego.  The  Sau  Antonio  made  the  voyaj^'o  iu  -0 
days. 


A  MISSION  FOUNDED. 


137 


cvrra  soldiers,  five  convalescent  Catalan  volunteers, 
a  low  sick  sailors,  five  able  seamen,  a  carpenter  and 
a  lilacksniith,  three  boy  servants,  and  eiuflit  Lower 
(  jililornia  ]  udians — about  forty  persons  in  all.  As  yet 
in)  mission  has  been  formally  founded;  but  tliis  duty 
is  at  once  attended  to  by  Father  Serra,  who  raises 
and  blesses  the  cross  on  Sunday,  the  IGth  of  July.--^ 
This  first  of  the  Californian  missions  is  dedicated,  as 
tlie  port  had  been  by  Vizcaino  long  before,  to  San 
Diegu  de  AlcaLl,  being  founded  on  a  spot  called  by 
tiie  natives  Cosoy,-^  now  Old  Town.  The  ceremonies 
r'v-  not  minutely  recorded,  but  are  the  usual  blessing 
'•:  .0  cross,  mass,  and  sermon  by  winch  it  was  hoped 
"^'  put  to  iiight  all  the  hosts  of  Hell  and  suljject  to 
tlic  mild  .yoke  of  our  holy  faith  the  barbarity  of  the 
pMitilo  JJieguinos."  Then  more  huts  are  built,  and 
uiic  is  dedicated  as  a  church. 

The  new  establishment,  however,  in  which  Father 
Parroii  is  associate  minister,  still  lacks  one  essential 
clement  of  a  prosperous  mission,  namely,  converts, 
wlii)  in  this  case  are  (litHcult  to  find.  The  natives  are 
Il^■  no  nR'ans  timid,  but  thev  come  to  the  mission  for 
<;iits  material  rather  than  spiritual;  and  being  adroit 
tliie\'js  as  well  as  importunate  beggars,  their  ])resenco 
iu  largo  tiu;nbors  becomes  a  nuisance,  renderimjf  it 
imp'issib]*^  +br  Jie  small  force  to  watch  them  and  give 
J)!'*  ip(  '■  ti  I .  ^  1'  w  to  the  sick.  Fortunately  the  savages 
will  h.i\  0  noi. hlnu'  to  do  with  tiio  food  of  the  Spaniards, 
attributing  to  it  some  agency  in  the  late  ravages  of 
tlu-  scurvy;  but  other  things,  particulaily  cloth,  they 
deign  to  steal  at  any  hour  of  day  or  night.    They  even 

--  It  is  iinticcalilc  tliat  in  all  the  pcncral  I'oporta  after  IS'J.T  this  date  is  given. 
•iiJniU'  ICtli;  lint  then"  i.s  no  doubt  th;it  it  is  I'.n  error.  Arf/i.Snnld  /liii'liitrn, 
Ms.,  .\ii.  IJ,-).  Serr;i  tliiiiks,  Proi:  Sf.  J\i/,.,  MS.,  i.  I-J,"),  thiit  Ajiril  lUh  has 
nunc  elaiiii  to  ho  considered  llio  he;.;iiiniii;,'  of  the  mi.ss'ioii,  since  on  tliiit 
day  when  '  lu  San  Ant'mio  unived  lie;.;ui  the  sjiirituid  nmiiife.>:;tiitions  to  tho 
iititivos,  (  '  .  ■.{»  the  n  to  see  an  eclipse  and  feel  an  earthquake,  not  perceptiblo 
ti>  tlio  (.:    1    la.'.a. 

■■''S'"/!  /■  .  ,  •  ',lh.  lit-  M'lu'mv,  ^IS.  St  James  of  Alcala  Avas  an  .Andalucian 
l"riuicisc.'ni  ».;■  li\ed  iroui  ItOO  to  14(),'!,  and  was  eanoniia'd  in  l."iSSiatiier  for 
Ills  jiioii.s  liie  and  tlie  iiiiracliH  vrcjU'jlit  tliriiu;;h  luni  before  and  aflei- death 
tliaii  for  any  lii^di  position  liehl  by  him.  Alcalu  was  rarely  attaclicd  to  tho 
name  of  the  iuLssion  in  popular  usage. 


138 


OCCUPATION  OF  SAN  DIEGO. 


attempt  in  their  tule  rafts  to  pillage  the  San  Carlos, 
so  that  two  of  the  eight  soldiers  are  obliged  to  be  on 
board.  Persuasions,  throats,  and  even  the  noise  of 
fire-arms  are  met  by  ridicule. 

Naturally  matters  come  to  a  crisis.  The  guard  is 
obliged  to  use  force  in  repelling  the  intruders,  who  in 
their  turn  determine  upon  a  raid  for  plunder.  The 
15th  of  August,  while  Parron  with  a  guard  of  two 
soldiers  is  saying  mass  on  the  ship,  as  he  is  wont  to 
do  on  feast-days,  ohe  savages  enter  the  mission  and 
begin  to  strip  the  ;'  "S  from  the  beds  of  the  sick. 
Two  soldiers  are  oi.-  ird  and  two  more  hasten  to 
their  aid;  but  when  tiiey  attempt  to  drive  away  the 
pillagers  they  receive  a  volley  of  arrows  which  kills  a 
boy  and  wounds  Padre  Vizcaino,  the  blacksmith,  a 
soldier,  and  a  California-*  Indian.  The  Spaniards  in 
return  fire  a  volley  of  musket-balls  which  kills  throe 
of  the  foe,  wounds  several  more,  and  puts  the  whole 
crowd  to  flight.  Serra  and  Vizcaino  have  just  finished 
mass  and  are  sitting:  together  in  a  hut  at  the  time  of 
the  attack,  and  the  latter,  rising  to  close  the  door, 
receives  an  arrow  in  the  hand  just  as  the  boy  servant 
staggers  in  and  falls  dead.  The  smitli  greatly  dis- 
tinguishes himself  by  his  bravery,  fighting  without 
the  protection  of  a  caera?^ 

It  is  not  long  before  the  gentiles  come  back  to 
seek  medical  treatment  for  their  wounded,  imbued 
with  a  degree  of  faith  in  the  destructive  power  of 
gunpowder,  and  correspondingly  improved  in  manners, 
but  by  no  means  desirous  of  conversion.  A  stockade 
is  thrown  round  the  mission  and  the  natives  arc  no 
longer  ])ermitted  to  bring  Aveapons  within  muski;t- 
shot.     Thus  safety  is  assured,  but  in  missionary  work 

'*For  a  long  time  at  San  Diego  and  Monterey  the  peninsula  only  was 
spoken  of  as  '  Cnlifomia. '  Eithci'  local  names  or  jVwrjvw  E,<iabkciwii'iilii'<  were 
applicil  to  the  nortli,  althougli  Serra  in  his  lirst  letter  from  San  Diego  used 
the  term  '  California  Septentrional.' 

'■'■'  In  his  Vida  de  Ju)ili>.  S(  rra,  84,  Paloii  speaks  of  previous  assaults  with 
intent  to  kill  the  Spaniards  on  Aug.  I'Jth  to  llith,  which  were  vepulied.  Tut- 
liill,  Jlist.  t'(d.,  70,  erroneously  states  that  a  piiest  was  killed.  Serra,  San 
J'iciio,  Lib.  Mis.,  3MS.,  ().'),  says  the  man  killed  wua  a  Spanish  arriero  -U  years 
old  uumcd  Juau  Maria  Vegeruuo. 


NO  PROGRESS  IN  CON\T]RSION. 


139 


no  progress  is  made.  One  gentile,  indeed,  is  induced 
by  gifts  to  live  with  the  Spaniards  and  becomes  a  skil- 
ful interpreter,  but  even  with  his  aid  no  converts  can 
be  gained.  Once  the  savages  offer  a  child  for  baptism, 
but  when  the  service  begins  they  seize  the  child  and 
flee  in  terror.  Yet  we  are  told  that  when  a  painting 
of  the  virgin  and  child  is  displayed,  the  native  women 
come  and  offer  their  breasts  to  feed  "  that  pretty 
babe."  Prior  to  April  1770,  a  full  year  from  the  first 
ooming  of  the  Spania^'ds,  and  perhaps  to  a  still  later 
period,  for  the  registci  'vas  subsequently  destroyed, 
and  the  earliest  date  is  not  known,  not  a  single  neo- 
l)hyte  was  enrolled  at  the  mission.  In  all  the  mis- 
sionary annals  of  the  north-west  there  is  no  other 
instance  where  paganism  remained  so  long  so  stub- 
born. 

Meanwhile  new  cases  of  sickness  occur  and  death 
continues  its  ravages,  taking  from  the  little  band 
before  the  return  of  Portold  in  January,  eight  sol- 
diers, four  sailors,  one  servant,  and  six  Indians,  and 
leaving  but  about  twenty  persons.  Little  wonder 
that  small  progress  is  made  in  missionary  work.^® 


*°0n  tho  general  subject  of  this  chapter,  in  addition  to  the  special  docu- 
mciits  already  referred  to,  see  for  a  connected  narrative  Paloii,  JS'ot.,  i.  254-84, 
4'J7-'>2;  ii.  93-153;  Id.,  Vida,  GO-SG.  The  notes  of  8crra  in  Snii  J)ier/u,  Lib. 
Minimi,  MS.,  ai'C  also  a  valuable  source  of  information.  Those  notes  were 
written  to  supply  as  far  as  possible  from  memory  the  loss  of  tlie  original  mis- 
.«i()U  l)ouks  destroyed  ■«'ith  the  mission  in  1775.  Copies  are  also  found  in 
Jliii/r^'  Mixs.  Bonk,  MS.,  i.  99-lOG,  and  in  Jhiinliiii,  ])o<:  Hint.  CaL,  MS. 
Miguel  Costanso  published  in  Mexico,  1770,  an  account  of  these  expeditions  us 
JJiario  JJi.'ttorico dr.  losviarjcitdc mary  tierra,  hcchosidKortc de In >\il!j'oruia,  fol. 
r>(j.  It  was  translated  by  Wm.  lievely  and  published  in  1790  by  A.  Dal- 
rymplu  as  An  Historical  Journal,  etc.,  '2  maps,  4to,  70  p. 


if , 


CHAPTER  VI. 


FIRST  EXPEDITIO^^  FR0:M  SxVN  DIEGO  TO  MONTEREY  AND 
SAN  FILVNCIfc^CO. 

1709. 

POETOL.i.  il.VKCIIKS   FKOAF  SaN   DiECO — IItS  Co:.IPAXY — CuESri'S  JoTTIiyAL — 

N'liE  ON  GEOGr.AriiY  AND  Nomenclature — Taiile  of  Names  and  Dis- 
tances— FiKST  Baptism  in  California  —  Eaktiiquakes  in  tue  Los 
Angeles  Rixiion-  A  IIospj  i'able  PEorLE  and  Large  Villages  on  the 
Santa  ]j.vi!EAra  Channel — Acitoss  the  Sierra  and  down  tiii;  Salinas 
River — Unscccessfil  Search  for  Montf.rey — Causes  of  the  Error — 
Northward  along  the  Coast — In  Sight  of  Port  San  Francisco 
tJNDEH  Point  Reyes — Contusion  in  Names — ^Ivstery  Cleared — 
Exploration  of  the  Peninsula — Discovery  of  a  New  and  Nameless 
Bay — Return  of  the  Expedition  to  Monterey  and  San  Diego. 

I  HAVE  stated  that  t"^o  weeks  after  his  arrival  from 
the  south  Portold  left  San  Diogo^  July  14,  17G9,  and 
marched  with  nearly  all  his  force  northward.  His 
intention  was  to  reach  Monterey  Bay  by  following- 
the  coast,  and  cither  :it  his  destination  or  on  the  way 
ho  hoped  to  bo  overtaken  by  the  San  Jost',  and  with 
the  aid  brought  by  her  to  found  a  presidio  and  the 
mission  of  San  Cdrlos.  The  company  consisted  of 
himself,  Rivera  y  INIoncada  in  command  of  twenty- 
seven  cz^era  soldiers,  including  Sergeant  Joseph  Fran- 
cisco Ortega,  Lieutenant  Pedro  Pages,  with  six  or 
seven  of  his  twenty-five  Catalan  volunteers,  all  that 
the  scurv}'  had  left  alive  and  strong  enough  to  under- 
take the  march,  Engineer  jNIiguel  Costanso,"  fathers 
Juan  Crespi  and  Pi'ancisco  Gomez,  seven  muleteers, 

I'Mofrns,  F.rpJitr.,  i.  100,  says  tlic  oxpcdition  liatl  come  across  Sonora. 
^  C()staii;;i),  Fa',ati,  ami  others,  acconliiig  to  the  J\.rtoh(,  Jj'utrio,  MS.,  10, 
Were  ill,  but  aJvibcil  liy  I'lal  to  luidcituko  the  juunicy  as  a  remedy. 

(140) 


CRESPf 'S  DIARY. 


141 


EY  AND 


5  JoTTn^^\L — 

lES  AND  DLS- 
IS  THE  L03 
:,AGES  ON  TllK 

Tin;  Salinas 

TlIK  ERKOK — 

N  Fkancisco 

!    f'LEAREl) — 

XD  Nameless 
!f  Diego. 

ival  from 
7G9,  and 
ird.     Ills 
[following 
the  way 
land  with 
and  tlio 
(sistcd  of 
twcnty- 
pli  ¥ran- 
|h  six  or 
all  that 
:o  under- 
,2  fathers 
Lulotccr.s, 

Sonora. 
|-,o,  MS.,  10, 


fifteen  christianized  Lower  Californians,  and  two  ser- 
vants of  Portoli'i  and  Rivera — sixty-four  persons  in  all. 
The  expedition  is  fully  described  in  a  diary  kept  by 
Crcspi^  and  still  extant,  as  arc  original  statements, 
less  complete  than  Crespi's,  of  no  less  than  five  par- 
ticipants, Portolil,  Fages,  Costanso,  Ortega,  and  Hi- 
vcra.  As  the  first  exploration  Ity  land  of  a  broad 
extent  of  most  important  country  it  is  not  without 
importance  and  interest;  yet  as  recorded  it  is  in  itself 
singularly  unattractive.  Crespi's  diary,  like  that  of 
Portola,  is  a  long  and,  except  in  certain  parts,  monoto- 
nous description  of  petty  happenings  notworth  remem- 
bering. It  is  an  almost  endless  catalogue  of  nearly 
two  hundred  joriiadas,  or  marches,  tediously  like  one 
another,  over  hills  and  vales  distinguished  as  being 
con  zacate  or  sin  zacate,  grassy  or  barren,  with  the 
Sierra  ever  towering  on  the  right,  and  the  broad 
Pacific  ever  stretching  to  the  left.  The  distance  and 
bearing  of  each  day  s  march  arc  given,  and  observa- 
tions for  latitudes  were  frequent;  but  the  IMexican 
league  was  practically  a  vague  measurement,  the  ob- 
servations of  Crespi  and  Costanso  often  difl:ered,  and 

^  Cirf:pl,  narje  dc  la  EKjiedlrion  de  tierra  dc  San  Dierjo  d  Monteren,  Cop'ta  d(  I 
dUirio  11  cam'aKita  (jvc  h'zo  la  ei^pcdicion  drsde  ctpiiorlo  dc  Sua  D'tnjo  dc  Ahadl 
ha.<t'i  cl  dc  Monti  rc'i,  salkwht  cl  l.'fda  Julio  da  1^00,  in  Palox,  ^ot.,  i.  ■JSr)-4i;5. 
IViitol:!,  JJinrio  del  l'i",'/( ,  MS.,  11,  ct  Beq.,  covers  tlio  Baiiiu  gioiiuil  but  unicli 
more  bi'iolly,  aflding  nothing  to  Crespi's  iiaiiativo  except  on  a  few  points  to 
l)u  iiotioctl  ill.  thctr  place.  'El  27  lianduvinioa  trea  lioras,  Liicu  caniiuo, 
imiclio  p.isto  y  ayua'  is  a  fair  sample  of  most  entries.  Very  few  names  of 
loo.ilitics  rrc  given.  In  his  Vhla  dc  Jidiipcro  S'l-ra,  80-2,  SS-9,  Paloii  gives 
but  a  Ijiiof  account,  referring  for  particulars  to  Crespi's  diary.  IJeut.  Fa'jes, 
iimomlier  of  the  cxpeiliiion,  in  his  \'oi/a>iC( h.C<iI.,  uiAoiiv.  Aniinlr.idiii  I'oi/., 
ci.  147-!),  l.M-S),  lGJ-71,  170-82,  3_n-4,':j-2S,  gives  a  very  full  narralivo  of  it, 
except  from  Monterey  to  San  Francisco,  including  names  of  p'aecj,  distances, 
bearinc;-!,  h'tiuules,  and  description  of  tho  couuiiy,  but  omitting  names  of 
perrons  i'.ud  dates.  I  shall  note  variations  from  Ciespi's  diary,  v.I:h  which 
t'jiges'  narrative  for  tho  most  part  ugiees.  Costansi'),  in  liia  D'rtrio  IliHtorico  I'e 
Ion  vhi'ic-t  t!c  iiiar  yllcrra,  gives  an  aliridged  version  dillering  in  no  es.senaal 
respect  fi\;mCrcspf.  Cdstanso's  narrative  is  abridged  and  quoted  in  an  articlo 
signed  '.M.  P.,'  in  AlbumMcx.,  ii.  37-40.  Oitcmi,  Fmjmcido,  in  Siudai'lanu 
A)xh.  Pami([nia,  MS.,4G-54,  gives  anoriginalout  not  very  complete  (jracc;'.- 
rato  niurative.  Capt.  llivcra also  in  a  certiticato  relating  the  services  of  I'edro 
Amndor,  j'ivea  pomo  information  respecting  this  entrada.  St.  Puj).  Jlii.-i.  and 
Colon.,  ^IS.,  i.  G2-3.  John  T.  Doyle  in  bis  pamphlets  entitled  At!d,i.<s  and 
Mcmnrniahuii  in  1870  and  187.')  gavo  brief  ?•(.>«)«•.■.<  of  parts  from  CVc;.ipi;  and 
tl-.o  newspapers  since  tho  reprint  of  Palou's  work  bavi!  had  something  ti(  »ay 
more  or  less  superficially  on  the  subject  of  tho  discovery  of  Sjau  FrauciscoBiiy. 


142        EXPEDITION  TO  MONTEREY  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


worse  tluin  all,  typograi>liical  errors  in  the ''printed 
diary  make  the  figures  unreHable.  In  a  monograph 
on  the  trip  I  could,  I  think,  trace  with  much  accuracy 
each  day's  course,  and  such  minute  treatment  would 
not  be  devoid  of  local  interest  as  showing  the  original 
names  applied  by  the  Spaniards,  very  few  of  which 
have  been  preserved;  but  for  this  of  course  I  have  no 
space  here,  and  must  content  myself  with  a  general 
narrative  and  a  note  on  geographical  details.* 


'List  of  places  between  San  Diego  and  San  Francisco  as  named  in 
Crespl's  diary  of  the  first  exploration  of  the  California  coast  by  land,  with 
distances,  bearings,  and  latitudes.  Notes  from  the  return  trip  in  brackets 
"[  ..]";  notes  from  Pages'  Voyage  in  parentheses  "(...)"»  additional  and 
8elf-ex])lanatory  notes  in  italics.  The  Portold,  Diario  has  no  distances,  or 
names,  only  hours  and  descriptions. 


July  14. 
15. 

16. 
17. 

18. 

20. 

21, 
22. 

23, 

24 


26, 

27 

28 


29. 

30. 
SI. 


San  Diego,  32°  30'.     Realbj  32"  44' 

Rinconada.     On  False  Bay 

Pocitos  de  la  Cafiada  de  San  Diego 

Sta  Isabel  Valley.    1  league  by  400  varas. 

S.  Jiiconie  do  la  Marca  Val.  1  1.  by  5  1., 
from  N.  to  s.  (Posa  de  Osuna),  [7  1. 
from  S.  Ju.in.] 

Encinos  Caflada 

S.  Alejo.     33' 

S.  Simon  Lipnica  Val.,  near  sea-shore  . . . 

Sta  Siuf oriisa 

S.  Juan  Capiatrano  Val.  2  1.,  n.e.  to 
S.W.,  ending  at  shore,  33"  6'.  Really 
S.  Luis  J'ei/,  kit.  accurate 

Sta  Margarita  Val.  The  sierra  draws 
near  shore  and  tlircatens  to  stop  ad- 
vance.   Name  retained 

Sta  Prdgedia  de  los  RosalesCailada,  33"  10' 

Los  Cristianos,  S.  Apolinario,  Bautismos 
[arroyo],  (Caflada  del  Bautismo) 

Sta  Maria  Alagdalena  Caflada  [Quemada], 
33"  14' 

S.  Francisco  Solano,  33°  18'.  A  mesa  at 
foot  of  sierra  with  fine  stream,  oppo- 
site Sta  Catalina  Island,  said  by  the 
explorers  to  bo  5 1.  from  S.  Pedro  Bay. 
At  or  near  S.  Jiuin  CapiHrouo 

S.  Pantaloon  (Aguada  del  P.  Gomez),  on 
the  edge  of  a  large  plain 

Santiago  Arroyo,  33°  6'.     Misprint  ? 

Sta  Ana  lliv.,  or  Jesua  de  los  Temblores, 
thought  to  flow  into  S.  Pedro  Bay  [9 1. 
from  Rio  Porcidnoula] 

Sta  Marta  Spring  (Los  Ojitos  and  S.  Mi- 
guel)  

(No  name),  lat.  33°  34' 

(No  name),  lat.  34°  10'.  Los  Angeles  re- 
gion  


Leagues.  | 
2.5(3) 

3.5(4) 

4 

2 


1J> 
2 

4 

4     (3) 


3     [2] 

2.5  [3] 
3 


1.5  [1] 

2 
G 


Oonrse, 
N.W. 

N.N.W. 

N. 
V, 

N. 

N.E. 

N.W. 
N.N.W. 


N.W. 

N.W. 
N.E. 


N.W. 

N.W. 
N.W. 

N.W. 


[SCO. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE, 


148 


e  Sprinted 
onograph 
I  accuracy 
3nt  would 
le  origiual 
of  which 
I  have  no 
a  general 


as    named  in 

t  by  land,  with 

rip  in  brackets 

additional  luul 

10  distancea,  or 

I  OonTBB. 

N.W. 


N.N.W. 


V. 

N. 

N.G. 

N.W. 
H.S.W. 


N.W. 
N.K. 


Four  days  after  setting  out  from  San  Diego  the 
explorers  reached  the  pleasant  valley  in  which  the 
mission  of  San  Luis  Rey  was  later  built.  Their 
]irogress  had  been  at  the  rate  of  from  two  to  four 
leagues  each  day,  and  nothing  along  the  way  attracted 
more  attention  than  the  abundance  of  flowers,  especially 


Aug.    2. 


4. 


H.W. 

N.W. 
H.W. 

N.W. 


5. 


10. 

11. 


12. 
13. 


14. 


15. 
IC. 


17. 


18. 


20. 


Porciiincula  Riv.,  a  large  stream,  with 
much  good  land.  North  branch  of  the 
S.Gabriel 

Alisos  do  S.  Est^van  Spring,  near  an  as- 
phaltum  marsh 

S.  Rogerio  Spring,  or  Berreudo  (Fontaine 
du  daim  inouchetti) 

Sta  Catalina  dc  Bononia  do  los  Encinos 
Val.,  34=  37',  rmlhi  34°  10'.  San  Fer- 
nantlo  Valley,  in  which  a  station  still 
called  Encino 

(No  name. ) 

Sta  IJosa  do  Viterbo,  or  Corral  rancheria, 
3 1.  across  the  plain,  and  4 1.  over  mts., 
34°  47'.     Near  Hart's 

Sta  Chira  stream  and  cailada 

Sta  Clara,  down  same  stream,  34°  30*,  a 
good  site  for  a  mission.  6  1.  from  Sta 
Rosa  and  10  1.  froni  Sta  Catalina. 
Thiii  must  be.  an  error 

S.  Pedro  Amollauo  rancheria,  down  the 
stream 

Stoa  ^lilrtii-es  Ip61ito  y  Cuciano  rancheria 
and  river,  down  same  stream,  which 
widens  out  into  a  river.  Still  called 
Rio  Sta  Clara 

Asuncion  ( Asunta)  rancheria,  on  sca-shorc. 
Fine  site  for  a  mission,  34°  30'.  Co- 
stans(i  made  it  34°  13'.  Doubtless  S. 
Buenacentura 

Sta  Conefundis  (RancheriaVolante),  along 
beach 

Sta  Clara  dc  Monte  Talco,  or  Bilarin,  a 
large  pueblo  in  34°  40',  on  an  arroyo, 
along  beach 

S.  Roque,  or  Car[)interia,  a  largo  pueblo 
in  II  plain,  ■*  1.  by  1  1.,  much  asphal- 
tiim.     )SV({  lidrbara  region 

Conccpcion  Laguna  (I'ueblo  de  la  Lagu- 
na),  a  very  large  rancheria,  on  a  point 
across  an  extrro.  Sta  Barbara  iran  af- 
terwards founded  at  S.  Joaquin  dc  la 
Lar/una.  Coast  turns  from  w.N.w. 
to  w 

Sta  Margarita  de  Cortona,  or  Isla,  or  Mes- 
caltitlan  pueblos,  34°  43'.  In  a  marshy 
region,  where  the  sloughs  form  an 
island,  with  four  or  five  scattered  ran- 
cheriaa 


Leftgnes. 

Oourae. 

3(2) 

N.W. 

3 

W. 

2 

N.W. 

3 
3 

JI.N.W. 
N. 

4 
3 

N. 
W.K.W. 

3 

•W.3.W. 

3 

W.S.W. 

2.5 
2 

2 

1 

4  [(3)] 
3.5  [2.5] 


S.W. 

E.NJi. 
W.  (w.N.w.) 

W.  (w.N.w.) 

W.  (w.N.w.) 

W.  (w.N.w.) 
W.  (w.N.w.) 


144       EXPEDITION  TO  MONTEREY  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


of  roses  similar  to  tlioso  of  old  Castile,  and  for  tlmt 
reason  doli^^iitful  to  the  Spaniards.     Crespi  notes  tlic 

E lucking  of  ono  branch  bearing  six  roses  and  twelve 
uds.  Thus  far  all  was  literally  couleuvde  rose.  The 
route  followed  was  very  nearly  that  of  tl  a  subsequent 
sta'''e  road  between  San  Diego  and  Los  Angeles.  Jt 
was  noticed  that  much  of  the  grass  had  been  burned 


Aug.  21. 
•-•3. 

24. 


25. 
20. 

27. 
28. 

29. 
30. 


31. 
Sept.    1, 


S.  Luis  Obispo,  34°  4.')',  still  alons  sliorc. 

S.  (liiido  (Ic  Cortdiia,  along  islioro,  four 
isLinils  in  Bight 

.S.  Lui-i  I!iy,  or  La  (laviota,  jilong  sliorc, 
on  a  slon^li,  34"  47'.  Pvrhripx  oriijia  of 
(I'ariv/a  J'as.i.  Tlirco  it^landti  in  sigiit: 
S.  llrrnanlo,  ,s'.  j\/i,jin>l,  fartlnst  ucst; 
Sta  Cruz,  <S7rt  /tuna,  next;  and  Sta  Bar- 
bara, S/(t  Cruz,  lartliost  cast 

S.  Scl'crino,  34"  30'  (14"),  an  Indian  iwcblo, 
Sta  A  iia  ranulicria 

.Sta  'i\icsa,  or  Cojo,  ranchcria,  34°  30',  or 
34' ol' 

rt  Conception,  34"  30' 

( 'ontci'C'ion,  ranolu'iia  (llanslio  do  la  Ivs- 
V:Hl::),.3r,'-)l'30" 

S.  Juan  nautist.n,  or  redornido;!  (:i4°  33'), 
in  sight  rif  another  jtoiutiicar  liy  (from 
vliicli  I't  Concepi'ion  bears  .s.i;.,  8' 
1"..]  ThtH  iioiiit  miixt  h<>  J't  Ai'ijiii'Uo, 
(fiiiiKjIi  till  )•!•  (iiw  H'liiiP  (lUJIniiriis 

Sta  Ilo.-alia,  or  CnOadaSeea,  on  a  bay  be- 
tween last  point  and  another 

S.  lierjiiudo  liiv.,  or  Sta  Lo.sa,  mouth 
liUed  witli  sand,  tlie  hu>;est  liver  vet 
pa^-ed,  34'  .5,V.  Tin:  Jiio  S/a  Iiir>; 
tlioi'ijh  ilisldiicc  and  /,i  (iriiiij  urn  not.  ror- 
ri'i-i ;  jii.H  jio^x'ilihj  thi'  Si'i  3/ If r in,  in 
ir/lic/i  nine  I't  Cniir.iydvil  irnx  A  riiiiv/lo, 
AniHi'llo  riirixhim,  the  ',.'il  juihit  Pi'- 
rif-iiiKi,  cniil  iS'a  Uosalkt  at  the  ■i,i<iiilli 
of  J,'in  .S'.'i  Jiii'.t 

S.  l;,unoii  Nonato,  La  Oi'aciosa,  or  Uaile 
ihi  his  Indins  laj^iina 

S.  ])aniel,  laeuna  j;raudc,  in  a  fine  vallc}', 
3  1.  by  7  1.,  having  in  the  middle  a  la- 
gunahdOvaras  wide?  31' 13'?  Jloiifh 
of  I  III'  llii)  S/ii  Mdrid 

S.  Jr.an  Terueia  y  S.  Pedro  do  Sacro  Tcr- 
rato,  or  iteal  do  la.s  \  iboras,  or  O.so 
I'laeo  (Laguna  I'edonda) 

S.  Ijadislao,  or  E.1  Buchon.  By  varying 
courses,  and  linally  N.  into  nits.,  'iy 
'IS'.     jXotc'rnr 

Sta  Klena,  or  Angosta  Canada,  3">'  3'?.    . 

Natividad,  or  Canada  d(!  his  Osos,  down 
vhieli  they  vvint  to  tiio  sea.  N.  A(v',s 
Vhinpo  wanj'uuiulcd  laitronthincui'iadu. 


LengiicH, 

•2  L-.r.j 


•2.5(.1)[2] 


ri.r)or 

(..5(1) 


2 

2.5(2) 


.5(1) 
2.5  (2) 

L5{3) 


3(4) 


Course. 
w. 

w. 


w. 

w. 

w, 
w. 

N.W. 


N.W. 
N.W. 


N.W. 
N. 


N. 


N.W,  (N.N.W.) 


N.W. 


PROOJtlCSS  L'P  THE  COAST. 


14.J 


by  tilt'  natives  ti>  facilitato  the  capture  of  raljbits.  Few 
of  the  iiilial)itant.s  were  met  in  the  .soutli,  hut  when 
seen  they  wiM'e  always  tViendly,  and  the  2"2(l  of  July 
they  permitted  to  be  baptized  two  dying  children,  who 
were  named  Maria  iNIaj^dalena  and  Margarita.  About 
tlie  same  time  two  mineral  deposits,  of  red  ochre  and 
ihite  earth,  were  discovered.    On  the  24th  the  islands 


\\ 


Sept.    8. 


10. 
II. 

12. 

13. 

IG. 
17. 


20. 

21. 
2U. 


21 1. 
Oft.      1. 


10. 
1.".. 
10. 

17. 


S.  Adriiino.  near  the  shore  .it  mouth  of 
C'afiai  >a  do  los  O.sos.  Tho  diary  I'lcnrly 
iiic'iitioiis  the  J'^stcro  Bay  and  Morro 
Iioclv  of  iiiiiiluni  iiiiijia 

Sta  SLralliia  JLitoro,  'Mi',  or  lio'  27',  after 
cni.s.siiiL;  v\'j,ht  arniyon 

S.  lifiivcMuto.'or  O.sito,  lUi"  2',  or  ^JS"  SIV) 

S.  Xit'dhis,  (ir  Cautil,  arroyo  lio"  35',  along 
lieacli 

S.  Viecnto  arroyo  (Arroyada  Honda),  30' 
10' 

Sta  I'liiiliaiia  arroyo  [Ilij'  45'J,  at  foot  of 
Sierra  do  Sta  Lncia.  /;;  rfi/ion  lietwei-n 
■V.  SUni'dii  i.iiid  i'njn'  S.  Martin 

Pie  do  la  Sierra  do  Sta  I.iu'ia,  upacafiada 
into  tile  nit.s.,  /irohabli/  n.k 

Hoya  di'  la  Sierra  do  Sta  Lucia,  or  San 
I'Vanei.sco,  \M'}^  IS'  .W,  up  into  tho  nits, 
on  \.  siilo  of  a  oafiou  [slightly  diQ'er- 
ont  route  on  rctui'ii].  In  rf(jion  of  the 
I  iter  S.  Antonio    ink.sion.      Prohdbli/ 

N.E 

I'lCal  do  I'ifiones,  l)y  a  nit.  way  over  the 
sinniuit,  N.K 

S.  Franei-eo  (llio  do  Truehas) 

S.  Elizario  [KlecaroJ  Itio,  or  Ileal  del 
Chocolate,  down  a  Canada  to  a  river 
hrli':\  ed  to  bo  tho  Carnielo,  but  rcullij 
thr  Hi  >  ^'iirmii.-i 

Real  del  Alamo,  30°  3S',  down  tho  river. . 

r.eal  I'.huico,  (low  n  river. 

lic'al  di'  ( 'azadores,  down  river 

St;'  I  >ellina  |  I!iv.],  ;i(j'  44'.  or  30'  .")3',  down 
river  to  within  \!i  1.  of  heaidi.  From 
t!:i-i  jioint  Monterey  and  ( 'ariiielo  hay.s 
were  explored.  Ft  Fino.s,  30''  3lj';  Ft 
-Afio  Nucvo,  oil'  4';  Carnielo  Bay,  30' 
3.1' 

Sta  Brigida,  or  LaGrulIa,  passing  several 
L'^'oons 

Piijaro,  or  Sta  Ana  lliv.  Xdnie  still  re- 
tain! il 

Xr  Sra  del  I'ilar  lagunas  [corral],  34°  3r>'  ? 

Sta  'J'eri'sa 

Uotario  del  Seralin  do  Aseuli  arroyo,  near 
Soqnet 

S.  JAifvu/.o  llWvr— still  retdin.i  the.  name. 
'Jill'  iiiniji  n'lin  near  Slu  Cruz 

Hist.  Cal..  Vol.  I.    10 


Leagues. 


(1) 


4 
4 
4 

3.5(3) 


ii.'^i) 


4 
I 
1.5 


Course. 
w. 

N.W. 
N.N.W. 

N.W. 

\.\V.  audN.N.E. 
N.W. 


N.  K. 
N.  \V, 


N.W. 

N.N.W. 

X. 
N.W. 
N.W. 

N.W. 

W.N.W. 


^ 


140        KXl'KDITIOX  TO  iK^NTKREY  AND  SAN  FRANf'ISCO. 

of  San  Cloiiicnto  and  Santa  (  atalina  were  .si^litt'd. 
Next  tlay  tlic  natives  suenicd  to  say  that  inland  wcro 
otluT  white  nion  with  liorses,  mules,  swords,  and  hiits. 
On  the  L'Sth,  when  the  •^''overnoi'  and  his  foUowcis 
were  on  the  Santa  Ana  liiver,  four  violent  shocks  of 
carth(|uake  IVi^iiteiied  the  Indians  into  a  kind  of 
j)rayei'  to  t lie  four  winds,  and  caused  the  stream  to  he 
also  named  Jesus  de  los  Temblores.  jMaiiy  more; 
shocks  were  felt  during  the  followinj^  week;  yet  flu! 
i'orei^^ners  were  delighted  with  the  region,  noting'  the 
agj'icultural  j)r)ssibilities  which  they  and  tlieir  succes- 
8ors  later  realized.  The  1st  of  August  they  began  to 
kill  and  eat  hen 'end  us,  or  antelo})es,  and  next  day 
forded  tlu;  lllo  de  Poi'ciuncula  on  which  the  citv  of 
Los  Angeles  now  stands. 

From  the  Angeles  region  the  route  lay  through  Hk; 
valley  of  Santa  Catalina  de  los  iMR'inos,  now  San  Fci- 
iiando,  and  thence  northwai'd  through  the  mouniaiii 
pass  to  the  liead  streams  of  the  liio  de  Santa  Clara, 
so  calkid  then  and  now,  down  whose  haidcs  the 
S[)aniaisls  folh^wed  to  the  sea  again.  Immediately  on 
leaving  thcj  Porciuncula  more  earthquakes  were  i'dt, 
causing  the  friars  to  think  there  were  volcanoes  in  llie 
sierra;  springs  oi'  j^c"^,  hiva,  cluipopote,  or  {isphaltuni, 


Oct. 


18.  Stii  Criiz  arroj-o,  and  four  other  streams, 
tlio  last  huing  8.  Li'ioas,  (ir  ri.ciites 

airoyo 

La  Ol'a  (H(iya)  l)?irrani.'a 

10.    S.  J'i.<lr<Ml(;  Alcantara,  or-fuinin  [.lainon]. 
20.    S.  J.uis  ISclti-.in,  or  S.ilml,  arroy<>,  alioiit 
1  1.   ficiii  I't  A  no  Niicvo,  -.iT  ■2-1',  or 

;!7'  .•{'  [I't  ih  :M\'  \'\ 

S.  .Iiiaii   Nc'|)oniiieeiio,  or  ('a.sa  Grande, 
laiK'lieria,  acros.s  a  lovcl  mesa  along 

filiorc^ 

San  IVdi-o  Jicgalado 

24.    SU)  ])..iain;.'o,';i7'  .'{0' 

S.  ll)on,  or  l'iil;.'as,  rani'licria 

28.  S.  Simon  y  S.  Judas  arroyo,  or  Llano  de 
los  Ansari's,  in  isiglit  of  a  jioint  x.N.w. 
with  faialloiios — jiixt  ahovc  lln{l'-Mooii 

Jlni/,  and  in  .•iU/lu  of  Pt  S.  Pedro 

30.    rt  An,'(l  Cnstodio,  or  Alnujas,  Ti"  2-1', 

;;oV4y'[:i7^'n'J 

To  poiiit-i  nHb.-Kqniintlij  visited,  no  iiama 
were  applied. 


Loagiu'g. 


2.5 


4  or  2 
o 


t'ourne. 
W.N.W. 

x.\v. 

N.W. 

N.N.W. 

N. 

N. 


N.W. 


THE  SANTA  BARBARA  CHANNEL. 


147 


wwc  also  rt'i;"anlc(l  as  sij^'iis  of  volcanic  action.  Tlio 
ii;iti\cs  now  s})oko  not  onl}' of  l)oar(lo(l  luoii  who  caaio 
iViiiii  tlie  east  in  earlier  times,  l)ut  said  lliey  had 
latclyohscrved  vessels  in  theeliannel — itwill  he  reniein- 
hcied  that  the  San  Antonio  and  Sun  Carlos  had  reached 
tliis  latitude  on  their  way  from  (^([)o  San  Li'icas  to 
S;ui  Dieijfo — and  one  man  oven  claimed  to  recognize 
Gomez,  Fagos,  andCostanso  whom  he  had  seen  on  the 
vessel.  ]'^verywherc  the  men  went  naked,  hut  from 
this  region  the  women  dressed  more  according  to  Jmu'o- 
|i('an  ideas,  covering  much  of  their  person  with  skins 
i4'  deer  and  rahhits.  August  14th  Portola  crossed 
I'loiii  a  point  near  the  mouth  of  the  Santa  Clara  to 
the  shore  farther  north,  where  he  found  thr  largest 
Indian  village  yet  seen  in  California.  The  houses  were 
nl"  spherical  form  thatched  with  straw,  and  the  natives 
ux'd  hoats  twenty-four  feet  long  made  of  pine  hoards 
tiL'd  together  with  cords  and  covered  with  asphaltum, 
cantihle  of  carryincf  each  ten  fishermen.  A  lew  old 
hl;i(l('s  of  knives  and  swords  were  stsen.  Some  in- 
hiil)itants  of  the  channel  islands  came  across  to  gaze 
at  tlie  strangers.  Previously  the  inhabitants  had 
l).ii'ti'icd  seeds,  grass  baskets,  and  shells  for  the  cov- 
eted glass  hqads,  but  now  fish  and  carved  l)its  of  wood 
wei'c  added  to  the  limited  list  of  commercial  })roducts. 
Thus  more  foo<l  w-as  offered  than  could  ho  eaten.  This 
liiKi  pueblo,  the  first  of  a  long  line  of  similar  (mks 
along  tlie  channel  coast,  was  called  Asuncion  and  was 
identical  in  site  with  the  modern  San  Ihieiiaventura.' 
From  tlie  middle  of  August  to  the  7th  (»f  Se]>tem- 
hi  1'  the  Spaniards  followed  the  coast  of  the  Santa 
]xh"l)ara  Channel  westward,  always  in  sight  of  tli'-' 
Inlands,  meeting  a  dense  native  po[)ulation  settled  in 
many  largo  towns  and  unifonnly  hospitalde.  Passing 
P'lint  Concepeion,  they  turned  northward  to  the  site 
on  v.hich  San  Luis  Obispo  now  stands.  On  the  ISth 
el  August  they  passed  a  village  called  Laguna  do  la 
Concepeion  in  the  vicinity  of  what  is  now  Santa  Bar- 

"  Sue  fouiuliiig  of  Sun  Buenaventura  in  a  later  chapter. 


14S        EXrEDITIOX  TO  MONTERFA'  AXD  SAX  FRAXCISCO. 


bara,  porliaps  on  the  exact  site,  since  the  presidio  was^ 
founded  later  at  a  place  said  to  have  been  called  San 
Joaquin  do  la  Laguna  by  these  first  explorers."  A 
lew  leagues  farther,  and  in  several  other  places,  tlicru 
Avere  noticed  large  cemeteries,  those  of  the  men  and 
M'onien  being  distinct  as  the  gentle  savages  ex[)laini'(!. 
Over  each  grave  a  painted  pole  was  set  up  bearing 
the  hair  of  the  men,  and  those  of  the  women  being 
adorned  with  cora.s,  or  grass  baskets.  Large  whale- 
bones were  also  a  distin<xuishin<»'  feature  of  the  buiinl- 
grounds.  Many  of  these  graves  have  been  opened 
within  the  past  few  years,  and  the  relics  thu.s  brought 
to  light  have  created  in  local  circles  (piite  a  Hutter  el' 
archaological  enthuslasi.i,  being  popularly  attributed, 
as  is  the  custom  in  such  cases,  to  'prehistoric'  times 
and  to  races  long  since  extinct.  Ou  the  24th  a  sea- 
gull  was  killed  ;'ud  the  place  called  San  Luis  by  the 
padres  was  christened  La  Gaviota  by  the  soldiiTs — 
very  many  localities  along  the  route  being  thus  doubly 
named,  whence  i)ei'haps  the  name  Gaviota  Pass  of 
modern  maps.  Near  Point  Concepcion  the  natives 
displa^'ctl  beads  of  European  make,  said  to  have  been 
obta:  >od  from  the  north.  Here  a  lean  and  wnrn- 
out  nndc  was  left  to  recuperate  under  Indian  care. 
Ci'cspi's  latitudes  for  the  chaimel  coasts  were  too  high, 
varying  from  o4°  30'  to  34°  51'.  Costanso's  obser\;i- 
tions  placed  Point  Concepcion  in  34°  30',  about  5' loo 
far  noith.  After  turning  the  point  the  natives  weie 
poorer  and  less  numerous,  but  were  still  friendly. 
On  the  30th  a  large  sti'eam  was  cro;^sed  ou  a  sand-imr 
at  its  mouth  which  "served  as  a  biidge."  Tlus  was 
the  IJio  Santa  Ines,"  called  at  its  discovery  Santa  llnsa, 
and  on  September  1st  the  camp  was  pitched  at  llic 
Laguna  de  San  Daniel,  probably  at  the  mouth  of  tlu' 
ll'u)  Santa  jVlaria.     Next  day  Sergeant  Ortega  was 

<^J'roP.  7?rc.,  MS,,  ii.  01-2. 

'  Thci'o  iM  Koino  I'liiifiision  in  the  (losciij'tion  ot  this  ]\irt  of  tho  coast,  ;i:iil 
th's  stroaiu  iiii,L,'ht  as  wi'U  l)o  the  Santa  Maiia,  were  it  not  for  the  fact  th.it 
Pni  ...i.uii  Mii<«ion  was  after\\ar(l  Imilt  on  liio  <le  Santa  Ivosa.  PurUiinit,  Li'i. 
JilioiMi,  MS.,  1;  Pror.  67.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  ll-J-13. 


?co. 

>icli()  was 
Ucd  Sail 
.n-s."     A 

;eS,  tllClX! 

nu'U  and 
xplaiiH"!. 
1  beariirj; 
icu  bcinn' 
TC  \vli:il':- 
ho  buiial- 

;ll    0[)l'l\ctl 

js  broui;'lit 
flutter  of 
Lttribiitod, 
n-ic'  tiuK's 
4th  a  scu- 
ll is  by  t'lo 
soldi'-'i's— 
lus  doubly 
ra  Pass  (if 
ho  natives 
have  l)t'i'U 
and  \voiu- 
idiau  faiv. 
o  too  blLill, 
ri  obsevva- 
)Out  5't<»i> 
tivcs  wm' 
ll    tVieiiilly. 
a  sa'Kidiar 
Th.s  was 
autallosa, 
led  at  ill*' 
utU  of  tli«- 
b'tega  was 

the  coast,  ii:!'l 
ll-  tlio  fact  tlMt 


OVER  Tlir:  SIERRA  DE  SANTA  LUCIA. 


140 


t;;1on  i^l,  and  ten  of  tlie  men  began  to  coiii])lain  of 
s.)i'o  feet.  Turning"  inland  not  far  iVoni  what  is  ;;')\v 
]^lint  San  Luis,  tliey  crossed  the  hills  by  a  souie- 
what  Avindin<^  course  and  on  the  7th  encaniiied  in 
l!ic  Canada  de  los  Osos  in  the  vicinity  of  the  later 
San  ijuis  Obispo.  Here  the  soldiers  engag'ed  in  a 
u;'and  hcar-hunt,  in  which  one  of  these  lierce  brutes, 
sccii  here  in  groups  of  fourteen  or  sixteen,  according 
l(t  l?or( old's  diary,  was  killed  after  receiving  nine  l)ul- 
Icts,  onc^  of  the  soldiers  barely  escaping  \vith  his  life. 
The  nanu.'s  Los  Osos  and  l']\  Buchon  a[)plied  at  this 
time  are  still  ])reserved  in  this  region. 

]''rom  San  Luis,  instead  of  proceeding  north  anil 
inland,  which  would  have  been  the  easier  route,  the 
cx[il*)rers  Ibllow  the  Bear  Canada  down  to  the  sea, 
wliere  thev  note  ]']stero  Bay  and  jNlorro  Bock,  and 
whence  they  follo\v  the  coast  stjine  ten  leagues  to  a 
point  located  by  Costanso  in  latitudi;  35'  4.")',  and 
a[iparently  not  far  bek)W  Cape  San  Martin.  "Jhe 
sierra  of  Santa  Lucia,  so  named  long  befoi'o,  now 
impedes  further  jirogrcss,  and  oii  September  Kith  the 
travtllers  turn  to  the  i-ight  and  begin  to  climb  tlie 
mountain  range,  "con  el  credo  eu  la  boca,"  one  league 
per  (lay  being  counted  good  progress  in  such  a  rough 
country.  From  the  17th  to  the  IDth  they  are  on  the 
Hoya,  or  ravine,  de  la  Sierra  de  Santa  Lucia,  on  the 
head-waters  of  the  Bio  do  San  Antonio  near  where 
the  mission  of  the  same  name  is  afterward  ibundetl. 
On  tlie  20th  the  lofty  range  northward  is  ascended, 
and  from  the  highest  lidge,  jirobably  Santa  ]jucia 
Peak,  the  Spaniards  gaze  upon  a  boundless  sea  of 
mountains,  "a  sad  spe'ctacle  for  poor  travellers  worn 
out  hy  the  fatigues  of  so  long  a  joui'uey  "  sighs  (  Vespi. 
file  cold  begins  to  be  sevt-'re,  and  some  of  t\u'  men 
aie  disabled  by  scurvy;  yet  ibr  the  glory  (>f  Ood  and 
wiili  unfailing  confukaice  in  their  great  jiatroii  St 
(lo.seph,  they  press  bravely  on,  after  remaining  four 
flays  in  a  little  moimbiin  caiion  dedicated  by  tin-  fiiars 
to  the  i^lagas  de  San  Francisco,  the  name  San  Fran- 


150       EXPEDITION  TO  MOXTEREY  AND  SAX  FRANCISCO. 


'i;ll 


CISCO  proper  being  reserved  for  that  saint's  'famous  port.' 
Wending  tlieir  way  down  the  noitliern  slope,  perhnjts 
by  way  of  the  Arroyo  Scco,  on  the  2()th  they  jcuch 
a  river  which  they  name  San  Elizario,  or  Santa  Uel- 
fnin,  behoved  by  the  Spaniards  to  be  the  liio  del  Car- 
melo.  It  is  the  stream,  however,  since  known  as 
Salinas,  and  down  it  Portola's  company  march  to  tljo 
oca,  arriving  on  the  30th  at  a  point  near  the  mouth. 
The  natives  are  less  hospitable  in  the  Salinas  Vall(.y 
than  south  of  thei-e. 

As  the  expedition  draws  near  the  sea-shore,  a  point 
of  land  becomes  visible  in  the  south,  which  iscorr.H-tly 
judged  to  be  Poirit  Finos,  one  of  the  prominent  hnid- 
niarks  l)_y  which  Monturey  was  to  be  id<nitili(d.  It  is 
therefore  determined  to  stop  here  for  exploration. 
(October  1st  the  governor,  engineer,  and  Crespf,  witli 
tive  soldiers  climb  a  hill,  "from  the  top  of  which," 
writes  the  friar,  "wo  saw  the  great  entrance,  and  con- 
jectured that  it  was  the  one  which  Cabrera  Buenn 
puts  Ijetween  l?()int  Alio  Nuevo  and  Point  Pinos  of 
Monterey."  That  is  to  say,  believi?ig  3'et  doubting 
they  look  out  over  the  bay  and  harbor  of  Monteicv 
in  search  of  which  they  had  come  so  far,  then  })ass  (-n 
wondering  where  is  Monterey.  Pivera  with  eight  nun 
explores  southward,  marching  along  the  very  shore  rX 
the  port  they  are  seeking;  then  toward  Point  Pines 
and  over  to  "a  small  bight  formed  between  the  said 
l)oint  and  another  south  of  it,  with  an  arroyo  flowing 
dt)wn  from  tlie  mountains,  well  wooded,  and  a  slougli, 
into  wliich  tlie  said  stream  discharges,  and  some  little 
lagoons  of  slight  extent;"  but  the  mountains  prevent 
linthev  progress  southward  along  the  shore.  Tlu; 
pkices  thus  ex])lored  are  Carmelo  bay,  river,  and  point ;' 
nevertheless  Rivera  returns  to  camp  saying  that  no 
port  is  to  be  found. 

The  4th  of  October  after  solemn  mass  in  a  brusli- 


*  Cypress  IViint  is  not  iiotir(<l  in  this  oxplorntitm;  l,ut  it  is  cort.Tiii  tluit  it 
till'  Iti^iit  iKiw  visitcil  wi'ic  imt  ( 'iiiiiulo  Hay,  tiiat  liny  would  Imxcbci  ii  luinul 
.•Mill  iiK'iitioiied  latd-  v  lii'ii  tlic  uttLiiipt  was  iikkIc  a^^ain  to  liiid  a  slioif  luuto 

BOUlllWUld. 


MONTEREY  XOT  FOUXD. 


151 


-wood  tent  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sahnas  liiver,  a  meet- 
ing' of  all  the  officers  and  friars  is  hold  to  deliberate 
on  wliat  shall  be  done.  At  this  meeting  tlie  com- 
niandant  brielly  calls  attention  to  the  scarcity  of  pro- 
visions, to  the  seventeen  men  on  the  sick-list  unfit  for 
duty,  to  the  excessive  burden  of  labor  imposed  on 
those  Avho  are  well  in  sentinel  duty  and  continual 
rccnnnoissances,  and  to  the  lateness  of  the  s{\ison.  In 
view  of  these  circumstances  and  of  the  i'act  that  the 
port  of  ^Monterey  could  not  be  found  wliere  it  had 
been  su})[)osed  to  lie,"  each  person  i>rcsent  is  called 
uiioii  to  express  freely  his  o})inion.  The  decision  of 
otrircrs  and  priests  is  unanimous  "that  the  journey  bo 
continued  as  the  only  expedient  remaining,  in  the  hope 
of  finding  by  the  favor  of  God  the  desired  port  of 
Monterey  and  in  it  the  Sail  Jose  to  supply  our  needs, 
and  that  if  God  should  permit  that  in  the  search  for 
Monterey  we  all  perish,  we  shall  still  have  fulfilli>d 
our  dutv  f  o  God  and  men  by  working  toi-c'ther  to  the 
death  in  the  accomplishment  of  the  entei'j)rise  on 
w  hicli  we  have  been  sent."  Their  hope  lests  mainly  in 
the  fact  that  they  had  not  yet  reached  the  latitiido  in 
whi'  h  Vizcaino  and  Cabrera  Bueno  had  placed  tlie  [xjrt. 


livclji'ill  loilliil 
ii  shun'  ii-i"'" 


*  ■  Iv.i  '.  isto  <!('  ]o  (liulio  y  tie  no  liallnr  cl  pncrto  do  ^ronterov  en  l;i  ;iltiir.i 
cjUf  so  jM-eMiiiiiii.'  ('rt-sjii,  IVVc/i ,  ;5.'),'i.  This  uso  of  the  wovA  ulUtra  is  iiu  crroi- 
of  tilt'  w  riti'i',  siiico  t'abieni  lUuiio,  the  autlnnity  cm  which  tlcpeiKk'neo  was 
placrd,  j^ivcs  the  latitmlcdf  MoiitLrcy  as  \\~\  while  C()staiiS('i  now  iiiaile  it 
?v\  .'W;  liiit  tlie  exiilaiiafi<"'  is  that  this  v,as  ^^l■itten  after  siiltsripiciit  e.\|ilc>r- 
utidus  l'uit!;er  iiiii'tli  v  uieh  hail  an  inlhiencc  on  < 'fespiH  words.  '\\w.  .hinla 
J''"  (/('  ijihrrn  ilc  In  c >'intl'ic'"in  ih'  tli rrn  i/i/c  pnsnhfi  <ii  Kf.lir'Jml  <l<l  j^ticvlo  Ic. 
Jfhiili  ri II I II  .'/  lie  Orlrliv,'  (li>  Hon  is  attaelicd  t'l  tjir  J'nr/n'ij,  JJiarm,  MS.  In 
his  opeiiin;,'  address  Tortohi  says  'what  should  lie  the  Kin  ( 'aniielo  is  oidy  an 
(irri'i/n;  whiit  should  bo  a  port  is  only  a  little  cusi nm/'i;  \\hat  weio  iireat  lakes 
iiic  titiiiDiilln--;'  and  yet  to  go  on  and  find  another  Siei'ra  de  Sta  l.neia  would 
taketiiKc;  11  men  were;  siek,  and  only  50  caKla/rni.i  llonr  remained.  Cos- 
tauso  gave  his  opinion  lirst:  that  tiiey  were  in  only  'Mt  il',  wiiile  Monterey 
Was  in  ,'i7'  or  perhaps  more;  they  shouhl  not  fail  to  explore  np  to  ',\~^  .'Who  as 
either  to  find  (he  p(;rt  or  to  he  sure  (.f  its  ni :n-e\i>teneo.  IV'.'es  followed  and 
also  favon  il  gi}ing  en  to  .S7'  or  a  little  more,  as  the  port  l.ad  eei'tainly  not 
hei-n  passed,  and  they  had  not  yet  reaehed  its  latitude.  1'hen  liivt  la,  who 
did  not  seem  to  thinli  Monterey  wmi'.d  1k^  foiir.d.  siiiee  it  was  not  wliere  it 
oii,f,'lit  to  he,  hut  thought  they'should  <  stahlish  tiiemselves  somewhere,  but 
not  wln'ie  thiy  then  V, ere.  'J  hen  ]\)rt(jhi  di  i  ided  to  rest  (!  days,  go  <in  as 
far  a.T  j  o^sihle,  and  then  seleet  the  most  (;li;.ibh'  ]ilaee  for  a  n  ttlt  li.eiit  if 
Moiiteny  did  not  ap];(ar.  All  ayreud  iu  writing  to  this  plan,  iueludiny 
padres  (.Joiue/,  and  Crespl. 


1^ 


152 


EXPEDITION  TO  MOXTEKEY  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


n 


It  is  and  must  ever  remain  more  er  less  iiiex])li- 
cable  that  tlie  Si)aniar(ls  .should  liave  failed  at  thi-i 
time  to  identii'v  Monterey.  All  that  was  hnowii  of 
tliat  j)f)rt  had  resulted  from  Vizeaino'w  visit,  and 
this  knowledL^'o  was  in  the  hands  of  the  explorers  in 
the  woiks  of  V<!negas  and  Cabrera  l^ueno.  Tlu.'  de- 
seription  of  landmarks  was  tolerably  clear/"  and  in 
fact  these  landmarks  had  been  readily  recognized  by 
I^ortold's  party  at  their  first  arrival  on  the  bay  shore. 
j\[oreover,  the  advantages  of  the  liar])or  had  not  been 
very  greatly  exaggerated,  both  Torijuemada,  as  fpiotcd 
by  Venegas,  and  Cabrera  Bueno  having  called  j\lonte- 
rey  simpl}'  iifamoso  ptto'to,  the  former  stating  that  it 
was  protected  from  all  winds,  and  the  latter,  from  all 
exceijt  north-west  winds.  Yet  with  the  harbor  Ivinn' 
at  their  feet,  and  with  several  landmai'ks  so  clearly 
defined  that  A  ila  and  Serra  recognized  them  at  once 
from  the  reports  at  San  Diego,  and  penetrated  the 
truth  of  the  matter  in  spite  of  their  companions' 
mystification,  the  Spanish  ofiicors  could  find  nothing 
resend>ling  the  object  of  their  search,  and  even  were 
tem})ted  to  account  for  the  port's  disappearance  by 
the  theory  that  since  Vizcaino's  time  it  had  perhaps 
been  filletl  up  with  sandP^ 

"*Sc'c  clijiptcT  iii..  this  volnine. 

"  ('iTS]ii\i  ii'iiii'.iks  in  iultlitidii  to  wlmt  lias  boon  given  in  the  prcccdinc; 
narmtivo,  iirc  as  JdUows:  'In  view  nf  wliat  lias  hccn  said.  .  .and  of  (lui- not 
iindinj;-  in  tlii-e  !r;;i(ins  tlK!  port  of  ^Monterey  so  ctlclirated  and  so  praised  in 
tlicii' lime  !iy  nienof  ehai'aeter,  skilful,  intelligent,  and  jiraetical  navigator.? 
who  oaine  e\pns.-;ly  to  ex])lorc  these  eoasis  ]>y  order  of  the  king.  .  .vo  h.ivo 
to  say  that  it  is  not  found  after  the  most  eaiclul  etlbrls  made  at  eost  of  nnieU 
sweat  and  fatigue;  or  it  nuist  he  said  that  it  han  lieen  hiK'd  up  and  desti'oyed 
with  time,  though  we  see  no  indications  to  sujipoit this  o])ini(jn;  and thercf'iro 
I  :  usjiend  niy  opiu'on  on  this  point,  hut  what  1  can  say  with  a.^smance  i.s  that 
wii.li  all  diligence  on  the  part  of  coninndante,  ollieers,  and  s(jldiers  no  sudl 
poit  has  heen  foinid.  .  .At  Pt  I'inos  there  i.s  no  port,  nor  have  we  seen  in 
all  our  journey  a  country  more  desolate  than  this,  or  people  moro  rude,  Sc- 
hawtian  Vi/eaino  to  the  contrary  notwithslandiug.  .  .allhdUgh  this  was  easier 
to  li(Mui.srepre.sented  tlian  a  ]iort  so  famous  as  was  Jlonten  y  in  former  cen- 
turies.' I'iu;/!',  .'iD'i-tJ.  Ill  a  litter  linried  Ixfore  the  lir.al  return  it  is  statel 
that  (lie  expedition  'sighted  Tt  I'inos  and  tiie  cuKciKuInx  noith  and  soiitii  of 
it  v.itliout  sieiiig  any  signs  of  the  ])ortof  .Monterey,  and  resolved  to  go  on  in 
iseardi  of  it,'  and  again  nil  tlie  return  'made  an  elidrt  to  search  for  tlie  )iort 
of  Monterey  within  tlie  nuaintain  range  follow  iiig  along  the  .sea,  in  spite  >  f 
its  roii;;hness,  Imt  in  vain."  I'cloti,  So'.,  i.  .'iii;)— K)^).  According  to  I'aloa. 
Villa,  SS,  1'.  Crespi  wrote  him  that  he  feured  the  port  hud  been  tilled  up;  and 


HOW  THE  ERROR  OCCURRED. 


153 


There  are,  however,  several  circumstances  wliich 
tend  to  lessen  our  difficulty  in  accounting-  for  the 
01  Tor  coniuiittod,  and  which  arc  almost  sullicient  to 
]■( move  the  difficulty  altoi^ethor,  especially  so  I'ar  as 
tills  lirst  visit  on  the  northward  march  is  concerned. 
j'Irst,  tlu;  Rio  Carmelo,  seen  but  once  when  swollen 
hv  winter  rains,  was  on  the  record  as  a  "river  of  good 
v.alcr  though  of  little  depth,"  and  in  geographical 
discussions  of  the  past  hatl  gradually  accpiired  great 
importance.  Portola's  party  reaching  the  Salinas,  the 
largest  river  in  this  region,  naturally  supposed  they 
v.rri!  on  the  Cai'melo.  If  it  were  tlio  Carmelo,  I't 
Pinos  should  bear  nortli  rather  than  south;  if  it  were 
!,()!.  then  not  oidy  was  this  largo  river  not  mentioned 
ill  the  old  authorities,  but  there  was  no  river  in  tho 
region  to  be  itlentified  with  the  Carmelo,  for  it  never 
rred  to  the  travellcs  to  apply  that  name  to  the 


OCCU 


b 


.1, 


creeK,  now  nearly  dry,  which  flowed  into  tho  en- 
si'unda  to  the  south  of  the  ])oint.  Second,  Cabrera 
IjIU'Uo's  description  of  the  bays  north  and  south  of 
point  l*inos  as  line  ports,  the  latter  protected  from  all 
winds  and  the  former  from  all  but  those  irom  iho 
north-west,  was  exaggerated, [)erhaps  very  nuich  so;  yet 
it  was  not  Cabrera's  or  Vizcaino's  cxa^'LTorations  that 

SciT.-i  mentioned  in  one  of  liis  letters  the  same  opinion  founded  on  the  greaf. 
f;:nil  (hiiies  lound  •where  the  port  oncjht  to  lie.  /</.,  !)"J.  I'a^'e.s  says:  '\\'o 
kiK'W  not  if  the  plaee  where  ■we  'were  was  tliat  of  our  destination;  .still  after 
li.;viii'j  carefully  exariiined  it  and  eoinpared  it  with  the  relations  of  tlieaneienb 
voyngcra,  v.e  I'coolv  ,_:  to  continue  our  inarrh ;  fur  after  having,'  taktn  the  lali- 
tiule,  we  found  "ihat  wo  W('ic  oidy  in  ISii'  44',  while,  aeeoidin;^  to  the  repcirts 
of  the  pdot,  Calireia  Hui'mi,  Monterey  .shouhl  ho  in  .'{7',  and  an  serious  an 
error  wirj  not  .supposahle  on  the  partof  a  man  of  well  known  i  kill.  'J'he  eon- 
tigr.ration  (  f  the  coast  did  not  agree  either  with  the  relations  which  served  us 
as  a  guide.'  I'o//.  en  Cal.,  ;!:2.S-'.I.  Rivera  i^iniply  says:  'Wo  wi'ut  in  the  i\- 
j/diticn  hy  land  to  San  iJiego  and -Monterey,  and  having  failed  to  recognixo 
tile  latter  WO  proceeded  in  search  if  it  till  we  came  to  San  I'laiieisco,  Vvlicnco 
for  want  of  ju'ovisions  we  returned  and  the  whole  exp.cdition  .  hjit  two  ni;.ht.s 
iu  Monterey  itself  and  encamped  several  days  on  th.:  Rio  {.'aiine:!).'  St.  Pop., 
Jl's.i.  (mil.  Culoii.,  MS.,  i.  i')'2-',].  According  to  0;tega,  'On  ()et(<))er  otii  or 
(iih  Ave  rcaclied  I't  riiios,  and  according  to  tlio  indications  of  (.'..pt.  Vixcaino 
i:iid  the  j,t!o>')  Cahrera  JJueuo — and  our  kitltude.  as  well — wo  :  liould  havo 
lliouglit  ourselves  alre.idy  at  Monterey;  Imt  not  linding  tlu^  .'dielter  and  pio- 
tectinu  aserihed  liy  tlieiato  the  p.ort  caused  us  to  doubt,  since  we  f^aw  a  lii-lit 
tivcr  twelve  leagues  across  with  n<3  shelter  exei'pt  for  rniall  cralt  at  tin;  poiid, 
nhlioii.h  tlie  said  l.iglit  is  lai':e  enough  to  hold  tliousands  of  vessels,  butwiili 
liille  protection  from  some  winds.'  Frufjineiiio,  MS.,  o'2. 


1.-4       EXrEDITIOX  TO  MONTEREY  AND  SAX  FRANCISCO. 

inislod  Portolii.  Monterey  had  been  much  talked  and 
written  about  during  the  past  century  and  a  half  in 
connection  with  the  fables  of  Northern  Mvstei'v,  and 
wliile  its  waters  lay  undisturbed  by  fonui^n  keel  ils 
importance  as  a  ]iarI)or  had  been  constantly  growing' 
in  the  minds  of  Spanish  ofHcials  and  missionaries.  It 
was  not  the  piloto's  comparatively  modest  description 
so  much  as  the  grand  popular  ideal  which  supported 
tlie  ex[>ectations  (jf  tlie  governor  and  liis  companions, 
and  (jf  wliieli  tlie  reality  fell  so  far  short.  Third,  the 
veiy  dilierent  impressions  of  storm-tossed  marineis 
anchoring  in  tlie  bay  when  its  shores  were  brightened 
and  refreshed  Ijy  winter  i-ains,  and  of  travellers  ariiv- 
\\vj:  at  th(!  end  t)f  the  dry  season  fi'oni  the  sunny  clinir, 
large  ^•illages,  and  liospitable  ])opulation  of  the  Santa 
nJarbara  Chamiel  must  be  taken  into  consideration. 
Fourth,  tlie  Spaniards  had  no  boats  in  which  to  make 
soundings  and  test  the  anchorage  capacities  of  tlie 
harbor.  Fifth,  Cabrera's  latitude  was  thirty  minutes 
hiuher  than  that  resultinij  from  Costanso's  observa- 
tions. 

To  these  considerations  should  be  added  two  other 
theories  respecting  the  failure  to  find  ]\[onterey.  One 
is  that  favored  by  Palou,^-  wIkj  like  some  of  his  com- 
panions  was  disposed  to  regard  the  concealment  of 
the  port  as  a  miraculous  interposition  of  (^rod  at  the 
intereession  and  in  the  interests  of  St  Francis;  i'oi- 
on  starting  from  the  peninsula  after  completing  ar- 
rangements for  the  new  establishments,  Father  Jniii- 
pero  had  asked  (Jalvez — "and  for  Our  Father  Sail 
Francisco  is  there  to  be  no  mission?"  to  which  the 
visitador  had  ]'cj»lied — "if  San  Francisco  wants  a 
mission  let  him  cause  his  port  to  be  I'ound  and  it  v  ill 
be  ])ut  there;"'  and  the  saint  did  show  his  port  and  lei't 
St  Cliarles  to  do  as  much  at  ^Lontei'cy  later.     The 

'-'  '  LiK'LC"  iiiii'  k'i  cstji  iidticia  atrilmi  ;i(lis]Kisicion(1iviiiii  obnu'  no  luilLnulo 
la  ('.\]ii'ilk'i(iii  il  jiuerti)  tie  ^lontcrey  en  el  ]iai'!i.!j;e  i|Ue  lo  scfialaliii,  el  aiiti'iiit) 
deiTiiteni,  sinnieso  liasla  llei^'ar  al  I'nerto  ilo  i\,  I',  f-i.  J''iiuieis(ii. '  V'.iln  '•'•: 
Jimi/nid  .■^(■rra,  88.  CUee.son,  Hid.  t'al/i.  C/i.,  ii.  oj-S,  uceeptrf  the  view  tiiat 
it  was  a  niiraelc. 


SANTA  CRUZ  REGION. 


153 


other  theory  is  one  tlmt  was  soiiicwliat  prevalent 
uninug-  the  descendants  of  the  first  Spanish  soldiers 
;iiiil  settlers  ill  Inter  years,  namely,  that  tlu?  explorers 
had  secret  orders  from  (jalvez  not  to  find  jNEonterey, 
Imt  ti)  go  on  to  San  Francisco. ^^  Neither  this  view 
(if  the  matter  nor  that  involving  supernatural  agencies 
seems  to  demand  nuich  comment.  It  would  be  very 
(litlicult  to  prove  the  inaccuracy  of  either. 

It  having  been  determined  to  proceed,  Ortega  and 
a  few  men  advance  October  Gth  to  make  a  reconnois- 
saucc  which  seems  to  favor  former  conclusions,  since 
he  saw  another  river  and  thought  ho  saw  another 
wooded  point,  which  might  be  the  veritable  Rio  Car- 
niclo  and  Point  Pinos.  Xext  day  the  whole  company 
set  out  and  in  twenty-three  days  inarch  up  the  coast 
to  Point  Angel  Custodio,  since  called  Point  San 
Pedro.  Eleven  men  have  to  be  carried  in  litters,'' 
and  progress  is  slow.  On  the  8th  the  IMjaro  River 
is  crossed  and  named  by  the  soldiers  I'rom  a  stufled 
bird  found  among  the  natives.  A  week  later  in  the 
vicinity  of  Sequel  the  j^^^^'^  Colorado,  or  redwood, 
begins  to  be  seen.  On  the  17tli  they  cross  and  name 
tlie  Rio  de  San  Loren/o,  at  the  site  of  the  present 
Santa  Cruz;  and  on  the  2.'3d  Point  Aho  Nuevo  is 
[massed.  Vegetables  soon  give  out  as  had  meat  long 
ago,  and  rations  are  reduced  to  live  tortillas  of  bran 
and  ilour  a  day,  Portol;ian<l  Rivera  are  added  to  the 
sick  list.  On  the  28th  the  rains  begin,  and  the  men 
are  attacked  by  diarrha^a,  which  seems  to  relieve  the 
sem'vv.  The  .'jOth  they  reaeli  a  i)oint  with  detached 
rocks,  or  Jarallones,  loc'dted  by  Costanso  in  04°  ul', 

_  '■'  r,i!hjn,  ir,st.  Cnl,  MS.,  i.  ?,<)-4?.:  Almni'l,,  li:.<  rw/..  MS.,  i.  1!)^-J;1; 
Viil.'cjii  (,/.  /.),  Jt'ciiiiii.,  MS.,  ()()-7.  Ail  liavo  luiinl  IVolii  ]''ii;ici;>  \';illt'jv)  iiial 
DtiRT.s  of  liis  time  tluit  I'ortoLl  ^\•ils  .suinm.-^cil  to  li.nc  jjiissod  Moiitin-v  iiitt'u- 
tiniinliy. 

"Ortc.i.'a  (U'scrilics  the  lal)()i'.s  iuul  siifreiiiii's  of  the  men  more  fully  thim 
others.  lie  ,say.s  Hi  lost  the  use  of  tluir  lini'  ■  IJaeli  night  they  ■were 
i;il)'ii'il  willi  oil  iiiul  eaeh  moiniu^'  W(  lo  fas'iiied  to  the  lijcra^,  :i  kind  of 
Wooden  fianie,  and  iai.sid  to  the  hacks  of  the  nniles.  The  rain  however 
brought  some  relief.  I'lVijimnto,  ^IS. 


•I '? 


13    *} 

!fl| 


150       EXrEDlTIOX  TO  MONTEREY  AND  SAN  FRANCISCO. 

wlioro  tlio  hills  bar  tlio  passag^o  along  the  shore.  It  is 
named  Point  Angel  Custodio  and  Point  Ahnejas, 
being  tliat  now  known  as  San  Pedi-o.^' 

It  is  ilu^  last  day  of  Oetober.  After  some  j)relinii- 
nary  examination  by  an  advance  party,  tlie  whole  eoni- 
])any  climb  the  hill  and  gaze  about  them.  On  tluir 
left  is  the  ever  })i'esent  sea,  rolling  oif  to  the  west  in 
a  dim  eternity  of  waters.  Before  them  is  a  bay,  or 
bight,  lying  between  the  point  on  which  they  stand 
and  one  beyond  extending  into  the  sea  far  to  thenortli- 
Mest.  liising  al)ru[)tly  full  l)efore  them,  higli  above 
the  ocean,  the  bold  shore  })resents  a  dismal  IVont  in 
its  sumniei'-soiled  rol)es,  as  yet  undyed  by  t])e  delicious 
winter  rains,  the  clouded  sun  meanwhile  refusing  its  fro 
quent  exhibitions  of  exquisite  colorings  between  the 
deep  blue  waters  and  the  dark,  purple  blulf.  Pai'thei"  to 
the  left,  about  west-nortli-west  from  their  position  and 
apparently  south-west  from  the  distant  point,  is  seen 
a  group  of  six  or  seven  Avhitish  faralloncs;  and  finally 
looking  along  the  shore  northward  they  discover  white 
clifi's  and  what  appears  to  be  the  mouth  of  an  inlet 
niakiiii*'  toward  the  north-east.  There  is  no  mistakin'j; 
these  landmarks  so  clearly  laid  down  by  Cabrera  Pu- 
eno.'"  "J'he  travellers  recognize  theuj  immediately; 
the  distant  point  of  land  must  be  Point  Peyes,  and 
under  it  lies  the.  port  of  San  Francisco.  The  saint 
has  indeed  and  unexpectedly  brought  the  missionaries 
within  sight  of  his  port.  Strong  in  this  well  founded 
conviction,  the  pilgrims  descend  the  hill  northward 
and  encanq)  near  the  beach  at  the  southern  extrt^niity 

'■'•  ^k  Dtiylo,  ^l(/(/;r.s's  7,  makes  it  Corral  do  Tierra,  or  Pillar  I'oiiit,  nt  llic 
iKirtlicm  fxiit  inity  of  Half  !Mooii  JJay.  I  do  not  know  if  this  wa.'j  ii  (lijliii- 
aaily  fornud  ojiiniim;  Imt  my  reasons  for  identifying  Mussd  I'nint  a\  itii  i'-;iii 
I'odro  ai'c:  Isl,  the  <lL;taelied  rocks  ovj'ariil/oiic-i  not  fouiul  in  eoiiueetion  wiili 
tin;  oilier  points,  see  (  V/.  (SVrt^r;  C.'(-o/.<V»?'('.  Ailapoj'ri'ijioii  iiiljdrint  InS.  F.,  \><*''', 
'_M,  tlielii.l.s  cutting  oil' the  shore  passa;,'0  as  they  <lo  not  at  i'illar  I'oiut,  >ce  IiL; 
lid,  tile  clear  \iewof  D  ako  I'ay  and  the  FaraHones,  etc.;  and  4lh,  the  fact 
that  in  orchr  to  juit  in  the  nundjer  of  leagues  they  did  going  south  along  the 
Canada  they  nuist  iiave  crossed  at  San  Pedro  ratiier  than  ;it  I'il'ar,  esiieci;dly, 
if  as  iJoyle  suggests,  their  last  camp  was  no  farther  south  than  Searsvilie. 
There  are,  however,  some  diiiicultics. 

"'For  tlii-s  autlior'sfuli  descri^itiuaof  this  reeiou  see  elia[).  iii.  thiavohuue. 


THE  OLD  Sx\N  FRANCISCO. 


l.-)? 


of  tlic  shoot  of  water  kiKnvn  to  tlio  Spaniards  from 
that  tiiiio  as  the  Euseuada  do  los  Faralloiios. 


thiavoiuinc. 


Tlioro  has  been  iiiuch  pcr[)loxlty  in  the  minds  of 
inodoru  writers  respeetini,'  this  port  of  San  Francisco, 
ivsulting  from  want  of  familiarity  with  tlio  orii^inal 
records,  and  from  the  later  transler  of  the  name  to 
another  hay.  These  writers  have  failed  to  clear  away 
the  difficnlties  that  seemed  to  surround  the  sul)jocl.'' 
I  have  no  space  to  cataL)guo  all  the  erroneous  ideas 
that  have  been  entertained;  but  most  authors  seem 
to  have  su[)posed  that  the  matter  was  as  dark  in  the 
minds  of  the  Spaniards  as  in  their  own,  and  it  has 
been  customary  to  interpret  the  reply  t)f  Galvez  to 
Sella  already  (juoted  somewliat  like  this:  "If  San 
Francisco  wants  a  mission  lot  him  reveal  the  whoio- 
aliouts  i)f  tliis  port  of  his  of  which  we  have  hoard  so 
much  and  which  we  have  never  been  able  to  find,"  or 
in  other  instances  more* simp]}',  "let  him  show  a  good 
pert  if  he  wants  a  missit)n."^^ 

•'('irtiiiii  exceptions  should  l>e  noted.  ^Ty  assistant,  in  tlic  Ovorlnnd 
Moiil/i'i/,  made  UuDwn  for  the  first  time  to  tho  Ell,!l,'lisll-l■eildiIl^'  piiljlic  the 
st.itviiiciits  of  ('ali7era  Bueno  andC'rcspi,  and  in  a  few  brief  notes  put  the  suli- 
jctt  ill  its  true  light.  Doylo  in  notes  to  Ids  reprint  of  ralou  Kul)sei|ueiitly 
gave  a  eovreit  version;  and  several  writers  since  have  partially  utilizeil  llio 
infurniatioii  thus  presented. 

'■'^'Ilie  fnlldwing  from  DirincUc's  Colon.  Ilht.  S.  /■'.,  xi.  24,  is  a  sample  of 
the  erroiy  eurreut  in  the  best  class  of  works:  'There  was  a  report  in  Mexii'o 
tiiat  sr.eh  a  port  existed,  yet  navigators  sent  to  explore  it  had  not  suceeiiled 
ill  finding  it,  and  even  at  Monterey  nobod-  believed  in  it.  llut  in  177-  Tat'iHr 
Jniiii>eio,  taliiug  the  viceroy  at  his  word,  chuscmI  an  overland  expedition  to.'^et 
out  fnr  -Monterey  under  the  eonnnand  of  Juan  11.  Aiiisa  to  search  forthe  apoe- 
ryplial  ]ioit.  'J'Ik'v  were  so  successful  as  to  discover  the  present  bay  of  S.iii 
l'"iiniei.-;co.'  l)\viiielle"s  idea  seems  to  be  that  there  was  a  tradition  of  siuli  a 
by  hcl'ore  Drake's  time;  that  l)rak(;  and  othei's  after  hiui  missed  the  bay  "U 
accoi'.ut  I'f  fogs,  etc.;  and  that  the  real  bay  had  thus  come  to  be  regarded  as 
apnc!iry[ilial.  liandoljihin  his  famous  oration,  1 1  iitvluiKj^'  M'l'.h,  v.  "Jliit,  rcgan'.i 
it  "as  one  of  the  most  remarlvablc  facts  in  history  that  others  liad  passed  it, 
anchored  near  it,  and  actually  given  its  name  to  adjacent  roailst<'ad  :,  and  id 
(li'-iribed  its  position  that  it  was  inim-diatcly  known;  and  yit  that  the  clnud 
liHil  never  been  lifted  which  concealed  tlu'  enti'anee  of  the:  bay  of  S;in  Fran- 
cisco, and  that  it  was  at  last  discovered  by  land.'  l\andol]ili's  error  was  :■! 
su[i[i()>iiig  tliat  it  was  tlie  inside  liay  that  'was  iinmeiliatelj-  known,'  rather 
than  the  'adjacent  roadstead.'  Tulhill,  ///V.  ('((!.,  77-0,  says  that  r-irtolii 
Went  on  to  San  I'rancisco  and  recognized  it  as  having  been  before  descril)ed. 
I'lis-ibly  some  Spaniai'ds  had  visitccl  tie  port  and  their  oral  descriptions  mixed 
with  that  of  Drake  gave  rise,  to  the  n  line  and  to  glowing  accounts  wliieh  were 
aeci((lited  to  Monterey!  Thus  all  became  confusion  between  tin  two  bays. 
Suuie  authors,  correctly  stating;  that  rortulii  discovered  the  bay  of  Sua  Fran- 


mm 


1.-8       KXPEDITION  TO  MOXTEllHY  AND  S^^  FRANCISCO. 

Tliore  was,  liowrvrr,  notliiiiL^  iii^ywtei'ious  in  tli<> 
ii!;itttii',  save  us  all  tliiiiu's  in  tho  Doith  were  at  ono 
time  or  anotlur  llii'jcil  with  mystery.  The  truth  is 
tluit  belbre  17G!)  Sail  Francisco  l*()rt  under  J'oint 
lieyes  liad  been  twice  visited  by  Spaniards,  to  say 
iiothiiiL,^  of  a  jirohable  visit  by  an  EiiL-lislnnan,  while 
]\[onterey  liad  r(!ceived  only  one  visit;  both  wen* 
located  and  descrilxil  with  e(|ual  clearness  in  ( 'abrer.i 
]>ueno's  coast-pilot;  and  conse(|uent]y,  it  less  tallied 
about  San  Francisc<j  was  quite  as  well  known  to  (^al- 
^■ez,  Port'ola,  Crcspi,  and  the  rest,  as  was  jNIonterey. 
'Jlie  visitador's  remark  to  Sorra  meant  sinjply,  "it"  Saii 
Francisco  wants  a  mission  let  him  favor  our  entei'- 
])i'ise  so  that  our  exjiloration  and  occu[)atit)n  may  Im 
extended  noi'thward  to  include  his  port."  The  ex- 
jilorers  passed  up  the  coast,  came  within  sight  of  San 
Francisco  Port,  an<l  had  no  difHculty  in  recognizin;^" 
the  landmarks  at  tirst  glance,  The  mii'acle  in  the 
]>adre's  eyes  was  not  in  the  showing  of  San  Francisco, 
but  in  the  concealment  of  j\[onterey.  And  all  this, 
be  it  remembered,  without  the  slightest  suspicion  or 
tratlition  of  the  existence  of  any  other  San  Fran- 
cisco, or  of  the  grand  inland  bay  so  near  which  hn-i 
since  made  the  name  famous.  St  Francis  had  indeed 
brought  the  Spaniards  within  sight  of  his  port,  but 
his  mission  was  not  to  bo  there;  and  some  A'ears  later, 
when  the  Spaniards  found  they  could  not  go  to  San 
Francisco,  they  decided  that  San  Francisco  nuist  come 
to  them,  and  accordingly  transferred  the  name  south- 
ward  to  the  peninsula  and  bay.      Hence  the  conl'ii- 


ciwco  in  17'iO,  also  tell  lis  that  lie  naineil  it.  Set;  OIrri<on'fi  Hist.  Cath.  Ch.,  ii 
."S;  Cajimii'n  Jii.s/.  CaL,  \'2-;  Soiiic'.f  Amin/.i  of  S.  /■'. ,  4(!,  etc.;  but  the  iiiiu  r 
liay  was  not  iiaiiieil  for  ssoiue  years,  .•uul  the  outer  hay  had  hecn  iiamiil  lon^' 
licfore.  That  confusion  .still  rei,L;ns  in  tiio  minds  of  tlic  best  writers  is  show  u 
by  the  following;  from  llillcWn  J/is/.  S.  Fnturisro,  41:  'Tlie  Si)anish  explorers, 
Portolii  and  ('i-es]ii,  did  not  imairino  tliat  they  had  made  a  discovery.  Tl;i y 
s:uv  that  the  liarlwr  was  dili'erent  from  that  of  Monterey,  described  by  Viz- 
caino, but  tiiey  ima,;.dned  tliat  it  was  the  Ijay  of  San  Francisco  inentioui'<l  liy 
their  navi^'ators  as  lyin.i;  under  shelter  of  Point  Jteyes.  Friar  Juan  Ci'esjii, 
Mho  may  bo  consithred  the  head  of  the  expedition,  not  knowinL,'  that  lie  had 
made  a  discovery,  did  on  the  7th  of  November  IT'"'.*  discover  the  site  aiid 
harbor  of  San  Fruucisco,  and  he  gave  to  them  the  name  which  they  now  bear.' 


ISCO. 

IS  ill  llio 
ro  at  oiu! 
e  truth  is 
V-Y  Vo'w.t 
ds,  to  SUV 
lan,  whili! 
)()tli  wvvo. 
n  (,';il)i'i'i'a 
CSS  talkrd 
^•n  to  (;ial- 
Montci'cv. 
[y,  "it'Sau 
:)ur  oiiter- 
DU  niJiv  1"! 
The*  cx- 
jht  of  Sail 

OC'OU'llizill'J: 

do   in  tin.; 

Fraiu'isco; 

a  all  this, 

ispicioii  IT 
'an  Fraii- 
A'hich  has 

lad  iiidcrd 
port,  hut 
ears  later, 
go  to  Sail 
iiust  coiiu; 
mo  south - 
ho  con  ill- 


ICofh.  Hi.,  ii. 
Init  tlio  iiiiur 

|l    lllUlli'll    I'lll^' 

Iti'i's  is  slmwu 
lish  cxploiMs, 
lovery.  Thiv 
liilxii  liy  Vi/- 
Inc'iitioiud  by 
Jnau  Crcspi, 
L  tluit  he  hail 
Tthc  sito  iniil 
Icy  now  buur. ' 


DISCOVERY  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO  RAY. 


159 


sioa  alluded  to.  It  must  be  home  in  mind  that  tho 
inner  liay  was  not  nainrd  duiinjj;'  this  tiij),  nor  lor 
some  years  later;  while  the  outer  bay  had  beeii  nauietl 
tbr  more  than  a  half  century. 

A  few  of  the  company  still  venture  to  assert  that 
^r<interey  has  not  been  jiassed,  and  to  I'emove  all 
dniiht  it  is  decided  to  send  the  ex|»lorers  forward  to 
point  ]hyes.  Ortega  sets  out  with  a  small  party  on 
the  day  following,  taking  provisions  for  a  three  days' 
trip,  ^reanwhile  the  rest  remain  in  camp  just  north 
of  ^Tiisscl  Point.  Put  during  Ortega's  absence,  the 
2(1  <if  Xovember,  some  of  the  soldiers,  in  hunting  for 
deer,  climb  the  north-eastern  hills,  and  return  with 
tidiiiLTs  of  a  new  discovery.  Prom  the  summit  tlujy 
had  heheld  a  great  inland  sea  stretching  northward 
and  south-eastward  as  far  as  the  eve  could  reach.  Tho 
coiinlry  is  well  wooded  they  say,  and  exceedingly 
lieautii'ul.  Thus  European  eyes  first  rest  on  the  waters 
(il'Siin  Francisco  Pay;  but  tho  names  of  these  doer- 
hunters  can  never  be  known.  At  camp  they  make 
one  error  on  hearing  tho  news,  by  attempting  to  iden- 
tity this  nevr  "brazo  do  mar  6  e.stero"  with  the  "es- 
toro"'  mentioned  by  Cabrera  Pueno  as  entering  tho 
land  fnnn  the  port  of  San  Francisco  under  Point 
lloyes;'"  that  is,  at  first  thought  it  did  not  seem  pos- 
i-'lhle  for  an  inlet  of  so  great  extent  to  have  escaped 
the  notice  of  the  early  vovagers;  Imt  this  erroneous 
idea  does  not  last  long,  or  lead  to  any  results.  It  is 
at  once-  i'oreseeii  that  Ortega's  party  will  not  be  abh.j 
til  reach  Point  Iveycs,  because  he  has  no  boats  in 
Vihieh  to  cross,  and  no  time  to  go  round  the  inlet. 
And  indeed  next  day  Ortega  returns.  As  had  been 
antit^ipated,  he  had  not  been  able  to  cross  the  inlet 
isnd  leach  San  Francisco.  To  Ortega,  whose  descend- 
ants still  live  in  California,  belongs  tho  honor  of  having 

'■'It  must  be  rcmcinbercd  tliat,  to  casual  obscn-ors  like  tlic  hunters  afc 
least,  .st:iii(^iiig  on  tho  San  ]]i'uno  hills,  tho  CMniuxtiou  of  the  bay  with  tho 
ocwiu  Miiulil  Hi'cni  to  bo  very  nnnh  t'iu  ther  uortli  thiui  tho  tloldcu  Gate,  aud 
l)us:.ibly  far  enough  nortii  to  reach  tho  bay  under  I't  Koyes. 


; 


mi 
HI 


siji 


!      !i 


100       FATKDITIOX  TO  MONTHREY  AND  SAN  FKAXCISCO. 

first  explored  the  peiiiiisulji  on  ^vlli(•]^  stands  tli(>  coni- 
iiiorciid  nietro)>olis  of  the  west  coast  of  North  Aniec- 
iea;  |nol)ai)ly  also  that  of  huvinn'  discovered  what  i-< 
now  known  as  the  (jiolden  (jiate,  and  possibly  that  ol" 
l)ein'^  tlu^  discoverer  of  the  bav,  for  he  inav  ha\e 
climbed  the  hills  on  his  way  north  and  have  looked 
down  on  the  'brazo  do  uiar,'  befoi-e  the  deei'-hnnteis 
saw  it.'""  Yet  we  liavo  no  details  of  Orti'L^a's  e\- 
])loration,  l)t>cause  he  comes  back  with  om;  idea 
which  has  driven  all  others  from  his  min<l,and  wlii(!i 
indeed  tnrns  the  thout^hts  of  the  whole  company  into 
a  new  channel.  lie  has  understood  the  natives,  (  f 
whonj  lie  found  some  on  the  peninsula,  to  sayth.it 
at  the  head  of  the  'l)razo  de  mar'  is  a  harbor,  and  in 
it  a  vessel  at  anchor. 

Visions  of  the  San  f/use  and  of  the  food  and  other 
necessaries  they  can  now  obtain  Hoat  Ixjfore  thc;ii 
sleej)inu^  and  waking'.  Sonu!  think  that  alter  all  they 
are  indeed  at  ^Monterey.  Obviously  t  le  next  thin^• 
to  be  done  is  to  seek  that  harbor  and  vessel,  lleiic 
on  the  4th  of  Novendjer  they  break  camp  and  set 
(^)ut,  at  first  kee})ing  ah'Ug  the  shore,  but  soon  turniii'4 
iidand  and  crossinij^  the  hills  north-eastward,  the 
whole  coni))an\'  lookini^  down  fi'om  the  summit  iipoii 
the  inland  sea,  and  then  descending  into  a  cahada, 
down  which  they  follow  southwai'd  ibr  a  tinu;  and 
then  encamp;  the  day's  march  being  only  about  live 
or  six  miles  in  all.  1'hcy  have  crossed  the  San  Bruno 
hills  I'rom  just  above  Point  San  Pedro  to  the  head 
of  the  Canada  in  a  course  duo  west  from  Mill  inc. 
Next  tlay  thev  march  down  the  same  caiiada,  called 
Ity  them  San  i^'rancisco,  now  San  Andres  and  San 
]kaiuumdo,  for  three  leagues  and  a  half,  having  tlu; 
main  ran'>'e  on  the  ri''ht,  and  on  the  leil  a  line  nf 
low  hills  which  obstruct  their  view  of  the  bay.  Tiny 
encamp  on  a  large  lagoon,  now  Laguna  (irande,  on  San 
Mateo  Crook.     On  the  (Jth  they  continue  their  niar.li 

'-'"It  must  also  l)e)ii)tu(l  that  .'inion;.;  Fii;;o.s'  VMliuitecrrf  t!^'l•<•^v,■^s.•l  S(.'r:,'t.n;it 
Pu'y  wuoiiiay  pus:jiljly  Ijc  ciititlod  t'j  till  this  hoiun',  Icat  pnjluiWy  nut. 


ON  THE  PFXIXSULA. 


101 


jnr  (•tlicr  three  leaui'iu's  jiiid  ii  Imll'  to  the  ctid  of  the 
(•;iii;i(lii.  |)ilcliiii;4"  tliuir  camii  on  ii  stream  llowiii,!^  into 
the  li.iy  (loiilttlcsa  the  Sail  J''raiK'i,s(juito  Creok  in 
tlie  \iciiiity  (»t' Soarsville. 

Here  the  lualii  force  remain  lour  days,  suilei-ini^ 
mnsiderahly  from  hun<j^(;i-,  and  many  nialunn'  them- 
selves  ill  i>y   eating'  aeoi'iis,  while   the  sergeant  and 


Movi:.Mi;XTS  of  thk  Discovkreus. 

ei^-lit  of  the  party  are  absent  examining  the  country 
and  searching  for  tho  port  and  vessel.  Ou  the  10th 
of  Xovember  the  men  return  and  report  the  country 
sterile  and  the  natives  hostile.  There  is  anothei-  large 
'estero'  connnunicating  with  the  one  in  sight,  l>ut  no 
sign  ol'  any  port  at  its  end,  \vhi<'h  is  Ihr  away  and 
diiHcult  to  reach.     There  is  nothing  to  sIkjw  how  far 

UiPT.  Cal.,  Vol.  I,    11 


s 


1G2       EXPEniTIOX  TO  MONTEREY  AND  SAN  FRAXCISCO. 

this  rcconnoissanco  cxtciuU'd  aloiin'  tlio  l)ay  sliorc^; 
but  tliu  now  L'stcro  is  ovidoiitly  but  tlio  souih-casti'iii 
cxtuiisioii  of'tliu  main  bay;  and  roixuts  (»rili('  couiitiv 
are  doubtless  colored  by  disa[)])oiiitiiient  resju'ctiii;^^ 
the  Sail  Jose.  A  eouiicil  ot"  (jiliceis  and  i'riars  is 
called  on  the  I  Ith,  and  after  the  solemnities  ot"  holy 
mass  each  meudjer  gives  his  written  opinion  on  wliat 
shoidd  be  done.  The  decisii^n  is  unanimous  that  it  is 
useless  to  seek  ^Monterey  i'arthor  north,  and  that  it  is 
b(>st  to  return  to  l*oiiit  Pinos.  ]*()rtol;i  makes  sonie 
objection,  probably  as  a  matter  ot"  Ibrm,  but  yields  to 
the  views  ot  the  others. 

The  same  aiternoon  they  set  out  on  their  return, 
and  in  a  march  of  twenty-six.  days,  over  the  same 
i';)ute  l)y  which  they  came,  and  without  incidents  that 
]'e(juiri'  notice,  tluy  reach  what  is  really  (  arniclo 
JKiy.  llei'c  they  remain  i'rom  November  '28th  to 
December  10th,  making  some  additional  explorations, 
but  linding  no  ]tort,  and  in  fact  learning  nothing  new 
,-s;i\'e  that  the  mountains  in  the  south  belong  to  the 
Sierra  de  Santa  J^ucia  and  that  no  passage  along  tlio 
shoi'o  is  practicable.  Grass  is  now  abundant  for  the 
animals,  but  the  men  can  get  no  game,  tish,  or  even 
clams.  Some  gulls  are  eaten,  and  a  nmle  is  killed 
M'hicli  only  the  Catalan  volunteers  and  J^ower  Cali- 
ibrnians  will  eat.  Finally,  after  religious  exercises  on 
the  i)re(\'dinuf  dav  a  coimcil  is  held  on  the  7th. -'^  Thr:'e 
])lans  are  pro|)osed.  Some,  and  among  them  the  gov- 
ernctr,  fa\  oi'  dividing  the  force,  part  remaining  at  l*oiiit 
Pinos  to  wait  ibr  a  vessel,  the  rest  returning  to  San 
])iego;  others  think  it  best  for  all  to  remain  till  [»ro- 
visi;;ns  are  exhausted,  and  then  di  [)end  on  mule-uicat 
for  t!ie  return;  l>ut  tlu'  preva^'ing  sentiment  and  the 
decision  are  in  favor  of  innmd.ate  return,  since  sup- 
plies are  reduced  to  fourteen  small  sacks  of  ilou'',  while 
the  cold  is  excessive  ;  id  snow  l)egins  to  c(  ver  the 
liills.      ^Meanwhile  two  nudatto  arrieios  de.-ert,  and  ou 


'' The  record  of  {\\\<  jniit:!,  inul  (if  the  former  one  of  \ov.  !  Kh  were  !ii- 
cliulcd  ill  the  original  J'ur.'vku  J^iurio,  MS.,  but  are  not  in  tlie  cviry. 


BACK  TO  SAN  DIEGO. 


103 


ilio  Oth  an  ii'<'ii  band  sunposcd  to  hiivo  conu'  from  the 
mast  of  solium  vessel  is  found  on  the  beach  by  the  natives, 
liefore  leaving'  Canu'lo  Jki}'  a  large  cross  is  set  up 
on  a  laioll  near  the  l)each,  bearin;4  ^'"-'  ^"'J"v^'<l  insciijv 
ti :>ii  "Di,!.;'  at  the  loot  and  thou  wilt  iind  h  writing.'' 
Tli<'  1iuri(!d  document  is  a,  biicf  narrative  of  the  e\[)e- 
(lilion  witli  a  re^juest  th.it  the  commander  tifany  ves- 
sel airiving  so«.u  will  srJl  down  the  coast  and  try  to 
(•(innnunicate  with  the  l;jid  party."  lieci'ossing  tlie 
jnuinsula  they  set  up,  on  the  shore  of  the  very  haibor 
tliey  could  not  find,  another  cross  ^^■ith  an  inscription 
a!iiioiMuing  their  departure.  Setting  out  on  llieii* 
return  tlie  lltli  thtj"  ascend  the  Salinas  and  reti'ace, 
with  a  i'cw  exceptions,  tiieir  foruKn*  rout(.\  It  is  an 
une\-entful  journey,  but  I  catalogue  a  few  details  in  a 
note.'''  .In'low  the  tSan  Luis  Obispo  region  the  natives 
liegiii  to  bring  in  an  abundance  of  tisli  and  other  food, 
so  that  there  is  no  further  sulrering,  and  on  January 
24,  1770,  with  uiany  curious  conjectures  as  to  the 
condition  in  whieh  their  i'rieiids  \vill  be  ibund,  they 
approach  tlie   palisade  enclosure  at  San  ])iego,  and 


announce 


tl 


leir  arri 


val  1 


A', 


arm  welcome; 


Iblh 


)y  a 
"dtl 


disci 


lai'Li'e  (ji  mu: 


ows  anti  tlien  comparison 


-ketiT 
»f  not 


es. 


Neither  pai'ty  can  report  much  progress  toward   tin 
coiKiuest  of  California. 


i"'iL'  k'ttor  is  tl;it<(l  T)oo.  Otli,  iiiid  is  tivinslatud  in  Jhii/U'.i  Ailihrnfi. 


r 


I'liibcr  Hit! 


I,  ;i.  li'.-iii  imui: 


lift  ill  tlic  Sierra  iK'  Sta  Lucia  v.: 


icrcil 


f;it  iMul  \:i.:]\  iMrcd  for  liy  the  iialivcs.      l20t!i,  to  provciit  tlicft  provisioiisi 


woio  (lioU'ilintcd,  -40  tortillas  to  cacli  iiui 


iln 


I'll 


gOII'J 


f: 

ifn 


jr  cnuli  olliccr  am 


(I  ]iadri 


nu.i  wastouiid  aliioir'  tlio  iiativi's  and  i'XchsimI  huirsi 


>lst, 
1 


ilid   a  little   1/isciiit,    liaiii, 
1  dcsi'rti'il  at  1' 


a,  man  Wjio  liai 


fjcari'h  ( 


iK'stTtcr  rciiirucd  latorto  ^'aIl  Die 


lint 

;tliat  lu'ha.l 

f  Monti'rty  in   tho  lio]i(i  of  lionor  and  itwanl.      Anotlitr 


;'lf  1 


IV  ^;a^■lm 


•_'Uh   and  "jritli,   the  nati\('-^  l)i\L;an   to 


nmrr  i:> 


food. 


JSUi. 


;k   fast  ii 


iiiialilo  to  my  mass  tlioii;,li  it  was  a  day  of  yA 


udliylo   near  San  Luis  Oliis]! 


annarv 


1st,  a  1)1 


CUbj  |;i 


Ikvl    f 


urm.iiiii  '  materia 


I  f(u- ii  fea-;t.     .Tr.nuary  IM.  pissed  Point  Coli- 


ct'ixicm.    -Itli,  auotlier  fatiuule  restored  liy  the  natives.    ImuhI  now  aliundant. 
it  A:  un)pta,<.r  Santa  Ij.ahara.     January  l:Jtli  to  l.'itli,  insleail  of  .<:oing 


llili,  utA 
up  tlic  S:'.lit 


.  <;!ara  11 


Ivor,  they  took  a  more  soutlu'rn  I'oute. 


'fhey 


il 


not 


M' t  t':ro;i''!i  livtlio  lirst  route  tried,  on  Mhieii 


th- 


nie.l  tht^  'i'riunfo  lan 
seil  1(V   till 


i:i.  a  iianio  tliat  sceuKi  to  have  survivid;  hut  they  linally  iro 

-"."I  i:ta^fO  nnitci  «•,"«  Sinn.     .lanuary  Kith  to  ISth.  their  route  throu'di  the 

Anjiku  rc;;i(in  was  also  dilierent  Lnt  not  very  elear.     On  the   ITlli  they 

eros.icd  the  IMo  I'oreir.iieula  and  -wirit  to  a   valky  whieh   they  e.dled   S;iii 

ly  tluy 


Li 


Mi;  uel,  v.lieve  San  ( lidirii  1  mission  afterwanls  stood;   and 
crusiicd  the  liio  Jsuuta  Ana  0  lunLC  loaifucii  disttiiit. 


..t   d; 


CHAPTER  VII. 


Ill 


OCCUPATION  OF  MONTEREY-  FOUXDIXG  OF  S.VN  C.UlLOS,  SAX 
ANTO:.  10,  iVSD  SAN  0AJ3RIEL. 

1770-1771. 

Affairs  at  Sax  Diego — A  Disheartened  Governor— C.vlifohni a  to  v.r, 
Abandoned — Rivera's  Tuir  to  tiif.  Softu — Pisayer  Answtjrkd— 
Aruival  of  the  'San  Antonio' — Discovery  of  JIontekey — In  Camp 
on  C'Ait.MEi.o  Bay— Founding  of  tjie  Presidio  and  Mission  of  Sax 
Cai! Los— Despatches  Sent  South  by  Land  and  Sea — PortolA  Lkavks 
Fages  in  Command— liKCErTioN  of  the  News  in  Mexico — Ten  Padkiis 
Sent  to  California  —  Paloc's  ^Memorial — Mission  Work  in  the 
North— Arrival  of  the  New  Padres — Stations  Assigned — Fofnd- 
ING  OF  San  Antonio — Transfer  of  San  Carlos  to  Caraielo  Day- 
Events  at  San  Diego — Desertions — Re'i'ihement  of  Paruon  and 
Gomez — Establishing  of  San  Gabriel — Outrages  by  Soldiers. 

At  San  Diego  during  Portolas  absence  no  jirogrcss 
liad  been  made  in  niis.sion  work,  save  perhaps  the  ad- 
tlition  of  a  palisade  and  a  few  tule  huts  to  the  build- 
ings. The  governoi-'s  return  in  January  1770,  from 
liis  unsuccessful  trip  to  JNIonterey,  liad  no  etlect  to 
brighten  the  aspect  of  affairs,  since  lie  was  much  dis- 
lieartened,  and  not  disposed  to  afford  aid  to  the  presi- 
dent in  atlvancing  the  interests  of  a  mission  that  woiiM 
Very  likely  have  to  be  abandon<}d.  8o  nothing  was 
done  bevond  makin<jt  a  new  corral  for  the  horses. 
Serra  and  Pnrron  were  just  recovering  from  tlic 
scurvy,  and  Vizcaino  was  still  sufK'ring  from  tlic 
ai'row  wound  in  his  liand.^  .l^ortola's  plan  was  {n 
makc>  a  careful  inv»Mitory  of  supplies,  I'eserve  enough 
I'or  the  mardi  io  X'elicntii,  iind  ab;in(h)n  S;ni  Diego 
when  the  remaindei-  should  be  exhausted,  whii'h  would 


'Eight  of  the  voluiitccrH  had  ilieil,  Purtold,  Diario,  MS.,  .'$4. 


( 101 ) 


MUST  CALIFORNIA  BE  ABANDOXED  ? 


163 


JILOS,  SAN 


FORMA   TO  r.R 

ANswr.uKi)  — 
lEY— In  Camp 
ssion  of  svv 
iitolA  Lkavks 
— Tks  PAiJiacs 

\'0K1C  IN  THE 
iNKD— ForND- 

iR:Mi:bo  Bay— 
Pauuon  ami 

)I,DIETIS. 

)  progress 
)s  tl)o  ad- 
tlu!  \m'M- 
70,  IVoiii 
I  c'ticcl.  to 
much  dis- 
the  |)rt•^i- 
hat  would 
|thing  ^vas 
10   horses. 
iVoiii    1'H> 
Iroin    tlio 
In   was    to 
i>  rnouu'U 

ich  would 

lion 


le  a  little  after  the  inidcllo  of  April,  the  20th  being 
fi  'icd  as  the  date  of  departure. 

The  friars,  especially  Seri-a  and  Cr^  '>',  were  greatly 
dl.saj)[)oiiited  at  t!ie  governor's  resolution.  They  wore 
oppuscil  to  the  idea  of  abandoning  an  enterprise  so 
aus]Meiously  begun,  though  how  they  e.\])eeted  the 
t;ol(liers  \  •  live  tloes  not  clearly  ajtpear.  Portola  was 
probably  somewhat  too  nnitdi  inclined  to  look  at  the 
dark  side;  while  the  president  jierhaps  allowed  his 
missionary  zeal  to  inij)air  his  juilgment.  So  far  as 
they  wore  concerned,  personally,  Sorra  and  Crospi 
resolved  t(»  stay  in  the  country  at  all  hazards;  and  for 
tli(!  1-esult  they  could  only  trust  in  providence  to  send 
sii[)[)lies  before  the  day  sot  for  de[)arture.  They  re- 
ceived some  encouragement,  however,  from  Ca})tain 
A'ila,  who,  judging  from  the  description,  agreed  with 
Hcrra  that  tlio  northern  port  whore;  a  cross  had  boon 
left  was  really  ]\[onterey.  Furthermore  it  is  said 
that  Vila  made  a  secret  promise  to  take  the  pi'iosts  on 
lioard  the  Sail  Cdi'Ios,  wait  at  San  JJiogo  for  another 
vossi  1,  and  renew  the  northern  coast  enterprise.^ 

On  the  nth  of  February  Ivivora  was  despatched 
f^ovtthward,  with  nineteen  or  twenty  soldiers,  two 
iiiulotoors,  two  natives,  eighty  mules,  and  tiMi  horses. 
llv  was  accompanied  by  l*adro  A'^izcaino  wlioso  lame 
Land  })rocured  liim  leave  of  absence;  an<l  his  destina- 
tion was  Velicata,  whore  ho  was  to  got  the  cattle 
that  had  been  loit  there,  and  such  othor  su[)plios  as 
luiuht  bo  ])rocurable.  lie  carried  full  reports  to  secu- 
lar an;l  Franciscan  authorities  of  all  that  had  thus 
far  hofallen  the  expedition,  bearing  also  a  loiter  from 
iSenu  to  l\dou,  in  whi(di  tlic  writer  bewailed  the 
piospoct  of  failure  and  announced  his  intention  to 
remain  to  the  last.  After  some  skirniishos  with  the 
savages,  two  of  whom  had  to  i»o  killed  to  frighten 
away  the  rest,  Kivora  reached  AVlicata  February 
-atli,  at  once  sotting  about  his  task  of  gathering  su[)- 
plics,  in  which  he  was  zealously  seconded  l)y  i'alou; 

'I'al'jii,   I'iilii,  'Xt-ii. 


,i 


lOG 


OCCUl'ATION  OF  MONTEREY. 


m 


but  p.)mc  months  iJiissed  l)cforo  ho  could  l)c  ready  to 
march  northward — imleed,  bef'uro  ho  was  ready  the 
urg'ont  necessity  had  ceased. 

IMcanwliile  at  San  Diego  men  and  officers  were 
Avaiting,  j)reparati()ns  were  being  made  for  departuie, 
iViars  were  praying,  and  days  were  ]iassing  one  by 
one,  l)ut  yet  no  vessel  came.  The  only  conversation 
was  of  abandoning  the  northern  country,  and  every 
word  was  an  arrow  to  the  soul  of  the  ])ious  Junipeio; 
but  lie  could  only  pray  unceasin^^ly,  and  tiust  to  t!io 
intercession  of  Saint  Jose[)li  the  gi'cat  patron  of  the 
expedition.  In  his  honor  a  novena — nine  days'  pnl)lic 
prayer — was  instituted,  to  culminate  in  a  giand  rwr- 
monial  entreaty  on  tire  saint's  own  day,  March  llie 
IDth,  the  day  before  the  one  of  final  abandonment. 

(Jeiitly  smiled  the  nt')rning  sun  on  that  momentous 
moirow  as  it  rose  above  the  hills  and  warmed  to  liaji- 
itiness  tlie  myriads  of  creatures  beneath  its  benii>iiaiit 
rays.  Sur[)assingly  lovely  tlie  scene;  the  beaut ii'iil 
ba\'  in  its  i'resli  sijrini/  boi'der  hiding'  behind  the  hill-; 
like  a  sportive  eii'l  from  briny  mother  ocean.  At  an 
early  hour  the  fathers  were  abroad  on  the  hoii-hts, 
for  they  could  neither  eat  nor  rest.  The  fullilment  er 
failure  of  their  hopes  was  now  to  be  determined.  Tlie 
day  wore  slowly  awav;  nt)on  came,  and  the  hours  n\' 
the  alternoon,  and  }et  no  sail  a})peare(l.  The  suspeiis,' 
was  painful,  for  it  was  more  than  life  to  those  Iioly 
men,  the  redem})tion  of  the  bright,  fresli  ])aradi>e; 
and  so  all  the  day  they  watched  and  piaxed,  watdud 
with  straiiunl  eyes,  and  iirayed,  not  with  lips  only  lnif 
with  all  those  soul-lon''in!'-s  which  onmiseience  aieiie 
can  translate.  Finally,  as  the  sun  dro[>ped  below  tin? 
horizon  and  all  hope  was  gone,  a  sail  appeared  in  itie 
distanci'  like  a  winged  messenger  fi'om  heaven,  Jiinl 
befoi'e  twilight  deepened  into  darkness  tlu;  sn  ai'denl'.y 
longcid-for  vessel  was  in  the  oiiing.  California  w;i-; 
saved,  bk.'ssod  be  (lod!  and  they  might  yet  consuiii- 
niate  their  dearly  cherished  schemes. 


COMING  OF  RELIEF. 


167 


ready  to 
oady  the 


?crs  Avevo 
lepai'turc. 

)•  one  l»v 
ivtTsatioii 
I  IK  I  every 
Juuipeio; 
.ist  to  the 
•on  ot"  tlu; 
lys'  public 
rantl  t-vvo- 
,l;il'ch    tlu! 
innuent. 
iioinentous 
,ed  to  liap- 
l)eni;j,n:>iit 
^  boa  lit  i  I'm  I 
A  the  hills 
lin.     At  itu 
c  heights, 
ihihnent  I'V 
ined.    Tlu'_ 
lo  hoiu's  of 

\c  SUStU'llSO 

hesc  hilly 
j);n'a<li>*'; 
|l,  NVntchrd 
IS  only  hut 
riwv.  a'U'lii' 
Ittlow  the 
ri'd  in  the 
iwvu,  and 
,()  ardently 
'ornia  vras 
t  eousuiii- 


Thc  fourth  day  thereafter  tlic  San  Antonio  anchored 
ill  t!io  bay,  wlience  she  liad  sailed  the  [)i'(jvious  -fuly. 
She  had  readied  San  ]^las  in  twenty  days,  and  both 
(iabez  and  the  viceroy  gave  innnediate  orders  to  j)ro- 
vi(le  the  needed  sup[)nes.  After  certain  vexatious  but 
uiiavi»ida.b]e  (h-lavs,  slie  liad  again  turned  hei-  ])ro\\' 
northward  in  ])eceinber.  Perez  liad  ordi^'rs  to  sail 
lor  Monterey  direct,  wliei'e  it  was  su})[)osed  l\)rtol;i 
would  bo  found;  but  fortunately  he  was  obliged  to 
enter  the  Santa  ]>;irbara  ehannel  for  water,  and  the 
natives  explained  that  the  land  expedition  liad  re- 
turned southward.  J^veii  then  Perez  in  his  ])erplexity 
would  have  gone  to  MonteiH'V  had  not  the  loss  of  an 
anchor  Ibrced  him  to  turn  about  just  in  time  to  [)i'e- 
vent  the  a!)andonment  of  San  ]3iego.  The  San  ^lii- 
tnni'n  hiMiighi  r.hundant  sup])lies,  and  she  also  brought 
instructions  from  (hdv(>z  and  Viceroy  Croix,  one  or 
both  of  which    facts  drove  from  l^)rtola's  mind   all 


thought  of  abjindoiiing  the  coiKiue 


^t.    ][ 


0  made 


hast  I 


in  his  pre[)arations  for  a  return  to  Monterey  with 
Serra  and  Cres[)i,  setting  out  overland  A])ril  17th, 
af^  I'  despatching  the  SiUi  Antonio  northward  the  da\' 
heibii'. 


Thei'e  \V(;re  left  at  San  ]^ieo-o,  Vila  with  a  mate  an 


(I 


liv 

ei: 


e  sai 


Hit  .-^oh 


lors  on  the  San  Carlos,  Seri.>'eant  Orteua  and 


(iiers  (Ic  cncra,  as  a  iruan 


bP 


irron  and  ( lomez 


cl^ 


rc'iilar  ministers  in  ehai'ire  of  the  mission,  and  ten 


I 


jower 


Cal 


iioi'iiians  as 


lal 


)oi'<'rs. 


T 


le 


Sa})  Cdrtos  had 


orders  to  I'ccoive  a  crew  Irom  the  >S''///  f/o,vJ  when  that 
most  uncertain  craft  should  arrive,  and  then  ])roceed 
to  ]\lontei'ey.  Simultaneously  with  the  de])arture  of 
the  imitlieni  expedition   t\v'o  natives  had  heen  sent 


SOUtil     Willi 


;tter; 


Wil 


ich    rea(hed   A"elicat:l 


(lav: 


and 


on^to  late  in  yiav 


Al 


went  ((Uietlv  with 


in    nuu! 
1--ith 


the  little  company  left  to  struggle  sjiirihially  with  the 
soutliei'ii  (;<'iififi(la<L     L<>t  it  be  liojied  that  before  the 


eiiii 


lew     con 


■<)  tl 


le  missioiuiries  succeeded  111   maluu'''  a 


\erts,  as  they  iirobablx'  did,  but  tlic-re   is  in 


pesiti\e  record  ol  a  siii; 


fie  b 


ipt 


ism. 


Ptiv 


era  wi 


th  1 


us 


] 


108 


OCCUPATIOX  OF  ]SIONTEREY. 


nineteen  or  twenty  soldiers,  over  eiLjlity  mules  liuk'ii 
with  supplies,  and  one  hundred  and  sixty-four  head  of 
cattle,  having  left  Velicatit  in  May,^  arrived  in  .fuly. 
Ahout  the  same  time  messengers  came  down  hy  land 
announcing  the  successful  occupation  of  Monterey,  and 
the  intention  of  lV)rtolci  to  come  down  hy  sea  and  take 
the  San  Carlos  for  San  ])las.  Vila,  accordingly,  made 
ready  for  departure,  obtaining  a  soldier  and  two  mule- 
teers to  ]"eenforce  his  crew;  luit  as  the  San  Ahti>iiii> 
did  not  appear,  and  his  own  vessel  was  heing  injured 
hy  her  long  stay,  in  August  the  worthy  captain  sliook 
out  his  itllc  sails  and  made  for  San  Bias,  lie  died  a 
little  later,  and  his  pioneer  paqiichot  had  to  return  to 
California  under  a  new  conunander.* 


I V: ; ' 


fi':r 


Let  US  turn  again  toward  the  north  with  the  expe- 
ditions sent  out  by  land  and  sea  to  renew  tiie  searcli 
for  I\Tonterev.  The  San  A)itonio  sailed  from  San  IJien'o 
Apiil  lOth,  having  on  board  l)esides  Perez  and  crew — 
INIigui'l  del  I'iiKj  being  sec(»U(lotlicer — Juni'i)i'ro  Sei-rn, 
]\[iguel  Costanso,  l\'dro  Prat,''  and  a  cargo  of  stoi'cs 
for  a  new  mission.  Next  day  Portola  set  out  by  land, 
his  comnany  consistin!'-  of  Pauses  with  twelve  C'ata- 
Ian  ^■<>lunteers  and  seven  sohlados  de  vucra,  Padiv 
C'respi,  two  nudetecrs,  and  five  nati\'es.  Thr^y  iollowed 
the  same  route  as  before,  recovered  in  the  Sieri'a  dc 
Santa  Lucfa  an  Indian  who  had  deserted  on  the  I'nniicv 
tri[»,  and  fnirdly  encamped  on  the  24th  of  ^\\\x  ii'  ar 
the  spot  where  they  had  left  the  second  cross  t'lo 
winter  bei'orc^-  on  the  l)ay  shore.  They  ibund  the  cross 
still  f-tanding,  but  curiously  surrounded  and  adoi'ned 
witli  jui'ows,  sticks,  feathers,  iish,  meat,  and  cl.inis 
evidently  (h'^iosited  there  by  the  savages  as  oli'erings 
to  the  strangers'  fetich.    And  later  when  ilie  natives 

"AjumI  I  Itli,  iid'onlini;  to  JAoo^/v;/,  Kstmrfn  ih-  ,V"^'' /Vm. 

*  On  Sun  Dii'go  owntsof  1770  sw  >'«/./»,  ^^of.,  i.  -ISA  Ai,  4:V2  '.),  KX)  1 ;  A'., 
Vidn,  S.I- 104. 

"  J'y  (.'omput.'iticin  tlioro  tilioulil  also  linvo  ln-en  on  lioanl  2  nii'i'!i;niii>'.  ■'> 
servants,  3  iinik'tci'i-s,  ami  (i  J^owcr  Califuniiuns;  Imt  it  isdniihliil  il  llicst' 
tigniH's  ai'c  oorrci't,  csptu'ially  in  tin;  items  (jf  Indians  and  mulott'ci'd,  not  a 
Vfiy  usfful  chibs  of  jicrsons  on  buiml  a  sliip. 


OFFERINGS  TO  TIIK  CROSS. 


liiid  Icnrncd  to  make  themselves  iniderstood,  to  speak 
as  best  slioiiM  please  tlieir  teachers,  soiiu!  stranjj^e  tales 
tlu'V  told,  lunv  the  cross  had  l)eeu  illuiiiiiiated  at  iiii^'lit 
and  had  iirowii  in  stature  till  it  seemed  to  reach  the 
luavciis,  moving  the  gentiles  to  ])roi)itiato  by  their 
oileriiigs  this  (.'hristian  symbol  that  it  might  do  tliem 
no  liarui.  As  Portola,  Crespi,  and  i*\iges  walked  along 
the  beach  that  afternoon  returning  from  a  visit  to  the 
cross,  they  looked  out  over  tlie  placid  bay,  milled  only 
by  the  movements  of  seals  and  whales,  and  thc^y  said, 
all  being  of  one  accord,  "This  is  the  port  of  Monterey 
which  we  seek,  just  as  Vizcaino  and  ( *abrera  Ihieno 
describe  it" — and  so  it  was,  the  onlv  wonder  beini/  that 
they  had  not  known  it  before.  ISoon  for  lack  of  fresh 
water  camp  was  moved  across  to  Carmelo  Hsiy. 

A  Aveek  later,  on  the  last  day  of  ]\Iay,  the  San 
Antonio  hove  in  sight  off  Point  Pinos;  iires  were 
lighted  on  shore  for  her  Q-nidance;  and  she  enti'i'cd  the 
harbor  bv  Cabrera's  sailing  directions.  She  had  at 
first  been  driven  south  to  latitude  ;K)°,  and  then  north 
to  the  l:]nsenada  de  los  Parallones,  Avlierc  she  might 
have  ex[)lored  the  port  of  San  l^'rancisco  and  the 
newly  discovered  inland  bay  had  not  Perez'  orders 
required  him  to  stem'  direct  for  ]\Ionterey.  June  1st 
the  govern(.)r,  I'riar,  and  lieutenant  crossed  over  from 
Caniiclo  to  welcome  the  new  arrival,  and  the  order 
was  jiiven  to  ti'ansl'er  the  camp  back  to  the  j)ojt  of 
j\I()iite"ey,  al)()ut  whose  identity  there  was  no  longer 
anv  doubt;  for  close  searcli  alon<x  the  shore  revealed 
the  little  ravine  with  its  pools  of  i'lvsh  water,  the  trees, 
and  rwu  tlic  wide-spreading  oalc  v.liose  branciies 
touched  the  water  at  hi!>'h  t'u\o  and  nnd.er  v.hicli  mass 
had  been  said  by  Ascension  in  IOOlI,''' all  as  in  olden 
time  except  the  crowds  of  friendly  nati\'es. 

''  'Ilizore  l;i  I^lcsin  A  In.  Konilira  do  una  crnmilc  Iv.uiiin.  ([Xio  con  ;il"iinas  do 
siis  I'M-.  :!i  1  rc^;til);'.  i'l  la  M;ir,  y  ccrca  ilc  olla,  en  luia  n.-,rr:!'ji|uilla,  a  Viintc  pas- 
Hos  liavia  ir.io:!  pnzos  vi\  <nic  liavia  ajcua  iimy  bnojia.'  I'ciictjfti,  Xnf.  VcK,  iii. 
lUl-'J,  (juotcil  from  Tonjid  mnla.  A(?cnnliiii,'  to  Vallcjo,  ///>/.  I'al.,  MS.,  i. 
iii.  11  ('  t;co  v.adci'  wliicli  -Ascension  said  ma.  m  in  lG;i2,  and  Scira  in  1770.  is 
still  iiandinr',  licing  lliat  uiulcr  which  a  new  cros.;  was  sit  np  on  tlic  |!10ih 
aimivi.'rs.>ry  June  Jf,  l!570;  but  as  the  latter  (reu  i.-i  at  kouic  distance  lV(jni  the 


170 


OCCUrATION  OF  MONTEREY. 


On  tlio  .3(1  of  Juno  all  wore  assembled  on  the  beach, 
whore  an  cnrammhi,  or  shelter  of  branches,  had  l)eeu 
erected  and  a  cross  made  ready  near  the  old  oak. 
Water*  was  blessed,  the  bells  wei'o  hnno-,  and  ihojicstn 
bei;an  \)\  loud  and  oft-repeated  ])eals.  Then  Fatiici' 
Junj'pero  donned  his  alb  and  stole;,  and  all  on  bended 
knee  clianted  the  vcititc  creator  sjiififiis,  after  which 
the  cross  was  planted  and  blessed,  and  the  <>-ood  friar 
s|)rinkle(l  beach  and  fields  with  holy  water,  thus  "  ])ut- 
tiuii;'  to  rout  all  infernal  foes."  An  image  of  the  holy 
virg'in  presented  by  Arcldjishop  Loreiiicana  of  Mexico 
havino-  been  set  u[)  on  tlie  altar,  mass  was  said  \>y 
Serra  amidst  llie  tlnmder  of  cannon  and  the  crack  of 
musketry,  followed  by  a  sa/rc  to  the  image  and  a 
tf  den, a  i(iu<J((iiiiis.  The  cliurcli  ceremonies  ended, 
Portola  proceeded  to  take  formal  possession  in  tlic 
name  of  CVulos  III.  by  hoi.sling  and  saluting  tlie  I'uyal 
flag  of  Spain,  and  going  through  the  usual  I'orms  df 
])ulliiig  grass,  throwing  stones,  and  recording  all  in 
the  })i'es('ribed  dcfd.  Finally  the  ofhcers  and  fiiais 
ate  together  under  the  shade  of  trees  near  tlio  shore, 
while  the  soldiers  and  others  enjo3-ed  their  feast  a  little 
a))art. 

Thus  weri;  formally  founded  on  June  r5,  1770,  the 
mission  and  ]»resi(!io  of  San  (Virlos  Borromeo  do 
JNIonterey."     The  mission  v>'as  foundetl  in  tlie  name  of 

tiiln-watur  the  identity  miiy  liu  (juostioiicd.  David  Spt'iic.e,  an  oldand\vrU 
known  fitizon  of  ^Mmilcri'v,  s:iid  that  .liinipero's  tree  was  >jhown  liim  in  I'LH 
by  ]\]ai'iuiio  ll-itrada,  and  tliat  it  loll  in  lo,',>7t)i'  IS.'IS.  the  waturliavin'^  w.isli -d 
away  the  earth  iVoni  its  mots.  Spence  thou^dit  there  was  no  doubt  of  itj 
identity.    Ta  ilm's  h'svor.  (iiiif  Fouiiihr.^,  ii. ,  No.  lit,  a. 

"St  (^har!(!i  Jjorronieo  was  born  at  Arona  near  .Mihin,  Italy,  in  l.'.'SS.  He 
was  v,.>\\  of  the  C  lunt  of  Arona,  nephew  of  Pope  I'lus  IV.,  archbisho|i  of 
Milan,  and  eardinal.  ])ying  iu  b")S4,  lie  M'a.i  eanonized  in  lOlO.  A  word  is 
neees.sary  to  remove  eirlain  dilHeuUies  into  v.  liieh  niodei'n  wriLer.s  and  nxid.  in 
ii.sage  have  fallen  respeetiny  tlie  name  of  this  mission.  Thi-s  n.-ime  w.is 
always  San  (Aiilo;:;  San  (.  .'irlos  de  Monterey  was  simply  San  (  iirlos  at  .Mnii- 
tcrey,  tliat  )iort  liavini,'  bi'en  named  Ion'.(  befure.  When  the  mis.sien  v..i< 
movi'd  toCarnielo  bay  ami  river  it  was  naturally  s]](iken  of  as  San  IVnlcs  i!,  1 
Cai'inelo,  or  San  C'rlns  at  ('arinelo,  a  port  ;i!so  named  lonj;  befoi'c.  \\n\  Meii- 
torey  1);  in;;  a  ]irominent  jilaeo  the  niis;-.i(in  <'onlinued  to  be  often  e;d!ed  ."-.lu 
Ciirlosut  ^Monterey,  or  .'■'an  (Vuios  at  Carmido  mtir  Monterey,  as  the  Spanl-h 
preposition  '.'('  may  lust  be  translated.  Ijut  n'rain  t!i(!  full  name,  of  tlie  l.:'y 
and  river  Carnie'o  was  Xnestra.  Sefiora  di  1  Monte  Carr.ielo,  or  Xra.  Sr;i.  dri 
Carmen,  and   lienee  a  new  souree  of  eonfuaion  aroie,  all  of  Mhiih,  however, 


MISSION  OF  SAX  CARLC.^. 


171 


licbfinch, 

lliul    l)('(Ml 

old  oak. 
i\\o  Jif'std 
II  l^'athci' 
u  bi'iulrd 
,cr  wlii'li 
;-<)(kI  iViar 
lUS  "  piit- 

tlio  lidly 
)t'  Mexico 
;i  said  l>y 
I  crack  of 
o-o  and  a 
OS  ondcd, 
)ii  in  the 
■  tlio  royal 

1'ornis  of 
ini;'  all  in 
\\n\  fiiais 
the  shore, 

ist  a  little 

1770,  tlie 
•oineo  i\c 
name  of 

dIcI  ana  w.  U 
li  liim  in  I'-i 
liiviii'j;  w.i>l'.yil 

(Imibt  (if  iii 

liii  ir.ns.    Ill- 

|irclil)isliiip  >■' 
A  \v(ii(!  i-i 
Js  ami  iiiDiK  in 
is  iKinio  was 
lii-los  at  y]<<»- 
inissii'U  v.:i' 
III!  (.'arlos  iKl 
Ic.  Tint  Miin- 
|u  calk'il  ■-.'■» 
the  Sii:iiii-!i 
,..„f  tlu'l'^V 
|\ia.  Sra.  'I'  1 
lib,  hiAWVii', 


till'  colleufo  of  San  Fernando;  Saint  .Tose])h  was  named 
as  |)ati'on;  and  (*res])i  was  appointed  as  associate  min- 
ister with  Scrra.      A  lew  lininhle  lints  were  at  once 


elected  on  a  site  snrvt'ved  hy  Costanso,  a  i;nnshot 
fidiii  llie  heach  and  three  times  as  far  fi-om  the  port, 
on  an  inlet  which  c<»nHnunicated  with  the  hav  at  luLjh 
watci'.  These  hnildini^'s  constituted  hoth  presidio  and 
mission,  as  at  San  ])ie<j;'o,  hiini^  I'liclosed  hy  a  palisadi". 
One  of  tlie  huts  was  coinitleted  and  hlessed  as  a  tem- 
pi »r;iiy  church  on  the  14th  of  June,  when  a  grand  ]iro- 


fi'ss  i(»n 


tool 


til 


j.la 


ce 


bell 


s  were  run<jf,  an( 


gun 


s  were 


eii 


hut  thus  far  no  natives  appeared,  heiir.;'  fright- 


ened it  is  said  livtlu'  noist- of  cannon  and  mnsketrv. 

A  snldier  and  a  youii'''  sailor  \'olunteered  to  carrv 
despatches  with  news  of  success  to  San  Diego  and  lo 
til''  piiiiiistda.  They  started  June  ttth,  met  Kivei'a 
just  helow  San  l^iego,  were  reenforced  by  iive  of  his 
men.  and  ihiallv  carried  their  u'lad  tidiims  to  (Ua- 
onior  Vrmona,  who  had  just  succeeded  l*ortol;i,  and 
to  Padre  Palou  at  Todos  Santos,  on  the  2(1  of  August. 
Salutes  and  thanksgiving  masses  celebrated  the  occa- 
sion at  Loreto,  Todos  Santos,  and  Santa  Ana,  while 
Aiinona  despatched  a  vessel  to  carry  the  news  to  the 
main. 

In  accordance  with  previous  orders  from  Galvez, 
Poitola,  as  soou  as  a  beginning  was  faii-ly  made  at 
^roiiterey,  turned  the  government  of  the  new  estab- 
lishnunits  over  to  Fages  as  militai'v  commandant,  and 
sailed  away  in  the  San  Aidnnio  on  ihe  9th  of  July. 
He  took  with  him  the  engineer  Costans(');  and  J*er 


vz 


i)i;iy  lie  VLMnovod  liy  Ijcaring  in  iiiiinl  tliat  tlio  mission  ^^■as  always  San  Ci'ulos, 
ainl  tiiat  <itlur  woi-ds  wci'o  nsud  sdlcly  t(>  (.'Xpriss  its  lofa'ity.  'i'ay'nr,  in  CuL 
fiiniirr,  ,\[)ril  '20,  ISliO,  ;.;ivt'S  the  I'lillowin;,'  native  iianiesdf  loeahtii'.iat  Mun- 
tony;  site  of  niodei'ii  town  Achirtiu  or  Aclinn'ri;  l)uiiuli,  SukUt  i;  I'oft  liiil, 
JliiiiiniLiil;  site  of  ])ost-olliec,  Sltiri^la.  Aliouttlio  date  of  foundation  on  .hino 
■'^il.  there  is  no  ]iossil)li!  error.  I'aloil,  Sei'i'a,  the  mission  books  of  San  C'arkis, 
mill  scores  of  otlieial  reports  in  later  years  confirm  this.  Vallejo,  II'Kt.  ('a'., 
Ms.,  i.  (i(J-8,  and  Alvar;id(),  ll',.-l.  Cul.,  MS.,  i.  •j;)-4,  are  very  posiiivc  that 
tile  mission  was  not  founded  till  later;  but  these  writers  eoafonnd  the  feund- 
hil;  with  the  sn)isii|nent  transfer.  See  ,S'.  Ciirln.^,  IJh.  MUion,  Mti.,  I'rur. 
•V. /'.'/-.,  -MS.,  i.  lOU-10.  Ar</i.  Ar.oiyi-<iiado,  MS.,  v,  pt.  ii.  li.]. 


ITi 


OCCUrATlOX  OF  MONTEREY. 


intended  ii>  toncli  at  San  Diey^o  to  divide  liis  eiru 
with  tlu!  S((ii  Carlos  if  the  Sen  Jose  liad  not  yvX  aji- 
peared,  l)ut,  as  v/e  luivc  seen,  was  not  able  to  do  .so, 
and  aiiived  at  San  ]]las  the  IsV.  of  Aii^'ust.  (."ostans(') 
and  iV'i'ez  went  to  jNIexieo  as  hearers  of  the  news, 
ai'rivinu;"  on  the  10th,  at  which  date  the  name  of  the; 
former  (hsap})ears  from  the  annals  of  Cahfornia  fn- 
twenty  years  or  more,  at  the  end  of  wlii(.'li  lime  wo 
sliall  hnd  him  ixivinu'  some  sensil  le  adviee  on  Caliloi'- 
nian  afiairs;  wliile  of  I'ortola  nothinjj^  is  known  al'ur 
Jiis  ];in(lln<4'  at  San  Bias,  except  that  he  was  ^'overimr 
of  Piiebla  in  1779.  He  was  lirst  in  the  list  of  ( 'ali- 
ioi'iiia  riders.  His  term  of  oflice  may  be  rej^arded  as 
haviiiu;-  extended  from  April  17G9  to  Jidy  i),  1770, 
and  he  is  spoken  of  in  the  record  both  as  o()vcni()r 
and  comandante;  but,  thougli  there  is  some  conlusioii 
res])ectiiig  his  exact  title,  it  apjiears  that  that  of 
military  commandant  is  used  with  more  pro[)riety 
than  the  other.** 


I 


I 


Leaving  the  four  friars  under  the  protection  of 
Fages  and  his  nineteen  men  In  the  north  and  of  Ivivera 
with  his  twenty -two  men  in  the  south,"  busy  in  eai'- 

'^  roi'tnhl  came  to  Lower  California  in  ]7()S  as  governor,  the  first  the  iicniii- 
sula  had  vKiiv  h[\t1;  but  when  he  voUuitjcrcil  to  t;,lco  ectimunul  i)i  ici.iiiidf 
the  UDi'tlieni  cxiicditicii,  it  seems  that  Aiv.iona  was  api^ohitcd  t:>  Euccccd  hiiii 
ill  the  jji.voriunvhip.  I  (hi  not  luio'.v  the  c:;;;ct  date  of  Arniona'.j  a]ipoiiiiiiu'iif, 
l)iit  lie  iinivnl  at  Loreto  in  dune  \~Vi[),  iiiid  went  tiaek  to  the  r.";;unl::iid  two 
wei'ks  hitei'  v,'ii:!iout  h^ivin;.'  taken  p(i^f,L':i.  ion  (;f  hi:!  elliee.  In  llie  r.ic;;:)  t:im; 
Con;:ak;5  ruled  as  a  kiud  of  li(uitcnant-i';ovLnioi'  or  military  eunnuanchuit  until 
relieved  in  (^etoher  !7(/'d  hy  Tededo,  v.ho  ^joverned  in  the  tai:;o  caj^aeky  e.ntil 
Arnioiia,  who  had  tV.iled  to  f^et  his  resignation  aeeeptid,  returnerl  in  Jane 
1770  to  rule  until  XnvendnT,  Moi'(i!o  rulin;,',  iu  nnieh  the  tame  eapjieily 
apparen'ly  as  <;i:n;:ak;z  and  Toledo,  luitd  llic^  arrival  c/f  (lov.  liaiTi  in  ^.knrh 
Un.  Xow  while  (loii/.ale;!,  Toledo,  and  INIorcno  cannot  lie  properly  erediti'd 
vith  any  authority  in  Up'per  (.'alir'nrnia,  their  terms  a:!  iufcrino.'i  renckr  it 
diiheult  to  delhie  tliose  of  t!ie  ]irojv.'ietary  ,';overnor.s.  Tim.:,  t'.ion';!i  I'oi'lula 
■was  in  a  Gen^e  .covernor  of  the  (Jaldorniaa  down  to  Jnni'  1770,  s  ince  no  rei.ai- 
lar  f.ueee.>:rfor  had  taken  possession  of  the  oi'.iee,  1  have  named  him  in  my  li^-t 
of  rnhrs  rf  >Mta  ("aiifoniia  as  commandant  from  the  llrst  fx-tlilement  down 
to  .Inly  !),  1770.  In  Monterey,  L'drado  de  Noticias,  he  is  called  comaiidanto 
en  },'efe. 

"  ivivera  and  his  men  were  expected  to  march  to  Monterey  on  their  rcluiii 
from  the  peninsula,  hnt  for  some?  nnerqilained  reason,  possildy  dissatitiaeliea 
at  Faroes'  aiipf)intment  to  the  chief  command,  llivera  reraained  at  San  l>ie;_'o. 
Accord  in',;  to  Mhiitcirij,  Est  me  (.o  dc  Aoli'i-Uta,  Fages  had  a  force  of  over  30 
men  besiiles  lii\era's  force,  which  is  an  error. 


THE  XKW.S  IN  MEXICO. 


173 


liis  civw 

i)t  yet  ;i|)- 

to  (l<)  so, 

CostMUSU 

the  news, 

IllL'  of    11 IC 

i'ornia  i>ir 
h  tiiiu'  \vi' 
)U  Culilui'- 

lOWU  ilt'U'l' 

it  of  (';ili- 
ogavik'tl  as 
/  y,  1770, 
1,  o'ovciiior 
}  confusidii 
it  tliat  of 
propriety 


Section  of 
of  liivova 
•;y  in  oai- 

h-sttlic  iiiniii- 

(I  i:i  ix'i.ouot' 
,)  cuccccil  liiii' 
ajipoiiit'iu'iit, 
muiulaiiil  t\v(i 
I'.io  ivriv.i  i:\m- 

iiiiaiuUuil:  until 
c:;"!it.'i::y  r.utU 

uvncil  ia  .Inne 
!;.niuu  ciijii'city 
5;irn  in  -M-i'cli 
)".cv!y  c'.Tiliti'il 
•,■„■(),<  iciuliT  it 
Iion;;!i  1'<irUilii 
■  incu  no  ivl!u- 
b.ir.i  in  my  I'-'''' 
:;;!eiiicnt  <li>»n 
pil  coinaii(Uin*.o 

pn  their  vctnvn 

Idissatisl'action 

at  San  i>io;-;o. 

Ice  of  over  30 


nest  if  not  very  Rucccssful  cft'oi'ts  to  attfact  and  convert 
the '.(entiles  of  Monttjroy  and  San  Die^-o,  let  ns  i^lanee 
hrirlly  at  what  was  bein^-  done  in  Mexico  to  advance 
Spaiiisli  interests  in  the  I'ar  north.  We  have  s(M'n 
that  the  news  of  success  at  j\Ionterey  liad  arrived  hy 
l.iiiil  at  Jjoretoand  by  sea  at  San  IJlas  I'arly  in  Aunust. 
Therefore,  the  despatches  sent  l)y  l*ortol;i  Iroin  S.iii 
Bias  I'euched  Mexico  in  advance  of  the  others  on  the 
lOtli.  The  news  was  received  with  j^n'eat  nianifesfa- 
tidiis  of  joy;  the  cathedral  bells  rano'  ont  their  ^hul 
peals,  those  of  the  chui'ches  respondinn'.  A  solemn 
tliaiiksn'ivini^  mass  was  said  at  which  all  o'osc.nnnent 
dignitaries  were  ]>i'esent;  and  there  followed  a  '.^rand 
ri'ceptioa  at  which  Galvez  and  ( 'roix  received  con- 
M'latulations  in  the  royal  name  for  this  last  extension 
(if  the  Spanish  domain.  Immediate  and  liberal  pro- 
vision was  made  for  the  new  establishments.  So 
fivorable  were  the  reports  on  both  country  and  inhab- 
itants that  it  was  resolved  at  once  to  forward  all 
needed  aid  and  to  found  five  new  missions  above  San 
Die^o.  The  guardian  of  San  Fernando  vas  asked  to 
furnish  ten  friars  for  these  missions,  beside-;  twenty 
nioie  for  old  and  new  missions  in  the  peninsula.  For- 
tuiiatelv  a  laro'e   number  of   Franciscans  h:id  latelv 

»,■  n  < 

arrived  from  S[)ain,  and  after  some  deliberation  and 
discussion  resulting  in  a  determination  to  secula)'izo 
llie  Sierra  Gorda  missions,  the  required  missionaries 
\\er(;  lurnished.'"' 

These  arrangements  \vcre  all  made  within  six  days 
aftei-  the  news  arrived,  and  under  the  date  of  Au'^'ust 
IGtli  the  viceroy  caused  to  be  printed  iu  the  govern- 
nieiit  i»rintin<x-office  for  o-eneral  circulation  a  resume 
in  paniplilet  foi'm  of  all  that  had  been  accou'-jlished 
by  the  nortluM'n  expeditions,  the  present  c;)a(iiLi()n 
f  the  new  [iresidios  and  missions,  and  of  v.hr.t  had 


o 


'"Tli'j  10  vcvc  Antonio  Patorna,  prcsiiloiit  en  mntp,  Antoniii  < 'nizado, 
rmoiiavciiLiiva  Sitjar,  Doniin/ro  ilinii;:).-:a,  1  r;  iici' co  l;un)ct;:,  .)c:;(5  Cal)'illur, 
Aii;:il  Somc'va,  Lnis.Iaumc  Mi,';ucl  I'lcnus,  and  IVdi'o  llenit)  C'::i;ilina.  'J'licy 
vvxrc  to  roL'fivc  cacli  a  iiti])und  of  .?J7"'  a  y<'ar,  and  i'-i^iJ  tvavc'lin;;  c:;pt'nsi;s. 
Lacli  nuw  mission  ro(;civcd  SI. 000  and  tlio  noccs'^ary  vcstaionts,  iiifludiug  a 
specially  line  oniumeido,  or  set  of  vestmcutsi,  ior  Moiiturey. 


174 


OCCUrATlON  OF  MONTKIIKV 


Ix'iii  (licidfd  u|»oii  j('s|icc(iiii4-  jild  I'oi'  furtlicr  i'\l(ii- 
sioii."  Tlic  Siiii  .1 II foinO  WAS  to  sail  t'lmu  Snii  J  lias 
ill  ().'t:»Ini'  with  till!  ten  I'liars  and  a  full  cnr^'d  (if 
supplies.  Tim  priests  set  out  tViilU  tlio  cmUc'^c  ill 
that  iiioutli,  I)ut,  were  oMi^ccj  ti»  wait  at  'I'l  |ii('  initil 
.January  -0,  1771,  Itefoiv  the  vessel  '-iiiild  Ik^  iiuidii 
ready  lor  sea,''  '^I'lio  viceroy  in  his  letter  to  J''a'''(s 
states  that  liivera  is  ordered  to  put  his  men  ,it 
the  coinniandant's  disj)osal,  and  the  cajttirni  of  ihc 
coinpaiiy  at  (Juayiiias  has  orders  to  send  twcK'e  nieu 
to  supply  the  plaees  of  those  who  had  died  on  t!i(! 
V(\y;i;.^o.'''  In  1771  the  only  tliiiin'  to  ho  iiotici'd  is 
the  nieinori;il  presented  in  .December  to  the  viceroy 
hy  the  <>uai'diaii  of  San  Fernando,  at  the  sun'u'estioii 
of  I'alou.  Tv.-elve  of  the  ei'-'hteeii  articles  of  this 
ilocuuu'iit  v.-ere  snu'Ljestioiis  for  the  weharo  of  tlie  new 
estahlishmeiits,"  st)Uio  of  them  founded  on  minor  dii- 
a^'i-eeineiits  Vvdiich  ah't^ady  bcL^'an  to  manilc'st  tluiii- 
sel\esbetu'(jeii  the  military  aud  missionary  auth(n'ilies. 

At  ^lontoroy  after  l*ortohi's  donarture  little  \\;:s 
accomplished  during-  the  year   1770.     For  w.iiit  rX 

^'^ Monti' re II,  E^fmiln  ili'  Xot'iaax  ihl  Puerto  ile  Mrmtfri >i,  ih-  1 1  Jli-^imi.  i/ 
Prixiih  uni'  s'  /('(//  rst'ili'i c'iilo  cii  il  vim  Id  tl'iioniimirioii  ilf  iSii/i  ( '('rr'/.s,  //  iH 
siiccsso  lie  /fi.f  doK  ErjicdiriouiH  dc.  Mar,  1/  'l^ii mi  i/iir  ti  e<ti;  Ji/i  .sv  dr.iiiiir.'nir  'ii 
en  cl  aiio  /iro.riino  uiitfr'nr  do,  IUjO.  Mexico  1(>  do  Aijosto  il.!  1770.  Con 
licencia  y  onlcii  (Ul  l]x"i'>  Scnor  Virrcj'.  Kii  ];i  Iniiiruiita  drl  Siijii'rini'  (  nvi- 
iMiio.  Fill.,  ;i  unimniliereil  k'aws.  This  raiv  tiiiLt  is  in  my  ci)llectiiiu,  imil  it 
is  re]iri!it((l  idso  in  I'aloii'.s  Xotiri'is.  Wliun  this  iiotiuo  was  priiiUil  liiu 
dL't^imtchi::!  iVdia  Lorcto  liad  not  yet  anivoil. 

'-Talon,   I'idii,  li:{-l(i,  r<ay.s  slio  sailed  .Tan.  id. 

'•' L-'ttcr  dated  Nov.  I.'tli,  in  J'ror.  S/.  J'nji.,  .MS.,  i.  f.9-71. 

'■'  lijt.  That  the  eoniinaudant.s;;t  San  J>ie;;oand  Monterey  he  made  to  oliey 
more  elo:;e'.y  the  instruetions  of  (lalvez.  (Tiiere  had  heen  nomo  disa'^reeiiu  ut 
v.iUi  (he  IViar.^  in  eonneetiou  with  tlie  desertion  of  au  ^irriei'o.)  'id.  'Ihiil  rmni 
f;iniilie;i  of  I'hrisMan  natives  he  sent  up  from  liaja  Cahe-vnia  to  serve  as 
laliorers.  I'd.  That  a  guard  or  presidio  he  estahh -lied  at  San  lluenaveiitura. 
4tli.  'J'hat  these  natives  lie  kindly  treated,  oth.  'J'liat  the  trai:i  <!f  mu'<-.- ''O 
inereased  for  serviee  frou'  Srnora  and  the  peninsula.  Oth.  1'hut  i're:-idi".;  ind 
mission:;  he  .s!ij)])Iied  for  IS  months  l>y  the  service  of  two  .snow.s.  7ili-  'i  !i:it 
San  l''ranei.  CO  he  e.\plo!'ed,  .Monterey  hein;^  as  some  say  no  liarhor.  !)ili.  Tiiat 
mission  (eiiiporalitie.t  should  he  wholly  under  control  of  tlie  f.iars,  with  tin! 
power  <:f  removing;  servants  and  ohiciiils.  14th.  \'essels  foi'  ?i.'onteny  shuiild 
sail  in  ]"ehr!',avy  or  ApriL  loth.  A  ]iroper //'/,•uy^■/^^  or  alluwr.nce,  bIuiuII  he 
^'ranted  to  friars  ,'_'oin;j;  or  coming.  Itilli.  San  l)ie,'jo.  Monterey,  and  S.iu 
]>tienaventura  should  have  tlu'  ;„d , (11)0  allow  ed  to  new  mi;sio!is.  hSili.  >'il- 
diei's  shonlil  be  supplied  with  rations  ao  as  to  he  able  to  do  cbcort  iluty.  J'lt'oit, 
Xot.,  i.  1:20-3. 


rOWKItSlONS  AT  SAX  CAULOS. 


17.'i 


Smu    r»l;is 

car^'d  (if 
(>llr;j,c    in 
I  pic  until 
lir   niatli! 
to   l'';i^'('s 
;   men   iit 
in   of  till' 
,i'lvc  ini'u 
■d   on  tUo 
notiiT;l   i> 
ic  viceroy 
iu;^';j,'cstiou 
I'S   of   tills 
)f  tiic  new 
minor  (Vi.>- 
ll'st  tlicin- 
ulUovit-K'S, 

little  \v;;s 
w;int  of 

!/,■    /  (  Mi.-''inii.   II 

\i  ( 'ifr  !,■■<,  II  ''■' 
<('  ili-.s/tiiriidi'  'It 
■  1770.  ('"11 
iMcrini'  (  Mvi- 

pri:itcil   tliu 


niaile  to  iil'i'V 

i'iisa'.;ri.'t-iiii  at 

La.  'lliii*  •'ii'->t! 

Ii   to  fO'Vi'  as 

r,m'iiavciit\ii"v. 

I.  7cl>-  ''  •'■''- 
l.r.  !)ili.  'I'iiat 
Jars,  with  d'" 
In  ten  y  »!:nalil 
\,'L\  bIh.'iI  1  1»^ 
ivy,  and  ^aii 
."  ISc'.i.  Mil- 
Juty.  ra'vit, 


jii'icsts  iin<l  ol'  st.Micr.s''  notliinn"  wa.s  done  towards 
lln'  roiindiii;^'  of  San  ] Jucnuvouttir:!,  altlioni^li  tlui 
Mccosary  su])i)lios  wcic  lyiniL;'  in  I't'adinos.s  at  Saii 
('.lilo,-;.  Moanwliilo  Sorra  ami  ('rcspi  woi'kcd  anion^' 
till'  i].-il(nc's,  who  under  the  inllueiice  of  ,L;ifls  and 
kindiK's.'^  wore  i'ast  losing;"  their  timidity.  \  IJaJa 
Californiaii  neoi»liytu  who  had  learned  the  nati\c 
dialect  I'eudered  MTeiJit  assistance!;  preaching'  soon 
lii'^an;  and  on  iJuocuiLcr  2(jth  the  lirst  bapti.sni  was 
uJiuiiiistcreJ."^ 

T!ie  r'mi  Antonio  anchored  at  ]\r()iitorov  ?iTay  21, 
1771,  havini;'  on  hoard  the  ten  pi'iests  already  named, 
except  that  (roine/,  i'rom  San  JHej^o  was  in  ])lace  of 
Dur.ietz,  with  all  the  necessar}'"  a[)pintenanees  i'or  the 
estahli;;lii;i^'  of  ii\e  lu^w  missions,  "^riie  father  j-i-esi- 
dcnl's  lu'irt  was  tilled  with  iov,  and  In;  was  enahk'd 
to  (•(.'lebrjite  the  festival  of  corpu.^' Ciiristi  on  the  ."iuth 
with  a  connnunity  of  twelve  friars.  The  ii\e  new 
missions  proposed.  In  addition  to  San  ]>uenaventura, 
Were  San  Gabriel,  San  Luis  Uhispo,  San  Antonio, 

'■' I'alou,  Villa,  lOt-0,  ."ay.sitwns  for  want  nf  sollioiN,  liccriuso  Itivcra  did 
Hut  I'liiie  n[)a<  cNpccted;  idit  )iu  say.s  uotliiiig  uf  the  t'att  tliat  tlioiv  were  no 
jiailiv  i  avaiJaltlc. 

' -.Mvandn,  li'i-'f.  ('ill.,  M.S.,  i.  'J'2,  nicntidiis  sonif  ^\  ritin'f.s  of  tlic  .'ioldiiT 
.1.  1!.  \'aldc'.s  ti)  llio  oll'i'c't  tliat  i\w  llaja  ( 'ali.oniiaii'i  coiivcrsccl  ivadily  witJi 
the  l].-!cii('s,  and  lie  i.s  di-]iiiscil  to  lii'lic\  i'  aflcr  niiii.-!i  iininirylliat  tin;  li.ii';iiaL,'c 
was  to  f.iaiu' txt' nt  nndur.siood.  \'allcio,  ///•■/,  Cnl.,  MS.,  i.  ,").">-(),  nanio.s  tliu 
iiili  riiretcr  Max  niiano,  and  sstatts  that  the  I'lsltn  ilr(  f  livd  near  llie  spring' 
cal'.eil  A;j,i'.a  /'aica  on  what  was  later  tlie  lanelio  of  (Juai^ahiiie  Avila.  I'n- 
furtiUKti-'Iy  the  lu'st  hook  of  hnptisniH  for  San  Carlos  h.is  liten  lo.t,  and  thu 
(■.':art  nnniher  of  eonwrts  for  the  early  yiar.s  is  not  known.  'J  he  lirst  lunial 
M.i  i  I  n  the  (''ay  of  fonnilin'C.Iune  od,  «  hen  Alejo  Nino  one  of  tlie  ^ii.i  Aiilnii^n's 
ei(W  v,as  buried  at  the  foot  of  the  eross.  .Vreordinu'  to  /'uluii,  Xnf.,  i.  \'>\, 
lie  was  a  ealker;  the  nii.-'sirn  reeord  makes  him  a  iro/i  ^  .  'J'he  lirst  interment 
in  tile  eenietery  was  that  of  luiiaeio  lianiirex,  a  nudatto  slave  from  the  San 
.l/''o; '^1,  who  had  mon<'y  ready  to  ]>urehase  his  freedom.  'i  here  were  four 
111' !'!■  deaths  dm ing  the  year,  thi'ee  of  sailors  and  one  of  a  I'a ja.  Caliteinian. 
The  lirst  marriage  dill  nut  take  plaeo  till  Nov.  l(i,  177-.  Sun  fV;, ■/...«,  /^;i,.  ,le 
M'.i  "11,  Ms.,  S4;  Tiiij'or'sOililK  ami  Kinl",  4.  A  writer  in  the  l!i'i-i-<tu  <  'icii'iji'i-ii, 
i.  li'.'.S,  tells  us  that  the  mission  of  CVirinen  or  ^^onte  (,'armelo  was  fonnded 
.liiae.'M  onthefuilf  of  Carmelo,  hut  never  ])r();ii'esseil  nuieh.  A  new-.-jiajier 
it;  111  (Xtensivily  eireulated  .spe.aks  of  an  Indian  v.oman  ;  till  living  in  l.S(i!J 
who  Will  ilie  motlior  of  two  ehih'.ren  v.hen  the  K;is.sion  ehun  h  v,as  Imilt. 
.'^I.  .1.  <'i<l/i.  .Vh<.,  !)4,  ealls  the  nn.ssion  :\Ionte  (Jarmel.  Tnihill.  Hht.  CaL, 
80  1,  Niys  that  I'oi  tohi  retired  hy  \\  aUr  and  IJivera  by  land,  leaving  .Junipcro 
widi  .i  iriars  and  I'ages  with  30  soldiers. 


;  m- 


i 


176 


OCCLTATIOX  OF  MONTERF-Y. 


Santa  Clara,  and  S;in  l^^-ancisco.  Tlioro  were  siMit 
only  niissionarit-'s  suilicient  lor  livo  of  the  ^i\,  and  iis 
I'arron  and  ( Jonic/,  unfitted  tor  duty  by  the  sciunv, 
had  to  l)c  n'l'.uitrd  leave  of  al)st'nee,  still  anotlier  mis- 
sion must  wail,  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Clara  Ixiip^ 
selected  foi'tiiat  piii'iiosi'.  Tju'  j)resi(lent  immediately 
announced  the  disUihution  of  priests  to  their  respec- 
ti\e  missions,'"  and  on  the  7tli  of .) une  tlu'  six.  inten  led 
i'or  the  south  sailed  in  tlie»SW//  ^InfomO  for  San  Dieun, 
]''ai;es  acconipanyini;"  them. 

Only  oneof  tlie  northei'n  missions  could  be  founded 
until  l'\aL;'es  should  hiing'  or  send  north  some  ol'  Jli\(- 
ra's  soldiers,  hut  S<i'i'a>  set  out  cu'ly  in  didy  \vi(h  ai 
escoi't  of  ei;;iit  soldiei's,  ihi'ee  sailors,  and  a  few  Indian 
^\•orkmen  foi' t  he  lloya  de  la  Sieri'a  de  Santa  iiUcia, 
named  l>y  the  iirst  land  ex|)edition,  \vlu>re  Ik^  jjropesed 


to  establish  tin'  tirst  mission  um 


ler  1^ 


leras  an( 


I  S 


\\ 


ho  acc(»m])anied   him.      llis   route  was  jirobabi 


iijiii' 
V  up 


the  Salinas  IJivei'  and  the  Arroyo  Seco,  and  t 


le  slle 


se 


locte 
Kol)l 


(I  wj'.s  an  oal 


studded  <.d(.'n  name<l  (  *anada  de  \> 


es^'  on  a  line  stream.  J  lere  the  bells  wt-i'e  ImiiL;' 
on  a  tree  and  loudly  tolKnl,  while  Fray  Jum'p(ri) 
shoutt'd  like  a  madman:  "Conu^  g'entiles,  come  to  the 
liolv  chui'ch,  ciMue    and    j-ecei\-e    the    faith    of  .)e-us 


CI 


irist 


lUlt 


at  lie)' 


I 


ie"as 


remindifd  the  enthusiast 


that  thei'e  was  not  a  uiMitile  within  hearinu"  and  that 


It    Wol 


Id  I 


)e  We 


to  Slop  the  noise  and  l>"o  to  wor 


Tl 


le 


a    cross   was  ere(^ 


ted,    th 


Undei'  a  slielter  ot  hraliclies,  aiK 


"   1 
1  tl 


)resH 


lent 


said   nias^ 


uis  was  loun( 


ell 


led 
Julv  !  I,  I  rZ  I ,  (he  ml  -ion  oi"  San  Antonio  de  Pfidua. 


'I'lic  (li-.trilmtiiiii  \v;is  iis  I'ulldus:  S;in  Oici^d,  l.iiis  .Tniinio  ami   l''iiiii.  isco 


Diuiu't.':  Siui  I'liriiavfiifiii 


Oil 


IS|H 


|)< 


mini' (I  .liMU'osM  and  .losi 


.\nt( 
1.1. 


r.'iti 


<'mv 


ill. 


I  and  Antmiio  ('rii,"a(lo:  Sail  l.iii.'' 
San  Oaliiiil,  Aii''i'l  .Soim  ::i  ami 


I'c'ch'o  IViiihi  ( 'aitihmi;  Snii  Autcmio.  Mii'iul  1' 


(I  lU 


li'iiavi'iit-.ira  Si.  ar; 


('•irlns,  .1 
'•T 


U'.iipi  lu  Sella  ami  .luaii  «  '\v>in 


\r  iia!  iVf  liaiiiv"  (1 


r  Uic  site  WHS  Ti.i/i(i>/(i  jicrordiii;:  to  J>< pt.  S/.  I'' 


111  II.  Ml.,  MS.,  isxxi.  -I'.l,  ttv  , Si. , /(I /'(III  ai<(ir(liiig  tn  Taylor,  mite  on  lln  I'y- 
IluI  ti(  <  iii'-id.  \'nf(i/irliir!(;,  MS. 


'"/■r/Zn 


I  In:  In 
IJ-J. 


S.  Aiiloiiio.  Iji'i.  ill'  Ml 


Ki  >. 


ii.  "Jl   ."),  (ells  u.s  i^t  an  (iM  woiiiaii  \\  luiapi 


MS..  1:  /> 
wli. 


SI.  /'• 


'I' 


M^ 


I1-J-1-:  I'.iti'U, 


lililiiMl  lor  li; 


laiilir.iii,  a.iiil  V.  Ill 


,llT 


u  yirl  liiul  lii'anl  her  fatliir  njnak  ol'  a  paiUv  ihcssiil  like  tlicisu,  who  came  tl 


FOUXDIXa  OF  SAX  ANTONIO. 


177 


()ii]\-  lUU'  native  witnossctl  tho  corcnioiiies,  l)ut  lie  soon 
l)r(iUL;ht  ill  his  companions  i!i  lai',i;o  numbers,  wlio 
lii'duu'lit  pine-iuits  and  seeds,  all  they  had  to  ^'ive,  and 
jiiiird  in  the  work  of  hulldino"  a  ehureli,  l)al•raci^.s,  and 
liiiiisc  ii>r  the  missionaries,  nil  of  ^vl^K•h  wore  on  a 
liu'.iiMo  scale  and  protecti'd  as  usual  hy  a  i)alisa(!e. 
Tlie  natives  seenK\.  more  tractahle  than  .'t  either  San 
Dit'go  or  ^[onterey,  and  the  ministers  had  Ic'pes  of  a 
^ivat  spiiitual  concjU'.'st,  the  tirsi  haptism  t:d.iuij;'  place 
tlu'  1 4th  of  August.'-^  LeaviuL;'  the  ''I'.rvesi:  to  IIk^ 
rrapii's  and  their  guard  of  six  soldiers,  1  return  with 
^cria  to  ]\Iontei'ey  at  the  end  of  duly. 

Soon  after  the  establishing  of  San  CVulos  Padre 
Juin'pero  had  determined  to  transi'er  the  mission  to 
('innu'hj  A'alley.  His  avowi'd  reason  was  lack  of 
waliT  and  I'ertile  soil  at  ^Monterey;  but  it  is  likely 
that  lie  also  desired  to  remove  his  little  band  of  neo- 
piiytes,  and  the  larger  ilock  he  hojted  to  gather,  irom 
inuucdiate  contact  with  the  presidio  soldiers,  always 


IV 


nile( 


I  by 


nnssio 


naries  with  more  or  less  dread  as 


iKci'ssary  evils  tending  to  (N)ri"U[)t  native  iimocenee. 
The  necessary  permission  for  the  transfer  canie  up  by 
the  tSdii  Anto)i'iO  on  her  third  trip,-'^and  two  tlays  after 


Jle 


lii(> 


IK, 


parture,  before  going  to  found  San  Anton 


||>, 


itresK 


lent   crossed    over   to  select  the   n 


ew 


n-i 


111  re  iu^ 


'ft  th 


iree  sailoi's  a  net  four 


ind 


ians  fi'om  tlie 


p  'uiiisula  at  wt)rk  <'utting  timber,  and  making  prej)a- 
ra'ions  undei-  the  watchful  eyes  of  ti\'e  soldiers  wh.o 
charitably  su[)[)osed    to  haul  occasional   assist- 


Wi.  le 


the  emu, try  Hying  iIiroiii.'l'.  tlu>  iiir  iiikI  ]ir( 


;riii'is{i;in  dix't vinos.  Ooni 


,'t.  MS. 


■4,  11 


i\\v  t 


r;iiiithill   tll:lt   \\ 


i:i,;;liti'ni'ii  iwjiytlu^  nntivcs;  mihI  tliMt  .sulisiMHicnlly  they  nt'us 


l.rfi 


<l  t. 


itcllr 


ifviii''  i    f(i  )»■  tlio  1 


ii'juns  lit  ilciitl  nii'ii. 


S,-in 


Anil 


.1.'  1' 


lilMil  >VilS    hol'll 


ill  lislidM  i     I  l!l,"i,  (lied  iit  IMdna  in  i'J.'n,  and  \\a.s  lanciiiizi'd  in  l'_',",'J.     I!( 


fi.  l:iiiiMns  p  r;p'lii'r.  his  .^cniuins  aH'cctin','  cvcii  the  lisiicH,  and  a,  v.r 


it  til    .' -raiK'isuaii  ordtr 


]1 


IS  day,  as  cclcliratci 


IV  till 


ihlllH  )l!'ll)l|. 


:'.th. 


■'  I'.  Soi    I  ill  ids  f!i'jiri!iriili] 


:\is.,  (if  Mav'ii,  i: 


I'liililiii';  was  Iiiii-riiMl  to  ,m't  ready  fni' t'arinin    . 
]'a,::i's  taking  awav  tlic  licst  suldiors.     J'liglit  iiiilk' 


■aVH  IMC  \\i 


ik  iif 


d  tliat  it 


Iiind 


iTfil     IV 


'N, 


Ift't  at  till 


t:,lv 

-SV.  Pi 


!•-'.  1770,  V 


ii't'iMy  Cioix  M"ril(>s  to  Fa;.,c's  that  Sail  (Virhis  iiiissidii   is 


tahrishcd  on  tlic  lliu  Canm  lo  with  a  suUiciuut  yiuird  of  sokiii'is.   /' 
'.  MS.,i,  70. 

Hist.  Oal.  Vol.  I.    \i 


\    oi 


um 


.U' 


'^ 


I 


^r'^'^i 


178 


CCCUPATIOX  OF  MONTEREY. 


ance.  Bade  from  San  Antonio  in  Aiiq-nst  lie  aofain 
wont  over  to  Carmelo  to  iiasten  the  niovenients  of 
tlic  workmen,  who  were  jirocecding  very  leisurely; 
but  it  was  several  months  before  the  palisaclc  square 
enelosing  wooden  chapel,  dwellinf^,  storehouse,  guard- 
house, and  corrals  could  be  completed;  and  it  was  the 
end  of  December  when  the  formal  transfer  took  place, 
the  exact  date  being  unknown.  The  two  ministers 
took  up  their  ])ernianent  residence  in  their  nevr  home, 
Juncosa  and  Cavalier  assisting  temporarily  both  at 
mission  and  presidio."^ 

Events  at  San  DioGfo  durinix  the  year  1771  were  by 
no  means  exciting  or  important.  Boj^ond  the  baptism 
of  a  very  few  natives,  the  exact  number  being  lui- 
known,  no  progress  in  mission  work  is  recorded;  hut 
Rivera  witli  his  force  of  fourteen  men,  in  addition  to 
Orte<>'a's  rcndar  mission  P'uar<l  of  eiu'ht,  vv'ould  scnii 
to  have  passed  the  time  comfortably  so  far  as  worl:  is 
concerned.  In  April,  v»heii  the  San  Antonio  touched 
at  th's  port  with  her  load  of  friars,  the  two  ministers 
were  l)ot  h  disabled  by  scurvy,  and  Gomez  went  up  to 
Monterey,  while  Dumctz  took  his  place.  On  July 
14th  the  vesiscl  returned  with  six  padres  besides 
Gome.^,  who  had  leave  of  absence  and  was  on  his  way 
to  ]\Iexico.  Parron  retired  at  about  the  same  time, 
overland,  to  the  missions  of  the  peninsula.  Captain, 
Pere/.  sailed  the  21st. -^  Fages  came  down  with  the 
priests,  and  the  intention  v/as  to  establish  San  Gabriel 
at  once;  but  local  tn)iibles  caused  delay.  The  (!;iy 
after  tlie  vessel's  departure  nine  soldiers  and  a  mule- 
teer deserted.  Padre  Paterna  was  induced  by  Pages 
to  go  Avith  a  few  soldiers  and  a  pardon  signed  in  blank 
to  bring  them  back.     Jlis  mission  was  successful,  and 

"^yiillrjo  and  Alviiindo,  a.s  I  have  alitady  noted,  insist  on  rCLjarding  this 
ns  the,  voviiablc  founding.'  of  the  niissinn.  I'aylor,  in  Cal.  Farnit  i\  A\iv.  'Jit, 
]S(i(),  f^iiy.s  the  triiusFiT  Mas  in  177-  and  that  the  mission  bccauii!  kimuii  m 
San  (Vnld.i  lloiruuioo  (Ud  C'linii  lo  I'.c  Mdntcioy. 

-'Serra,  Sail  Jfi'ij",  I.iIk  ilf  M'n'iim,  ^IS.,  7,  says  however  tliat  I'Mirnu 
%vent,  ap]'ari  ntly  hy  land,  to  Haja  ( 'ahl'oniia  :  and  I'aloii,  VUln,  I'i!',  says  In; 
Mcut  \\ii\i  a  paiiy  liy  land,  of  Mliich  paity  nothing  fuither  id  knoMU, 


FOUXDIXG  OF  S.\X  GABRIEL. 


179 


after  having  availed  tliemsclvcs  of  the  '  clinreli  asylum' 
the  deserters  returned  to  duty.  Again,  the  Gtli  of 
.Vugust,  a  corporal  and  five  soldiers  deserted,  return- 
iu"-  on  the  24th  to  steal  cattle  from  the  mission.  This 
time  Fages  went  out  to  bring  tliora  in  by  force,  but 
jiiund  them  sti'ongly  fortified  and  resolved  to  die 
lather  than  yield,  and  again,  to  save  life,  persuasidii 
^vas  employed,  and  Duuietz  I'rought  back  the  i'ugi- 
tivcs.-'  Respecting  the  real  or  pretended  grievances 
ut"  the  soldiers  wo  know  nothing,  but  it  is  e\ident 
that  some  misunderstanding  already  existed  between 
Fages  and  the  friars,  and  that  Palou's  rccor  J  is  intended 
to  show  the  agency  of  the  latter  in  its  best  light. 
Farly  in  the  autumn  there  arrived  from  Guaymas 
twelve  Catalan  volunteers. 

^'■anwhilc  on  Auu'ust  Gtli  Somei'a  and  Cambon 
AAiiii  a  guard  of  ten  soldiers  and  a,  supply-train  of 
imiles  under  four  muleteers  and  four  soldiers,  mIio 
Wire  to  return,  left  San  Diogo  to  establish  their  new 
mission,  following  the  old  route  northward.  It  had 
lijcii  the  intention  to  place  the  mission  on  the  Kiver 
Sniita  Ana,  or  Jesus  do  los  Temblores,  but  as  no  suit- 
;ihlo  site  was  found  there  the  party  went  farther  and 
chose  a  fertile,  well  wooded  and  watered  spot  near  the 
Fiver  San  j\Iiguel,  so  named  on  tho  return  trip  of  the 
lirst  expedition  three  years  before,-''  and  since  known 
as  the  Iviver  San  Gabriel.  At  tirst  a  largo  force  of 
natives  presented  themselves  under  two  chieftains  and 
attempted  by  hostile  demonstrations  to  prevent  the 
])Ui'pose  of  the  Spaniards;  but  when  one  of  the  padres 
liild  up  a  painting  of  the  virgin,  tlie  savages  instantly 
threw  down  their  arms  and  their  two  captains  ran  U]> 
d'  lay  their  necklaces  at  the  i'eot  of  the  beautiful 
<|Ue('n,  thus  signifying  their  desire  for  peace."'' 

"'In  a  letter  of  Gov.  Barri  to  Fagos,  dato<l  Oct.  2,  1771,  ho  advises  tlio 
ciiiiiiiiauilant  not  to  grieve  over  tho  desertion  of  two  soldier.^.  J'ror.  .St.  7'"//., 

ilS.,  i,  :■_>. 

'^'' i'aloii,  Xvt.,  i.  477.  The  snme  ;uitIioriii  liis  Vkla,  l"Jl)-,')0,  iiniilica  tliut 
the  site  selected  was  on  the  Itio  de  Ins  'I'elnblores. 

•'It  is  only  in  his  I'idii,  l-y~30,  that  I'ulou  tells  thia  story. 


H 


t 


i. 


m 

I 


im 


ISO 


OCCLTATIOX  OF  MONTEREY. 


Tlio  raisinof  of  the  cross  and  roi]^nlar  ceremonial 
routine  which  constituted  the  formal  founding  of  San 
Gabriel  Arcangcl'-'^  took  place  on  September  8tli, 
and  the  natives  cheerfully  assisted  in  the  work  of 
brinii'inix  tind)er  and  constructinGf  the  stockad(.'  enclns- 
ure  with  its  tule-roofed  buildinijs  of  wood,  contuuiiii'"' 
in  the  mean  time  their  offerings  of  ])inc-nuts  and  acorns 
to  tlie  image  of  Our  Ladj.^''  Though  friendly  as 
3^et,  the  natives  crowded  into  the  camp  in  such  num- 
bers that  ten  soldiers  were  not  deemed  a  suffici(Mit 
guard;  and  Padre  Somera  went  down  to  San  Diego 
the  1st  of  October,  returning  on  the  9tli  with  a  recii- 
forcement  of  two  men.  Next  dov  a  crowd  of  natives 
attacked  two  soldiers  who  were  iiuardincf  the  horses. 
The  chief  discharged  an  arrow  at  one  of  the  soldiers, 
who  stopped  it  with  his  shield,  and  killed  the  chief- 
tnin  with  a  musket-ball.  Terrified  by  the  destructive 
effects  of  the  iifun  the  sa^■ages  Hod,  and  the  soldiei's, 
cutting  off  the  fallen  wari'ior's  head,  set  it  on  a  pole 


^'^  The  Archangel  Oahriel  has  a  place  in  several  religions.  To  the  Israel- 
ites he  was  the  angel  of  death;  according  to  the  Ttilniud  he  was  the  prince  of 
lire  and  ruled  the  lliuuder.  He  set  lire  10  the  temple  of  Jerusoleui ;  appealed 
to  Danieland  Zacharias;  announced  to  Mary  the  hirth  of  Christ;  and  dietutid 
the  Koran  to  Mahomet.  The  last-named  prophet  desciil)es  him  very  fully, 
nientiimingiimong  other  things  oOO  pair.s  of  wings,  the  distance  from  one  win,.; 
to  another  being  500  years'  journey.  His  day  in  the  church  calendar  is 
March  ISth.  The  mission  was  often  called  San  Oabriel  do  los  Temldorcs,  tliu 
latter  word  like  Carmelo  with  San  C;irlos  indicating  simply  locality.  It  had 
been  intended  to  mean  San  Gabriel  on  the  lUvcr  Tcmblores,  but  ^\henanotinr 
site  was  selected  the  name  was  retained  meaning  'Sandabriel  in  tlie  region  of 
Earthcpiakes.'as  'San  (ialirielde  San  Miguel'  would  have  been  awkward.  S^e 
Scrra,  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  ;MS.,  i.  118;  S.  Guhrhl  Lih.  de  Mi>-io}>,  :MS.  The 
author  of  J.o^  Amjchji  Hist.,  ."),  is  in  error  when  he  says  that  the  Sun  Gai)ii'l 
River  was  calli  d  Temblores.  The  mission  was  not  moved  to  its  present  t-ite 
until  several  years  later.  A  irli.  Htitila  Bdrhnvn,  ]\IS.,  i.  l.'U  ;  lUUI,  Lou  Aii;/'  ''w 
Co.,  liiiL,  No.  17.  San  Gabriel  was  the  only  mission  at  the  founding  of  whioli 
Serra  had  not  assisted,  and  this  was  Viecause  I'agcs  failed  to  notify  him,  as  he 
had  promised.  S(rm,  J'njins.,  J I  i/c  Mdijo,  MS.,  118. 

'■^"According  to  Itugo  Reid,  Lou  Atnjclis  Co.  liifL,  Xo.  10,  Avho  derived  liis 
information  from  traditions,  tlie  natives  were  greatly  terrified  at  tlic  first  .':i;_lit 
of  the  S]ianiards;  women  hiil;  men  put  out  the  fires.  They  thought  the  stran- 
gers gods  wlien  they  saw  them  strike  fire  from  a  Hint,  l)ut  seeing  them  kill  ;i 
Ijird,  they  put  them  down  as  human  beings  'of  a  nasty  white  color  willi  tv;ly 
blue  eyes;'  and  later,  as  no  vioh'nce  M'as  done,  they  called  them  cJuc/i>iiabri'<, 
or  'reasonable  beings.'  M'omen  used  by  tlu^  solditrs  wcvv  obligeil  to  undtign 
a  long  purification,  and  for  a  long  tinu!  every  child  M-ith.whife  blo(jd  in  it.s 
veins  was  strangled.  Food  given  by  tlie  wliite  men  ^\•as  Ituried  in  the  woodi. 
Brown  sugar  was  lung  regarded  as  the  e.xcremcat  ui  the  iicw-comers. 


Hi; 


iiil!:' 


TROUBLE  AT  SAN  GABRIEL. 


181 


Ijoforo  tlio  ]irosi(]i()  gates.  Tlio  fugitive  nss;ailants 
came  l)ack  after  a  few  tla^'s  to  l)cg  i'uv  their  leader's 
jiLvnl;  but  it  was  only  very  gradually  tliat  tliey  wero 
iudueed  to  rcsuiue  friendly  relations  with  the  fi'iars, 
and  fre(|uent  the  mission  us  before.  There  is  little 
doubt  tliat  their  sudden  hostility  arose  from  outrages 
bv  the  soldiers  on  the  native  M'omeu.^' 

\  few  days  after  this  aflair  Pages  arrived  from  San 
Diego  with  two  friars,  sixteen  soldiers,"'  and  iour 
]iiuleteers  in  ehargo  of  a  mule  train,  the  force  intended 
fir  the  establishing  of  San  Ijuenaveiitura.  In  eonse- 
(jucncc  of  the  recent  hostilities  Fages  decided  t'>  add 
six:  men  to  the  guard  of  San  Gabriel,  and  to  postpone 
1' r  tlie  present  the  founding  of  a  now  mission.  Pa- 
tcrna  and  Cruzado  also  remained  at  San  Gabriel  where 
thev  became  the  followin*''  year  tlie  regular  ministers 
on  the  retii'oment  of  Somera  and  Cambon  by  reason 
of  ill-health.  ]\[ission  progress  was  extremely  slow, 
the  lirst  baptism  having  been  that  of  a  child  on 
Xdvember  27th,  and  the  whole  number  during  the 
lirst  two  years  only  seventy-three.  This  want  of 
J  prosperity  is  attributed  by  Serra  largely  to  the  con- 
duct of  the  soldiers,  wdio  refused  to  work,  paid  no 
attention  to  the  oi'ders  of  their  worthless  corjioral, 
drove  awa}''  the  natives  by  their  insolence,  and  even 
pursued  tlicin  to  their  rancherias,  where  they  lassoed 

'"Paloii,  Kof.,  i.  47S-fl,  snys  a  soliliiT  liad  outracrcd  .1  WDinan  in  one  of  the 
vaiK'lM'i  ias.  Tlio  suinc  autlioi'  in  Vida,  ];!!)-'_',  tells  u.s  that  tlio  woman  was  thu 
wife  of  the  slain  chieftain  ami  tlic  guilty  solilier  the  one  attaelccd.  Scrra  iu 
his  U' prr-ii  iilucioi),  :MS.,  of  May  'Jl,  177'i,  says  that  the  l;is>t  grievance  of  tho 
natives  was  an  oi'der  from  Fa^'es  tliat  only  5  or  (i  of  them  slionhl  ho  nlinitteil 
within  tho  ntoekado  at  a  time,  followed  1  y  a  secret  oidcr  not  to  allow  any 
gentiles  at  all  to  enter.  Serra  says  deeiiledly  th.it  if  he  hail  heen  there  ho 
Woii'.d  luivo  ordei'ed  thepadri/s  to  ahandon  the  mission;  for  if  they  eoiild  have 
no  interoonrso  with  gentiles  for  what  weio  they  in  the  country  at  all?  (hio 
day  tho  i^rdiers  went  ont  to  look  for  cattle,  or  moiv  likely  for  women,  and  thu 
chief  captain  was  killed,  his  hiad  lieing  hronght  to  tho  mission.  In  Sorra's 
L'jei  all  nnnfortunes  were  chargoahle  to  Fa;^'.s. 

■''  I'alon,  Xiit.,  i.  479,  says  distinctly  that  he  had  2(5  soldiers,  Vl  vohintcors 
who  had  lately  arrivo.l  froai  liaja  California  and  14  soldiers  (/'■'■)/' /vr,-  lint  I 
think  tho  hi.st  item  slvuld  he  4  instea<l  of  14,  ,\hich  agrees  exactly  with  tho 
.av.rlahlo  force  at  Sa  >  iJiej^o,  Otlicrwiso  10  cnera  soldiers  nnist  have  arrivml 
from  tho  south  of  -Mtiioh  uhu'c  is  no  record,  or  Fages  nnist  have  hrought  10 
w,l!i  him  fi'oni  Monterey^  whi«.h  seems  nidikely.  A  tot.d  of  )(>  al,-o  a'hAV.i 
S.ni  Dueiiaveutura  10  nicE^  the  saJiie  yuard  as  that  atiit  originally  to  S.  liabriel. 


! 

i<3 


Ik. 


-Ai 


8:  m 


ii 


I   I 


182 


occur ATIOX  OF  SrONTEREY. 


Avomcn  for  their  lust  and  killed  such  males  as  dared  to 
interfere.'''^  Fagcs,  probably  M'ith  ten  Catalan  volun- 
teers, continued  his  inarch  to  IMonterey  at  the  end  of 
1771.  Rivera  y  Moneada  does  not  appear  at  all  in 
the  annals  of  this  period.  He  probably  remained  1)ut 
a  sliort  time  at  San  Diego  before  retiring  to  the  penin- 
sula. It  is  not  unlikely  that  he  was  already  prcjtaring 
the  way  by  correspondence  for  the  removal  of  Pages 
in  his  own  favor.^^ 


'■^  Jii'prfifditacion  (Je  21  dc  Mnyo  177-'^,  MS.  R(>form  senms  to  have  datoil 
from  !i  cliiuige  of  'lorporals,  which  probably  took  phicc  late  in  177-. 

^'  In  iMuy  1771  he  was  at  Santa  CJcrtnulis.  St.  ]'ap.  Mis.  and  Co!.,  MS.,  i. 
r)2.  On  the  period  covered  by  tliis  chapter  sec  Pidou,  Not.,  i.  98-107,  1-0-3, 
424-80;  Jd.,  Vida,  88-134. 


m- 


CHAPTEK  YIII. 

TROGRESS  OF  THE  NEW  ESTABLISHMENTS. 

1772-1773. 

Events  of  1772 — Search  tor  the  Port  of  San  FRAxoisro— Ckespi's  Dtarv — 
Fn:sT  Exri.oRATidN  of  Santa  Clara,  Ai.ameda,  and  Contha  Costa 
Cor:«TiKS — FAor:.s  Discovkiis  San  Parlo  Bay,  Carqi'inks  Strait,  and 
San  Joaquin  River— Relief  Sent  South — Hard  Times  at  Monterey — 
Living  on  Bear-:meat — Pages  and  SerraOo  Softh — Foi-nding  ok  Sax 
Lris  OiiiKPo — Events  at  San  Diego— A  Quarrel  betwi'.kn  C<  oi  ma  s  dant 
and  President— Serra  Goes  to  Mexico— Ce.ssiox  ok  Low  :.r  f'Ai.iroit- 
NiAN  Missions  to  Dominicans — New  Padres  for  tiik  Nuhtiikrn  Kstaii- 

IJSIIMENTS — PaLOU'S  JoURXEY  TO   SaX   DiEGO  AND   MoXTEREY  IN    1773. 

The  year  1772  was  marked  by  an  important  explo- 
ration of  now  territory  in  the  north.  It  added  a  mis- 
sion to  tlie  four  ah-eady  founded,  brought  three  friars 
to  reenforce  Serra's  band  of  workers,  and  saw  arrange- 
ments completed  for  a  larger  rcenforcement  through 
tlic  yielding-up  of  the  peninsular  missions  to  the  exclu- 
sive control  of  the  Dominican  order.  Yet  it  was  a 
year  of  little  progress  and  of  much  hardship;  it  was  a 
year  of  tardy  supply- vessels,  of  unfortunate  disagree- 
ments between  thoFranci.scans  and  the  military  chief — 
disagreements  which  carried  the  president  in  per.son  to 
]\rcxico  to  plead  for  reforms  l)efore  Viceroy  Bucareli, 
wild  had  succeeded  Croix  in  the  pi'cccitling  autumn. 

The  San  Antonio  on  her  last  trip  had  brought 
orders  from  the  viceroy  to  Faoes,  rctiuirintj  him  to 
cxjdore  by  sea  or  land  the  port  of  San  Francisco,  and, 
actin*;  in  accord  with  Serra,  to  establish  a  mission 
there,  with  a  view  to  secure  the  harbor  I'rom  foreiijn 
ag<>rcssio)i  ^ 

'Dated  N<iv.  I'l',  177<1,  in  Pror.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  70.  It  was  roccivcd  by 
Faycs  at  Monterey  iu  May  177L 

( la:!  I 


1S4 


I'ROGRESS  OF  TUE  XEW  EST.UiLISIIilENTS. 


After  the  spring  rains  had  ceased,  the  commandant 
for  the  ih'st  time  was  al)le  to  obey  tlie  order  as  to 
e\j)loration,  but  tiiei'o  were  neither  friars  nor  soldiers 
for  a  mission,  though  the  su])i)hes  were  lying  at  San 
Carlos."  Accordingly  with  Crespi,  twelve  soldiers,  a 
muleteer,  and  an  Indian,  Fages  started  from  Monterey 
on  the  'JOth  of  March  and  crossed  over  to  the  river 
feanta  JJcllina,  now  the  Salinas.  As  the  first  explo- 
rali<>n  by  Eui'o[)eans  of  a  since  important  p.ortion  of 
California,  the  counties  of  Santa  Clara,  Alameda,  and 
Contra  Costa,  this  tii[),  fully  described  by  Crespi'," 
deserves  to  be  followed  somewhat  closely. 

Tlie  second  day's  march  brings  the  paity  to  the 
San  Benito  stream,  still  so  called,  near  what  is  now 
lloUister;  and  on  the  22d  they  cross  San  I*aseual 
plain  into  San  Bernardino  A'alley  and  encamp  a  little 
north  of  tlie  present  Gilroy.  Thence  they  proceed 
north-westward  and  enter  the  great  [)lain  of  the 
"  llobles  del  Puerto  de  Sau  Francisco,"  in  vdiich 
they  have  been  bef)re,  in  Novend)er  17(50,  that  is, 
the  Santa  Clara  Valley.  Their  camp  the  24th  is 
near  the  south-eastern  point  of  the  great  *'bra>;o  de 
mar,"  near  the  mouth  of  what  they  call  Encarnacion 
Arroyo,  now  Penitencia  Creek,  on  the  boundary  line 
between  Santa  Clara  and  Alameda  counties.  The 
peninsula  to  their  left  having  been  previously  ex- 
j)lored,  and  the  object  being  to  pass  round  the  great 
inlet  and  reach*  San  Francisco  under  Point  Beyes, 
Fages  continues  to  the  ri^lit  alonsj;"  the  footdiills  be- 
tween  the  shore  and  Coast  Banu'e. 

His  camp  on  Wednesday  the  2oth  is  beside  a  largo 
stream,  called  by  him  San  Salvador  de  Horta,  now 

-ralou,  ]'!thi,  134-,"),  snys  that  Scrra  proposed  tlie  exploration  aivl  [■"ages 
consented.  'I'liis  in  i)rol)alily  aeeuratecmmgh  in  aeertain  si  r.r^e;  hut  tlietViars 
hail  a  nuticealilo  1  aliit  of  elainiing  fur  themselves  all  the  credit  for  each  move- 
ment, and  uniiltinj^  any  mention  of  secular  orders  and  agencies — an  omission 
that  e\  idently  did  not  always  result  from  forgetfulncss. 

'  <  'rcKjii,  JJiai  to  (jiic  ,sr  jonnO  en  1 1  rviji.il ro  qw  xc  li'zo  del  pverto  de  Xtro. 
P.  Sail  Fruhvi^co,  in  J'ti/oii,  JS'of..,  i.  481  oOl.  A- brief  resunu'f  of  the  samo 
e.\p'.orat;ou  is  given  in  Id.,  ii.  4().  Among  modern  writers,  Hittell,  l/i.-'t. 
Had  Ffaucidco,  has  given  a  brief  and  inaccurate  account  from  C'respi's  diary. 


DISCOVEKY  OF  ALAMEDA. 


1S5 


Alameda  Creek,  at  a  })oIiit  near  A^'allc jo's  ^lill.  Next 
(lav  dvL'V  and  bears  are  plentiful,  and  traces  ar(>  seen 
of  aiiinuds  \v]ir'1i  tlie  I'riar  imagines  tt)  be  builalocs, 
but  wliieli  the  st)ldiers  pronounce  burros,  or  "jackass 
(ker," '^Lich  as  tlioy  had  seen  in  Xew  jSIexico.  Cross- 
iiiij;-  iive  streams,  two  large  ones,  now  San  Lorenzo 
und  San  Leandro  creeks,  and  two  small  ones,  they 
I'oach  the  Arroyo  del  Lostpie,  on  a  branch  of  the  bay 
which  Mith  another  similar  branch  forms  a  ])eninsula, 
bcarinu'  a  oTove  of  oaks — the  site  of  the  modern  town 
(if  Alameda.  They  are  near  tl:e  shore  of  San  Lean- 
dro IJay,  and  probably  on  Brickyard  Slough.  On 
Tiiday's  march  they  have  to  clindj  a  series  of  low 
bills  ]]i'ooklyn,  or  East  Oakland,  in  order  to  get 
I'oiiud  "an  estuary  which,  skirting  the  grove,  extends 
some  four  or  five  leagues  inland  until  it  heads  in  the 
sierra" — San  Antonio  Creek  and  ]Merritt  Lake. 
Thence  coming  out  into  a  great  })lain,  they  halt 
about  three  leagues  from  the  starting-})oint,  opposite 
tlu'  "nuaith  bv  which  the  two  o-i-cat  estuaries  com- 
municate  with  the  Ensenada  de  los  Farallones"— 
that  is,  they  stop  at  Berkeley  and  look  out  throngh 
the  Golden  Gate,  noting  three  islands  in  the  bay.'* 
Continuing  a  league  the  Spaniards  encamp  on  what  is 
now  Cerrito  Creek,  the  boundary  between  Alameda 
ami  Contra  Costa  counties. 

For  the  next  two  days  tliey  follow  the  general 
course  of  the  bay  coast,  note  "a  round  liay  like  a 
,nrcat  lake" — San  Pablo  Bay — large  enough  for  "all 
the  armadas  of  Spain,"  where  they  see  whales  spout- 
ing. They  are  kindly  received  in  what  is  now  Pinole 
Valley,  l)y  a  rancheria  of  gentiles,  "bearded  and  of 
very  light  complexion."  They  attempt  to  pass  I'ouud 
the  hd/iki  vcdoiida,  but  are  prevented  by  a  narrow 
estuar}',  the  Strait  of  Carquines.  Journeying  along 
the  treeless  hills  that  form  its  shores,  they  are  hos- 
liit.ibly  treated  at  five  large  native  \illages,  some  even 

'Olio  of  tlieni,  Augol,  was  probably  not  kuowu  to  bo  an  island  until  the 
I'iiity  .<aw  it  fium  a  point  fartlicr  north. 


^ 


5'  i 


180 


rnooRESs  of  thk  new  establishments. 


i  u 


ooniiiii^  across  from  tlic  other  shore  in  rafts,  and 
iiiially  they  encamp  on  a  stream  near  thi'  shore,  pi'oK- 
ubly  tlic  Arroyo  del  Ilambre  near  ISEartinez."  March 
30th  they  advance  two  leagnes  to  a  lar^'o  stream — 
Arroyo  do  las  Nueces,  near  Pacheco;  cross  tlio  liiKi 
valley  of  Santa  Angela  do  Fulgino^ — ]Mt  Dialilo 
Creek;  })ass  two  rancherias  of  friendly  natives;  and 
enter  a  range  of  low  hills — in  the  vicinity  of  Willow- 
Pass.  From  the  sunnnit  they  look  down  on  the  tv.o 
broad  I'ivers  and  valleys,  since  so  well  known,  with 
the  vari(jus  channels,  sloughs,  and  islands  about 
their  junction— all  very  accurately  described  in  the 
diary.  Leaving  tin;  hills  they  pass  on  ibur  or  five 
leagues  aci'oss  the  plain  to  a  small  stream  on  which 
tliey  [)itch  their  camp  half  a  mile  from  the  bank  of 
the  great  river,  "the  largest  that  has  boon  discovered 
in  New  Spain,"  which  is  named  Ilio  do  San  Fran- 
cisco. They  are  on  the  San  Joaquin,  at  or  near  An- 
tioch." 

To  carry  out  tlio  original  purpose  of  "passing  on  to 
Point  llcycs  to  examine  tlie  port  of  San  Francisco"  it  is 
now  necessary  to  cross  the  great  rivers,  for  which  they 
have  no  boats,  or  to  "go  round  them"  for  which  tlicy 
lack  men  and  supplies.'  It  is,  accordingl)',  determi:icd 
to  return  to  Monterey,  but  by  a  shorter  route  than 
that  along  the  bay  shore.  Recrossing  on  the  last  day 
t»f  the  month  the  range  of  hills  and  the  Santa  Angela 
plain,  they  turn  south-eastward  by  a  pleasant  Canada— 
San  lianion  Creek.  During  the  first  and  second  v^ 
A[)ril  they  pass  through  what  are  now  known  as  San 
liamon  and  Amadcn*  valleys  into  Suhol  Valle}',  whi'li 
they  call  Santa  Coleta;  tlicncc  through  a  pass  to  tlic 


!  Tl 


*Crespi  makes  the  jotiniey  of  tlio  two  ilays  ]5  leagues,  and  leaves  hh 
courses  v;i;;iie,  iiiiplyini,'  that  he  was  travelling  iilways  iiorth-west. 

"llitttU,  in  his  lH.<U>iy  of'  Son  Francisro  and  iiiciihufcrly  nf  Califoniin, 
p.  45,  tells  us  that  the  Spaniards  on  tiiis  trip  erossed  the  strait  and  t;a- 
versed  the  broad  hills  and  valleys  intervening  until  they  reaehed  lUisfiau 
lUver! 

'  Palou,  Vida,  134-5,  saj's  the  exploration  was  not  concluded  on  acfoiiiit  I'f 
bad  news  from  San  Diego;  but  he  means  that  this  uews  prevented  subseipuiit 
trips. 


jiirr 


TO  THE  MOUTH  OF  THE  GREAT  RIVERS. 


1S7 


:s,  ami 

J,  i)rol>- 

Mairli 

roam— 

llO    lilHi 

IJiall. 
cs;  and 
Willow 
tlio  two 
n,  will  I 
i    al )( tut 
[  ill  the 
t)!'  iivc 
in  which 
bank  of 
scovorctl 
11  Fraii- 
lear  Aii- 

inir  on  to 

ISCO     Ills 

ich  they 
ich  tlioy 
crniincd 
Lite  than 
last  (lay 
tVni;"c-'ia 
i-ahatia— 
ccoml  ot 
n  as  San 
Nvhi'h 
ss  to  the 


■}■ 


(1  leaves  liis 

It. 

Cali/ornin, 

lait  anil  tvn- 
llietl  llu^-^iii" 

Im  ao''''"i"t  "' 
ll  subseiiuout 


vicinity  of  Mission  San  Josd,  and  to  tlioir  fonnor 
route,  ciicani}iin_o'  one  leao'iiu  bej'ond  the  Encarnacioii 
Arroyo  whoro  they  had  been  March  '24th,  on  a  stream 
called  San  Francisco  de  Paula,  in  the  vicinity  of  j\Iil- 
jiitas.  From  the  third  to  the  Iburtli  they  return  by 
the  former  route  to  ]Mt)iiterey,  whence  Crcspi  goes 
over  to  San  Carlos  and  delivers  his  diary  to  the  presi- 
dent. 

Then  Padre  Junipcro,  "seeing  that  it  was  iinpossi- 
l)lc  to  found  at  once  the  mission  of  our  sera])hio 
father  San  Francisco  in  his  own  port,  since,  as  that 
port  according  to  Cabreiu  Bueiio  was  near  Point 
Kiyes,  it  was  necessary  to  go  to  it  by  water,  passing 
fn)m  Point  Almejas  to  Point  Reyes  across  the  Ense- 
iiada  de  los  Faralloncs;  or  if  by  land,  it  was  necessary 
to  make  a  new  exploration  by  ascending  the  great 
riveis  in  search  of  a  ford;  and  since  as  it  is  not  known 
if  they  extend  far  inland,  or  where  they  rise,  a  new 
expedition  was  necessary;  therefore,  his  reverence 
determined  in  view  of  what  had  been  discovered  in 
this  exploration  to  report  to  the  viceroy"  and  await 
his  instructions. 

During  the  commander's  absence  Serrahad  received 
letters  from  Sun  Diego  and  San  Gabriel  announcing 
great  want  of  supplies,  the  departure  of  Cambon  and 
Dumetz,  and  the  illness  of  Somcra.  lie  therefore 
despatched  Crespi  south,  and  with  him  Pages  sent  an 
escort  and  some  flour;  but  food  was  soon  exhausted 
at  ]\[onterev  f^wd  San  Antonio,  and,  except  for  a  very 
small  (juantity  of  vegetables  and  milk,  the  Spaniards 
were  almost  wholh'  dependent  for  sustenance  on  the 
natives.**  L'^te  in  May,  when  the  last  extremity'  was 
readied,  anu  there  was  yet  no  news  of  the  ^■essels, 
]•';!;_;■<-;  ^itli  thirteen  men  spent  some  three  months 
hunting  bears  in  the  Canada  de  los  Osos,  thus  sup[»ly- 
ing  pieriidio  and  mission  with  meat  until  succor  came. 

^'Oit.  M,  177-,  tlie  viroroj- ackiiowledgrs  receipt  of  I  ages' letter  of  Juno 
2(Jlli,  cuinpluiuiug  of  acurcity  uf  food.  /'/of.  6Y.  PcyA,  MS.,  i.  'lO, 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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188 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  NEW  ESTABLISILMENTS, 


I 


At  last  the  tMo  transports  arrived  on  tlic  coast;  but 
l)y  reason  of  adverse  winds  they  could  not  reach  ^loii- 
terey  and  therefore  returned  to  San  Diei^o."  Fages 
and  Serra  now  started  for  the  south  late  in  August  to 
make  arrangements  for  the  transportation  of  supplies 
to  San  Carlos  and  San  Antonio.  Padre  Cavtdkr 
went  also,  Juncosa  and  Pieras  being  left  on  dutv  at 
[Monterey,  until  October  or  Xovember,  when  Crespi 
and  Dumetz  returned  overland.  The  San  Antonio 
alst)  came  uj)  with  .supplies,  but  there  is  no  record  of 
subsequent  events  in  the  nt)rth  for  nearly  a  year. 

Vessels  arriving  promising  relief  from  pressing 
needs,  the  president  resolves  on  his  way  south  to 
establish  one  of  the  new  missions  in  the  Canada  do 
los  Osos.  He  therefore  takes  with  him  Padre  Ca- 
valier, the  niitisi(jn  guard,  and  the  required  vestments 
and  utensils.  A  site,  called  by  the  natives  Tixlini, 
being  selected,  half  a  league  from  the  famous  Canada 
but  within  sight  of  it,  on  the  1st  of  September  Juni- 
pcro  raises  the  Christian  symbol,  says  mass,  and  thus 
ushers  in  the  mission  of  San  Luis  Obi  '  le  Tolosa.'' 
Cavalier  is  left  to  labor  alone  at  fir  ith  five  sol- 

diers, and  two  Indians  to  work  on  the  iMiildings.  The 
nativ^es  are,  however,  well  disposed,  retaining  as  tluy 
do  a  Lrateful  remembrance  of  Pages'  recent  services 
in  ridding  their  country  of  troublesome  bears.  Tliuy 
are  willing  to  work,  otter  their  chiklren  for  baptism, 
and  even  help  with  their  seeds  to  eke  out  the  iViar's 

'Letter  of  SciTa  to Pnlou  from  Monterey,  Aug.  18tli,iu/'o/o»,  J7(/i(.  l.)il-0. 

'"  Saint  Louis,  bishop  of  Toulouse,  son  of  Ciuir'es  IL  of  Naples,  w.ift  lnnn  in 
r.27"),  liecainc  a  I'ranciscan  in  l'JO-4,  died  in  l'Ji)8,  and  was  tanonizud  in  WAl. 
His  day  is  August  I'Jtli.  Sa/i  Luis  Obifjio,  Lih.  de  M'lxioii,  MS.  Fages  ciiMs 
the  mission  San  Luis  Obi.sp(>  do  los  Ticlios.  I'rov.  St.  J'ii/>.,  MS.,  i.  h(l.  Ac- 
curding  to  Ardt.  Ulii»jia<lv,  MS.,  8.'J,  the  mission  had  ut  iirst  only  TiO  llis.  of 
Hour  and  .'i  a'lmclfn  oi  wheat,  so  that  life  had  to  bo  sustained  by  f^eeils  ob- 
tiiiued  from  llio  natives.  Dee.  2,  177-,  the  viceroy  writes  to  Fagcs  app  .iviii' 
tlie  founding  of  the  mission  in  a  spot  where  there  is  nnich  good  land  ami 
)iknty  of  game.  Prov.  St.  I'nii.,  MS.  i.  70.  Serra,  in  Saa  l>h"jo,  J. Hi.  <l" 
Minion,  Ms.,  strangely  calls  the  mi.ssion  which  ho  founded  at  this  time  Sail 
Lui.i  Key.  The  traditional  old  Indian  woman  who  aided  in  building  tliw  mis- 
bion  church  is  not  wanting  ut  San  Luis.  According  to  uewspaper  items  fcho 
Way  uauicd  Lililu  and  died  Aug.  1,  1S74. 


FOUNDING  OF  SAN  LUIS  OBISPO. 


ISO 


Dast;  but 
It'll  ^lou- 
»  Fnges 
Liiu'U.-^t  to 

r  !SUpi)lk'S 

Cavi'ilki' 
I  dutv  at 
ill  Civspi 
\  Antouut 
record  of 
year. 

pressiii;:^ 

south  to 

'anaJa  do 

\ulro  (Ai- 

vestnients 

IS  Tixllui, 

us  Canada 

iber  Jum'- 

aud  lliu:^ 

Tolosa.'^ 

I  five  ^ol- 

lUii'S.    The 

'j:  as  tlicv 

t  serviivs 

li-s.    Thry 

baptism, 

he  friar's 

Is,  WM.-I  llillll  ill 

liizc'tl  ill  K'lT. 

|i.,  i.  M).  ^^■■ 

\\\y  :A)  Ills,  .'f 
by  sei'ils  (ili- 
tcs  iil'I'  iviu.,' 
|)0(l  iuml  iiii'i 
'(V;/o,  7-''i.  ''" 
\\\M  tiiiii'  S;;ii 
Jing  thw  mis- 
Lt  items  fclio 


scanty  supply  of  food.  Additional  soldiers  and  pro- 
visions are  to  be  left  on  the  return  of  the  train  from 
San  Diego,  and  the  associate  minister  Juncosa  is  to 
come  down  at  the  end  of  the  year.  The  day  after 
founding  the  mission  Serra  and  Fagcs  continue  their 
idurnev."  It  is  the  president's  first  trip  overland  and 
Jio  is  delighted  with  all  he  beholds,  with  the  pros- 
pects at  San  Luis,  with  the  natives  of  the  channel 
coast,^^  and  with  progress  at  San  Gabriel,  where  he 
spends  September  11th  and  12th,  and  whence  Father 
I'aterna  goes  down  to  San  Diego  to  return  with  the 
sup})ly-train. 

Of  events  at  San  Diego  and  San  Gabriel,  prior  to 
tlie  arrival  of  Fages  and  Serra  the  IGth  of  Septem- 
lier,  we  know  nothing  save  the  illness  of  Souiera, 
Canil)on,  and  Dumetz,  the  departure  of  the  last  two 
I'nr  llie  peninsula,  the  coming  of  Crespi  from  the  north 
in  31  ay,  the  return  of  Dumetz  accompanied  by  Tomas 
de  la  Peiia  sent  up  by  Palou  to  take  Cambon's  place, 
and  tlie  arrival  of  the  Saa  Carlos  and  Sua  Antonio  in 
August. 

As  soon  as  the  San  Cdrlo.'i  can  be  unloaded  the 
mule  train  is  made  ready  and  despatched  for  the  north 
Septend)er  2rth,  in  charge  of  Crespi  and  Dumetz,  who 
go  to  relieve  Pieras  and  Juncosa  at  San  Carlos.  The 
Sun  Antonio  is  to  take  her  cargo  to  Monterey,  and 
jirohably  does  so,  though  we  have  no  further  notice 
of  lier  movements  during  this  tri}).^'' 

Serra  now  wishes  to  proceed  with  the  founding  of 

"  Serra  had  great  hopea,  'nit  says  lie,  '  let  us  leave  time  to  tell  the  atniy  in 
the  iii(itri'(  ss  wliieli  I  hope  Christianity  will  make  aiiiuiiL,'  tiiem  in  spite  <it  tiio 
Kiu'iuy  will)  already  hegaii  to  lash  his  tail  (//*»'.  r  In  coin)  by  means  of  a  liinl 
Eolilier,  who  soon  after  arrival  they  eanght  in  actnul  bin  with  an  In<ii:in 
viiiiKin.  n  tliiiii,'  Mhich  greatly  grieved  the  poor  padre.'  .Serra,  JUpris.  Jl  tie 

Moiln.  MS.,   117. 

'-'  Vet  in  his  report  to  the  viceroy  of  .\piil  '22,  ITT.'I,  ho  refers  to  a  distuil)- 
niuc  here  lii'tween  the  soldier.s  and  Indians,  in  which  one  of  the  latter  wad 
killed  mid  another  severely  Mouniled.  /'/v.c.  .S7.  /'«/).,  .MS.,  i.  101. 

'•'  Mee.  •_',  177"2,  the  viceroy  writes  to  Fages  reprimanding  liiniforallowiii;» 
the  vt  s.sel  to  continue  her  voyage  up  to  Monterey  at  this  season,  lie  should 
have  uuliiaded  her  uud  iunvurded  her  cargo  by  laud.  Prov.  Ht.  Pup.,  MS.,  i. 
77-S. 


100 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  NEW  ESTABLISHMENTS. 


I* 


\i 


San  Buenaventura  on  the  Santa  Barbara  Cliannol,  as 
originally  planned  by  Josd  de  Galvez  five  years  before. 
He  had  visited  its  propos'  I  site  at  Asuncion  on  his 
hite  trip,  and  has  formed  some  sanguine  expectations 
as  to  its  future.  His  enthusiasm  on  this  occasion,  us 
on  several  others,  seems  to  impair  his  judgment  and 
causes  him  to  forget  that,  with  the  present  military 
force,  it  is  impossible  to  furnish  a  suitable  guard  fur  a 
new  mission,  especially  for  one  so  far  from  the  others 
and  in  so  populous  a  region.  I  suppose  that  Fages 
very  properly  refused  to  furnish  a  guard  until  nioio 
soldiers  should  be  sent  to  California.^*  At  any  rate  a 
bitter  quarrel  ensued  between  the  two,  respecting  tlio 
merits  of  which  few  details  are  known,  but  in  the 
course  of  which  the  hot-headed  Fages,  in  the  riglit  at 
first,  may  very  likely  have  exceeded  the  bounds  of 
moderation  and  good  taste;  while  the  president, 
though  manifestly  unjust  in  his  prejudice  against  the 
commandant,  was  perhaps  more  politic  and  self-con- 
tained in  his  words  and  acts  at  the  tune,  and  has, 
moreover,  the  advantage  of  having  left  his  side  of  the 
question  more  fully  recorded  than  that  of  his  antago- 
iiist.»» 

"Pnloii,  r!<Ia,  146,  says  that  Scrra  'consulted  with  cnmandante  Fa,i,'r3 
nliout  ail  escort  anil  other  assistance  necessary  for  the  founding,  hut  ho  foiiiiil 
the  tloor  closeil,  and  that  he  (Fages)  wont  on  giving  sucli  directions  tliiit  if 
they  shoiihl  he  carried  into  cflect,  far  from  hcing  ahlo  to  found  (the  nii:sinii) 
they  threatened  the  risk  of  losing  what  it  had  cost  so  much  worli  to  acii'iii- 
plidli.  To  prevent  such  a  result,  from  which  serious  misfortunes  niiglit  issue, 
tlie  venerable  padre  used  all  the  means  suggested  by  his  great  prudence  inid 
will  known  skill;  Init  in  no  way  was  ho  able  to  accomplish  his  purpose.'  Tlic 
eaiiie  author  in  Notkius,  i.  .500-10,  says:  'They  spokoot  the  number  of  soIiUcih 
who  were  to  remain,  and  of  the  manner  in  which  the  mission  was  to  be  iium- 
a;;i(l,  because  lie  (Fages)  had  already  meddled  in  the  government  of  the  mis- 
si(>ns,  already  jiretending  that  all  belonged  to  !iim  and  not  to  tlie  j^ailns;  so 
tliat  the  nii.it  ions,  instead  of  pi'ogrcssing,  retrograded,  and  if  the  tiling  w  cut 
on  the  reduction  might  bo  rendered  impossible, 

'■'  I'alou  had  aUuiled,  in  his  Memorial  of  December  1772,  tomisundcrstiiinl- 
ings  between  tlic  military  and  missionary  autliorities.  JIarcli  KS,  177-',  t  lie 
viceroy  in  a  letter  to  Fages,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  74-.'>,  urges  him  to  nKiiu- 
tain  harmony,  to  lis^ten  to  all  complaints,  to  aid  the  padres  with  gunnls  iuid 
supplies,  to  treat  converts  well,  and  to  promote  the  mission  work  in  cviiy 
possible  way.  October  '2d,  Scrra  says  to  Fages  that  the  padres  are  unwilling 
to  take  charge  of  the  troops'  provisions,  fearing  quarrels,  but  will  do  it  tem- 
porarily if  military  supplies  bo  delivered  in  8ep.arato  packages.  Arch.  Ar.D- 
hi.'jxidn,  MS.,  i.  3.  October  8th,  Fages  transcribes  to  Scrra  ft  communiiiitiin 
from  tho  viceroy,  dated  November  3,  1771,  ou  the  duty  of  president  and 


SERRA  QUARRELS  WITH  FAGES. 


191 


lannol,  as 
rs  before. 
)n  on  liis 
)ectations 
casioii,  as 
mcnt  and 
■j  military 
Liard  for  a 
he  others 
lat  Fa,!jfes 
ntil  more 
iny  rate  a 
3ctinLj  tlie 
lit  in  tlie 
c  right  at 
bounds  of 
president, 
gainst  the 
\  seh-con- 
and  lias, 
idc  of  tlio 
is  untaiio- 

o 


mtl.inte  Fai^cs 

l)ut  he  fi)uiiil 

'ctions  thiit  if 

(the  mission) 

lork  to  aiTi'iii- 

might  i  sue, 

pnuleiice  Mini 

nuqiosi'. '  'i'ho 

fberot'  soMirvs 

liis  to  lie  mail- 

lit  of  tlu-  iiiis- 

|ho  ]'aih'(  s;  >ii) 

ic  thini;  went 

lisnndori^tainl- 

18,  177J,  tlio 

I  him  to  iiKiin- 

|h  gunnls  mill 

voik  in  evi  ry 
laro  uiiwilliii!,' 
I'lll  do  it  Uiii- 
Afch.  ArM- 

l)iiiinunit':iti'ii\ 
Iresiilint  auJ 


The  eliargcs  of  the  president  against  Fagos  wore 
ciuhodied  in  his  Uc]U\'mintac{on  of  the  following  year. 
According  to  this  uoeunicnt  his  offences  were  as  fol- 
lows: Bad  treatment  of  and  haughty  manners  toward 
liis  men,  causing  them  to  hate  him,  as  Serra  had 
learned  by  long  experience;  incompetence  to  com- 
iiiaiid  the  cucra  soldiers,  since  he  belonged  himself  to 
aiiotlier  branch  of  the  service;  refusal  to  transfer  sol- 
dieis  for  bad  conduct  at  the  padres'  request;  meddling 
V  itli  mission  management  and  the  i)unishment  of  neo- 
])hytes  as  he  had  no  right  to  do  except  for  dclitos  de 
Kdiif/rc,  or  grave  offences;  refusal  to  allow  the  padre 
a  soldier  to  serve  as  majordomo,  the  soldier  being 
traiisferr(Kl  as  soon  as  he  became  attached  to  a  padre, 
on  tlie  plea  that  such  attachment  was  subversive  of 
the  military  authority;  irregular  and  delayed  delivery 
of  letters  and  property  directed  to  the  padres,  accord- 
ing to  his  whim,  thus  preventing  the  distribution  of 
small  uifts  to  the  Indians;  insolence  and  constant 
ci!orts  to  annoy  the  friars,  who  were  at  his  mercy; 
delaying  mission  work  by  retaining  at  the  presidio 
the  only  blachsmith;  opening  the  iriars' letters,  and 
neglect  to  inform  them  in  time  when  mails  were  to 
start;  taking  away  the  mission  mules  for  the  use  of 
the  soldiers;  and  the  retention  uiuler  charge  of  the 
jiiesidio  of  cattle  intended  i'or  new  missions.^"  Some 
of  these  charges  were  doubtless  unfounded,  or  at  least 
cxa'j'Lifcrated. 

It  was  partly  on  account  of  this  difficulty  with 
Fages  that  Serra  determined  to  go  in  pei'son  to  !Mox- 
ico,  but  there  were  other  motives  that  made  such  a 
tiip  desirable.  The  mission  work  in  California  had 
now  been  fairly  begun,  and  from  the  actual  working 
ol'  the  system  the  need  of  some  changes  had  become 

jiiulres  to  set  a  pood  example  by  obedicnco  to  the  orders  of  the  t-oniinandant. 
/•/.  October  I'Jth,  >Serra  assures  Fajjea  that  neither  he  nor  iii.s  Biil)ordiiiatea 
i'\\  r  have  failed  or  ever  will  fail  in  respect  to  tiio  coninuindaut".s  orders.  Iil. ,  4. 
"■.Vi /•;•«,  /,'</, rvKCiilacioii  de  1,1  tie.  Marzo  1773,  in  J'a'uii,  Not.,  i.  518-.'{4, 
papsini.  lie  hints  that  ho  couhl  say  much  worse  things  about  hi.s  foe  if  it 
\M  re  necessary.  There  is  also  much  against  Fages  iu  •'ierm,  Ii''2>ns.,  df  ;.'i 
ik  Maiju  17 7 J,  MS. 


192 


I'ROfiRESS  OF  THE  NEW  ESTABUSHMENTS. 


I 


I 


apparent,  cliani^cs  whicli  the  president  could  advocate 
more  effectually  in  ))erson  than  by  corrcspondeiKc ; 
and  what  made  a  visit  to  Mexico  the  more  imperative 
in  the  [)adre's  opinion  was  the  news  that  a  new  vice- 
roy, presumably  ignorant  of  northern  afl'airs,  had  come 
to  New  Spain  the  preceding  autumn  to  succeed  Croix, 
and  that  Galvez,  California's  l)est  friend,  had  also 
gone  to  S[)ain.  Only  the  most  active  efforts  couM 
keep  U[)  the  old  enthusiasm ;  and  at  least  it  was  well 
to  learn  of  what  stuff  Bucarcli  was  made. 

Serra  accordingly  sailed  on  the  San  Carlos  the  1  Otli 
or  20th  of  October,  taking  with  him  a  neophyte  from 
IMonterey  who  afterward  received  the  rite  of  coniir- 
mation  at  the  hand  of  Archbishop  Lorenzana.  Of  the 
president's  doings  in  Mexico  I  shall  have  something 
to  say  in  the  next  chapter."  Shortly  before  the  ves- 
sel sailed,  Padro  Somera  liad  started  for  the  penin- 
sula;"* a  little  later  Fagos  set  out  overland  for  Mon- 
terey ;  and  in  November  the  friars  Juan  Figucr  and 
Ramon  Usson  arrived  from  the  south,  sent  up  l)y 
Palou  at  Serra's  request  for  the  proposed  mission  of 
San  Buenaventura. 

At  a  consultation  between  the  Dominican  vicar 
general  and  Ilafael  Verger  the  guardian  of  San  Fer- 
nando College,  an  agreement  was  formed  April  7, 
1772,  by  which  all  the  missions  of  the  peninsula  were 
given  u[>  by  the  Franciscan  to  the  Dominican  order. 
The  loiiij:  series  of  ne<j;'otiations  and  intrimies  which 
led  to  tliis  result  has  been  presented  elsewhere  in  I'on- 
nection  with  the  annals  of  the  peninsula,*"  and  need 
not  be  repeated  here.  The  Dominicans  had  worked 
hard  for  a  division  of  the  missions,  which  the  Fraii- 

"Ile  arrived  at  Pan  Bias  Nov.  4tli,  M-as  at  Topic  Nov.  lOtli,  liail  very 
severe  iind  dangerous  attacks  of  illnesH  at  (iuadalajara  and  Qiicr(*'>ro,  ami 
finally  arrived  in  Mexico  in  I'Vbruury  1773.  Serra,  in  llaudhii.  Dor.  Jfi-if.  Ciil., 
MS..  1,  says  ho  ■went  to  Mexico  to  plead  for  the  extension  of  niis.-ionH,  etc. 
Fa^es  in  letter  of  Pec.  '22,  177-,  uHirnis  tliat  tlio  padro  left  fur  Mexico  'ou 
inistiiou  business.'  I'rnr.  St.  l'n}>.,  MS.,  i.  8(J- 7. 

'"  i'ossii)!y  several  months  before,  biuce  he  sailed  fi'oiu  Loreto  for  Sau  Blua 
on  Oct.  I'Jtli. 

'*  Sec  Hist.  Xorth  Mexican  States,  this  series. 


FRAXCISCANS  AND  DO.VnXICAXS. 


193 


cisoans  luid  strcnuouslj  roaistoJ.  At  first  tlic  new 
cstablisliiiiciits  of  tlic  north  were  hardly  taken  into 
till!  account  by  either  party;  but  as  the  struggle  con- 
tinued, additional  knowledge  of  the  new  country  was 
coiistaiitly  accumulating;  and  finally,  when  it  was  no 
longer  possible  to  prevent  a  division,  so  flattering  were 
tlio  reports  from  Alta  California  that  the  peninsula 
v.as  regarded  as  hardly  worth  the  keeping,  and  was 
gladly  relinquished  by  the  guardian  of  the  niotlier  col- 
lege. The  followers  of  Saint  Dominic  were  pleased, 
ior  they  obtained  more  than  they  had  ever  asked  for. 
So  far  as  is  shown  by  the  records  Palou  and  Serra 
l<ii('\v  notlung  of  the  cession  until  it  was  consummated, 
the  latter  first  learning  of  it  from  retiring  Franciscans 
V,  lioni  he  met  at  Topic;  yet  it  is  difficult  of  belief  that 
the  guardian  did  not  act  on  the  direct  advice  of  the 
two  presidents,  or  that  Padre  Jum'pero  did  not  know 
vvliat  was  brewing  when  he  left  San  Diego.  However 
tliat  may  have  been,  all  three  were  satisfied  with  their 
iiargain,  as  they  had  every  reason  to  be.  Later  the 
division  would  have  been  on  a  very  diflerent  basis. 

In  August  Palou  received  information  of  the  agree- 
ment at  Loreto.  His  acts  in  the  final  delivery  of  tlio 
missions  have  been  noticed  elsewhere.  The  guardian's 
i:i.-tiUctions  required  ft)ur  friars  to  be  assigned  to  duty 
ill  tlic  north.,  while  the  rest  were  to  return  to  their 
college.  But  in  the  mean  time  two,  CandK)n  and 
S  Miiera,  had  returned  ill,  two  others  had  asked  leave 
of  absence,  one  was  needed  for  the  ^Nfontorey  presi<lio, 
and  one  or  two  extra  helpers  would  be  convenient  for 
cniergoncies.  Besides,  it  seemed  much  better  to  send 
tlic  fiiars  up  to  San  Diego,  whence,  if  not  needed,  they 
could  return  by  sea  to  San  Bias,  than  to  S(Mid  them 
bade  to  the  college  to  undertake,  if  neinled  in  tlie 
iiortli,  a  long  and  dangerous  voyage.  He  wrote  forth- 
willi  to  (Guardian  Verger  on  the  subject,  and  also  to 
8ena,  sending  two  of  the  padres,  Usson  and  Figuer, 
U}i  fo  San  Diego  with  the  letter,  in  September. 

Faterna,  acting  president  in  Serra's  absence,  wrote 

Uisi.  Cal,,  Vol.  I.    13 


SKt  I 


104 


PROT.RESS  OF  THE  XEXV  ESTARLIiSnMEXTS. 


liafk  that  ten  friars  would  not  be  too  many;  Scrra 
Yvi'ote  from  Topic,  November  10tli,thatat  least  eii^lit 
or  ten  should  be  sent  to  California  if  it  could  be  done 
without  disobeyinjj  very  positive  orders  of  the  <^u;\v- 
dian,  and  that  he  hoped  to  see  Palou  himself  amoii<^r 
the  number;  and  finally  Verier  \vrote  approving  tlic 
idea  of  sending  eight  or  ten  friars,  but  expressing 
(l()ul>ts  as  to  his  ability  to  obtain  a  stipend  for  the 
one  destined  to  presidio  service,  and  hoping  that  Palou 
would  decide  to  come  back  to  the  college.  The  latter 
of  course  fixed  upon  the  outside  number,  and  inuur- 
diately  selected  ei«>-ht  in  addition  to  the  two  alreadv 
sent  north;  neither  could  he  resist  the  temptation  to 
include  his  own  name  in  the  list.'"  It  was  his  plan 
to  leave  behind  temporarily  Father  Campa,  who  was 
to  act  in  his  own  absence  as  president,  and  to  come 
north  later  with  a  drove  of  cattle,  which  by  authority 
cf  the  viceroy  were  to  be  taken  from  the  missions  of 
the  peninsula. 

l*alou  was  also  authorized  to  take  twenty-five  na- 
tive families  from  the  frontier  missions  for  the  northern 
establishments,  and  durinjx  the  autumn  of  1772  and 
the  spring  of  1773,  while  occupied  with  the  final  de- 
tails of  the  transfer,  he  made  a  beginning  of  the  ^\■ork, 
meeting  many  obstacles  through  the  lukewarniiiess 
of  the  Dominicans  and  the  open  hostility  of  Governor 
Barri.'-^  In  Jul}'"  while  at  Velicata,  with  six  of  his 
fiiars,  he  received  information  from  Campa  that  the 
San  Carlos  had  arrived  at  Loreto  laden  with  sup^Jics 
for  San  Diego,  which  it  was  proposed  to  unload  at 
Loreto  while  the  vessel  returned  to  San  Bias  for  rt- 
I)airs.  Foreseeing  that  this  delay  was  likely  to  cause 
great  w'ant  in  the  new  missions,  the  president  resolved 
to  suspend  his  recruiting  and  pi'ess  on  to  San  Diego 
innncdiately  with  all  the  maize  his  mules  could  carry. 

^"Thc  eight  wore:  Francisco  Palou,  Pedro  Benito  Cambon,  Grcgorio  Aiiiur- 
rio,  Ferniin  Francisco  Liisucn,  .Inan  Piestumcro,  Vicente  Faster,  Jose  Aiitd- 
iiioMnrguia   Miguel  de  la,  Cair.jia  y  Cos. 

'-'  Y»;t  Ikirri  \n-itcs  to  Pages  J.in.  7, 1773,  that  lie  ha.s  sent  up  ."0  horses  inid 
40  mules,  all  he  could  collect  in  the  peninsula.  Prov.  Htut.  I'ap,,  MS.,  i.  loS. 


PALOU'S  JOURXFA'  TO  TITE  NOr.TII. 


IM 


Caniboii  w.'iH  left  in  cliargo  of  Imlliin  faniilios,  cattlo, 
and  a  considorahlo  amount  of  chuivli  proporty,  ro- 
spoctinj^  wliicli  there  was  much  subsequent  difficulty, 
as  we  shall  see.  lie  wrote  to  Governor  l^airi  urging 
liim  to  forward  to  San  Luis  Bay  as  nuich  maize  as 
])()ssihle,  for  which  he  would  send  Ijack  mules  from 
San  Diego,  and  with  the  six  padres  and  a  guard  of 
fourteen  men  ho  set  out  for  the  north  the  21st  of  July. 

As  the  Californian  annals  of  1772,  beginning  in  the 
extreme  north,  were  made  to  follow,  so  to  speak,  the 
progress  of  President  Serra  southward,  so  may  tho 
little  that  is  recorded  of  1773  bo  most  conveniently 
attached  to  the  march  of  President  Palou  northward 
from  Velicatii  to  Monterey.  On  tho  2Gth  three  sol- 
diers were  sent  out  in  advance  to  announce  their 
coming,  and  Patcrna  and  Pena  came  down  far  on  the 
wav  to  meet  tho  travellers,  with  all  the  nuiles  that 
could  be  spared.  The  only  event  in  the  journey  re- 
(juii'iug  notice  was  tho  raising  of  a  cross,  with  ap^iro- 
jiriato  ceremonies,  to  mark  the  boundary  between 
Fram;iscan  and  Dominican  territory,  on  the  19th  of 
August.  The  cross  was  placed  on  a  high  rock  five 
leagues  above  tho  Arroyo  of  San  Juan  liautista  and 
about  fifteen  leagues  below  San  Diego."^  Arriving  at 
the  latter  port  on  the  morning  of  tho  30th,  the  new- 
comers were  welcomed  with  a  discharge  of  fire-arms 
and  with  every  demonstration  of  joy. 

Palou's  advance  messengers  had  gone  on  to  Monte- 
rey to  obtain  from  Pages  mules  to  bring  up  the  sup- 
plies from  Velicatii.  While  awaiting  a  rei)ly  the  pr(\si- 
dent  busied  himself  in  studying  the  condition  of  af- 
fairs and  in  making  a  temporary  distribution  of  the 
new  friars,  since  nothing  could  be  done  in  tho  new 
establishments  until  the  vessels  came  with  su[)plies 
and  soldiers."'    Tho  native  families  expected  from  the 

'^Tlic  cross  boro  the  inscription,  Divmon  ih  Inn  minhnoi  ilc  NiipMro  Padre 
<^»nlol)(ir,ui,,jo  y  <lc  Niie.'<lrQ  Pndn:  ,S'a//  I'raiicixco;  ai'io  dc  177 J. 

*•'  Tlio  iiiis.sionury  force  after  this  distribution  was  its  follows:  S:in  Diego— 
Luis  Jiiume,  Vicente  Fuster,  and  Grejjorio  Ainurrio  aa  superiiiuucraiy.    Sau 


196 


rnonnEss  of  tite  new  KSTAnusiiMEXTs. 


lilt:::! 


south  ^vc•ro  also  jipportionod  in  advance  amoni^  tlio 
missions  aof.'onlinijf  to  their  ap[)arent  need."*  Puterna, 
]jasuon,  and  Prestainero  started  lor  their  stations  on 
the  r)tli  of  Septeniher.  On  the  19th  came  a  letter 
from  Fagos  with  all  the  mules  that  could  be  obtained, 
I'iLjhty-two  in  nund>er,  which  were  sent  forward  three 
days  later  under  Ortei^a  and  a  guard  for  Velicatii.-' 
On  the  2Gth  Palou,  Murguia,  and  Pena  started  for 
the  north,  after  having  baptized  fifteen  new  converts 
fiom  El  liincon,  a  league  and  a  half  north  of  the 
mission. 

The  journey  northward  presents  nothing  of  inter- 
est, Palou  simply  stationing  his  companions  at  their 
respective  missions  according  to  the  plan  already 
giver.,  and  making  close  observations  to  be  utilized  in 
his  forthcoming  report.  At  San  Luis  the  party  Mas 
met  by  Pages,  and  a  league  from  IMonterey  Crespi 
came  out  to  greet  his  old  friend  and  school-mate.  At 
the  presidio  on  November  14th  they  were  welcomed 
with  the  customary  salute  and  ringing  of  bells,  to 
which  Palou  replied  with  a  j(>/«7/t'r^,  expressing  to  tlie 
soldiers  his  joy  at  seeing  that  they  had  come  to  servo 
God  in  so  distant  a  land,  where  he  hoped  they  woulil 
set  a  good  example  to  the  natives.  Then  they  went 
over  to  San  Cdrlos  and  were  greeted  by  the  ministers 
and  Indians.  Palou  was  very  enthusiastic  over  his 
arrival  at  Monterey,  a  place  wliich  he  had  desired  to 
visit  ever  since  he  read  Torquemada's  description  of 
Vizcaino's  voyage  over  twenty  j'ears  ago,  and  a  [)lacc 
where  he  was  willing  to  devote  his  life  to  the  saving 
of  precious  souls,  his  own  included. 

Gabriel — Antonio  Patcma,  Antonio  Cruzado  (both  of  whom  had  asked  Kr.vo 
to  retire),  Juan  Tigiicr,  and  Fermin  Francisco  Lasiicn.  San  Luis  ()liis]in— 
Jos(5  Cavalier,  Domingo  Juncosa  (anxious  to  retire),  later  Josd  Antonio  Nliir- 
guia,  with  Juan  Prestamero  and  Toniiis  de  la  I'ena  as  supenmmeiarics.  Sau 
Antonio — Mi^^uel  Picrns,  Buenaventura  Sitjar,  niul  Ramon  Usson  as  sn]i(i- 
nunierary.    San  Carlos — Juan  Crespi,  Francisco  Dumetz,  and  Francisco  I'aloii. 

'^*  San  Diego  was  to  have  one  family ;  San  Gabriel  G  families,  and  most  of 
the  unmarried;  and  San  Luis  Obispo  3  families  and  some  nultcroii.  It  is  pos- 
eiblo  that  these  Indians  came  up  with  Palou. 

"I  suppose  that  the  14  soldiers  who  had  come  up  with  Palou  also  returned, 
though  tliero  is  no  record  of  it.  It  is  a  point,  moreover,  of  sumu  importauco 
iu  tracing  the  uamcs  uf  the  earliest  settlers  iu  Colifuruia. 


Mi*-i' 


rs. 

iMoii!::^  tlio 
l\itcn»a, 
tations  on 
0  a  lettrr 
)  obtained, 
van  I  tlirco 
Vclicatd.-' 
itarted  for 
V  converts 
:th  of  the 

^  of  intcr- 
is  at  their 
,n   already 
utilized  in 
party  m;is 
roy  Crespi 
-mate.    At 
!  welcomed 
)f  bells,  to 
ing  to  the 
iG  to  servo 
hoy  would 
they  went 
ministers 
over  his 
desired  to 
riptlon  of 
nd  a  [)laco 
he  savinj^ 


VISIT  TO  THE  TULARES. 


197 


It  is  recorded  that  some  time  during  1773  Co- 
niandante  Fages,  while  out  in  search  of  deserters, 
crossed  the  sierra  eastward  and  saw  an  inunenso  plain 
covered  with  tnlarcs  und  a  great  lake,  whence  came  as 


- "      —  —  -  -  ^  -  -     ,  —  ____     __ _,_  — 

10  supposed  the  great  river  that  had  prevented  him 
_'roiii  going  to  Point  Ileyes.  Tliis  may  be  regarded 
as  the  discovery  of  the  Tulare  A^'alley.  Thus  close 
the  son)ev;hat  meagre  annals  of  an  uneventful  year, 
80  far  as  internal  affairs  in  California  are  concerned, 
hut  there  Were  measures  of  much  moment  beini: 
Ibniented  without,  to  which  and  to  a  general  report 
on  the  conditi(ni  of  the  country  the  following  chapter 
will  be  devoted."" 

'"Oil  tlio  events  of  this  chapter  sec  Palou.  Ifot.,  i.  180-245,  481-o]3;  Jd. 
Vida,  134-51. 


Ll  nskcd  K'avo 
iLuia  ()l>is)m— 
Antonio  Mur- 
Inciuiies.  S:iu 
Isson  as  stqior- 
Tanciseo  Taloii. 
Is,  and  most  of 
h-os.    It  is  pos- 

1  also  rcturnrd, 
BIO  uupoituuco 


1 1 

!  ll 


CHAPTER  IX. 


I 


i|i' 


FIRST  ANNUAL  RErORT;  SERRA'S  LAIJORS  IN  MEXICO. 

1773. 

pALOti's  Report  op  December,  and  Serra's  in  May — Condition  of  Cam- 
JOKNIA  AT  Close  oi-  the  First  Historical  Peuioh — Names  Arpi.iED— 
PitEsiiiio  AM)  Five  Missions — Haptisms,  M.\uuiA(iEs,  and  Deaths — 
Gentiles    Friendly  —  1'ke-pastorai,  Californian    \uriiiTK(TruE  — 

I'ALISADE      EncLOSITIIES  —  AlJKICirLTI'kK      AND      K  lOCK  -  RAISINd  —  XkW 

TuEHiDio  1{e(;i'lations  or  Seitember  177- — Father  Junipeuo  in 
Mexico  —  Memorial  ok  March  —  Memorial   ok  Ai'Uil— San  IW.vs 

ESTADLISHMENI'   SaVED— AcTION  OF  THE  .ICNTA— AlDS  AND  ReIOKMS— 

Reolamento— EuiiiTY  Soldiers  for  California — Ways  and  M>:ans— 
Serra's  Report  —  Provisional  Instructions  to  Fages  —  Fiscai.'s 
Report — Condition  of  Pkhs  Fhnd — Final  Ac'tion  of  the  Jinta— 
Rivera  Appointed  to  Sicieed  Faoes — Instructions — PiiiiPAUATioNd 
of  Rivera  and  Anza— Serr.\  Homeward  Bound, 


'/. 


The  resolution  of  the  junta  de  gucr'  i  y  real  Itacicnd 
dated  April  30,  1772,  giving  the  missions  of  Hk^ 
peninsula  to  the  Dominicans,  required  the  Francis- 
cans to  render  an  annual  report  on  the  condition  <«f 
their  new  establishments;  and  on  ^lay  12th  the 
viceroy  had  ordered  such  report  from  the  president/ 
Therefore  Palou,  president  in  Serra's  absence,  gave 
his  attention  to  the  matter  during  his  stay  at  San 
Diego  and  his  trip  northward,  devoting  himself,  on 
airival  at  ^Monteiey  in  November,  to  tlie  task  -if 
forming  from  the  results  of  his  observations  a  com- 
plete statement  for  the  viceroy.  The  document  w;is 
completed  the  10th  of  December  1773,  and  was  for- 
warded   to  Mexico  overland   with   a   letter   to  the 


•Tho  first  document  is  given  in  full  in  Palou,  Not.,  i.  lOO-j;  and  tho 
Bccuud  is  I'ufciTcd  tu  iu  /(/.,  ii.  t). 

V 198 ) 


FIRST  ANNUAL  Rin'ORTS. 


109 


rrn.irdiaii  of  S;m  l'\'riinii(I<).'"  Under  «l;ito  of  ^Fay 
i;|>(  of  tliu  same  year  Serni  in  Mexico  liad  iiicliided 
ill  Ills  report  to  the  viceroy  a  detailed  stateiueiit 
oj"  tiio  actual  condition  of  H»e  missions  at  the  time  ot' 
Ills  departure  the  precedii;^;  Septendier,  suj»plemente(l 
hv  iiilormation  deiived  IVoi.'  later  correspon«li'nee. 
Tills  )-tj)()rt"''  covers  substantially  the  same  ground  as 
tliat  of  Palou  and  the  t\v<)  cond)ined  may  he  regarded 
i\fi  one  document.  Later  amuiul  an«l  hiennial  rejioits 
of  the  missio!is,  ])reserved  in  my  Library,  will  h" 
ii(ih/cd  for  the  most  part  in  local  cha[)ters  and  statis- 
tical appeiulices,  being  noticed  in  my  text  only  'u  a 
j;'cnernl  maimer  or  for  special  reasons.  ]>ut  thi  iirst 
ri'poi't  being  a  very  complete  statement  of  (.California's 
(•(•ii('ition  at  t!i  •  nd  of  what  may  be  n^gardcd  as  t1  o 
liist  period  of  her  mission  histoiy,  deserves  fuller 
ii()ti((>  huie.  Historical  items  pi-oper  respecting  the 
f  xiiiding  (jf  each  mission  gathered  I'rom  this  soiu'ce 
as  fi'om  (»thers  having  been  given  in  the  preceding 
chapters,  I  now  invito  the  reader's  attention  to  the 
iicw  cstal)lishments  as  they  were  at  the  end  of  177^, 
the  fifth  year  of  Spanish  ()ccu[)ation. 

The  *>rew  ]!]stablishments,'  'Establishments  of  San 
J)iego  and  Monterey,'  tlio  'Missions  of  IMontcrey,' 
'X{!\v  California,'  'Northern  California,'  'California 
Sii[)(iior,'  'Alta  California,'  and  the  'Peninsula' — 
i'ur  all  these  names  had  been  or  were  a  little  later  ap- 
plied, and  continued  in  use  for  many  years — include  at 
tiiis  time  five  missions  and  a  presidio.*   These  are  San 

-  Paloii,  Iii/orme  queporel  vies  de  dk'iemhrc  de  177-i  kc  hlzo  al  Ex'no  Sn'mr 
Vini/dd  c.-ilud'')  de  km  (.■hiri)  iniKloiic^  df  Muiil< nii,  in  I'ldaii,  Not.,  ii.  II  4'J. 
liiiri'^,  iu  lii.H  VniiiKjc  en  Cril.,  a,  report  iuMrosst'd  to  tlic  VictToy  on  Nov.  ,'!(). 
177'>,  iisiil  tliia  lir.st  report  of  I'alou,  to  which  he,  however,  gives  tlic  thite  of 
Nov.  •2lth,  instead  of  Dec.  lOth. 

^.V' ;•;•((,  /'<:/ircm'iilitci()ii  dl  P.  Fr.  Jmif/iero  Srrrn  ynhrr  lux  Misioni'^  dr  hi 
Xni ni  aiilii'itniki,  L'l  d<'  Mayo  dn  17<'l,  MS.  'J'his  repi.)rt  is  in  two  parts,  one 
nsiiectin;,'  the  needs)  of  the  country  from  a  military  point  i  "  view,  and  the 
otiicr  on  the  actnal  condition  of  tlio  missions. 

'it  is  to  1)0  noted  that  I'alou  in  his  report  does  not  name  San  I>ie,i.'o  as  a 
l>r(.si(lio,  and  there  is  no  evidence  that  it  was  in  these  earliest  years  (•i)nsi(ier»  d 
as  such  excejjt  in  the  sense  that  every  post  guarded  by  soldiers,  like  any  of 
tiie  niisaioiis,  is  spoken  of  as  a  presiilio.  San  l)icyo  had  no  lar^^'cr  rej,'ular  f'  ireo 
than  some  otlur  missions.  It  became,  however,  aregular  presidio  in  177-i  wlr  u 
tlic  uc\v  njluiitCiUu  went  into  ell'ect. 


ij 


■'  ■■■  i 


i 


im 


}    : 


ill' 


200 


SERRAo  LARORS  IX  MEXICO. 


Diego  tic  Alcalii  at  Cosoy  on  tlio  port  of  San  Diei^r^ 
in  ^'2"  43',  built  on  a  liill  two  giuisliots  from  the  shore, 
and  facing  tlio  entrance  to  the  port  at  Point  Guijarros; 
San  Gal)riel  Arcangel,  forty-four  leagues  nortli-west 
of  San  Diego,  in  the  country  of  Los  Temblores  in  34" 
10',  on  the  slope  of  a  hill  half  a  league  from  the  source 
of  the  Rio  do  San  Miguel,  six  leagues  west  of  tlic 
Piiver  Jesus  do  los  Temblores,  and  a  league  and  a  lialf 
east  of  the  Iliver  Nuestra  Senora  do  Los  Angeles '  do 
Pnrciuncula ;  San  Luis  Obispo  de  Tolosa,  about  seventy 
leagues  from  San  Gabriel  in  35°  38',  on  an  eminence 
half  a  league  from  the  Canada  do  los  Osos  and  tliico 
leagues  from  the  Ensenada  do  Buchon,  in  the  country 
of  the  Tichos;  San  Antonio  do  Padua,  twenty-tln-cc 
leagues  above  San  Luis,  in  3G°  30',  in  the  Canada  de 
los  Robles  of  the  Sierra  de  Santa  Lucia,  at  first  on 
the  River  San  Antonio,  but  moved  a  league  and  a 
half  up  the  canada  to  the  Arroyo  do  San  Miguel; 
San  Carlos  Dorromeo,  on  the   River  Carmelo,  oikj 
league  from  Monterey  and  twenty-five  leagues  from 
San  Antonio;  and,  finally,  the  presidio  of  San  Carlos 
de  ]\I(jnterey  on  the  bay  and  port  of  tlic  same  name. 
The  five  missions  are  under  the  care  of  nineteen 
Franciscan  friars  of  the  coWg^c  dc  i^ropafjanda  Jldc  of 
San  Fernando  in  the  city  of  ]\Iexico,  whose  names 
and  distribution  have  been  given,'*  and  who  are  sub- 
ject locally  to  the  authority  of  a  president  residing 
at  San  CMrlos,  the  cahccera,  or  head  mission  of  tlio 
five.^     The  military  force  to  which  is  intrusted  the 
protection  of  the  missions   is  sixty  men,  thirty-livo 
soldadoti  de  cucra  and  twenty-five  Catalan  voluntcei-s, 
under  a  connnandant  residing  at  the  presidio  of  ]\Ion- 
terey,  each  mission  having  a  guard  of  from  six  to  six- 
teen under  a  corporal  or  sergeant,  while  about  twenty 

^Tliiaia  the  first  application  of  the  namo  Los  Angeles  to  tliis  rc,';ion,  and  ii 
doubtless  the  origin  of  the  name  as  afterward  applied  to  the  pueblo  and  city. 

"See  note  I'i,  chap.  viii.  of  this  volume. 

'  A  full  description  of  the  mission  system  in  all  its  parts  and  workings  \>ill 
be  given  elsewhere;  also  of  the  presidio  or  military  system,  and  of  civil  gin- 
crnuicut. 


CONDITION  OF  THE  MISSIONS. 


201 


nun  garrison  the  presidio  under  the  commandant's 
(liroct  orders.  The  civil  and  political  authority  is 
blLiidod  theoreticall}',  for  there  is  no  record  of  the 
])i-actieal  exercise  of  any  such  power  in  these  earliest 
days,  with  the  military,  and  vested  in  the  commaMdant, 
who  is  in  civil  matters  responsible  and  suboiclinate  to 
the  irovernor  of  the  Californias,  rosidinix  at  ]j(M'eto. 
The  population  consists  of  military  officials  and  soldiers, 
friars  and  their  neophytes,  a  few  mechanics  under  gov- 
crnmoiit  pay,  servants  and  slaves — all  these  of  Spanish, 
negro,  Indian,  and  mixed  hlood — some  natives  of  Baja 
Calilornia  scrvini;  as  laborers  without  other  wages 
than  their  sustenance,  and,  finally,  thousands  of  gen- 
tile natives.  There  are  as  yet  no  colonists  or  settlers 
proper.** 

0 lancing  first  at  the  mission  work  par  cxcdlencr, 
the  conversion  of  the  heathen  to  Christianity^  we  find 
a  total  of  491  baptisms  for  the  first  five  years,  29  of 
them  having  died,  and  G2  couples,  representing  doubt- 
less nearly  all  the  adult  converts,  have  been  united  in 
marriage  by  Christian  rites."  The  two  nortliern  mis- 
sionh  with  1G5  and  158  baptisms  are  far  above  tho 
southern  establishments,  which  are  83  and  73  respect- 
ively, while  the  newly  founded  San  Luis  has  only 
twelve  converts.^''  It  is  to  be  nouxl,  however,  that 
the  friars  have  not  in  several  of  the  missions  baptized 
so  many  as  they  might  have  done,  preferring  that  the 
candidates  should  be  well  instructed,  and  often  re- 
strained by  an  actual  or  prospective  lack  of  supplies, 
sinct,'  they  are  unwilling  to  receive  formal  neophytes 
whom  they  may  not  be  able  to  supply  with  food. 
Again,  more  than  half  the  whole  number  have  been 
baptised  during  the  year  and  a  half  since  Serra's 
departure.     The  gentiles  are  now  evei-ywhere  friendly 

*Tliu  matter  of  tho  pruceiling  paragraph  has  not  been  drawn  from  tho 
rt'pni;,s  of  l',ih)ii  ami  Scrra. 

"Cwiiiploto  statistics  of  baptism;?,  marriaiiroH,  deatlis,  and  pojiulation  for 
t'Vi'iy  liiisbiuu  aiul  uvury  deciulo  from  the  bugimiiug  will  bo  given  lu  ...uii'  piopur 

plur,.'. 

'"So  Fiiy  tlie  f);cncral  roports;  yet  tho  mission  baptismal  register  shows  a 
total  of  oi  baiitisms  ni  i"7-'  and  4  in  1773. 


202 


SERRA-S  LABORS  IN  MEXICO. 


m 


as  a  rule,  and  liavc  for  tlio  most  part  overcome  their 
original  timidity,  and  to  some  extent  also  the  distrust 
caused  by  outrp<^es  of*  the  soldiers."  Only  at  San 
Diego  have  there  been  unprovoked  hostilities.  Near 
each  mission,  except  San  Luis,  is  a  rancheria  of  gen- 
tiles living  in  rude  little  huts  of  boughs,  tules,  grass, 
or  of  whatever  material  is  at  hand.  Many  of  these  sav- 
ages come  regularly  as  catechumens  to  doctrina,  and 
often  those  of  more  distant  rancherias  are  induced  to 
come  in  and  listen  to  the  nmsic  and  receive  trillin.;' 
gifts  of  food  and  beads.  The  neophytes  are  generally 
willing  to  work  when  the  friars  can  feed  them,  which 
is  not  always  the  case;  but  it  does  not  appear  that  at 
this  early  period  they  live  regularly  in  the  mission 
buildings  as  in  later  times.  At  San  Diego  there  are 
eleven  rancherias  "within  a  radius  of  ten  leagues,  liviii'jf 
on  grass,  seeds,  fish,  and  rabbits.  A  canoe  and  net 
arc  needed  that  the  christianized  natives  may  be  taught 
improved  methods  of  fishing.^"  At  San  Gabriel  the 
native  population  is  larger  than  elsewhere,  so  large  iii 
fact  that  more  than  one  mission  will  be  needed  in  that 
region.  The  different  rancherias  are  unfortunately  at 
war  with  each  other,  and  that  near  the  mission  being 
prevented  from  going  to  the  sea  for  fish  is  often  in 
great  distress  for  food.  Here  the  conduct  of  the  sol- 
(liers  causes  most  trouble,  but  the  natives  are  rapidly 
being  conciliated.  At  San  Luis  the  population  is  also 
very  large  and  the  natives  are  from  the  first  iirni 
friends  of  the  Spaniards;  but  as  they  have  plenty  of 
deer,  i-abbits,  fish,  and  seeds,  being  indeed  far  better 
sup[)lied  with  food  than  the  Spaniards,  it  is  difficult  to 


k  . 


"  That  the  irregular  conduct  of  the  soliUcra  was  one  of  the  cliicf  ol\stf.(-lr'» 
to  missionary  success  tlicro  can  bo  little  doubt;  yet  it  is  not  likely  that  tho 
coniamlaute  was  so  i^uch  to  blanio  as  Serra  says.  J  lis  dislike  for  Fajjea  I'oli  ir.s 
his!  rejiort.  Have  misfortunes  of  any  kind  oceiirrcd  at  a  mission,  they  wiij 
entirely  duo  to  tho  mismanagement  of  '  a  certain  ollicial;'  has  another  mission 
been  prosiierous,  it  was  in  spite  of  that  mismanagement. 

'-  According  to  Serra  nearly  all  in  the  rancheria  tliat  had  formerly  attai'krd 
tho  mission  had  been  converted.  Tho  'oQcial '  was  displeased  that  so  luany 
liad  been  baptized,  and  he  had  wished  to  remove  the  natives  to  a  distiiuco  on 
jtretence  of  danger  to  the  presidio,  but  Serru  had  objected  strenuously  and 
every  one  elso  ridiculed  the  proposal ! 


PRE-rASTORAL  ARCHITECTURE. 


203 


render  niii^sion  life  fascinating  to  them,  articles  of  cloth- 
ing- being  the  chief  attraction.  They  come  often  to 
tlio  nn.ssion  but  do  not  stay,  having  no  rancheria  iu 
tlio  vicinity.  At  San  Antonio  the  natives  are  ready 
to  live  at  the  mission  when  the  priests  are  ready  for 
thcni,  and  far  from  depending  on  the  missionaries  for 
I'odd  they  bring  in  large  stores  of  pine-nuts,  acorns, 
i-ahbits,  and  squirrels."  At  San  Carlos  converts  are 
iiKtst  numerous,  but  for  want  of  food  they  cannot  bo 
kept  at  the  mission.  Here  and  also  at  San  Antonio 
three  soldiers  have  already  married  native  women. 

• 

It  is  a  rude  architecture,  that  of  pre-pastoral  Cali- 
fornia, being  stockade  or  palisade  structures,  which 
were  abandoned  later  in  favor  of  adobe  walls.  At 
cvciy  mission  a  line  of  high  strong  posts,  set  in  the 
ground  close  together,  encloses  the  rectangular  space 
\vliicli  contains  the  simple  wooden  buildings  serving 
as  church  and  dwellings,  the  walls  of  whicli  also  in 
most  instances  take  the  stockade  form.  The  buildings 
at  San  Carlos  are  somewhat  fully  described  by  Scrra. 
Tlio  rectangle  hero  is  seventy  yards  long  and  forty- 
tlu'ee  wide,  with  ravelins  at  the  corners.  Fw  want  of 
nails  the  upright  palisades  are  not  secured  at  the  top, 
and  the  ease  with  wdiich  they  can  be  moved  renders 
the  strong  gate  locked  at  night  an  object  of  ridicule. 
Within,  the  chief  building,  also  of  palisade  walls  plas- 
tered inside  and  out  with  mud  or  clay,  is  seven  by  iifty 
yards  and  divided  into  six  rooms.  One  room  serves 
as  a  church,  another  as  the  minister's  dwelling,  and 
anoihor  as  a  storehouse,  the  best  rooms  boin'":  white- 
washed  with  lime.  This  building  is  roofed  with  mud 
su{)j)orted  by  horizontal  timbers.  A  slighter  structure 
used  as  a  kitchen  is  roofed  with  grass.     The  (quarters 

'^Tlicy  liiul  revealed,  as  Scrra  says,  the  locality  of  the  cavr  wIutc  tlioir 
iilol.s  wore  Uc'pt,  so  that  those  idols  could  be  destroyed  at  any  time.  Tho 
(isM's-iir  ol'  Monterey  County  in  his  report  to  the  surveyor-genei'al,  i'.ceording 
to  an  item  goiny  tho  rounds  of  local  newspapers,  mentions  a  laij;c  cave  in  tliis 
reu'ioii  covered  on  tho  inside  witli  hieroglyphics  and  liavinu;  a  cross  cut  in  ita 
\valls  tradition, dly  i>y  the  liands  of  Scrra  himself.  Xear  the  cave  is  a  hot  sid- 
phur  spring.     It  would  be  ditiicult  to  prove  tho  uoii-ideutity  of  the  two  caves. 


204 


SEBRA'S  L.VBORS  IN  MEXICO. 


!i  ! 


,11 


'! 


of  the  sol(lIcr;3  arc  clistiiict  from  the  niis.sioii  and  arc 
eiulosud  by  a  sei)aratu  palisade,  while  outside  of  b(jth 
enclosures  are  the  simple  huts  of  the  ranoheria. 
Between  the  dates  of  the  two  reports  it  is  found  that 
the  nuul  roofs  do  not  prove  effective  against  the  winter 
rains;  and.  a  new  church  partly  of  rough  and  partly  of 
worked  timber  is  built  and  roofed  with  tules.  The 
timber  used  is  the  pine  and  cypress  still  so  abundant 
in  that  regl(m.  At  San  Luis  and  San  Gabiiel  the 
buildings  are  of  the  same  nature,  if  somewhat  less 
extensive  and  complete,  there  being  also  a  small  house 
within  the  stockade  for  each  of  the  Baja  Californiau 
families.  At  San  Diei>-o,  where  the  stockade  is  in  a 
certain  sense  a  presidio,  two  bronze  cannijus  ai-e 
mounted,  one  pointing  tow^ard  the  harbor,  and  the 
otlier  t'jward  the  rancheria.  Hgre,  in  addition  to  wood 
and  tules,  or  rushes,  adobes  have  also  been  used  in  con- 
structing the  friars'  house."  Four  thousand  adobes 
have  been  made,  some  stones  have  been  collected,  and 
the  foundation  laid  of  a  church  ninety  feet  long ;  but 
Mork  has  been  suspended  on  account  of  the  non -arrival 
of  the  supply-vessels  In  1773.  At  San  Antonio  tlu^ 
church  and  padres'  dwelling  are  built  of  adobes,  and 
the  three  soldiers  married  to  native  women  have  each 
a  separate  house.  The  presidio  at  Monterey  is  also  a 
stockade  enclosure  with  a  cannon  mounted  In  each  of 
its  four  ravelins  at  the  corners.  The  soldiers'  quarters 
and  other  rooms  within  arc  of  wood  with  mud  roofs, 
except  a  chapel  and  room  for  the  visiting  friar,  whiili 
are  of  adobe,  as  in  the  commandant's  house  and  the  jail. 


I 


I 

k 

^ 


But  slight  progress  has  been  made  in  agriculture; 
though  by  repeated  failures  the  padres  are  gaining 
experience  for  future  success,  and  a  small  vegetablo 
garden  at  each  mission,  carefully  tended  and  irrigated 
by  hand,  has  been  more  or  less  productive.  At  San 
l)Iego,  at  first,  grain  was  sown  In  the  river-bottom  and 
the  crop  entirely  destroyed  by  a  rising  of  the  stream. 


'*  Scrra  says  tliat  a  large  part  of  tlio  builJiiiga  were  of  uilobcs. 


rnniiTR'E  agPvIculture. 


•205 


Ni::t  yonr,  it  was  sown  so  far  uway  from  tho  water 
that  it  (lied  from  drought  all  but  five  or  ci'jjht  lano^^as 
.saved  for  seed.  The  river  now  dried  up,  aiiorchny  m^ 
miming  water  as  wo  are  assured  even  in  the  rainy 
j<o;u()ii,  thougli  plenty  of  water  for  the  cattle  and  for 
otlier  uses  could  always  bo  found  in  pooLs  or  by  slight 
digging  in  the  bed  of  the  stream.  Irrigation  being 
thus  impossible  tho  rain  must  be  depended  on,  and 
wliile  Palou  was  here  a  spot  was  selected  for  the  next 
cxp(;riment  in  the  river-bottom,  about  two  leagues 
fidiu  the  mission,  at  a  spot  called  Nuestra  Senora  del 
I'ilar,  where  rain  was  thought  to  bo  more  a])undant 
and  tlio  rliik  of  flood  and  drought  somev/hat  less." 
Hun  Gabriel  is  in  a  large,  fertile,  well  watered  plain, 
with  every  facility  for  irrigation.  Thoug'h  the  first 
year's  crop,  according  to  Serra,  had  been  drowned  out 
and  entirely  lost,  tho  second,  as  Palou  ttlls  us,  pi-o- 
duced  one  hundred  and  thirty  fancgas  of  maize  and 
seven  fancgas  of  beans,  the  first  yielding  one  hundred 
and  ninety-five  fold  and  the  latter  twenty-one  fold. 
Plantiii'j:  the  next  year  was  to  be  on  a  nmch  lar<xer 
scale  with  ever}^  prospect  of  success.  San  Luis  has 
also  plenty  f)f  I'ertilc,  well  watered,  and  well  wooded 
land  which  has  yielded  a  little  maize  and  beans  tho 
tir.st  year,  and  promised  well  for  the  future.  At  San 
Antonio  two  fancgas  of  wdieat  are  to  be  fown  on  irii- 
gated  land.  San  Carlos  has  some  good  land,  and  tliough 
tiiere  are  no  advantages  for  irrigation,  it  is  thought 
maize  and  "heat  can  be  raised.  By  reason  of  late  sow- 
hig  onlv  ii  u  iUnegas  of  wheat  were  harvested  in  177'J. 
Pasturage  is  everywhere  excellent,  and  tlte  little 
livc-stockdistributod  among  the  missions  has  flourished 
from  the  bofxinninof.  Each  mission  has  received  18 
head  of  horned  cattle  and  has  now  from  OS  to  47  head, 
or  204  in  the  aggregate,  with  GO  horses,  71)  mules,  102 
swine,  and  IGl   sheep  and  goats  at  San  l)ieg(j  and 


'■•/'r('o)^  Nof.,  i.  240-1.    The  place  must  have  heon  nonr  the  site  of  tlie 
later  inissinn,    Sorra  says  it  waa  tho  crop  of  177-  that  was  ilcstioyeil  by  Uooil, 


ouly  b  faucgub  bciiig  saved. 


200 


SERTIA'S  LABORS  IX  MEXICO. 


'  :■ 


San  Cabriv  1  alone.  Some  memoranda  of  farmers'  and 
moolianies'  tools  arc  given  in  conneetion  with  eaeli 
mis.sion;  but  there  arc  no  mcehanics  .save  at  the  pre- 
sidio. Palou  has  somcthinj,'  to  say  of  the  missions  to 
1)0  founded  in  the  future,  but  nothing  that  requires 
attention  hero,  exeept  perhaps  that  the  proposed  Santa 
Clara  is  not  identical  with  the  mi.ssion  that  is  later 
founded  under  that  name,  but  is  to  be  on  the  Santa 
Clara  River  in  the  southern  part  of  the  province. 


10 


Having  thus  laid  before  the  reader  the  condition  of 
California  in  1773,  the  end  of  the  first  period  of  her 
history,  I  have  now  to  consider  the  important  meas- 
ures for  her  welfjire,  urged  and  adopted  at  the  capital 
of  New  Spain  during  the  same  j-ear.  First,  liowevei", 
a  royal  order  of  September  10,  1772,  must  be  brieily 
noticed  in  which  the  king  issued  a  series  of  resj^ula- 
tions  and  instructions  for  the  new  line  of  royal  pre- 
sidios, to  be  formed  along  the  northern  frontier  of  his 
American  possessions."  These  regulations,  the  mili- 
tary law  in  California  as  in  all  tlio  north-west  ior 
many  years,  will  require  to  be  studied  somewhat  iu 
detail  when  I  come  to  describe  the  presidio  system; 
but  as  an  historical  document  under  its  own  date  it  did 
not  affect  California  as  it  did  other  provinces,  where  it 
abolished  or  transferred  old  presidios,  established  new 
ones,  and  effected  radical  chanijes  in  their  manage- 
ment.     Its  last  section  is  as  follows:  "  I  declare  that 

'"  The  receipt  of  Palou 's  report  was  acknowledged  by  the  viceroy  in  a  k'tttr 
of  May  'J.'),  177-J,  recuivod  July  (itli,  and  answered  July  2Stli;  but  thcio  is 
nothing  of  importance  in  this  corrcspon<lencc.  A  r(5suin(5  with  extnu^ts  of 
I'alou's  report  waa  published  in  the  S.  F.  Bnllelin,  Oct.  I'J,  1803.  In  S<in 
O'libricI,  Lib.  tie  jMi<!o)i,  ^IS.,  0-S,  is  a  circular  letter  addressed  to  the  pathvs 
of  California  by  Palou,  requiring  each  of  them,  or  each  pair  of  them,  at  tlio 
end  of  every  iJecember  to  send  in  full  reports  of  their  respective  missions  to 
the  president,  from  which  lie  might  form  his  general  report  to  tlic  viccioy, 
Binco  it  would  be  impossible  for  him  to  visit  eacii  mission  annually.  This  let- 
ter was  dated  iSan  Gabriel,  Oct.  9,  1773,  while  the  writer  was  at  work  on  liia 
first  report. 

^''  y'/r,s((/;o.i,  I\r:ilamciito  ( Instnircion  pnra  Iok  Presidios  que  sr  han  defornwf 
en  la  Vinon,  df  fr'niicra  dc  la  Xiieva  Kspaua.  Ue-sutUo  jiur  el  llii)  \.  S.  en  vvdulit, 
df  10  do  Srpt'irinhrc  df  177~,  Madrid,  1772.  Sm.  4to,  122  pages.  My  copy  wns 
presented  by  Viceroy  Biicareli  to  Mclchor  cie  Perauius.  1  have  also  the  edition 
of  Mexico,  177:5.  8vo,  1.32  pages. 


EEOLAMEXTO  DK  PRESIDIOS?. 


207 


the  prcsidids  C)f  California  are  to  continue  for  ihc  pres- 
ent on  <licir  actual  ft)otinu^  according  tot  ho  provisions 
niadi-  hy  my  vIciToy  after  the  concpiest  and  reduction 
liad  been  extended  to  the  port  of  ^lonterey;  and  on 
the  suj)posltion  that  ho  has  provisionally  assigned  tlie 
jiumumI  sum  of  thirty-three  thousand  dollars  for  the 
iiocds  and  |»rotection  of  that  ])eninsula,  I  order  and 
(•oiiniKUid  that  this  sum  bo  still  paid  at  the  end  of 

•  adi  year  I'rijm  the  royal  treasury  of  Guadalajara,  as 
has  heen  done  of  late;  and  that  my  viceroy  sustain 
and  aid  hy  all  possible  means  the  old  and  new  estab- 
lisliintuts  of  said  province,  and  inform  mo  of  all  that 
lie  may  deem  conducive  and  useful  to  their  progress, 
and  to  the  extension  of  the  new  reductions  of  gentile 
Indians."'^ 

Ihesident  Serra,  having  left  California  in  the  pre- 
ceding September,  arrived  at  the  city  of  Mexico  in 
l\'hniary  1773.  The  objects  of  his  visit  were  to  see 
to  it  that  California  was  not  ne<i'lected  throuixh  igno- 
ranco  or  indifference  on  the  part  of  the  new  viceroy, 
to  urge  certain  general  measures  for  the  good  of  his 
province  suggested  by  his  experience  of  tlie  past  live 
years,  to  get  rid  of  the  commandant,  Fages,  his  bitter 
l(n;  and  the  cause,  from  the  friar's  point  of  view,  of  all 
that  was  not  pure  prosperity  in  the  missions,  and  to 
procure  such  regulations  as  would  prevent  similar 
ti'oubles  with  future  commandants  by  putting  all  the 
I  lower  into  the  friars'  hands  and  reducing  the  military 
element  to  a  minimum,^"  He  found  Bucareli  not 
less  favorably  disposed  than  had  been  his  predecessor 
( Voix,  and  was  by  him  instructed  to  prepare  a  memo- 
lial,  in  which  were  to  be  embodied  his  views  on  the 

•  [iiestions  at  issue.  Being  authorized  to  do  so  by  his 
superi(3r,  the  guardian  of  San  Fernando,  and  having 

^^  PrrshlioK,  Reijlamcnto,  120-1. 

"Scfia  had  received  from  California  a  certiQcato  from  Fafjes  dated  Mon- 
teiTv,  Di'c.  '12,  1772,  to  tlic  effect  that  the  iiiis-sio'io  wore  all  aiipplicd  wiUi 
liMih-is  an>l  that  Serra  had  left  on  business  connected  witli  liin  worU.  I'l-'f. 
St.  l'(i/i.,  .MS.,  i.  80.  It  seems  strange  that  Serni  did  not  (.;ot  tliis  cirtilicatu 
at  his  departure  if  necessary,  and  that  Fages  should  have  sent  it  voliuitaiily, 
fur  there  wua  no  time  to  scud  back  for  it. 


i,  1? 

jf 
I' 


:l  i  i 


'J. 

IE 


i  5 


:a 


fc 


il 


208 


SKRIIA'S  LABORS  IX  MEXICO. 


I 


hastened  tlic  sailing  of  the  San  Carlos  with  su^jplies, 
Padro  Junipero  set  himself  diligently  to  work,  com- 
pleted the  required  document  on  March  13th,  antl 
presented  it  two  days  later  to  the  viceroy."" 

Ilis  suggestions  or  claims  were  thirty -two  in  num- 
ber, formed  without  any  attempt  at  classification  into 
as  many  articles  of  the  memorial.  I  shall  avoid  mucli 
confusion  and  repetition  by  referring  to  the  several 
points  in  the  order  in  \vhich  they  were  acted  ujioii 
rather  than  as  they  were  presented.  His  first  and 
second  claims  were  for  a  master  and  mate  to  aid 
Perez  on  the  transports,  since  Pino  had  leave  of  ab- 
sence, and  Canizares  was  too  young  to  have  full  charge 
of  a  vessel;  and  that  the  new  vessel  be  made  readvas 

%■' 

soon  as  possible.  He  soon  found,  however,  that  in 
order  to  cut  down  expenses  to  agree  with  the  royal 
order  of  September  10,  1772,  already  alluded  to,  it  liad 
been  determined  in  Mexico  to  give  up  the  San  Bias 
establislinient  and  to  depend  on  mule  trains  for  tlio 
forwarding  of  supplies  to  San  Diego  and  IMonteroy. 
Against  this  policy  the  California  champion  sent  in 
a  new  memorial  dated  the  2 2d  of  April. ^*  In  this 
document  he  argued  that  the  conveyance  of  sup[)]ic.s 
by  land  would  be  very  difficult  if  not  impossible,  tliat 
it  would  cost  the  royal  treasury  much  more  than  the 
present  system,  and  that  it  would  seriously  interfere 
with  the  spiritual  conquest.  Besides  at  least  a  liun- 
dred  men  and  horses,  there  would  be  required  eleven 
hundred,  and  probably  fifteen  hundred,  mules  for  tlie 
service,  which  it  \vould  be  impossible  to  obtain  in 
time  to  prevent  much  suffering  in  California  if  not  its 
total  abandonment,  to  say  nothing  of  the  excessive 
cost.  The  great  expense  of  the  San  Bias  establisli- 
nient had  been  largely  due  to  the  building  of  new 
vessels  and  warehouses,  not  necessary  m  the  future. 
There  had  possibly  been  some  mismanagement  that 

*"(?«•>•«,  Rpprcsnitacion  de  13  de  Marzo  1773,  ^IS.;  also  in  Palou,  Xot.,  i. 
514-^8;  ami  elsewliere  in  fragments  and  abridgments. 

'^^  Scrrn,  MeiHOrinl.  de  2.2  de  Ahril,  xohrc  ■mmhuslmciones  d  loa  EstaHecimien- 
to8  de  California  y  conduccion  de  ellas,  MS. 


MEASURES  ADVOCATED. 


209 


mii^lit  1)0  avoiilcd;  in  any  case  some  kintl  of  a  niaiino 
uslalillsliniout  must  be  kept  uj)  for  the  transport  of 
sn[ipliL'S  to  Loreto,  and  tlio  nuik'teers  would  bo  <piito 
;is  liuinorous  and  expensive  as  the  sailors.  j\[oreover, 
the  oft-repeated  passage  of  large  caravans  of  careless, 
rough,  and  immoral  men  across  the  long  stretch  of 
country  between  Velieattl  and  Monterey  could  not 
I'ail  to  have  a  bad  cft'ect  on  the  natives  along  the 
loute.  These  arguments  proved  unanswerable,  and 
th(!  viceroy  ordered  that  for  the  present,  until  the 
king's  pleasure  could  bo  known,  the  San  Bias  trans- 
poits  sliould  continue  their  service,  with  the  slight 
changes  suggested  by  Father  Junfpero,  who  thus 
gained  the  first  two  points  of  his  original  demand. 

Tlie  thirty  remaining  points  of  the  reprcftontacion 
wore  by  the  viceroy  submitted  to  i\\o  junta  de  guerra 
y  real  hacienda"'^ — board  of  war  and  royid  exchequer 
— wliich  august  body  on  ^lay  Gth  granted  eighteen 
of  thorn  and  part  of  another,  denying  only  a  i)art  of 
article  32,  in  which  Serra  asked  to  have  paid  the  ex- 
penses of  his  journey  to  Mexico.  Thus  twenty-one 
of  the  original  points  were  disposed  of  almost  entirely 
ill  Serra's  favor.^^  Four  of  those  bore  upon  the  past 
troubles  between  the  Franciscan  and  military  author- 
ities, and  wore  designed  to  curtail  the  powers  wliich, 
as  tlie  former  claimed,  had  been  assumed  by  the  latter. 
]^v  the  decision  the  commandant  was  required  to 
transfer  from  the  mission  guard  to  the  presidio,  at  the 
niiiiister's  request,  any  soldier  of  irregular  conduct  and 
bad  example,  and  this  without  the  [)adre  being  ol)liged 
to  name  or  prove  the  soldier's  offence;  the  missiona- 
ries were  to  have  the  rio-ht  to  manage  the  mission 
Indians  as  a  father  would  manage  his  family,  and  the 

'-Thn  document  had,  however,  previonslj',  iMarch  lOtli  to  April  ."itli,  heoii 
ill  thf  liaiulsuf  the  fiscal  Arcche,  whose  report  was  favorahlo;  and  liad  tlion  becu 
passed  to  the  proper  bureau  to  be  prepared  for  presentation  to  the  junta. 
I'ror.  St.  /V(y).,MS.,  i.  88-9. 

'"Tiiose  were  1-4,  8,  9,  12,  15-25,  27,  28,  and  .32,  leaving  11  points  yet 
undecided.  The  junta  was  composed  of  Viceroy  li\icarcli,  Valcurctl,  Toro, 
Arcche,  Ijarroeta,  Abad,  Total,  Vakk'S,  Gutierrez,  Mangino,  Arce,  and  .lusiS 
Uurruez. 

IIisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    U 


•  i 


210 


SERRA'S  LABORS  IX  MEXICO. 


luilitiiry  roinniandaut  should  l)o  instructcil  to  prc- 
survo  pcrt'oct  hannoiiy  with  tho  |);uli'u.s;-'  projK'ity 
and  lettc!i-s  for  tho  friars  or  missions  wore  to  1)0  for- 
warded S('])aratt'ly  instead  of  beinj^  enclosed  to  tlie 
])residio  commander;  and  the  friars'  correspondonco 
was  not  to  be  meddled  with,  passini^  free  of  mail 
char,L]fi's  like  that  of  the  soldiers.  IJy  the  terms  uf 
the  decision  on  the  other  points  Serra  was  to  recci\i! 
his  regular  pay  as  a  missionary,  during  his  wliolo 
absence  from  California.  Contributions  of  food  IVoiii 
the  Tepic  region  were  to  bo  forwarded  expressly  inr 
the  missions,  and  Governor  liarri  was  not  to  hinder 
the  removal  of  tho  church  property  at  Velicat:i.  Sail- 
ors might  be  enlisted  at  San  Bias  and  employed  as 
laborers  at  the  missions,  receiving  raticms  for  one 
year  as  if  on  board  vessels,  but  they  could  not  Ijc 
lorced  to  remain  after  the  year  had  ]mssed,  and  ilic 
I'ogular  crews  of  tho  transports  must  not  be  inter- 
fered with.  Two  blacksmiths,  two  carpenters,  witli 
some  tools  and  material  were  to  bo  sent  i'roni  Guada- 
lajara for  tho  exclusive  use  of  tho  missions.  Seven 
additional  bells  were  to  bo  furnished,  four  of  tlieni 
having  already  been  sent  to  INIonterey.  Additional 
vestments  were  to  bo  sent  to  take  the  place  of  soiled, 
worn,  and  'indecent'  articles  contained  in  some  of  the 
cases  from  Baja  California.  San  Bias  measures  were 
to  be  adjusted  on  a  proper  basis  and  a  full  sot  of 
standards  sent  to  each  mission.  Greater  care  was  to 
be  taken  in  packing  food  for  California,  where  it  often 
arrived  in  bad  condition.  Cattle  for  tho  proposed 
missions  were  to  be  under  tho  temporary  care  of  thu 
missionaries,  who  might  use  their  milk.  A  new  sur- 
geon was  to  be  sent  in  the  place  (.»f  Prat,  deceased, 
and  finally  a  copy  of  the  junta's  decision  was  to  bo 

■■'*  This  was  hardly  what  had  been  asked  for  by  Serra,  who  wished  otlicn's 
and  soldiers  iiotilied  that  tiie  entire  management  of  the  Indians  l)cli)iigt'd 
exclusively  to  the  padres,  and  that  the  military  had  no  right  to  iutcrfLro  in 
matters  of  discijilinc  or  pimishment  except  in  the  case  of  delitos  ili'  t-uwji'''- 
The  junta  was  very  careful  not  to  commit  itself  very  decidedly  in  the  (|iiiiiivl 
.between  Serra  and  Fagcs.  The  viceroy,  however,  in  subseciueut  instructions 
came  nearer  to  Serra's  views. 


ECIlHVESTirS  RKGULATIOXS. 


!11 


"ivi.n  tiiSiTi-a,  that  thu  luissionarios  nii'i'lit  lieivafter 
act  uii(kT,stanain<,ny. 

Till'  i)icsi(k'iit  was  charged  to  return  as  soon  as 
jMissible  to  his  post,  after  having  made  u  complete 
j(|i(iit  on  the  condition  oi'each  mission.'^ 

Sovcial  points  of  Serra's  petition  connected  wiih 
tlu;  military  and  financial  aspects  of  the  suhject  under 
consideration  had  been  left  hy  the  junta  to  be  ]»ro- 
\iiled  for  in  a  new  regulntion  for  the  Californias. 
This  document  was  drawn  up  on  May  19th  by  Juan 
Jose  l']Llieveste,  deemed  an  expert  in  the  matter,  since 
lie  liad  siH)oi-intended  for  some  years  the  forwarding 
(»r  su})j)lies."^  This  plan  provided  ft)r  California  a  cap- 
tain, a  lieutenant,  eighty  soldiers,  eight  mechanics, 
two  store-keepers,  and  four  muleteers,  with  salariis 
atnoimting  to  $08,983  per  3'ear;  for  Baja  California  a 
(oiuiuissary,  a  lieutenant,  and  thirty-four  sokliei-s, 
witii  a  governor  of  both  Californias,  all  at  an  annual 
cost  of  $1G,450;  a  commissary  and  dock-yard  depart- 
ment at  San  Bias  to  cost,  including  rations  for  soldiers 
and  employes  in  both  Californias,  $29,809;  and  a 
transport  fleet  of  sxfmf/ata  and  two  2)C((]uebutcs  serving 
both  Californias  at  an  annual  cost  for  wages  and 
rations  of  $34,038,  forming  a  grand  total  of  $119,342. 
rayment  was  to  be  made,  however,  to  officers  and 
men  in  the  Californias,  save  to  the  governor  and  com- 
missary, in  goods  at  an  advance  on  the  original  cost 
of  one  hundred  per  cent  for  the  peninsula,  and  of  one 
linndrcd  and  fifty  per  cent  for  New  California;  a 
regulation  which  reduced  the  total  cost  to  $90,470. 
To  meet  this  expense-'  there  were  the  $33,000  prom- 

'■'May  12th,  the  viceroy  decreed  the  execution  of  the  junta's  rcsohitions, 
the  issuance  of  tlio  necessary  orders,  and  the  iireparation  of  records  in 
•Iniilitate.  ^lay  13th,  the  secretary  CJorraez  ccrtilies  tlic  delis'ery  of  a  copy 
to  Scnvi.  ALiy  14th,  a  certiiied  copy  was  made  for  the  kin;.'.  Copln  ih-  lo 
(III  niiitutdo  ))or  la  Itial  Junta  de  Otirrra  y  JUal  Ihicicmla,  in  Paloii,  Sot.  i., 
04lt-5.'!;  a!so  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  89. 

'■"  llrijlameHto  v  h)Mriiccioii  jwov'iswind  jtara  el  ouxiUo  ij  coiiservucion  dr.  Ion 
iiKcros  II  aiithjuiis  cstablecimieiUos  de  la>^C(dij'oru\as  con  <l  dijtariamciUodc  Sail 
Jllij.'),  etc.,  MS.;  also  \aPa!oii,  Not.  i.,  5o(>-71.  The  printed  copy  ia,  however, 
full  of  errors  in  figures.     Also  iu  Arch.  Col.,  St.  Pap.  Ben.,  MS.,  1-24. 

*•  This  part  of  the  reglamailo  is  omitted  iu  Tabu's  printed  copy. 


SEHRA'S  LABORS  IX  MRXICO. 


h   ^i 


isi'd  I)y  tli<!  IciMff  ill  liis  onlor  of  SoptomlKT  10,  ir7J: 
8-;'), 000,  cstiiiiiitcd  yield  of  tlio  salt-works  noar  S.ia 
I  lias,  which  had,  it  socius,  been  assi;^ned  to  the  Cali- 
rnnilas;  and  a  probahlo  m-t  ri>veniie  of  $10,000  fidiii 
the  |»ioiis  fund,  still  lca,vinj^  a  balance  of  li?2L',47G  to 
be  paid  from  the  royal  treasury. 

Kelicvcste  added  to  his  plan  scvontocn  jmntos  in- 
ftfntcfii'os,  suixGfestive  and  explanatory,  from  which  it 
aj^pears  that  in  the  author's  judi^inent,  the  state  (if 
thetreasiu'y  and  pious  fund  did  nf)t  warrant  the  ^iimt- 
inij;  of  other  aid  tlian  that  provided,  which  nuisttlieic- 
forc  suffice  for  now  missions  if  any  were  to  bo  founded ; 
that  the  sailors  eidisted  as  mission  laborers,  aecordiii'^ 
to  the  reconuniMidation  of  the  junta,  should  bo  paid 
sailor's  wa^'(^s  for  two  years  and  I'eceive  rations  for  li\i' 
years;  that  instead  of  the  previous  system  by  whidi 
each  mission  received  a  stipend  of  .^700  and  certain 
sup[»lies  it  would  be  bettor  to  give  a  stijiend  of  8S0(), 
beini^  j?400  for  each  minister,  and  double  rations  \'nv 
five  years  t<^  all  the  friars,  including  those  waiting  I'm' 
the  foundation  of  new  missions,  the  double  rations 
amounting  to  .^1,779  being  charged  to  the  pious  fund 
as  an  addition  to  the  stipend;  that  the  commissary  at 
San  l^las  should  buy  maize  and  meat  instead  of  raisin-,' 
it,  selling  the  rancho  and  sending  the  mule  train  to 
Loreto  or  San  Diego;  and  finally,  in  addition  to  sonic 
suggestions  about  minor  details  of  business  manauo- 
ment,  that  Echcveste's  successor^^  should  be  allowed  a 
salary  of  $2,000,  thu  raising  the  amount  to  come  out 
of  the  trcasruy  to  $;  t,470. 

On  the  21st  of  IV  y  Serra  presented,  as  required, 
a  full  report  on  the  California  missions,  giving  the 
history  of  each  from  s  foundation  and  its  condition 
in  September  1772,  ■  ic  date  of  the  writer's  depart- 
ure. The  substance  of  this  statement  has  hcvn 
already  presented  to  the  reader.  The  writer  included, 
however,  an  argument  respecting  the  number  of 
soldiers  needed  in  California.     In  article  10  of  his 


'ill 


''^  Exactly  what  EcLcvestc's  office  was  does  not  appear. 


DISTUinUTIOX  OF  FORCES. 


213 


10,  1772; 

iHiur  S;iu 
thoCi.li- 
,000  IVdm 
•:iI,47G  to 

f)?n?M.s'  ill- 
I  which  it 
ic  state  ol' 
tho,i;T:int- 
iiisttlicrc- 
3  founded; 

aoconhiij; 
Id  1)0  ])aid 
onsfor  fivn 
by  wlilch 
ind  certain 
a  of  5?80U, 
rations  tor 
\vaitinn-  for 
bio  rations 
Mous  fund 
niissary  at 
of  raisin;,' 
c  train  to 
on  to  sonic 
s  manaL];e- 
allowcd  a 
come  out 


required, 
;iving  the 

condition 
i-'s  depart- 

has    hoen 

included, 
lumber  <>f 

10  of  his 


(trlt;iiial  jH-tition  he  hud  demanded  om;  Imudred  men; 
liiii  that  nundiei'  had  seemed  too  jL^rtvit  to  the  junta, 
whirh  had  reserved  its  decision  and  called  for  uuno 
iiiroiiiiatit»n.  ICclieveste,  as  wo  liavc  seen,  rethiced  the 
nundier  to  eighty,  and  now  Serra,  by  givinj^  up  the 
proposed  mission  of  Santtj,  Clara"-"  and  redncin;^'  the 
^iiai'd  of  San  ] Jueiia Ventura,  asseiiti'd  to  the  reduction 
in  the  a,:^'givyate;  but  objeeted  to  tho  disti'ihntion. 
Kcheveste  liad  assigned  twenty-five  men  to  each  of 
the  two  presidios  and  a  guar<l  of  six  men  to  each  of 
tlie  live  missions,  or  of  five  to  each  of  six  missions;"'" 
liiit  Serra  would  assign  to  jNIonterey  fd'teen  men,  to 
San  Ihieiiavi'ntura  iifteen,  to  San  Diego  thirteen,  to 
San  ( Vulos  sevt'ii,  and  to  each  of  the  other  missions 
ti  n.  Jle  argued  that  in  a  country  of  so  many  inhabi- 
tants with  missions  so  far  apart,  a  guard  of  live  men 
was  not  sufliclent  ibr  adequate  protection.  The  wily 
iViar's  policy — or  rather,  [)erha])s,  tho  enthusiastic 
nii>siunarv's  ho[)e — was  by  securing  a  double  guard 
to  he  enabled  to  double  the  number  of  his  missions 
without  being  ob'iged  to  ask  the  presidio  commandei's 
for  sohliers  allowed  them  by  the  regulation. '^^ 

On  May  2Gth  the  viceroy  addressed  to  Facfes  a 
series  of  instructions,  provisional  in  their  nature,  pend- 
ing tho  linal  approval  of  the  regulations.  These 
instructions  covered  tho  same  ground  as  the  decision 
of  tho  junta  on  May  Gth,  but  also  granted  two  addi- 
tional requests  of  Serra  by  authorizing  Fages  to  issue 
a  pardon  to  all  deserters  in  California;  and  to  rcjnace 
witli  now  men  such  soklici's  as  had  families  far  away, 
IVoni  whom  they  had  been  long  separattjd.^^ 

'•"■'  It  is  to  1)0  noticed  that  no  mention  is  maile  of  San  Francisco  in  any  of 
tlit'sc  caleiihitions. 

^''ihc  iikaof  moving  San  Diego  mission  was  doubtless  already  entertained, 
tlioii'.'li  nothing  is  said  of  it  liero. 

•">'')•/■«,  Jtcpim.  (k  L'l  lie  Mnyo,  MS.  Also  translated  l)y  Taylor,  and 
printed  in  ('((/.  luinwr,  Sept.,  Oct.  ISlif),  and  jiastcd  in  'I'di/lnr'.'i  J>i<ror.  <iii<l 
I'muil..  ii.  40.  This  Ucpytseutacion  with  tliat  of  April  22d  was  referred  to  tho 
ilscul  (in  .Fnno  lOtii. 

'■  IJiiiyirdi,  ProcidoiciaH  dc  2G  ilf  M^ai/o  1773,  MS.  Seira  hud  asked  for 
leave  (if  aljsenee  in  behalf  of  eight  soldiers  either  on  account  of  long  :  cpara- 
tiuu  from  their  wives,  or  unlitness  for  duty.    From  Be\eral  of  those  ho  brought 


«  "11 


m 


214 


SERRA'S  LABORS  IX  MEXICO. 


Bucaroli  referred  Echcvcste's  rc:L,ni]ation  on  ^lay 
24th  to  liis  legal  adviser,  Areclie,  avIio  in  his  opinion 
of  June  14th  repeats  all  the  articles  of  the  docuiiieiit 
with  a  c^eneral  approval.  He  calls  attention,  howevii-, 
to  the  fact  that  no  provision  is  made  for  the  expense 
of  amnuinition,  nor  for  the  surgeon  promised  by  the 
junta.  Ho  also  suggests  a  doubt  as  to  the  ability  nf 
the  pious  fund  to  pay  the  $11,779  required  of  it  in 
addition  to  the  largo  sum  expended  in  the  missioii- 
aries'  stipends;  and  he  recommends  a  reference  of  tho 
matter  to  the  director  of  the  fund  before  its  final  con- 
sideration by  the  junta.'"^ 

In  accordance  with  Arechc's  suggestion,  Fernando 
J.  Mangino,  director  of  the  pious  fund,  was  c;dKd 
upon  for  a  report,  which  ho  made  on  Juno  19th,  show- 
ing that  the  available  product  of  the  fund  was  C'-0,Gt;7, 
though  a  larixe  part  of  that  amount  bein^:  the  yield  of 
sheep  ranches,  was  subject  to  some  variation;  that  Die 
present  liability  for  missionary  stipends  was  8l4,87li; 
and  that  there  would  remain  but  J?5,S08  with  whiih 
to  pay  the  $11,779  called  for;  thougli  the  auKJunt 
might  be  increased  by  $2,GG2  if  the  colleges  \veio 
obliged  to  pay  live  per  cent  on  loans."* 

On  the  8th  of  July  the  board  met  to  finally  dcM-ido 
on  the  whole  matter.  The  decision  was  to  put  Iv  lu- 
veste's  plan  in  force  from  January  1,  1774,  the  only 
chano-es  beinjx  an  order  that  the  San  Bias  mule  ir;iiii 
bo  sold  and  not  transferred  to  California;  a  I'cconi- 
mendation  that  the  four  extra  vessels  at  San  Bias  iio 
sold  and  not  used  in  the  gulf;  and  some  suggestions 

petitions  which  are  given  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  87.  Those  instriictiuiis 
jJinhaMy  went  x\[>  on  tliu  Sdii  Carlos  to  Lorcto  ami  were  cmTieil  to  S;m  l>iigo 
liy  Piilou,  rcacliinj;  Fages  in  Sojitcmbcr  I  I'D. 

'^'^  Anrhv,  Paitar  mbm  licjlam.  de  C'nl,  l.'f  tie  Jttuio  1773,  MS.;  alsn  iu 
PaJov,  Kill.,  i.  57'2-SO.  Aieclie  made  a  supplementary  report  June  .'kUIi  mi 
Serva'.s  ri'pirticiitcu'iouoi  of  April  '22(1  and  May  'Jlst;  hut  aihls  uotiiiii;,'  ti)  tliu 
subject:)  treated,  beyo:''d  expressing  regret  that  the  mission  worlv  iu  Aiueiiai 
doe!)  not  prosper  as  in  days  of  old,  and  suggesting  that  it  would  ho  he',  it  r  if 
the  California  niissuons  were  not  so  far  apart.  Arcchc,  lk.tputsta  Fitcal  ilc  JO 
dc  Junto  177J,  MS. 

'*  Man'iiiio,  fk's/)m:tt'r  .tnhre  Foiidn  Piwlonn,  ]0  dr  Jindo  J77.],  MS. ;  iiud  iilso 
less  aeeurately  jn  P(diiii,  Not.,  i.  TiSO-C).  'I"he  report  i  ontains  much  aiKlitieiial 
information  uLout  the  pious  fund  which  will  be  utilized  elsewhere. 


FIXAL  RESULTS. 


213 


respecting  minor  details  of  business  management.  As 
to  tlie  ways  and  means,  however,  in  view  of  j\Ian- 
oino's  report,  tlie  pious  fund  was  to  furnish  from 
moneys  on  liand  810,000  for  the  first  year  only,  and 
the  remaining  expense,  $50,470,  would  be  borne  by 
the  treasury,  aided  by  the  San  ]31as  salt-works.'''  The 
surgeon's  salary  was  also  to  be  paid;  but  nothing  was 
said  iil)out  the  expense  of  ammunition.  On  July  23d 
the  viceroy  decreed  the  execution  of  the  decision, 
ord(^red  nine  certified  copies  made,  thanked  Echevesto 
for  his  services,  and  directed  him  to  hunt  up  a  sur- 
geon. 

Three  points  t)f  Serra's  original  memorial,  on  which 
a  d(>cision  had  been  reserved,  were  settled  by  the 
board's  last  action.  These  were  a  petition  that  routes 
be  explored  to  California  from  Sonora  and  Xew  Mex- 
ico, not  acted  on  by  the  junta  but  granted  by  the 
viceroy;  a  demand  for  one  hundred  soldiers,  eighty  of 
whom  were  granted  by  the  regulation;  and  a  re(iuest 
for  Spanish  or  Indian  families  from  California  denied 
by  non-action.  Four  other  points  had  been  left  to 
be  settled  by  the  vcjlamcnto;  the  establishment  of  a 
storehouse  at  Monterey,  the  right  of  each  mission  to 
a  soldier  acting  as  a  kind  of  majordomo,  a  demand 
for  imiles,  and  a  reward  in  live-stock  to  pei'sons  mar- 
rying nat  ive  women.  The  first  was  i)ractically  granted 
by  tlu!  appointment  of  stonskeepers  at  IMonterey  and 
8an  Diogo,  while  the  third  was  practically  denied  by 
the  order  to  sell  the  mule  train  at  San  l>his.^^  The 
others  do  not  seem  to  have  been  acted  u])on. 

One  important  matter  was  still  in  abeyance,  and 
this  was  now  settled  by  Bucareli  in  accordance  with 
Surra's  wishes,  by  the  removal  of  ]'\iges  and  the 
apjiointment  of  another  otlicer  to  succeed  him.  In 
selecting  a  new  commander,  however,  the  president's 

^'  Hcjlanii iifo,  Drfrnn'niarinn  f/'.*?  dr  Julin  177,1,  in  /^afoii,  Xof.,  i,  ."S!)-!)t. 

"''^'l■t  tlu'  viceroy  soon  ordt'ivd  100  imilos  to  bo  <li.stiil)iit''il  iiuiDli;^  llio 
iiiir^sioi! .,  mill  ordcrccl  (.'.iptaiii  Aii.'.a  to  opou  comiiuinicatiou  liy  IuikI  between 
Tubuc  uiul  JMoiitciey. 


21G 


SERRA'S  LABORS  IX  MEXICO. 


P'  i  I 


elioicG  was  not  followed,  since  Ortega,  his  favorite  for 
the  place,  was  not  deenietl  of  sufficiently  high  military 
rank,  and  Captain  Ilivera  y  Moncada  was  named  as 
California's  new  ruler. ^^  Ortega  was  brevetted  lieutcu- 
ant  and  put  in  command  of  San  Diego,  which  was  now 
to  be  a  regular  presidio. 

The  exact  date  of  Rivera's  appointment  I  do  not 
know,  but  it  probably  preceded  l)y  oidy  a  few  days 
tliat  of  his  ijistructions,  which  were  issued  on  the  ITtli 
of  August.  These  instructions  in  forty-two  articles 
are  long  and  complete;"^  and  some  portions  will  be 
given  more  fully  elsewhere  when  I  come  to  treat  of 
the  institutions  to  which  they  refer.  The  purport  of 
the  document  is  as  follows: 

Copies  of  the  regulations  and  action  of  the  board 
arc  enclosed.  Great  confidence  is  felt  in  Rivera's 
ability,  and  knowledge  gained  b}"-  long  experienct', 
which  experience  must  have  taught  him  how  impoi- 
tant  it  is  to  preserve  perfect  harmony,  so  that  both 
connnander  and  friars  mav  devote  themselves  exclu- 
sively  to  their  respective  duties.  The  first  object  is 
of  course  the  conversion  of  the  natives;  but  next  in 
importance  is  their  gathering  in  mission  towns  for 
purposes  of  civilization.  These  little  towns  may  !»* - 
come  great  cities;  hence  the  necessity  of  avoiding 
defects  in  the  beginning,  of  care  in  the  selection  <»f 
sites,  in  the  assignment  of  lands,  laying  out  of  streets, 
etc. 

The  commander  is  authorized  to  assign  lands  to 
connnunities,  and  also  to  such  individuals  as  iwr  dis- 
posed to  work;  but  all  must  dwell  in  the  j)Uoblo  <>!• 
mission,  and  all  grants  must  be  made  witii  due  rcg.iid 
to  the  formalities  of  law.    Missions  may  be  eonviitrd 


I     4 


^ 


'"In  a  letter  to  Scrra  (latcfl  XoY.  S,  1774,  tho  guardian  warns  Iiini  nn(  to 
finavrcl  villi  tlu:  new  ^'ovi'iMior,  wlio  doubtless  liad  secret  iustnutions  mid 
voiild  eiiusi;  any  enutnirietit's  to  reiiet  ujjou  the  padres.  Serrii'swcakness  Wii* 
iKit  unkni>wu  to  liis  sii]ieriors.   An/i.  ,S7a  JliirJiuni,  MS,,  \i.  i'.ll-"-'. 

••^  /li(i''ir'  /i,  Iii.ilniccioii  ijHi'  i/clic  nhf^irvnr  <l  ('oiinniilinilc  iiiniihri(ili>  jniiti  l".\ 
J\  /iililcrliiiiciifos  ill'  (S'(/»  J)i(ijo  ij  Moiilinii,  177.'i,  MS.,  iilso  e(i|iy  tiuiii  tlm 
(iri.Li;inid  in  Mai/ii;  MS.,  \o.  IS.  Tiausliitid  extriiets  eliielly  on  juu  IiKls  and 
coloni/alion  in  Halliji'L'.-i  Ih'imrt,  III.'];  iJirinvllc's  Colon.  JiiM.  Add.,  2. 


INSTRUCTIOXS  TO  THE  NEW  RULER. 


217 


inti>  pncblos  when  sufficiently  atlvancotl,  retaining  tlio 
iKinic  of  the  patron  saint.  Now  njibsions  may  bo 
luinKlcd  by  the  commander,  acting  in  accord  with  the 
])resi(lent,  whenever  it  can  be  done  without  risk  to 
the  old  ones.  Kivera  is  to  report  to  the  viceroy  on 
needs  of  the  royal  service  in  his  province. 

The  captain  is  charged  with  recruiting  soldiers  to 
(•(inii)lete  the  full  number.  Married  recruits  nuist 
take  tlieir  families,  and  unmarried  ones  the  jiapers  to 
prove  that  they  are  single*  The  Catalan  volunteers 
are  to  return  with  their  lieutenant  by  the  fust  vessel. 
Stiiet  discipline  and  good  conduct  nmst  be  enforced 
among  soldiers,  employes,  and  civilians,  vicious  and 
incorrigible  persons  being  sent  back  to  San  Bias.  The 
(•(iiiiinandant  nmst  be  subordinate  to  the  governor  at 
l^oreto  only  to  the  extent  of  reporting  to  him  and 
maintaining  harmonious  relations.  Connnunication 
with  tlie  peninsula  by  land  should  be  frequent.  Good 
faitli  must  be  kept  with  the  Indians,  and  the  control, 
education,  and  correction  of  neophytes  are  to  be  left 
ext'lnsively  to  the  friars,  acting  in  the  capacity  of 
fathers  toward  children. 

No  vessels  are  to  be  admitted  to  Californian  ports 
except  tlie  San  Bias  transports  and  the  Philippine 
vessels,  and  no  trade  with  either  foreign  or  Spanish 
vessels  is  to  be  permitted.  The  ca})tains  of  the  trans- 
ports are  not  to  l)e  interfered  with  in  tlie  management 
of  llieir  vessels,  but  they  cannot  admit  on  board  or 
take  away  any  person  without  a  written  re(|uest  from 
llic  connnandant,  who  is  to  grant  such  I'ecpiests  only 
i'or  urgent  reasons.  San  Francisco  should  be  explored 
as  soon  as  practicable,  and  the  mission  of  San  J  )iego 
may  be  moved  if  it  be  deemed  best.  A  com})lete 
diary  of  all  events  and  measures  nuist  be  kept  in  a 
li'nili,  and  literal  copies  I'orwarded  to  the  su])erior 
U'lNcniment  as  often  as  oppertunity  occurs.  Tlave 
emiipU'te  inventories  are  to  be  made  on  taking  ]m)s- 
S('ssi(»n  f)f  government  property,  one  for  the  viceroy, 
one  fur  Fages,  and  one  to  be  kept  by  llivei'a.     All 


1 


I' 


ii- 


u 


m 


H> 


t 


fp! 


218 


SERRA'S  LABORS  IN  MEXICO. 


records  and  archives  to  be  carefully  cared  for,  and 
finally  these  instructions  to  be  l;cpt  pi'ofoundly  secret. 
These  instructions,  with  the  regulations  that  precede 
and  similar  instructions  of  the  next  year  to  the  gY)\-- 
ernor,  constituted  the  law  of  California  for  many  years. 
Rivera  was  in  Guadalajara  when  appointed,  though  it 
does  not  appear  from  the  record  when  he  had  come  down 
from  San  l3iego.  He  went  to  Mexico  to  receive  his 
instructions  in  person  and  then  hastened  to  Sinaloato 
recruit  soldiers  and  families  for  his  command,  fmishliiL,' 
his  task  and  arriving  with  fifty- one  persons,  gre'iit 
and  small,  in  March  1774  at  Loreto,  whence  he  soon 
started  northward  overland.^'^  At  about  the  same 
time  that  Rivera  received  his  orders,  that  is  in 
August,  Bucareli  also  authorized  Captain  Juan  Bau- 
tista  do  Anza  to  attempt  the  overland  route  from 
Sonora  to  Monterey,  and  that  officer  after  some  delays 
bc'T-an  his  march  from  Tubac  in  the  following  Januarv. 
Early  in  September,  after  Rivera  and  Anza  had  re- 
ceived their  instructions,  the  viceroy  wrote  to  Fagcs, 
announcing  the  appointment  of  Rivera,  and  ordering 
him  to  give  up  the  command,  and  to  return  by  tlio 
first  vessel  with  his  company  of  Catalan  volunteers  to 
join  his  regiment  at  the  Real  de  Pachuca.*^ 

And  now  Father  Serra,  having  successfully  com- 
pleted his  task  in  Mexico,  is  ready  to  return  home- 
ward to  utilize  the  aid  and  j)ut  in  practice  the  reforms 
for  which  he  has  toiled.  Kissing  the  feet  of  every 
friar  at  the  college,  begging  their  pardon  for  any  bad 
example  he  has  set,  and  bidding  them  farewell  i'nr- 
ever,  the  gootl  friar,  with  Padre  Pablo  ]\Iug:irtogui, 
sets  out  in  September  for  the  west  coast.  At  Te})io 
he  waits  until  the  new  vessel,  the  Santiago  or  Nucca 
GaUcki,  is  ready  for  sea,  which  is  not  until  Jaunaiy  '1\, 
1774.     In  addition  to  the  articles  granted  by  the  gov- 

""  Letter  of  Rivera  to  viceroy,  dated  Loreto,  March  2i)tli,  in  Arch.  Ski  Bur- 
haru  ^MS.,  xi.  ."TS-D;  I'ahii,  Not.,  i.  (iOiJ-10. 

*"  Bucareli  to  Ihv^as,  Sept.  7,  1773,  in  I'rov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  140. 


FATHER  JUXiPERO  HOMEWARD  BOUND. 


219 


cnimont  Padre  Junipcro  has  obtained  from  the  vico- 
rov  a  Hberal  UmoHiia,  or  ahns,  of  supplies  ibr  the 
c'xchisivc  use  of  the  missions/^  invoiced  separately  to 
^ratily  the  friar's  pride  and  avoid  complications  witli 
Fages  who  is  still  in  conunand.  The  regular  supplies 
for  the  northern  missions,  with  a  part  of  the  [)ittance, 
arc  taken  by  the  Santkujo,  Captain  Perez,  who  has 
orders  to  undertake  explorations  to  the  north  of  j\Ion- 
tcroy.  Supplies  for  San  Diego  and  the  southern 
missions  are  left  for  the  San  Antonio,  to  sail  later.*" 


■"  The  articles  officially  granted  were:  3  cases  of  vestments  for  San  Gabriel, 
San  Antonio,  and  San  Luis,  5  nests,  or  sets,  of  measures,  (i  in  each,  one  foryo 
with  iippmtenances,  and  5  quintals,  ,3  arrobas  of  iron.  The  liino.-iKi  to  euliico 
for  .')  years  was  5  packa,Ke3  of  cloths  for  Indians  as  follows:  107  blankets,  "J!) 
jiic'ccs  tiKiiita  jHihliina,  488  yds  Btriped  sackcloth,  389  yds  blue  baize,  10  lbs 
bhio  niiiLjucy  cloth  for  little  girls;  also  4  reams  line  paper,  5  bales  red  pepper, 
100  arrobas  tasajo,  10  boxes  panocha,  4  boxes  beads,  10  boxes  hams,  0  boxes 
chocolate,  3  bbls  lard,  1)  bales  lentils,  1  bale  and  9  ju<^s  olive-oil,  4  bbls  Ca»- 
tilian  vine,  3  bbls  brandj',  9  bales  chickpeas,  0  bales  rice,  IGO  bales  flour, 
UOO  faiiegas  maize,  UjO  fanegas  beans.  Paloii,  Not.,  i.  G03-5. 

'-liespceting  Scrra's  work  in  Mexico  in  addition  to  the  authorities  cited, 
pec  Pal  u,  Vidi,  l.")0-9.  It  is  related  that  when  Scrra  arrived  in  San  Bias 
from  Calil'ornia  and  saw  the  tSanthKjo  in  the  dock-yard,  ho  remarked  that  ho 
would  return  in  her,  a  remark  that  excited  sonic  riiticulc,  because  everybody 
thought  the  San  Bias  establialuucut  on  the  i^oint  of  being  abandoned. 


CHAPTER  X. 

EECORD    OF    EVENTS. 

1774. 

Wa>t  IN'  THE  ilissioxs— Axza's  Fikst  EXPEDITION'— Tiie  Oveuland  llorTE 
riioM  SoN'ORA — Retcrx  of  Padre  JuNfrEuo — Eivera  Assumes  the 
Command— Peparture  of  Faces— ExrT.ORixo  Voyage  of  Perez  to 
the  Northern  Coast— San  Diego  Mission  Moved  from  Cosov  to 
nipaguay — comino  of  soldiers  and  their  families — tliird  f.xi'ld- 
EATioN  OF  San  FiiANCisco  IUy' — A  Mission  Site  Selected — Fiiwt  Dri- 
ON  THE  Beach  to  the  Cliff  and  Seal  Pocks — Tkuuisles  retween  the 
Franciscans  and  Governor  Barri  in  the  Peninsul.^ — Mccii  Ado 

AROUT   ^..NOTHING — FeLIPE   DE  NeVE  APPOINTED  GOVERNOR  TO   SCCCEED 

Barri — Second  Annual  Report  on  Mission  Progress. 

We  have  seen  that  Anza  from  Sonora,  Serra  from 
]\Ioxico  via  Jalisco,  and  Ilivera  from  Sinaloa  via  the 
j)euii)suhi  were  all  en  route  for  Monterey  under  vice- 
I'egal  orders  in  the  spring  of  1774.  California  aniKils 
for  that  year  may  be  most  clearly  presented  by  fol- 
lowing those  expeditions,  in  the  order  named,  as  a 
thread  to  which  may  be  attached  all  recorded  events. 
Prcvions  to  their  arrival  there  is  nothing  known  of 
matters  in  the  north,  save  that  great  want  was  ex- 
I)erienced  through  the  non-appearance  of  the  vessels 
due  the  year  before.^ 

When  Galvez  was  preparing  the  first  expeditions 
to  tlie  north  in  17(39,  Captain  Juan  Bautista  de  Anza, 
connnander  of  the  Tubac  presidio  in  Sonora,  a  brave 
officer  like  his  father,  as  we  have  seen  in  the  annals 

'  A  'cnielisima  hambre, '  Piilou  calls  it,  Vida,  153,  l')9-60,  tho  greatest  ever 
oxpoiieiaed.  Xo  liivad,  no  cliocolato,  only  milk  and  herbs  'salted  by  tenis.' 
Milk  bail  to  bo  eaten  by  all  from  the  commandant  d<nvn.  They  had  .sonic 
\i  ,y  stiangc  ideas  of  vhat  constituted  a  famine.  Soup  of  peas  oi'  lieaiis  tonk 
the  place  of  tortillas,  and  cull'ee  had  to  do  instead  of  cliocolato.  The  nativcti 
all  left  the  mission  to  seek  for  food.  Id.,  2\'ot.,  i.  COS. 

(22U) 


AXZA'S  FIRST  EXPEDITIOX. 


221 


of  Pimcria,  became  interested  in  the  scheme,  and 
oll'ered  to  make  the  trip  hy  land  at  his  own  expense 
to  meet  the  sea  expedition.  The  I'oute  up  to  the 
( '(dorado  and  Gila  junction  had  often  been  traversed, 
;md  it  had  long  been  a  favorite  plan,  especially  amoni^ 
tlie  old  Jesuit  pioneers,  to  reach  the  northern  coasts 
fi'om  this  direction;  l)ut  for  some  reason  not  explained 
tilt'  visitador  declined  the  offer.  Anza,  however,  re- 
newed his  proposition  later,  when  San  Diego  and 
^fontcrey  had  been  occupied,  and  finally  Bucareli, 
authorized  by  the  king  to  pay  the  expense  from  tho 
loyal  coftcrs,^  and  urged  by  Father  Jum'pero  in  his 
incniorial  of  ]\ larch  1773^n  which  he  also  urged  tho 
L\[il()ration  of  a  route  from  New  Mexico — gave  tho 
rcijuired  license,  probably  in  September  1773. 

Anza  obtained  twenty  soldiers  and  had  nearly 
coni[)leted  his  preparations  for  departure,  when  the 
Apaclies  made  one  of  their  characteristic  raids,  stcal- 
iii'jf  his  horses  and  killinix  some  of  his  men.  This 
caused  delay  and  ol)liged  the  captain  to  start  v.ith 
loss  force  than  he  had  intended;  but  as  a  compensa- 
tion he  unexpectedly  obtained  a  guide.  This  was  a 
Baja  California  neophyte,  Sebastian  by  name,  who 
had  deserted  from  San  Gabriel  in  August,  and,  keep- 
iu'j:  far  to  the  east  to  avoid  meetinL!,-  soldiors,  had 
rt,  ached  the  Colorado  River  ranch erias  and  had  been 
hiought  by  the  natives  to  Altar,  thus  entitling  him- 
srlf  to  the  honor  of  having  been  the  iirst  Christian  to 
make  the  overland  trip.'^  Under  his  guidance  Anza 
set  out  from  Tubac  Januar}^  8,  1774,  with  Francisco 
(iarces  and  Juan  Diaz,  Franciscan  friars  from  the 
Queretaro  college.  There  were  in  all  34:  men  with 
140  horses  and  05  cattle. 

lu  a  month  the}^  had  reached  tlie  Gila,  by  way  of 
tSuuoita  through  Papagueria.     Palma,  a  famous  Yuma 

-Ortega  in  a  letter  to  Piivera,  dated  San  Diego,  May  5,  177'),  says  that 
Aiiz.i's  expedition  cost  from  'J.1,000  to  ;5U,(X)0  pesos.  Prov.  St,  Pup.,  .MS.,  i. 

•'  According  to  one  of  the  two  chief  mithorities  ScO)astian  had  started  from 
!^uu  Gabriel  with  his  parents  and  wife,  all  of  whom  had  perished. 


II 


!■ 


*. 


Ill^ 


si"''!! 


It 


222 


RECORD  OF  EVENTS. 


chief,  entertained  the  Spaniards  at  his  rancherfa  at 
San  Dionisio,  Isla  de  Trinidad,  a  kind  of  island  formed 
by  a  double  channel  of  the  Gila  at  its  junction  with 
the  Colorado,"*  and  received  from  Anza  a  bailj^e  of 
office  under  Spain.  He  accompanied  the  exj^loreis 
across  the  Colorado  and  some  eight  or  nine  leagues 
south-westward  to  the  lagoon  of  Santa  Olaya.  To 
this  lagoon  the  whole  party  was  obliged  to  return  on 
the  19th  of  February,  after  having  wandered  for  six 
days  through  a  country  destitute  of  grass  and  watir.'' 
Tkit  they  started  again  on  the  2d  of  March,  leaving 
with  Palma  a  large  part  of  the  animals  in  charge  of 
three  soldiers,  three  muleteers,  and  three  Indian  soi- 
vants.  The  route  through  the  country  of  the  Cojat, 
Cajuenches,  and  Danzarines,  cannot  be  traced  exactly ; 
but  as  this  was  the  first  exploration  of  this  region  and 
of  the  great  route  into  California,  I  append  the  de- 
tails, confusing  as  they  are,  in  a  note."     Anza  would 

*  One  of  the  channels  no  longer  carries  water,  and  perhaps  did  so  then  only 
at  hif,'h  water.  In  Kino's  map  of  1701  San  Dionisio  is  not  represented  iis  an 
island.  Emory,  Kolcs,  i)j-0,  in  1£40  noted  that  the  Gila  once  flowed  to  t!iu 
south  of  its  present  cliannol,  and  says:  'During  freshets  it  is  probalilc  tlio 
livers  now  discharge  their  surplus  waters  through  these  old  channels.'  An- 
other discovery  of  Anza  is  less  intolligiblo.  In  a  letter  of  Feb.  9th  from  Smh 
Dionisio  to  the  viceroy,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  190-1,  he  says  he  had  crDs^cd 
the  Colorado  and  Gila,  and  had  found  a  branch  of  the  former  extending  iKjith 
and  west,  and  entering  probably  the  South  Sea — perhaps  at  San  Franci.sLO 
Bay. 

'•'  Padre  Garcds  claimed  to  have  been  in  this  region,  the  north-east  soctiuii 
of  Baja  California,  in  1771;  but  the  narrative  of  his  trip  in  that  j-ear,  in 
A  rr'ricifa,  Crnn.  Seruf.,  420  et  seq. ,  does  not  show  clearly  that  he  crossed  the 
Colorado  at  all. 

"  The  most  complete,  and  indeed  the  only,  authority  in  print  is  A  rrirlviin, 
Crdiiica  Smijica,  450  et  seq. ;  but  it  is  very  unsatisfactory.  The  best  account 
of  the  expedition  socms  to  be  Anza,  Dcscnbiimlciito  de  Sonora  d  Cal'j'urni'i'i 
alio  de  177. 'h  ]MS.  This  appears  to  be  an  abridged  co])y  of  the  ori-^iual  diary 
made  soon  after  the  date  of  the  expedition  by  some  one  who  did  not  accmu- 
pany  it.  The  route  was  as  follows,  items  from  the  return  march  being  in 
brackets:  Feb.  9tli.  At  junction  of  the  Gila  and  Colorado,  near  the  site  of  tlie 
later  Concepcion.  Feb.  10th  to  lith.  51.  w.  n.  (s.)  w.  and  4.r)  1.  s.  w.  ami 
s.  to  Laguna  de  Sta  Olaya,  formed  by  the  Colorado  in  time  of  flood.  Lat. 
32"  34'.  [According  to  the  return  trip  Sta  Olaya  was  4  1.  w.  of  the  river  and 
8  1.  w.  s.  w.  of  S.  Dionisio,  or  Isla  de  Trinidad.]  Feb.  13th  to  19th.  OH'  into 
tlic  desert  and  back  to  Sta  Olaya.  March  '2d.  4  1.  w.  s.  w.  to  Laguna  <lcl 
I'rcdicador.  Mar.  3d  to  5th.  3  1.  w.  s.  w. ;  0.5  1.  w.  K.  w.;  01.  w.  N.w.  with 
low  sierra  on  left;  3  1.  N.  w.  across  the  hills;  2 1.  w. ;  1.5  1.  N.  and  n.  v  ,  in  si;ilit 
of  an  estero,  to  Tozos  de  San  Eusebio.  Mar.  Gth.  4  1.  w.  to  Sto  Tomas.  in 
middle  of  sierra.  Mar.  7th  and  8th.  4  1.  N.  w.  and  1  1.  N.  e.  to  Pozos  de  Ma 
Rosa  de  las  Lajas  (18  1.  in  a  direct  line  from  Sta  Olaya).    Mar.  9th  and  10th. 


ANZA  FROM  SONORA. 


223 


seem  fit  first  to  have  kept  far  to  the  soutli  of  the 
iiiodcrii  lailroad  I'oute,  but  to  have  rctunicd  to  it  be- 
fore reaching  tlie  San  Gorgonio  Pass,  whieli  lie  named 
Sail  Carlos.  Ho  crossed  the  Santa  Ana  Iiiver  on  .*i 
bridge  of  boughs  tlio  20th  of  March,  and  on  the  22d 
arrived  at  San  Gabriel. 

The  travellers  had  exhausted  their  supply  of  food; 
and  they  found  equal  destitution  at  San  Gabriel;  but 
the  friars  Paterna  and  Cruzado  entertained  them  as 
best  they  could  after  a  mass,  to  dcum,  and  sermon  of 
•welcome.  A  cow  was  killed,  and  in  ten  days  four  of 
Anza's  men  returned  from  San  Diego  with  sup])lies 
that  had  come  on  the  SantiagoJ  In  a  few  days  all 
but  six  of  the  men  were  sent  with  Father  Garces 
back  to  the  Colorado,  having  some  slight  trouble  with 
the  savages  on  the  way,  and,  according  to  Arricivitn, 
finding  that  the  men  left  with  the  animals  had  become 
frightened  and  retired  to  Caborca.  Anza  with  his 
^ix  men  made  a  trip  up  to  Monterey  and  back  from 
the  10th  of  April  to  the  1st  of  May;  and  two  days 
later  he  started  with  Diaz  for  the  Colorado,  which  ho 
reached  in  eight  days.  Palou  tells  us  that  some  of 
Fages'  men  went  with  him  to  become  acquainted 
with  the  route,  and  returning  reported  that  they  had 
been  attacked  by  the  natives  as  had  been  the  men 
left  at  the  Colorado.  The  explorers  reached  Tubac 
on  the  2Gtli  of  May,  and  in  July  Anza  went  to  Mexico 
to  report. 

His  expedition  had  accomplished  all  that  it  had 

11  1.  X.  to  S.  Seljnstian  Pcrcgrino,  a  largo  c'li'nrqa  in  tlie  Cnjurnclio  nation 
['11 1.  \v.  and  w.  N.  \v.  from  StaOlava].  Mar.  1 1th.  1.5  1.  w.  on  .same  citnc;;;!. 
Mar.  l-2tli.  (i  1.  w.  N.  w.  to  S.  Grcgmio.  Mar.  14th.  G  1.  x.  [n.  w.]  to  St,i  Ciit.'i- 
riii.i  1 10  1.  from  S.  Sebastian].  G  1.  N.  N.  \v.  to  Puerto  do  S.  Cai-los,  folIoAving 
tlie  lafiiida  f;>;V  A-].  Mar.  IGth  and  17th.  .*?  1.  x.  w.  and  N.  x.  w.  to  Lagnna 
and  V;dlcvof  Principe  [or  S.  Patiicio,  81.  w.  x.  \v.  from  Sta  Catarinn].  Mar. 
iMli.  [I  I  1.  X.  and  N.  X.  W.  to  Valle  dc  S.  Jos(5  [.33°  4(>'j  on  a  lino  stream.  Mar. 
10th.  0  [.")]  I.  X.  w.  to  Laguna  de  8.  Antonio  do  Ikicandi.  Mar.  iiOtli.  5  1.  x.  \v. 
and  '2.  .">  1.  \v.  X.  w.  to  Rio  Sta  Ana.  Mar.  '21st.  7  1.  %v.  x.  \v.  to  Arroyo  de 
Osos  [or  Alisos].  Mar.  22d.  To  S.  Gabriel  [10  1.  w.  and  5  1.  w.  x.  w.  from 
S.  Antonio].  See  also,  in  chap.  xii.  of  this  volnnic,  the  account  of  Anza's 
Etciiiid  trip. 

'On  Mandi  24th  Anza  was  godfather  to  a  child  baptized  by  P.  Diaz.  iS'. 
OaljMl  Lib.  J/ (■„■.,  M.S.,  7. 


II 


224 


RECORD  OF  EVENTS. 


been  intended  to  do,  in  showing  the  practicability  ef 
the  new  route.* 

President  Sorra  sailed  from  San  Bias  January  21  tli 
in  the  new  transport"  Santiago  or  Nueva  Gallcla,  huilt 
expressly  for  the  California  service,  connnand(Ml  hy 
Juan  Perez,  and  laden  with  sujiplies  for  San  Ciirlos, 
San  Antonio,  and  San  Luis.  Serra  Avas  accompanied 
by  Pablo  IMugdrtegui,  a  new  missionary;  and  the  San- 
tiago also  brought  to  California  Juan  Soler,  the  store- 
keeper for  Monterey,  a  surgeon  Jose  Davila  with  his 
family,  three  blacksmiths  and  families,  and  tliree  car- 
penters. After  a  ■  comparatively  prosp(3r()us  voyage 
the  vessel  anchored  in  San  Diego  Bay  the  VM\\  of 
]\Iarch.^"  It  had  been  the  intention  to  go  direct  to 
jSIontorey,  but  an  accident  caused  a  change  of  phui, 
and  fortunately,  for  Serra  by  landing  a  small  portion 
of  the  cargo  was  enabled  to  relieve  the  pressing  need 
of  the  southern  missions.  He  had  quite  enough  of 
the  sea,  and  besides  was  anxious  to  visit  the  IViars; 
thcjrcfore  he  went  up  by  land,  starting  on  April  (!tli, 
having  an  interview  with  Captain  Anza  on  the  way, 
and  reaching  Monterey  on  the  lltli  of  ]\Iay  Jifter  an 
absence  of  nearly  two  years.  On  account  of  ill-healtli 
!Mugartegui  also  landed  and  remained  at  San  Diego, 
Amurrio  taking  his  place  on  the  Santiago,  which 
tsailed  on  the  same  day  that  Serra  started,  and 
anchored  at  Monterey  two  days  before  the  president's 
arrival  the  9th  of  May.'^ 

^^lofras,  Erplor.,  i.  282,  mentions  this  expedition,  giving  tlic  dato  of 
(itartins  incorrectly  as  Sept.  177.'^.  See  also  brief  uecount  ia  I'cluMu,  Stiii'>ra, 
150;  1<I.,  in  Snr.  Mex.  (rfo;/.,  lUiMin,  x.  704. 

'•'She  is  called  hoWi  fraijula  and  convta. 

••' AeeorduiLT  to  I'rir-,  Hdunon,  they  reached  the  S.anta  B;'nbar.i  Islands  on 
^rnreh  (ith.  The  northern  group  arc  named  from  west  to  oast  Santa  l!<isn, 
(San  Miguel),  Santa  ^largarita  (Sant.a  Rosa),  Santa  Cruz  (still  so  called),  aii'l 
Santo  'j'onij^s  (Anaeapa).  Thence  they  sailed  .southward  between  tlio  coast  aii'l 
San  (.'leniente,  reacliing  San  Diego  March  10th  (another  copy  makes  it  Mari  h 
1 1  tin,  sailin;_  April  .^ith,  .-ind  arriving  at  Monterey  May  8th.  Palon,  I  'idu,  l.'>o  • 
02,  gives  the  latter  date  as  May  !)th. 

"  Paloii,  2\oL,  i.  OOG-8;  Id.,  Vida,  156-61;  Serra,  in  Dandhd  Dor.  JIlsl. 
C'aL,  MS.,  1. 


RIVERA  SUCCEEDS  FACES. 


22& 


llini  Doc.  J  fid. 


Wo  left  Rivera  3'  Moiirada  at  Lonto  in  Marcli 
with  fifty-ono  [ktsoiis,  soldiers  and  their  fiiiiiilii's,  re- 
cruited in  Sinaloa  for  Lis  new  eonnnand.'^  ]^ientenant 
()rt(>L;'a  was  in  the  south  at  Santa  Ana,  with  other 
faiin'hes,  whom  ho  was  ordered  to  brinuf  n^)  to  Velieatii 
to  jnin  the  rest,  and  was  to  remain  in.  eonnnand  of 
the  cam})  until  supplies  and  animals  for  the  northern 
jomiiey  could  be  sent  back.  Rivera  then  started 
northward  by  land  and  reached  ISIontcrey  on  tlic  2od 
of  ^[ny.  Respectint^  the  details  of  his  march  and  the 
iunnl)er  of  men  he  took  with  him  nothini,'  is  known; 
but  he  left  all  the  families  and  some  of  the  new  sol- 
diers at  Velieatii.  On  the  25tli  he  assumed  the  duties 
of  his  new  office  in  place  of  Pedro  Fages,'''  who  pre- 
pai'cd,  as  ordered  l)y  the  viceroy,  to  go  south  with  his 
company  of  Catalan  volunteers.'*  The  first  oppor- 
tunity to  sail  was  by  the  San  Antonio,  which,  leaving 
San  Rlas  in  INIarch  under  Canizares  as  master,  had 
arrived  on  June  8th,  this  being  the  first  trip  ever 
made  direct  to  Monterey  without  touchmg  at  San 
Diego, 

Tlie  feeling  between  Rivera  and  Fagcs  was  by  no 
means  friendly,  the  former  having  considered  himself 
ai>L;ricved  by  Galvez'  act  in  preferring  the  latter  at 
the  beginning  notwithstanding  the  disj)arity  of  rank, 
and  a  second  time  by  Portolas  choice  of  a  conmiandor 
ill  1770.  Triumphant  at  last,  he  was  not  dis])()sed 
to  adopt  a  conciliatory  policx^  toward  his  vanquished 
rival,  whom,  without  any  unnecessary  ex])enditurc  of 
courteous  phrases,  he  ordered  to  prepare  his  accounts 

'-  Mnrch  20tli,  Rivera  VTites  to  the  viceroy  from  Loreto  that  he  lias  arri veil 
fiiiin  Siiiiiliia  and  will  jiroct'cd  by  land  to  San  I)icyo  ami  jciin  Anza.  Arch. 
S'liiid,  Biirliura,  MS.,  xi.  378-9;  but  as  wa  have  seen  he  was  too  late  to  meet 
Anza, 

'^Tbo  viceroy,  on  J.in.  2,  177'>,  acknowledges  receipt  of  Rivera's  letter  of 
•luiic  j  Itli,  .stating  that  he  had  taken  possession  of  the  i.'oinniand  an  .May  'J.'ith. 
l'r<,t:  SI.  Pitp..  MS,,  i.  KiS.  Talon,  Xo(.,  i.  U()!»  -I3,  makes  tliu  date  May 
-4tli.     May  4,  1771,  Fages  was  made  a  captain.  A/.,  i.  74. 

"  In  addition  to  the  general  instructions  to  Rivera  and  Fagcs  already 
notired,  there  was  a  special  onler  of  the  viceroy  dated  Sept.  .'iO,  1774,  tur 
Fact's  with  his  volunteers  and  all  of  the  ciiera  company  not  e\i>ressly  (irdered 
to  rLinain  to  be  acnt  to  San  Bias  by  the  first  vessel,  tit.  Pup.,  Mi'^s.  and  Colon., 
Mt>.,  i.  ;jbS. 

UisT.  Cai..,  Vol..  T.    IS 


220 


HECORP  OF  i;vi:nts. 


niid  y/'i  iwiily  to  sail  on  tlic  Sen  Antonio,  tahiii;,'  wilh 
liiiM  all  his  men  t'Xt'ei)t  ivw  ulio  \\v\\\  to  bu  retained 
until  (lie  new  f'or('(!aiTive(l  iVoni  flie  peninsula.  Fa<;-(s, 
tlioU'.;Ii  oj'ionrsc  ol)li;^e(l  to  ohey  the  vieeioy's  ordei.s, 
Avas  not  Ihc  nan  to  nuit  the  countr\  without  inahin" 
u  show  of  i'idei)endenc'o  and  an  eflort  for  the  last 
wonl.  A  caustic  ooriTspondenco  I'ollowed,  little  of 
Mhieh  is  extant,  I)ut  in  wliieh  Rivera  with  the  vanta'^^c- 
Urouiid  of  his  superior  authority  hy  no  means  ciiiiicd 
oll';ill  the  honors.  Faojos  claimed  the  right  to  embark 
I'rom  San  ])ie<^o,  Avisliinjj^  to  obtain  certain  receipts} 
IVom  jyadres  and  corporals  at  the  several  missions, 
Ivivera  replies,  "The  viceroy  does  not  order  me  to 
allow  the  volunteers  and  you  to  embark  at  San  Diego, 
but  t^imily  by  the;  iirst  vessel.  IJis  excelleney  knows 
very  v.'U  that  this  j)residio  is  the  capital  where  yon 
reside;  therefore,  this  is  the  place  he  speaks  of,  and 
from  this  place  you  must  sail."  Whereupon  Don 
Petlro,  as  be  might  have  done  before,  showed  a  i)er- 
mit  i'rom  the  viceroy  to  sail  from  San  Diego,  of  later 
date  than  the  couuiiander's  instructions;  and  Hi  vera 
Avas  I'orced  to  yield. 

A':''ain  Fac>-es  announced  that  he  had  some  aninial^^ 
set  apart  for  his  own  use  which  ho  proposed  to  take 
away  with  him  to  San  Diego,  and,  after  Ilivera's 
promiit  refusal  to  allow  any  such  outrageous  use  of 
the  ]<ing's  property,  proceeded  to  prove  tliat  the  mules 
were  his  own.  Then  he  pleailed  for  more  time  to 
arrange  his  accounts,  which  coul '.  not  be  completed 
befor<-'  the  sailini>'  of  the  San  Aotfuio;  but  after  <4(,'tting 
an  i;is(;]ent  permission  to  wail  for  the  Santkcjo,  ho 
decided  to  start  at  once  and  leave  the  accounts  to  a 
clerk.  Having  gathered  thus  much  from  Ivivcra's 
own  letters,  it  is  hard  to  resist  the  conclusion  that  if 
Fages'  letters  were  extant  they  would  show  the  writer, 
with  perfect  mncf  froid,  if  not  always  with  dignity, 
engaged  in  a  deliberate  epistolary  effort  to  annoy  liis 
exultant  and  pompous  rival.  If  this  was  not  the  case, 
all  the  more  discreditable  to  himself  was  the  tunc 


NOliTlI-COAST  KXI'LORATIOXS. 


827 


nddpti'd  ill  irivci'ji's  ('oiuimiiiications.'''  Tlie  Saii 
Antonio  saili'd  I'roiii  ^lontLToy  on  July  7tli,  with 
tliiiticn  of  the  vohmtt'irs,  and  with  llaiiul  IViho  y 
(Jil  the  new  .stoi'e-kec[)H*  lor  San  Dleyo.  Fagrs 
.starU'd  by  land  with  two  soldiers  on  the  1 9th  and 
sailed  on  the  4th  of  Aui^iist  from  San  Diego.  Wo 
sliall  hear  again  [\'o\\\  this  gallant  ollieer.  Fathers 
I'rcstainero  and  Usson  also  saileil  for  San  lllas  on 
the  San  Anlonlo,  being  foreed  to  retire  by  ill-health. 


Perez  in  tho  Santkujo  was  meanwhile  engaged  in 
another  important  service,  that  of  exploring  in  tlui 
far  north.  Tliei-e  still  existed  among  Spanish  author- 
ities a  fear  of  llussirrii  encroachments  on  the  l*aeitic 
coast.,  or  at  least  a  spirit  of  curiosity  to  know  what 
tlie  IJussians  were  doing.  Bucareli  had  orders  from 
the  hint;  to  iiive  this  matter  his  attention  as  soon  as 
it  niinht  be  convenient.^''  It  is  said  to  have  been 
Serra  uho  first  suggested  that  the  California  trans- 
j)()rt  might  be  advantageously  used  for  pur[)oses  of 
gfographical  discovery,  and  opening  up  a  new  Held 
for  spiritual  conquest.  Ho  also  urged  that  no  man 
was  better  fitted  to  take  charge  of  the  enterprise  than 
his  liiend  and  compatriot  Juan  Perez,  who  had  been 
tlie  lirst  in  these  later  times  to  reach  both  San  Diego 
and  Monterey.  Perez  was  accordingly  instructed, 
alter  landing  the  supplies  at  Monterey,  to  explore  the 
northern  coast  up  to  G0°,  with  a  view  to  discover 
harbors  and  to  make  such  observations  respecting  tho 
country  and  its  inhabitants  as  might  be  practicable. 
The  expense  was  borne  by  the  king. 

It  was  the  intention  that  Mutidrtegui  should  ffo  as 
c]ia])]ain,  but  in  case  of  his  illness  Scrra  had  been 
i('(HU'sted^'  to  name  a  substitute,  and  appointed  Cresj)! 
and  Peiia  to  act  as  chaplains  and  to  keep  diaries  of 

^■'  U'lvrra  y  j)foucada,  TcHimonio  ilf  dUirjcnrias  en  la  fnma  dc  po-iaion  del 
WKiiiln,  1774,  ^li^M  consisting  of  two  letters  dated  June  'Jlst  and  '22*1. 
'"  Ikvdla-diicdn,  Jii/onnc  de  l.i  dc  AbrU  1703,  117-19. 
"Liictiieli's  letter  of  Dec.  24,  1773,  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  137-8. 


228 


RECORD  OF  E\-ENTS. 


,fii 


\l    ! 


It 


;.|i 


die  voyaiTfo,  as  they  did,  both  journals  being  still 
extant.  The  surgeon  Davila  went  along,  the  vessel's 
surgeon,  Costan,  remaining  temporarily  at  Monterey. 
June  Gth  everything  being  ready  at  Monterey  the 
padres  went  on  board,  and  next  day  the  Santiago 
attempted  to  sail,  but  was  prevented  by  contrary 
winds.  On  the  8th  the  arrival  of  the  San  Antonio 
from  San  Bias,  already  noted,  caused  a  new  delay. 
Two  days  later  solemn  mass  for  the  success  of  the 
expedition  was  said  under  the  old  oak  that  had  wit- 
nessed the  rite  in  1G02  and  1770,  and  on  the  lltli, 
just  before  noon,  the  vessel  sailed  from  the  bay. 
Adverse  winds  still  baffled  the  navigators,  driving 
them  southward,  so  that  for  seventeen  days  they  did 
not  get  above  the  latitude  of  Monterey,  being  driven 
back  and  forward  aloni;  the  coast  between  that  l.iti- 
tude  and  that  of  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands.  On  the 
Dth  July,  when  they  were  again  able  to  make  obser- 
vations, tlicy  were  in  latitude  4')°,  beyond  the  limits 
of  the  modern  California  of  wliicli  I  now  write,  Tlie 
details  of  the  voyage  in  northern  waters,  during  whi(;h 
the  Spaniards  reached  a  latitude  of  55°,  making  some 
observations  and  naming  some  points  along  the  coast, 
dealing  with  the  natives,  who  came  off  in  canoes,  but 
not  landing,  belong  to  another  volume  of  this  series, 
in  which  I  shall  narrate  the  annals  of  more  northern 


13 


lands. 

Reentering  California  waters  on  the  return  trip 
the  I7th  of  August,  they  sighted  on  the  22d  wluit 
was  supposed  to  be  Cape  Mendocino  in  latitude  40', 
on  the  2Gth  they  saw  the  Farallones,  and  next  day  at 
4  P.  M.  anchored  at  Monterey.  The  prevalence  of 
fogs  had  prevented  exploration  of  the  Californiau 
coast,  beyond  a  mere  glimpse  of  Mendocino  and  tlio 
Farallones.  It  is  to  be  noticed  that  in  s})eaking  of 
the  latter  islands  as  a  landmark  for  San  Francisco 
the    diarists    clearly   locate    that   port    under   Point 

'" For  a  full  account  of  this  voyage,  with  refurcnccs  to  the  origiual  diinios, 
SCO  lllst.  Norlhwest  Coud,  i.  150-8. 


MOVING  OF  SAN  DIEGO. 


229 


I'iuinal  diaiies, 


Ptovcs,  and  speak  of  the  other  bay  discovcrod  five 
years  before  as  the  (jraiide  edcro,  not  yet  named. ^' 

Two  impi)rtant  events  in  California  must  be  added 
to  the  record  of  1774  before  I  call  attention  to  certain 
other  events  on  the  peninsula  and  in  Mexico  nearly 
affecting  the  interests  of  the  New  Establishments. 
Olio  was  the  moving  of  San  Diego  JVIission  in  the 
extreme  south  in  August;  the  other  an  exploration 
of  San  Francisco  Bay  in  the  extreme  north  at  the 
close  of  the  year.  The  site  on  which  the  mission  at 
San  Diego  had  been  originally  founded,  and  the  jire- 
sidio  a  little  later,  had  not  proved  a  desirable  one  for 
agricultLual  purposes  since  the  drying-up  of  the  river; 
and  in  fact  for  several  vears  seed  had  been  sown  ibr 
tlw  most  part  at  an  inconvenient  distance.  Tlie  first 
})n)[)()sition  toward  a  change  of  site  came  early  in  1773 
1'  )iu  Fages,  who  favored  a  removal  of  the  I'ancheria 
coniaiuing  all  the  neophytes  as  M'ell  as  many  gentiles 
fioin  the  vicinity  of  the  stockade,  for  the  reason  that 
the  huts  would  give  the  natives  an  advantage  in  hos- 
tile operations.  Tiiis  was  not  exactly  a  removal  of  tho 
mission,  since  it  doei^  not  ap})ear  that  tlie  friars  were 
to  accompany  their  neophytes;  the  fear  of  danger  was 
deemed  unfounded  and  even  absurd;  and,  moreover, 
tlu;  measure  was  reccmnnendcid  by  a  man  whose 
a|>})roval  was  enough  to  condenm  nuy  measure  in 
Seri'a's  eyes.  Cc^nsequentl^'  ho  ()])posed  the  change 
most  strenuously  in  his  report  to  the  viceroy."" 

J;iunie,  the  minister,  however,  addressed  a  letter  in 
April  1773  to  the  president,  in  which  he  favored  a 
removal  of  the  mission.  Exj)erience  had  cleaidy 
shown,  he  thought,  that  want  of  water  would  always 
]>rovu  a  drawb-'ck  to  prosperity  at  the  original  site;  it 

'■'('rpspf  in  liis  li'wr'io  mnkcs  a  loni;  and  confusing  arirumunt  to  prove  (liat 
tl)c, /. !/•((/  (K/M  Mi'ca  at  this  tiiir;  were  not  tlii'sc  scon  in  1709,  tin;  fornn  r  li.in>; 
TiO  liMyucs  from  I't  Kcyes,  and  tho  latter  much  nwiroi-.  Tlic  reiisca  of  tho 
tiiais  ront'u.sii)n  is  not  clear.  The  anthoritics  on  this  voyaw  iiro:  ('ri":/n, 
h'ftrin;  I'ciKi,  JJkirIn,  MS.;  I'cirz,  Ueluaion,  MS.;  und  Penz,  Tahhr  JJruno, 
Ms. 

-".i'e  ;■.'•:.-,  Hojyns.  J I  de  Mayo,  1773,  MS. 


f  < 


I  I 


i- 


III  ii 


230 


RECORD  OF  EVENTS. 


was  always  better  for  a  mission  to  be  a  liltlc  re- 
moved from  presidio  influences;  and  lie  had  a  report 
fi'om  the  .natives  confirmed  by  a  soldier,  of  a  vciy 
favorable  site  some  six  or  seven  leagues  distant  across 
the  sieri-a.^^  The  matter  having  been  referred  to  llu; 
viceroy  ho  authorized  Rivei'a  to  make  a  change  if  it 
filiould  seem  expedient  to  himself  and  to  Serra.'^  Of 
tlie  subsequent  consultations  and  explorations  which 
doubtless  took  place  we  have  no  record;  but  tlic 
change  was  decided  upon  and  effected  in  August 
1774.  The  new  site  was  not  the  one  which  Jaunic 
had  in  mind,  but  a  nearer  one  called  by  the  natives 
Nipaguay,-^  about  two  leagues  up  the  valley  north- 
eastward from  Cosoy,  and  probably  identical  or  nearly 
f;o  with  that  of  the  later  buildings  whose  ruins  arc 
still  visible  some  six  miles  from  the  city  and  port. 
We  have  no  account  of  the  ceremonies  by  which  the 
transfer  was  celebrated,  nor  do  we  know  its  exact 
date;  but  both  friars  and  neophytes  were  pleased  with 
the  chanfjfe,  and  worked  with  a  will,  so  that  bv  tlio 
end  of  the  year  the  mission  buildings  were  better  than 
at  Cosoy,  including  a  dwelling,  storehouse,  and  smithy 
of  adol)es,  and  a  w^ooden  church  with  roof  of  tales, 
measuring  eighteen  by  fifty-seven  feet.  At  tlie  old 
f^ito  all  the  buildings  were  given  up  to  the  presidio, 
except  two  rooms,  one  for  the  use  of  visiting  friars 
and  the  other  for  the  reception  and  temporary  storage 
of  mission  supplies  coming  by  sea."*  Nothing  further 
is  Icnown  of  San  Diego  events  during  the  year,  except 
th;it  Ortega  came  up  from  below  with  tlie  rem;iiuiii.;' 

-'  .Tiuimc's  letter  of  April  M  (nr  30th),  in  ^ra;|p>•  MSS.,  No.  18,  pp.  4,  ,1. 

"-  Unciirdi,  l,islriirr!on  ile  17  dc  A'juHo  J7io,  MS. 

-'^S;in  Diego  do  Nipaguay — tliat  is,  San  Diego  at  Ni]iagnay — was  si  onn- 
moil  iiiimo  lor  tlie  inibsiou  afterwards.  8erra  called  it  so  in  liia  seeuiid  auiiiiul 
report. 

''*S('rrn,  Iii/orme  ih'  f,  F,h.  1775,  jSlS.,  12-1-7.  An  nnfinishod  cliurcli  Iniill 
four  or  live  feet  above  the  foundations,  with  .idobes  all  made  re.i-.iy  to  liai>li 
it,  v.as  also  delivered.  l:i  a  letter  of  Oetober  I5d  the  ennimandant  of  the  piv- 
eidio  say.s  he  was  uncertain  whether  to  accept  the  building,  for  how  wis  it  Vi 
lie  llnirjlied?  /'me.  .S7.  I'liji.,  MS.,  i.  ITjO-T.  I.asnen  in  hU  rejiort  of  IT'.'i 
says  the  new  site  was  ))ut  little  better  than  the  old  so  far  as  fertility  \vas  con- 
cerned. Lnsiirii,  Jiifonui'  de  17^o,  MS.;  see  also  .Sena,  in  San  D'ujo,  Lib.  de 
JUUioii,  MS.,  3,  4. 


EXPLORATIONS  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


231 


force  and  families  recruited  by  Rivera  in  Sinaloa, 
arriving"  at  San  Diego  on  September  2Gtli,  and  dc- 
.spatcliing  a  part  of  the  company  to  Monterey  on  the 
8d  ol'  October.  The  new  troops  gave  Ortega  hojiio 
trouble  by  their  tumultuous  conduct,  complaining  of 
the  (juantity  and  quality  of  the  food.-" 

The  occupation  of  the  port  of  San  Francisco  and 
the  founding  of  a  mission  there,  though  a  matter  still 
l;e[)t  in  abeyance,  was  one  by  no  means  forgotten, 
and  one  often  mentioned  in  communications  pa•^sing 
'vtween  jMexico  and  Monterey.  PortoLl  and  Crespi 
■.,  en  they  had  almost  reached  the  port  in  17G'.),  had, 
u.-.  v.e  have  seen,  discovered  a  large  bay  before  entirely 
unknown,  and  had  explored  to  some  extent  its  western 
shore.  Galvez  and  the  viceroy  on  liearing  of  Portola's 
near  approach  to  San  Francisco  had  ordered  tlie  cap- 
tain of  (he  Sill  Antonio,  when  she  brouujlit  ten  new 
i'riars  to  California  in  1771,  in  case  she  should  reach 
San  Francisco  first,  to  leave  there  two  of  the  padres 
and  all  that  was  required  for  an  inmiediate  foundation, 
under  a  temporary  guai'd  of  sailors;-*^  but  the  vessel 
toucherl  first  at  Monterey  and  Saint  Frane-is  was 
o])liged  to  v/ait.  In  1772  Fages  and  Cres])i  had  aimin 
atteni[)t!  1  •  m  reach  San  Francisco  by  })assing  round 
tlie  nev;!y  ih  covered  bay,  thus  exploring  the  eastern 
shore  aitliOijgh  prevented  from  accomplishing  their 
maiii  objji  t  by  a  great  river  which  they  could  not 
cross.'' 

In  his  instructions  of  August  17,  177n,  Bucareli 
had  ordered  Rivera  to  make  additional  explorations 
of  S;Mi  Francisco,  and  with  tlie  ap])roval  of  Surra  to 
Ibund  a  mission  tliere."^  Before  either  Rivera  (!r  his 
insti'uetions  reached  California,  however,  Pahai  in 
Ills  jir  t  animal  report  spoke  of  tlie  proposed  nii.;sion 
of  S  :.'  Francisco  "in  his  own  port  supposed  to  be  in 

''0,i        .    Rivrra,  in  Prov.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  lo4-G. 

•';/'fi;o.,,  ■',•(,'«,  dS-!). 

•  Sw;  (hap.  viii.  of  Uiiii  volurno. 

".SV.  r<iji.,  MUi.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  i.  333. 


!l 


E^i 


I 


n 


II 


u 


I  j 


232 


PiECORD  OF  EVENTS. 


the  Enscnacla  of  the  Faralloiics  toward  Point  Ruyes,' 
of  the  attempt  recently  made  to  arrive  there,  of  tlie 
obstacles  in  the  way,  and  of  the  determination  thiit 
had  been  formed.  This  determination  was  to  explore 
the  country  northward  from  Monterey,  and  to  estab- 
lish the  proposed  mission  wherever  a  suitable  place 
could  be  found,  since  it  could  not  be  exactly  known 
where  the  port  was  until  explorations  were  made  by 
sea;  and  later,  if  the  port  were  found  on  the  otlur 
side  of  the  new  b.iy,  another  mission  might  be  estab- 
lished there."'^  li  .  '  ^  ^e  borne  in  mind  that  the  nanio 
of  San  Francisco  i  not  yet  been  applied  to  the 
newly  found  body  of  .*  ater,  although  the  latter  was 
by  soPiie  vaguely  supposed  to  be  connected  with  tlu! 
port  so  long  known;  neither  had  the  bay  been  explored 
as  yet  with  boats  so  that  it  might  be  known  whether 
it  contained  a  'port'  at  all;  or  if  so,  in  what  part  of 
the  broad  expanse  the  harbor  was  to  be  found. 

In  obedience  to  the  viceroy's  orders,''"  and  with  a 
view,  perhaps,  to  test  the  necessity  or  cx])edieney  of 
Palou's  plan,  a  new  exploration  was  undertaken  by 
liivera  as  soon  as  his  new  recruits  arrived  at  jMoute- 
rey,  which  was  early  in  November.  Ife  took  with 
him  sixteen  soldiers,  two  servants,  and  a  mule  train 
laden  with  supplies  for  a  journey  of  forty  days.  I\dou 
accompanied  him,  by  order  of  the  president,  to  perform 
a  chaplain's  duty  and  keep  a  diary. ^^  Setting  out  on 
November  23d  the  party  followed  Fagcs'  route  of 
1772,  via  what  are  now  Hollister  and  Gihoy,  until, 
on  entering  the  grand  valley  about  the  bay,  they  boio 
t(»  the  left  instead  of  to  the  riuflit  as  Fau'es  had  done, 
and  on  the  28th  encamped  at  the  very  spot  wlure 
Hi  vera  had  spent  four  days  in  17G9,  that  is,  on  what 
is  now  San  Francisquito  Creek  below  Searsville.^"  The 

^■'P<il,ni,  Xof.,  ii.  .32. 

5"  Those  ordura  had,  it  seems,  been  repeated  in  a  letter  dated  May  2o,  1774, 
and  directed  to  Pidoii. 

"'  J'dtoii,  EtjK'dic'ion y  Rorfhtroquc xe  hizodelns  ccrcavian  del piierto  dc  Ain'i- 
tro  Scrajirn  Padre  S<tn  Fraiicificn,  in  Id.,  Xot.,  ii.  4;!-U2. 

"-'Ah  di'^tiuieoHai-e  not  given  in  this  diary  it  is  of  little  or  no  help  in  (ixiri.; 
exact  loeatiuns.     Tlie  party  was  now  about  one  league  from  the  shore,  about  a 


UP  thp:  leacii  to  the  cliff. 


238 


t  Reyes,"' 
re,  of  tlio 
itioii  tbut 
;o  explore 
to  cstab- 
iblo  place 
:ly  known 
!  made  by 
tlie  otber 
,  be  estali- 
b  tlio  name 
ed  to  the 
latter  was 
1  witli  tlie 
n  explored 
n  wliether 
it  part  of 
ind. 

nd  witli  a 
lodiency  of 
rtaken  by 
at  Monte- 
took  with 
iiule  train 

ys.     l\d(Hl 

(.)  perform 
u[X  out  on 
route  ot 
roy,  until, 
tliey  boro 
bad  done, 
iot  where 
on  what 
llle;'''  The 

JMaySJ,  1774, 

iicrto  (le  iVi't"-- 

lliflpiu  ilxiii^' 
Islioic,  about  a 


natives  wore  hospitable  and  not  so  shy  as  they  had 
been  ;>]ong  the  way.  This  seemed  a  fitting-  ])laee  for 
a  mission,  and  a  cross  was  erected  as  a  sign  of  the 
Sjianiards'  purpose  to  locate  San  Francisco  here.  I 
suppose  that  i'roni  this  circumstance  originated  the 
name  San  Francisquito  later  applied  to  the  stream. 

Next  day  the  explorers  started  on  north-westward, 
S(jon  crossing  the  low  hills  into  the  Canada  that  had 
been  followed  in  17G0,  to  which,  or  to  a  locality  in 
whicli,  they  now  gave  the  name  Canada  do  San  Andres 
v.liich  it  still  bears.  I'lneherias  were  numerous,  and 
the  natives  uniformly  well  disposed.  On  the  30th 
they  left  the  glen,  climbed  some  high  land,  and  en- 
camped on  a  lagoon  in  the  hills,  not  im[)robably  that 
now  known  as  Laguna  do  San  Bruno.  From  a  lofty 
hill  Rivera  and  Palou  obtained  a  view  of  the  bay  and 
vailey  to  the  south-eastward,  but  could  not  see  the 
outlet,  on  account  of  another  hill  intervening.  Decem- 
ber lilt  Rivera  with  four  soldiers  climbed  that  hill  and 
on  his  return  said  he  had  been  very  near  the  outlet, 
which  could  be  conveniently  reached  from  the  camp 
by  follovv  iiiof  the  ocean  beach.  Delaved  for  a  few 
days  l)y  cold,  rainy  weather,  they  started  again  on 
the  fourth,  proceeded  north  over  low  hills  and  across 
canadas,  in  three  of  which  was  running  water,  and 
encamped  before  noon  on  a  stream  which  flowed  into 
a  large  lake  stretching  toward  the  beach,  known  later 
as  Laguna  do  la  ]\Ierecd. 

Tahing  with  him  four  soldiers  and  accompanied 
also  l)y  Palou,  Rivera  continued  north-westward  over 
hill  and  vale  into  the  sand  dunes  and  ch)wn  to  the 
beach,  at  a  point  near  where  the  Ocean  Side  House 
later  stood.  Thence  he  followed  the  beach,  as  so 
many  thousands  have  done  since  in  conveyances 
somewhat  more  modern  and  elegant  than  those  of 
the  gallant  captain  and  friar,  until   sto})[)ed  by  tho 

<lii,v"s  joiinioy  ficmi  the  cml  of  {lie  rciiiiisiila,  nml  in  "T  •!('»'  Ijyllicirdwii  rock- 
oiuii;;.  '1  hilt  tiny  vcio  hclow  Scaisvillc  is  bliowii  by  Uju lact  that  ou  btartiiig 
iiortiiwest  thuy  at  first  crossed  a  plaiii. 


234 


RECORD  OF  EVENTS. 


steep  slope  of  a  lofty  liill,  in  si<^'lit  of  .some  pointed 
rockfj  near  the  shore,  this  being  the  first  visit  to  the 
Seal  Hocks  since  famous,  and  to  the  site  of  the  mod- 
ern 'Cliff.'  They  climbed  the  hill  and  gazed  around 
on  Avliat  was  and  is  still  to  be  seen,  and  described  by 
Palou  as  it  miglit  be  described  now,  except  in  the 
matter  of  artificial  changes.  A  cross  wa-^  set  up  on 
the  summit,  and  the  explorers  returned  by  the  way 
they  had  come  to  their  camp  on  Lake  Merced  after 
an  absence  of  only  four  hours. 

It  was  now  resolved  to  postpone  the  exploi-ation  of 
the  Eio  do  San  Francisco,  the  San  Joaquin,  until 
after  the  rainy  season,  and  to  return  to  Monterey  by 
the  shore  route  of  17r>9.  Three  hours'  journey  soutli- 
ward,over  grassy  hills,  brought  them  on  the  oth  into 
the  old  trail,  by  which,  having  crossed  the  San  Lo- 
renzo and  Pajaro  rivers  on  the  11th,  they  arrived  at 
the  presidio  the  13th  of  December.^''  On  the  trij) 
Palou  had  found  six  sites  which  he  deemed  snitaljlc 
for  missions.  These  were,  in  the  valley  of  San  Pas- 
cual  near  the  moderr.  Hollister,  in  the  'plain  of  the 
great  estuary'  where  the  cross  was  left  on  San  Fran- 
cisquito  Creek,  in  the  vale  of  San  Pedro  Pegalado 
and  that  of  San  Pedro  Alcantara  between  Spani.-:li 
Town  and  Pescadero,  on  tlie  Kiver  San  Lorenzo  at 
Santa  Cruz,  and  on  the  River  Pajaro  at  Watsonville. 
"  God  grant  that  in  my  day  I  may  see  them  occupied 
by  missions,  and  in  them  assembled  all  the  gentiles 
who  inhabit  their  vicinities,  and  that  none  of  llie  lat- 
ter die  without  holy  baptism,  to  the  end  tliat  the 
number  of  the  children  of  God  and  of  his  holy 
church  be  increased,  and  also  of  the  vassals  of  our 

'^TIio  laclv  of  (list;iiiccs  in  this  diary  renders  it  of  little  iipo  in  fixing  oxnct 
localities,  !:ltluiu;.jli  Ur'  route  is  .somewhat  more  fully  descriljcd  iu  i;evfii.l 
respects  t!i;i:i  iu  the  diary  of  the  former  expedition.  The  f.' et  tliat  tlireo 
liourn'  journey  southward  from  the  head  of  Lake  Meiced  hroui'iit  llivini  into 
the  oM  trail  eonlii'ins  my  former  conclusion — see  chap.  vi. — tln.t  the  tirat  cn- 
pedition  erofsed  from  Pt  San  Pedro  rather  than  from  Half  Moon  J-ay.  \o«' 
the  travellers  vi;:iicd  a  lagoon  in  the  hills  near  the  shore,  about  a  league  iibuvc 
Vt  Angel — probably  Laguna  Alta. 


TROUBLE  IN  LOWER  CiU^IFORNIA. 


233 


ratliolio  monarcli,"  adds  tlie  good  padro  in  closing  liis 
journal.^* 

When  Paloa  loft  the  peninsula  in  the  sunnner  of 
1773,  he  left  Campa  and  Sanchez  at  Lorct)  to  r.ttcnd 
to  tlio  forwarding  of  certain  cattle  from  the  old  niis- 
f^ioiis,  which  had  been  assigned  to  the  nt;w  ones,  but 
which  he  l)ad  been  unable  to  obtain  on  account  (;f  the 
never  ending  excuses  of  Governor  Barri  and  President 
]\[(ii'n,  Vvlio,  however,  Jiad  agreed  to  settle  the  matter 
(Iciinitely  in  October  of  the  same  year.  Nothing  being 
(l()nc\  excuses  followin<_j  excuses,  and  there  beinu'  f;omo 
evidence  that  the  recalcitrant  governor  was  causing 
delay  in  the  hope  of  breaking  up  the  v.liolu  arrauge- 
iiuiit  1)}'  connuunications  witli  the  viceroy,  Campa 
wrote  Palou  how  he  was  situated,  and  sailed  on  April  5, 
1 77  l,for]Mexioo  to  coiisult  the  guar<;Han,Sanclicz  start- 
ing ;ilj<)ut  the  same  time  to  join  Cambon  at  Vclicatii. 
In  ^Mexico  Campa  made  but  little  progress.  Some 
cattle  and  horses  purchased  for  the  missions  the 
viceroy  had  already  ordered  to  be  sent  up,  as  they 
v.ere  early  in  1775 ;  but  the  Dominicans  had  convinced 
liini,  as  v»'as  probably  true,  that  their  missions  had  no 
cattle  to  spare,  and,  therefore,  stock  for  California 
must  bo  souLjht  elsewhere.^^ 

At  A\licatd  Cambon  had  been  left  by  Palou  in 
charge  of  vestments  and  other  church  property  col- 
led id  from  the  southern  missions  by  tlu;  order  of 
(Jalvcz.  The  quarrel  between  the  Franciscans  and 
Parri,  for  which  the  removal  of  this  })roperty  served 
largely  as  a  motive,  or  at  least  a  pretence,  was  now  at 
its  height.  The  governor  had  taken  advantage  of  the 
fact  that  the  agreement  l)y  which  the  I'ranciscans 
had  voluntarily  ceded  the  Lower  California  missions 
v/as  not  popularly  known,  to  circulate;  a  ivport  that 
his  own  inikience  had  forced  the  ii'iars  to  (piit  the 

"'Kivor.'i  Sunt  a  diary  of  the  trip  to  tlic  viceroy  on  .Tan.  .">,  177"i,  "«  ap- 
\\ny<  tVcini  Eiicurcli'B  nuknowlcclguicnt  ou  May  •J4Ui,  in  Proc.  SI.  I'lip.,  MS., 
i.  17--'. 

•'■'J'aluK,  I^'ol.,  ii.  1:;G-7,  207-8. 


23G 


RECORD  OF  EVENTS. 


W-i 


|!»3l 


country.  lie  labored  liard  to  win  over  the  Domini- 
cans to  liis  side,  and  was  practically  succcssi'ul  so  i'ar 
at  least  as  the  president  was  concerned,  and  lie  insisted 
that  the  property  in  question  had  been  stolen.  TIki 
details  and  merits  of  the  general  controversy  need  not 
bo  rej)eated  here.  It  is  evident  enough  that  Bani 
allowed  his  bitterness  toward  the  Franciscans  to  get 
the  better  of  his  judgment,  and  that  he  neglected  no 
opportunity  to  annoy  his  foes. 

From  San  Diego  Palou  sent  back  mules  to  bring  np 
supplies  and  part  of  the  church  property,  but  IJarri 
sent  an  order  to  the  officer  in  command  at  Velicata  to 
load  the  animals  w^th  corn,  but  by  no  means  to  allow 
the  vestments  to  be  taken,  pretending  that  a  new 
examination  of  the  boxes  was  necessary.  Governor 
and  president  were  now  acting  in  full  accord  and  caus- 
ing delay  by  throwing  the  responsibility  of  every  new 
liind(?]"anco  each  upon  the  other.  Mora  claimed  to  1  lavo 
full  faith  in  Franciscan  honor,  but  had  consented  to 
the  jiroposed  search  merely  to  convince  Barri  of  liis 
error!  Cambon  was  instructed  to  submit  to  the  senrrli 
if  required,  but  to  insist  on  exact  inventories  and  wv- 
tificates.  Thus  things  remained  until  Serra  returned 
I'rom  l^.Icxico  with  a  positive  order  from  the  viceroy 
for  the  removal  of  the  goods,  an  order  which  was  sent 
youth  and  reached  Velicata  July  IG,  1774. 

A  correspondence  ensued  between  Cambon  and  tlio 
military  officer  in  charge,  in  which  the  latter  profcf-^scd 
to  bo  utterly  ignorant  of  any  embargo  on  the  removal 
of  the  property,  and  to  have  received  no  orders  wliat- 
ever  from  Bani  on  the  subject,  although  the  contraiv 
was  well  enough  known  to  be  true.  Preparations 
were  mado  for  Padie  Sanchez  to  take  the  property 
with  Ortega's  force,  but  a  new  difficulty  arose;  fcr 
Hidalgo,  the  Dominican  in  charge  of  Velicatd,  bad 
])ositive  orders  from  President  Mora  to  stop  the  goods. 
He  was  in  much  perplexity,  and  begged  for  delay. 
Finally,  however,  after  obtaining  a  certificate  from  th(j 
connnandant  that  ho  would  furnish  no  troops  to  pre- 


ArPOIXTMENT  OF  GOVERNOR  XEVE. 


•237 


vciit  tlio  I'cniovnl,  ITidalj^o  gave  his  pcrniission,  and  it 
was  louiid  that  after  all  thci-o  wero  only  three  ninles 
to  ciivi'V  the  vestments,  most  of  whieli  had  therefore  t*) 
1)0  left  behind.  They  were  carried  up,  however,  early 
ill  the  next  year  by  Father  Dumetz,  who  came  down 
from  ]\Ionterey  with  a  mule  train  for  the  purpose.'"' 


Sti 


There  was  now  but  small  opportunity  loft  for  quar- 
rels between  Barri  and  the  Franciscans,  but  it  seemn 
tlici'o  were  also  dissensions  with  the  Dominicans.  It 
w;is  evident  to  the  viceroy,  that  only  harmonious 
ivliitions  between  the  political  and  missionary  author- 
ities could  ensure  the  prosperity  of  the  peninsula,  and 
tlint  under  Barri's  rule  such  relations  could  not  be 
iiinintained.  Bucareli,  therefore,  decided,  as  ho  had 
(loiic  l)eforc  in  the  case  of  Fagos,  without  committing 
liiinself  decidedly  respecting  the  points  at  issue,  to 
;ij)[ioint  a  new  governor,  as  in  fact  Barri  had  several 
times  asked  him  to  do.  His  choice  Ot  "a  person 
cndow^cd  w'ith  wisdom  and  love  for  the  service  to 
establish,  maintain,  and  firmly  implant  good  order," 
fill  upon  Felipe  do  Neve,  major  of  the  Queretaro 
rogintent  of  provincial  cavalry.^'  He  was  summoned 
to  Mexico  and  received  his  instructions  September 

"''' J''iliiii,  Xof.,  ii.  15S-205.  With  the  first  collection  of  vestments  there 
v.i'iit  \\\)  to  Rivera  n  letter  from  Gov.  ]»arri,  simply  stating  that  opjiliuatiiiu 
fur  tlie  property,  in  order  to  prevent  ilelays,  shouUl  have  been  nuulc  to  I'resi- 
ik'Jit  Miira  rather  than  himself,  ami  the  same  mail  carried  a  letter  from  Mora, 
with  the  assurance  that  all  the  blame  for  delays  belonged  exclusively  t>  IJarri ! 
I'liloii  adds  a  short  'rcdexion'  making  excuses,  as  was  his  duty,  for  all  eon- 
iciiiLil.  Mora  probably  was  accused  of  complicity  in  robbing  the  missions, 
end  favored  a  search  in  order  to  vinilicate  his  own  honor  and  that  of  the 
I'rniieiscans.  The  viceroy  consented  from  the  same  motives  and  to  avoid 
liti;_'atioii,  and  Gov.  Darri's  charges  and  actions  were,  iK!lia]is,  from  '  excess 
of  zwd'  to  protect  the  mi'jsions  of  ]5aja  California.  It  would  seem  that  there 
\va;i  ;dso  a  quarrel  betv  een  IJarri  and  Riveia  arising  in  some  way  from  the 
iilKMiiii ,'  by  tiic  commandant  of  a  desjiatch  addressed  to  the  governor.  UrtcLfa 
in  1.  ttiTs  of  July  18th  and  Oct.  ^d—J'ror.  St.  /'ap.,  MS.  i.  14S-!),  1.-m— ndvis'es 
liiveia  that  the  governor  is  hostile  and  disposed  to  wrangle  abont  .suiieriority ; 
that  lie  had  l>een  taking  testimony;  and  that  it  was  oidy  President  Mora's 
cllurts  ^vlliuh  had  prevented  Rivera's  arrest  on  arrival  at  Loreto. 

"' 'I'lu'  (inly  item  of  information  that  1  have  found  respecting  Neve  before 
lie  came  to  California,  is  the  fact  tliat  when  his  regiment  was  forineil  in  IT'ili 
lit;  was  sent  to  raise  ii  squadron  in  Michoaenn;  but  botii  at  Valladolid  and 
I'lit/cnaro  the  ])Coplc  resisted  the  draft,  liberated  sevei-al  recruHs  by  force, 
wiiiiiiiltd  a  sergeant,  mid  forced  Neve  to  return.  Jiicera,  Gob.  de  Mcx,,  i. 
407-S. 


2.13 


RECORD  OF  EVENTS. 


ill 


oOtli  from  the  viceroy.  These  instructions  were  siiiiilar 
in  tlu'ir  general  purport  to  those  before  issued  to  Iliveiu 
«*nul  nhvady  noticed.  The  only  i)oints  relating  to  Upper 
(Viliibrnia  were  those  defining  the  official  relations 
between  Neve  and  Ixivera,  requiring  special  attention 
to  tlio  forwarding  of  despatches  from  the  north  and 
Iv'eeping  open  the  routes  of  communication,  and  the 
forwarding  of  the  church  property  at  Velicata.  The 
connnander  of  Monterey  was  only  nominally  subordi- 
nate to  the  governor,  being  required  to  maintain  har- 
monious relations  with  that  official,  and  to  report  in 
full  to  him  as  he  did  to  the  viceroy,  but  not  in  any 
sense  to  obey  his  orders.  Bucareli  was  careful  to  avoid 
future  dissensions  by  causing  Neve  to  understand 
Rivera's  practical  independence."^  Neve's  appointment 
may  be  said  to  have  begun  with  the  date  of  his 
instructions  on  September  30th;  but  his  final  orders 
were  received  October  28th""  and  ho  started  from  ]\Iex.- 
ico  the  next  day,  although  he  did  not  reach  Loreto 
and  assume  conmiand  until  March  4th  of  the  fallow- 
ing yenr.*^  Of  Barri  after  he  left  Loreto  March  2(5, 
1775,  nothing  is  recorded.  His  term  of  office  had  been 
from  March  1771  to  March  1775,  but  ho  had  exerted, 
as  wo  have  seen,  no  practical  authority  over  Alta 
California. 

Scrra's  second  annual  report  for  the  year  1774, 
com})leted  iu  February  of  the  following  year,  is  almost 
entirely  statistical  in  its  nature,  containing  in  addilioii 
to  figures  of  agriculture,  stock-raising,  mission  build- 
ings, baptisms,  marriages,  and  deaths,  long  lists  of 
church  ornaments,  agricultural  implements,  and  other 
property.  Tlie  year  would  seem  to  have  been  fairly 
prosperous,  with  no  disasters.  At  San  Diego  the  mis- 
sion had  been  moved  to  a  new  site  and  new  buildings 
had  been  erected  at  least  equal  to  the  old  ones.  It  was 
l^roposed  to  move  San  Gabriel  also  for  a  short  distance, 

'^/liirarfll,  Iiislrucciones  al  Gohernador  de  CaU/ornias,  30  de  Sepliemhre 
177.'i,  MS. 

"•/•/■or.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  191;  Id.  xxii.  2. 
"yVor.  A'cc,  JMfcJ.,  i.  1. 


STATISTICS. 


239 


niid  for  lluit,  r(\nson  l)ut  vciy  sliglit  addiiions  liacl 
live'ii  made  to  the  buildings.  At  the  uthei'  laissloiis 
many  .small  stnu'tures  had  been  put  up  for  various 
uses.  At  San  Luis  Obispo  a  now  clunch  (if  adobes, 
ci'4dit  by  t\V(nity  varas,  but  as  yet  without  a  I'ooi",  was 
t!io  most  prominent  improvement.  At  San  Antonio 
nil  adol)c  storehouse  had  been  built,  a  boo]:ca;'e  iiiado 
\\)V  a  library,  and  an  irrifjjatino:  ditch  divj:  for  about  a 
leaGfue.  San  Carlos  had  seven  or  ciu'lit  new  houses 
oi'  adobe  and  palisades,  besides  an  oven, 

Aj]ii<ndtural  operations  had  been  suocor^r.rid,  and 
the  grain  product  had  exceeded  a  thousand  I'anogas, 
tlioseod  having  yielded  forty  fold.  San  Cabrirl  took 
the  load,  close  followed  by  San  Carlos.  San  Luis 
raised  the  most  wheat,  while  sterile  San  Dic'xo  .showed 
a  total  return  of  only  thirty  fanegas  of  wheat.  No- 
whoi'o  was  there  a  total  fliilurc  of  an}'  crop.  In  the 
matter  of  live-stock,  horned  cattle  had  increased  from 
205  to  304;  hor.ses  from  67  to  100;  mules  from  77 
to  85;  sheep  from '94  to  170;  goats  from  07  to  !  .»; 
swine  from  102  to  131;  while  asses  remained  only  4. 
The  mission  records  showed  a  total  of  [!3;">  baptifuns, 
rJ4  marriages,  74  deaths,  and  an  existing-  neophyte 
])opulation  of  7yl»;  or  for  the  year  a  gain  of  312  bap- 
tisms, 02  marriages,  45  deaths,  and  21)7  in  population. 
San  Carlos  w^as  yet  at  the  head  with  244  ncoj)hytes, 
and  San  Diego  came  in  last  with  97.'*^ 


*'.SVm7,  Informe  (Jc  los  Avfjmfnio.i  que  han  icnido  con  t'do  el  ftiio  tie  1774  Ins 
'■'iif'i  mi.<ioiiii<  (Id  (Jolc'iio  Apo.ildfko  d<>  Proparjaudd  I'tdc  dc  Sun  Fcnmudo  de 
Mi:.,lco  dc  oidrii  de  N.  i'.  S.  Fmncifiro  y  d<l  estado  itrliial  <ii  ijue  yn  lud'un 
<i  ii!limo:<  dc  liicii-nibre  del  ailo  de  17!4i  ^IS.  The  report  Wiis  dated  San 
Ciirlus,  Feb.  o,  1773. 


n  I 


i  ii 


;iii 


'ii  ii 


ill 


CHAPTER  XI. 

NOllTIIERN  EXPLORATION  AND  SOUTHERN  DISASTER. 

1775. 

A  CALiFOKNTA-notrNn  Fleet — Franciscan  CiiAri-Aiss— Voyace  of  Qninos 
IN  TiiK  'San  Antonio' — Voyacje  of  Ayala  in  the  'San  C'Aur.os' — 

V0YA(iE     OF     IIeCKTA     AND     LoDEOA     Y     ClADUA     TO     TUi;     NoH'lIIKr.S 

Coasts — DiycovicuY  of  Tuinidad  Bay — Discoveuy  of  liouEiiA  Bay- 
Death    OF    JlTAN    TeKEZ  —  EXPLOIIAI'ION    OF    SaN    FkANCISCO    ]>AY    1!Y 

Ayala — Trip  of  IIeckpa  and  I'alou  to  San  Fkancisco  hy  Lanti— 

PliM'AItATlONS    FOU    NkAV    MISSIONS  —  AtTEJIPTED     FoUNDINO    OF    SW 

Juan  Capistiiano — Midnight  Destuuciton  of  San  DiEtio  Mission  • 
Mautyhdom  of  I'ADiiE  Jaujie — A  NiiiUT  OF  Teuuou  — Alaiiji  at  San 
Antonio. 


ii 

I 


W'  ^1 


K 


A  FLEET  of  four  vessels  was  despatched  from  San 
Bias  in  the  si)rnig  of  1775,  all  bound  for  Californian 
or  yet  more  northern  waters.  The  king'liad  sent  out 
recently  from  Spain  six  recfular  naval  officers,  onu  of 
whom  was  to  remain  at  San  Bias  as  conuuandaiit, 
while  the  rest  were  to  assume  charge  of  the  vessels. 
The  viceroy  was  to  supply  chaplains,  and,  no  cler- x- 
mcn  being  immediately  accessible,  he  called  upon  the 
college  of  San  Fernando  to  furnish  friars  for  the  duty, 
on  the  plea  that  all  was  intended  to  advance  the  work 
of  converting  heathen,  a  plea  which  the  guardian 
could  not  disregard,  and  he  detailed  four  Franciscans 
foi-  the  new  service  temporarily,  though  it  was  foreign 
to  the  work  of  the  order. ^ 

'  The  friar  cliapliiins  were  Campa,  Usson,  Santa  Mari.a,  and  Sierra.  Lit\' 
on  the  ocean  wave  liad  no  charms  for  tlicni,  and  on  return  from  tiie  liist 
voyage  they  askeil  iierinission  to  quit  the  service  and  to  resume  their  h'^'iti- 
niatc  work  as  niissionaries.  The  first  two  were  suecessfuL  hut  tlie  cithers  hail 
to  '  sacrifice  themselves '  again,  and  Jos6  Nocedal  was  sent  also  as  a  ooiiiiiaiiioii. 
The  only  consolation  of  each  was  the  hope  of  being  ahle  to  take  the  place  of 
some  retiring  fiiar  in  California.  Paloii,  A^o^,  ii.  '21G-17,  'J57-8. 

(240) 


A  NORTHERN  FLEET. 


2H 


All  sailed  from  Sail  Bias  on  the  same  day,  IIk;  IGtli 
of  }ifarcli."  Tlu!  Sun  Antimii)  was  luidcr  Licnite'iiaiit 
Frruaiidi)  Qiiiros,  aiul  her  cliaijlain  was  llanion  LJsson. 
Hiic  was  laden  with  supplies  I'ur  San  Dicj^fj  and  San 
(ial)i'Kl.  (^uirus'  voya<,^u  was  a  ])rosporous  one,  and 
liavinL;"  landed  the  cai'_u;'o  at  San  ]3ieg()  lie  was  hack  at 
[Sail  JJlas  hy  the  middle  of  June.  The  other  trans- 
port, tile  Sun  Carlos,  bearing  the  sup})lies  for  ^lonte- 
\vy  and  the  northern  missions,  set  sail  under  the 
coiuinand  of  ^Miguel  Maiiri(|ue,  but  was  hardly  out  of 
higlit  ofland  when  ho  went  mad  and  Liuuteiiant  Juan 
]jaiitista  de  Ayala  took  his  place,  Vicente  Santa  ^NFaria 
serving  as  chaplain.  Her  trip,  though  longer  I'rom 
adverse  winds,  was  not  less  uneventful  ami  pros])crous 
than  that  of  the  San  Antonio.  Anchoring  a<  ]\[onte- 
I'eyJune  27tli,  she  discharged  her  cargo,  and  after 
liaviiig  made  an  exploration  of  Sau  Francisco  Bay, 
lor  which  Ayala  had  orders,  and  of  which  I  shall 
have  more  to  say  presently,  the  Golden  Fleece  set  out 
on  her  return  the  lltli  of  October.'* 

The  other  vessels  were  the  ship  Santiago,  under 
C'aiitain  Bruno  Heceta,  with  Juan  Perez  and  Chris- 
t(')hal  lievilla  as  master  and  mate,  and  with  j\Iigucl 
(le  la  Campa  and  Benito  Sierra  as  chaplains;  and  the 
SL'hooncr  Sonora  alias  Felicidad,  commanded  after 
-Vyala's  removal  by  Lieutenant  Juan  I'l'ancisco  do 
Bodega  y  Cuadra,  with  Antonio  Maurelle  as  sailing- 
master.*  The  full  crew  was  one  hundred  and  six; 
men,  and  the  supply  of  provisions  was  deemed  sufli- 

'Some  authorities  say  tlie  15th,  and  Palou,  probably  by  a  misiirint,  has  it 
the  'Jdili. 

''.Miiy  nth,  Ortega  writes  from  San  Diego  to  Rivera  that  the  Sun.  CdrloH 
v';is  stninded  in  leaving  vSan  Bias,  and  tliat  tlio  cargo  will  probably  bo  trans- 
furred  to  the  .S'««/(«,7o.  This  idea  probably  camo  from  somo  rumor  brought 
!>>•  the  Sail.  Antonio,  I'cspecting  the  delay  occasioned  by  ManiKjUu's  madness. 
J'rw.  .V. />«;..,  MS.,  i.   1G2. 

^llieeta,  Quiros,  and  Manriquo  Mere  tenknfes  de  vavio,  or  lieutenants  in 
the  loyal  navy,  tho  former  being  acting  captain  an<l  cf)Hiandauto  of  the 
expediUDU.  Ayala  and  Bodega  were  tcnkntcs  di'/raijala,  a  rnnk  lower  than 
the  ]>ieeeding  and  obsolete  in  modern  times  save  as  an  honorary  title  in  the 
luevehiint  mariuc.  Perez  and  Maurelle  held  tho  rank  of  aljcir-  de  fragata, 
.^till  luwer  than  the  preceding,  besides  bemg,  as  was  Revilla,  inlotos,  or  sail- 
iiig-iausters. 

Hist.  Cal..  Vol,  I   10 


FJ       ; 


242       NORTHERN  EXnORATION;  SOUTHERN  DISASTE?.. 

dent  for  a  year's  cruise.  Sailing  from  San  llla.s 
March  IGtli,  the  schooner  being  towed  by  tlie  sliip, 
tliey  lost  sight  of  the  San  Cd)ivf<  in  a  week,  and  wore 
kept  back  by  C(jntrary  winds  at  first,  only  beginning 
to  make  progress  northward  early  in  A[)ril.  ^^Jav 
21st  they  were  in  nearly  the  latitude  of  Monterey, 
but  it  was  decided  in  council  not  to  enter  tliat  poit. 
since  the  chief  aim  of  the  expedition  was  exploratiuii, 
and  it  was  ho];)ed  to  get  water  at  the  liver  suppo-cd 
to  have  been  discovered  by  Aguilar,  in  latitude  ±-'ur 
43°. 

On  the  7th  of  Jane,  in  latitude  42°  as  their  oh- 
servati(»ns  made  it,  the  vessels  drew  near  the  sliorc, 
which  they  followed  s.:'^ttliward  to  41°  G',''  and  found 
on  the  Otli  a  good  anchorage  protected  by  a  Liftv 
headland  IVoiii  the  prevalent  north-west  winds.  Twn 
days  later  they  lanJed  and  took  formal  possession  of 
the  country  with  all  the  prescribed  ceremonial,  indu;!- 
ino-  the  unfurllnii"  of  the  Spanish  llaijf,  a  military  salute, 
raising  the  cross,  and  a  mass  by  Father  C'auipa, 
From  the  day  the  name  of  Trinidad  was  gi\en  to  the 
port,  which  stid  retains  it,  and  the  stream  since  known 
as  ^ittle  liiver  was  named  Princii)io.  The  natives 
were  numennis  and  friendly,  and  by  no  means  tiuiid. 
They  were  r[uite  ready  to  embrace  tlie  padres;  tli«v 
did  not  hesitate  to  put  their  hands  in  the  dislies;  ami 
they  were  cur-ious  to  know  if  the  strangers  Mere  men 
like  themselves,  having  noted  an  apparent  indiU'eienee 
to  the  charms  of  the  native  women.  More  tluin  a 
week  was  spent  here,  during  which  some  expl')rations 
were  made,  water  and  wood  Avere  obtained,  r.nd  the 
disposition  and  habits  of  the  natives  studied,  (hie 
sailor  was  lost  by  desertion,  and  a  new  top-mast  was 
made  for  the  Saidiarjo.  Finally,  on  the  U)th,  tlie 
navigators  emliarked  and  lel't  the  port  of  Trinidail 
with  its  pin(!-<ia(l  hills,  and,  nuich  to  the  sorrow  of 
the  savages,  bore  away  northward,  in  which  direction 

'  ir  8',  41'  IS',  4r  7',  aiul  4r  9'  aro  given  by  dlCfcrcnt  authorities.  Tlio 
tii'e  liititudt!  is  111011141"  4'. 


I      f'\ 


>ste: 


EXrEDJTIOX  OP  IIECETA  AXD  CUADEA. 


San  r)las 
f  the  si  lip, 


aiu 


lu 


L'l'C 


liC'jjinniii''' 
[iril.  ^tiiy 
]Slontei\'_v, 
■  til  at  poit, 
.'XploratioM, 
;i"  suppi>'i'<l 
itudo  i-J'or 

Xr,  their  oh- 
'  the  fsluirf. 
'  and  I'ouihI 
by  a  Inftv 
iuds.     Two 

lOSSe^^^U'!l   (If 

)iiial,  iiifliul- 
iitaiy  salutr, 
iicr    Cauijia, 

:vl\-C'n  to  til'' 

Isiucc  known 
The  nativis 
[leans  timid, 
ladres;  tliv'V 
dishes;  ana 
•s  were  nini 
indiileriiiit' 
lore  than  a 
loxph>rati(»ns 

led,  r.nd  tlu' 
idied.  Ow 
jp-nuist  was 
e  li)th,  the 
of  Triirulad 
,c  sorrow  oi 
ch  dh-eetiuii 

Luthoriticrf,     The 


no  more  landings  or  observations  were  made  on  Call- 
I'ornian  territory. 

The  explorations  of  Heceta  and  Bodega  in  northern 
waters  receive  due  attention  in  another  volume  of  this 
series.  The  ship  and  schooner,  the  latter  nu  longer 
in  tow,  ke})t  together  till  the  end  of  July,  when  tlu>\ 
parted  in  rough  weather.  Heceta  in  tlie  Smilidn-t 
]<(j)t  on  to  latitude  40'',  whence  on  August  1 1th  lu; 
decided  to  return,  many  of  his  crew  being  dow-n  with 
llie  scurvy.  Tfe  kept  near  tlic  shore  and  made  close 
(hservations  down  to  42  80';  l.»ut  on  reentering  Cali- 
JMiiiia  waters  on  the  21st,  the  weather  being  cloudy, 
111  lie  was  learned  of  the  coast.  Passing  Cape  ^Mendo- 
ciiio  duriniif  the  ni<dit  of  the  25th,  the  commander 
wished  to  enter  San  Francisco, but  a  dense  fog  I'endered 
it  unsafe  to  make  the  attem[)t,  though  he  sighted  the 
j'arallones,  and  the  21)th  anchor  was  cast  in  tlu^ 
])(iit  of  ]\ronterey.  Now'  were  landed  some  mission 
;iud  presidio  supplies  wdiich  had  come  to  California  by 
a  roundabout  way. 

The  schooner  Sonora,  after  parting  from  her  cap'i- 
f(tii(i,  ke})t  on  up  to  about  58",  and  then  turning  i(  1- 
luwed  the  coast  down  to  ]]odega.  l:>ay,  so  ]>ani<'(l  atthis 
linie  in  honor  of  Bodega  y  Cuadra,*' though  there  was 
unich  doubt  ;anon<T;  the  oflicials  at  first  wdietlun'  it 
were  not  reallv  San  Francisco.  Tlu.n'  anchored  (,)cto- 
iirr  ;!d,  and  without  landing  held  friendly  interc(Mirse 
with  the  natives,  who  came  out  to  them  wu  )-afts. 
TIm;  harbor  seemed  at  fii'st  glance  a  good  oii(>,  and 
as  ill  tlie  part  since  called  Tomales  Bay  it  extended 
iar  inland,  apparently  I'eceiving  a  large  river  at  its 
liead,  it  seemed  likely  to  have  yi)i\^r,  comieeticn  wit!i 
llie  !'i'(>at  bdhia  )r(hntchi,  San  Pabl(>  Jxiv,  wliidi  had 
liirii  discovered  to  the  south.  Next  vlav.  howe\-er,  ;i 
>iidden  gale  proved  the  harbor  unsafe,  bri>aking  a  Ijoat, 
wlii(h  prevented  proposed  soundings.  Nari'ov,  lyescap- 

'^.Mniiy  suppose  the  ii.imc  to  Lave  come  from  the  fact  that  the  nussiaiis  in 
I.iti  r  tii'.iis  hail  their  cclhu's — in  Spanish,  liiiilp(i(iii—hviv.  Stranrcly  ciiijiii.'h 
ix-.HnVLTiiiir  Alvaiaild,  /llsf.  Cal.,  MS.,  ii.  S,  1(\  takes  tills  view  uf  it,  auil  al.--o 
liiiivi.i  the  name  Karallones  fium  Cahiillcj'.s  ]  ik)t  rcri-elo  I 


11 


M; 


244        NORTHERN  EXPLORATION;  SOUTHERN  DISASTER. 

iiig  Avrcck  ill  leaving  the  bay,  tlic  Sonora  Leaded 
soutliwaid ;  the  Farallones  were  sighted  on  the  5th, 
and  on  the  7th  Cuadra  anchored  at  Monterey,  to  tho 
great  joy  of  his  former  coni[)anions  who  had  given 
tlie  schooner  up  for  lost.  Nearly  all  ■\vcre  down  witli 
tlie  scurvy,  but  they  rapidly  recovered  under  the 
Idndly  care  of  the  missionaries  and  the  good-will  of 
Our  Lady  of  Bethlehem,  to  whose  image  in  the  mis- 
sion church  of  San  Carlos  the  whole  crew  tendered  a 
S!  Jenin  mass  of  intercession  a  week  after  their  arrival. 
The  return  voyan'c  from  Monterey  to  San  Bias  lasted 
from  the  1st  to  the  20tli  of  November.''  Juan  Perez, 
who  had  been  the  first  in  these  later  expeditions  to 
enter  both  INIonterey  and  San  Diego  from  tho  sea, 
died  the  second  day  out  from  })ort,  and  funei-al  honors 
were  paid  to  his  memory  a  year  later  when  the  news 
came  back  to  San  Carlos. 

At  the  end  of  1774  the  viceroy  writes  both  Rivera 
and  Serra,  of  his  intention  to  establish  a  new  presidio 
of  twcntv-eight  men  at  San  Francisco,  under  a  lieu- 
tenant  and  a  ser^-eant.  This  establishment  will  seivc 
as  a  base  of  operations  for  a  further  extension  of 
Spanish  and  Christian  power,  and  under  its  protect iuu 
two  new  missions  are  to  be  founded  at  once,  for  which 
Serra  is  requested  to  name  ministei-s.  It  is  amioune\il 
that  Anza  will  recruit  the  soldiers  in  Sonora  and  Siu- 
aloa  and  brino-  them  with  their  families,  to  the  number 
of  one  himdred  persons  or  so,  by  the  overland  route 
explored  ])y  himself  the  same  year,  coming  in  person 
to  su[)erintend  the  ceremonies.    The  comisario  at  San 

'The  authoi'itii's  fur  tlieso  voyages,  for  prirticiilarn  of  •which  in  tho  iin''th 
sec  Jll^t.  Xoiiliin.^/  ( 'nils/,  i.  ]i)8  ct  scq,,  nrc lli'cita,  I'iiijcilc  J]  ,',7;  Jiiitrio  il'' I't 
Siiiiti'iitr',  MS.;  Hifli'ja  y  Ciiwlni,  Viaiji'  <lc  l]7i>;  J'iario  dr  la  Soiiura,  MS.; 
ManriUc,  JJinriit  ih  I  Viuije  do  la  Sniinra  1] ^.'i,  .MS.  (with  Itrlli xioins,  dili'/i-', 
tto. );  lii'diija  1/  ( 'iiii'lra,  ( 'niiiciilo  dr  la  NnVf:[i''riiin  >/  l>i:<nihriiii.iiaio  1 1  iJ,  MS. ; 
Jfmla,  tSc'/iiiida  Kijilomcioii  dn  la  con/a  iSijitcidiinind  di:  Ca'i/oniia  J!i'', 
jMS. ;  Jit  rita,  K-rpi  diciiiih  iiiiiri/iiiiii,  l'ii<ta  1 1  i/rado  ciiicmii/a,  y  c'liodi'lct  cusini 
d<  I  Maf  J'licijift),  ill  Piiloii,  Not.,  ii,  •J1!)-.'J7  ;  MaiinUi;,  dnimial  (fa  To.'/";/''  "* 
Hn');  I'rddii,  Vida,  KL'-.");  Xavarrcti',  in  Sii/il  y  J/c.;-.,  Vii"./f',  xuiii.-ix.; 
MoJ'ra.t,  Explor.,  i.  107-'J;  Orevuhow's  Or.  and  Cat.,  117-lJO;  Furi-ler'ti  JJifl. 
Voi/.,  4J5-8. 


rER. 


SAN  FRAXCISCO  BAY. 


245 


:(  headed 
the  5tli, 
jy,  la  the 
lad  given 
Lowii  with 
nder   the 
)d-will  of 
,  tlic  iiiis- 
cndered  a 
ur  arrival. 
Uas  histed 
lau  Perez, 
ditions  to 
I  the  sea, 
ral  honors 
L  the  news 


3th  llivcra 

iw  presidio 

der  a-  Tku- 

wiii  seiv'o 

ension  of 

protection 

for  v.lii'h 

innouneed 

X  and  Sin- 

le  nimibir 

and  ronto 

in  p(.'r,-iin 

irio  at  San 

li  in  tlio  nc'di 

\.'i ;  JUdriu  il'' ''' 
.Snivrii,  'S\>.\ 

iXioiltS,  lull''!-', 

it'/fonii'i'  Jii', 
[lii><lcl("i  (■"■-■■'''■•■ 
(if  a  I  'p!f(i:i<'  'II- 

|((i/f,  xi'iii. -!>;•! 


r)]ns  has  orders  to  send  by  the  next  year's  transports 
supphes  sufficient  for  the  new  cok)nY,  and  tlic  com- 
mander of  the  vessel  which  brought  these  letters  is 
instructed  to  make  a  preliminaiy  survey  of  San  Fran- 
cisco llay.^  Details  are  left  to  the  well  known  dis- 
cretion and  zeal  of  the  commandant  and  president, 
wlio  are  directed  to  report  minutely  and  promptly  on 
nil  that  is  done.  The  substance  of  these  communica- 
tions is  duplicated  in  otiiers  written  at  the  beginning 
of  1775 ;''  one  set  and  perhaps  both  reaching  Monterey 
the  27th  of  June  by  the  San  Carlos. 

Lieutenant  Ayala,  as  I  have  said,  has  orders  to  ex- 
jtlore  San  Francisco  by  water.  His  instructions  refer 
iiicirc  directly  to  the  new  bay  than  to  the  original  San 
I'rancisco.  As  is  natural  in  the  case  of  two  bodies  of 
v/ater  so  near  together  and  probably  connected,  there 
is  no  further  effort  in  ^lexico  to  distinguish  one  from 
the  otlier,  the  lately  discovered  o'randeur  of  the  new 
ahsorhinii"  the  traditional  o'lories  of  the  old.  For  a 
time  the  friars  and  others  in  Califoi'nia.  show  a  feeble 
tendency  to  keep  up  the  old  distinction,  but  it  is  ])rac- 
tirally  at  an  end.  From  1775  the  newly  fouiv'  and 
gland  bay  bears  the  name  San  Fi-ancisco  whirl i  has 
beiore  belonL^ed  to  the  little  harbor  under  Point 
Eeycs.  Ayala's  mission  i,i  to  ascertain  if  the  mouth 
s(H'n  by  Pages  three  years  before  from  the  opposite 
shore  is  indeed  a  navifjablo  entrance,  and  also  to  learn 
hy  examination  if  the  bay  is  a  '})ort,'  or  if  it  contains 
a  ];ort.  He  is  also  to  search  for  a  strait  connecting 
tlie  bav  with  the  San  Francisco  of  old.  Pivera  is  to 
cooperate  by  means  of  a  land  expedition,  and  tlie  two 
are  to  make  all  possible  preparations  for  the  recep- 
tion of  Anza's  force  soon  to  l)e  on  its  way.  Pivei'a 
cannot  send  his  party  till  his  nie-n   return  from   the 

''Letters  (l;it('il  Dpocmber  15,  1774.  Of  tliiit  to  Sena  [  li;ive  the  (irijriiial, 
Jiaitlv  ill  till-'  liaiiihvritiiiL;'  nf  lUicareli  liiiiisell'.  Arrli.  Misi(iiii!<,  J\IS..  i.  -r)-.')!!; 
Ai--h.  Suiila  lUu-hani,   .\lS.,  i.  ll'J-'J-J;  Pro<:  S/.  P"i>.  Iln.  Mhnl.,  .MS.,  ii. 

''T,<>ttern  (lilted  .luKiai'y 'J,  177'>.  Original  aildressed  to  I'.  Scrra,  in  l>(i'\ 
ir.<.  <\il.,  MS.,  iv.  '20-7.     beeulbu  I'ror.  St.  I'ap.,  ^IS.,  i.  liiU-7;  J'l-,  .\.\ii.  li. 


2J0        XOKTITllRX  EXl'LORATION;  ROUTIIEllX  DISASTER. 

south,  wliitlicr  tlicy  have  gone  to  escort  Duiiietz  to 
\"eHcata  and  back  in  quest  of  church  property. 
Father  Junipero  names  Canibon  and  Palou  for  tlie 
])roi)osed  mission,  and  Ayala  busies  himself  in  con- 
structing a  caijuco,  or  'dugout,'  from  the  trunk  of  a 
redwood  on  the  llivcr  Carmelo,  a  beginning  in  a  small 
way  of  ship-building  on  the  Californian  coast. 

Ayala,  with  his  two  pilotos,  Jose  Cafiizarcs  and 
Juan  ])autista  Aguirre,  and  his  chaplain  Santa  Marfn, 
sail  irom  Monterey,  probably  on  the  24th  of  July,^"  l)c- 
ginning  with  the  voyage  a  novena  to  Saint  Francis,  at 
the  termination  of  which  on  the  1st  of  August  just  at 
night  the  Sfin  CYwlos  is  off  the  entrance  to  San  Fi-aii- 
cisco  IJay.  The  boat  is  sent  in  lirst,  and  as  she  does 
not  innnediately  I'eturn,  the  pacjuebot  follows  in  tlie 
darkness,  and  anchors  without  difficulty  in  the  vicinity 
of  what  is  now  North  Beach.  Next  morning  slic 
joins  the  boat  and  both  cross  over  to  the  Isla  de 
Nuestra  Sehora  de  los  Angeles,  so  named  as  I  sup- 
l)ose  I'rom  the  dav,  Auiiust  2(1,  and  still  known  as 
Angel  Island."  There  they  find  good  anchorage, 
witli  [denty  of  wood  and  water.  Ayala  I'emains  at 
anchor  in  the  bay  for  over  forty  days,  making  carel'ul 
surveys  and  waiting  for  the  land  expedition,  which 
does  not  make  its  appearance.  It  is  unlbrtunate  that 
neither  the  map  nor  diary  of  this  earliest  survey  is 
extant.  Cahizares  is  sent  in  the  boat  to  ex])lore  llu; 
noi'thern  l»ranch,  the  'round  bay,'  now  called  San 
I'aldo,  going  up  to  fresh- water  rivers,'-  and  bartei'iiig 
beads  for  fish  with  many  friendly  natives.  Aguiin' 
makes  a  similar  reconnoissance  in  the  southern  branch 

"Talon,  Xi<t.,  ii.  218,248-9;  Viihi,  201 -.1,  tlic  only  antliority  extant,  f-nvs 
.Tilly  27tli,  Imt  this  I  think  is  ii  misprint,  since  it  ■woulil  not  allow  tliu  iiucliui- 
iiu'f  fit  Angel  Island  August  2il. 

"The  fact  that  it  is  called  '  la  isla  que  ostA  on  frcntc  <1c  la  boca'  Wdiild 
au'i'eu  l)etter  with  ^Vlcutraz,  hnt  Font,  Journal,  .MS.,  a  little  later  mcntioiii-i 
anotluT  island  agre'ing  witli  Alcatraz,  renioving  all  doubt. 

'-As  nothing  is  said  of  the  liodiea  of  M-;'teri!orresiionding  to  Suisun  Hay  and 
(^ar(|uines  Strait,  it  would  seem  likely  that  the  rivers  Avei'e  I'etaluiiia,  ^-oaoina, 
(I)'  Xapa  creeks,  and  not  the  San  .Toaquin  and  Sacramento;  but  in  iiis  I'i./d, 
203, 1'alou  says  they  noted  the  mouth  of  the  great  river  Sau  Trauciscu  foniicil 
by  Ihe  other  big  rivers. 


AY  ALA  AND  AGUIKRE  IN  THE  BAY. 


247 


of  llio  bay,  noting  sovcrnl  indentations  Avith  good 
aiic'lioragc;  but  lie  oncovnitcrs  only  three  natives,  who 
aie  we('i)ing  on  the  shore  of  what  is  now  jMission 
]5,iv,  called  from  that  oireunistancc  Enscnada  do  los 
Jjlorones.  Santa  jMari'a  and  the  oflPieers  land  several 
times  on  the  northern  shore  toward  l^oint  I'eves, 
visiting  there  a  hospitable  ranchen'a.  The  conclusion 
reached  is  that  San  Francisco  is  indeed  a  port,  and 
(iiic  iif  the  best  possessed  by  Spain,  "  not  merely  one 
I II lit,  l)ut  many  Avith  a  single  entrance."  There  is  an 
ahoiii>inal  tradition  that  the  bay  was  once  an  oak 
orove  with  a  river  flowing  throu<jfh  it,  and  the  Si)an- 
iards  think  they  find  some  suppin't  for  the  theory  in 
till'  sliape  of  oak  roots  there  found."  On  the  22d  of 
Scpliiiiber  the  San  CVirlos  is  back  at  ^Monterey. 

ill  the  mean  time  the  Sdnfiar/o  has  arrived  irom  the 
north,  and  lleceta,  who  had  been  unable  by  reason  of 
fou's  to  enter  San  Francisco  l)y  Avater,  resolves  to  make 
tlie  attempt  by  land.  Ho  obtains  nine  soldiers,  three 
sailoi-s,  and  a  carpenter,  ])laccs  on  a  nuilo  a  canoe  pur- 
chased from  the  northern  Indians,  and  with  Palou  and 
Cainpa  sets  out  the  14th  (»f  Se[)tembcr.  Following 
Ivivt  lu's  route  of  the  preceding  3'ear  the  party  arrive 
o!i  the  22(1  at  the  sea-shoro,  and  find  on  the  l)each 
lielow  the  cliff  Ayala's  canoe  wrecked.  This  first  prod- 
uct of  home  ship-building,  after  fulfilling  its  destiny 
ill  the  first  survey  of  California's  chief  harbor,  had 
broken  loose  from  its  moorings  and  floated  out  with 
the  tide  to  lueet  its  fate  where  more  pretentious  craft 
have  since  stranded. 

Oil  the  hill-top,  at  the  foot  of  the  old  cross,  arc  found 
letters  from  Santa  Maria  directing  the  land  party  to 
U'o  about  a  league  inland,  and  light  a  fire  on  the  beach 
to  attract  the  notice  of  the  Scdi  Carlos  anchored  at 
Aiigel  Island.  Heceta  does  so,  but  finds  no  vessel, 
and  returns  to  encamp  on  Lake  Pierced,  so  named 
1 10111  the  day,  September  24th,  on  which  he  left  it. 
Xext  day  he  returns  to  North  Beach,  but  finds  no 

^^  Arch.  Santa  Durbani,  MS.,  iv.  153. 


243        NORTIIERX  EXPLORATIOX;  SOUTIIERX  DISASTER. 


V   '■■'^'' 


hi 


ship;  and,  supposing  correctly  that  she  lias  loft  tlic 
bay,  tlo})arts  on  tlio  24th  for  Monterey,  where  lus 
arrives  the  1st  of  October."  Tlius  no  buildinus  ai'u 
yet  erected  for  Anza  s  expected  force. 

Before  receiving  the  viceroy's  instructions  regardiii;;,' 
San  Franc'sco,  Serra  had  desired  to  found  some  new 
missions  under  tlie  regulations  of  1773;  that  is,  I»\- 
diminisliing  the  old  guards  and  taking  a  few  soldiers 
from  the  presidio.  But  Rivera  declared  that  no  sol- 
diers could  be  spared,  and  the  president  had  to  content 
himself  with  writing  to  the  guardian  and  asking  that 
ofHcer  to  intercede  witli  the  viceroy  for  twenty  nn'ii. 
Had  he  known  of  the  force  already  assigned  to  the 
new  presidio,  it  is  doubtful  if  even  he  would  have  IkmI 
the  effrontery  to  ask  so  soon  for  a  reiinforcemeiit. 
Tlie  guardian,  unal)le  to  get  the  soldiers,  asked  })ei- 
mission  to  retire  the  supernumerary  padres,  which  was 
granted  at  first  but  inunediately  countermanded;  and 
Bucareli  wrote  to  both  Serra  and  Rivera,  authoiiziu'^ 
the  former  and  instructing  the  latter,  in  view  of 
Anza's  expected  arrival,  to  establish  two  or  three  new- 
missions  on  the  old  ])lan,  depending  on  future  arrange- 
ments for  additional  guards.^'' 

The  viceroy's  letter  just  alluded  to  reached  ]\I()ii- 
terey  on  the  lOth  of  August.  At  a  consultation  luM 
two  days  latci"  it  was  resolved  to  establish  at  once  a 
mission  (/f  San  Juan  Capistrano  between  San  ])ii\'.j,d 
and  San  Gabiiel,  under  Fermin  Francisco  de  Lasu(  a 
and  Gregorio  Amurrio,  with  a  ijfuard  of  six  men.  i'oui' 
from  tlie  [)residial  force  and  two  from  the  missions  of 
San  Cilrlos  and  San  Die^-o.^"^  The  friars  from  ?.loii- 
tiToy  and  San  Luis,  where  they  had  been  waitiiiu', 
went  down  to  San  Gabriel  in  August,  Lasuen  con- 
tinuing his  journey  to  San  Diego,  whence  he  accoiii- 

^*PaIoii,  Not.,  ii.  243-8. 

^■'I'ahii,  Kof.,  ii.  2.J9-C1;  Rucarcli  to  Rivera,* May  24,  ITTo,  in  Pror.  St. 
Piij'.,  MS.,  i.  174-5. 

'''  Uivtra  aiiiKnuiet'd  tliis  to  tlio  viceroy  in  .1  li'tter  of  Aug.  2:2(1.  /'/')'•.  Sf. 
PdjK,  MS.,  i.  1!)!  -2.  (iiiv.  Xeve  iiotilied"  tiie  viceroy  of  tliu'iadre'ti  ap[Hiijit- 
iiKiit,  ou  Dee.  10th.  Piov.  Ike,  MS.,  i.  lo(J-7. 


TROUBLE  AT  SAN  DIEGO. 


240 


paiiic'd  Ortcp^a  to  explore  a  site  for  the  now  mission. 
This  done,  Lasiien  returned  from  San  Diej^o  with 
Ortega,  a  sergeant,  and  twelve  soldiers,  sending  word 
to  Auiurrio  to  come  down  from  San  Gabriel  with  the 
cattle  and  other  church  property.  Lasuen  formally 
began  the  mission  on  the  30th  of  Oct()l)er."  Tlie 
natives  were  well  disposed,  work  on  the  buildings  was 
progressing.  Father  Amurrio  soon  arrived,  and  pros- 
pects were  deemed  favorable,  when  on  the  7th  of 
Xovcmber  the  lieutenant  was  suddenly  called  away 
by  tidings  of  a  disaster  at  San  Diego.  By  his  ad- 
vice the  new  mission  was  abandoned,  the  b'.dls  wei'o 
Luried;  and  the  whole  company  set  out  for  the  pre- 
sid 


lo. 


IS 


Of  aifairs  at  San  Diego,  before  the  event  that 
called  the  company  back  from  San  Juan,  we  have  no 
record,  save  a  few  letters  of  Ortega  to  the  connnand- 
ant,  relating  for  the  most  part  to  trivial  details  of 
otiieial  routine.  There  is  some  coin])laint  of  lack 
of  arms  and  servants  in  the  presidio.  Several  muli? 
tiains  .arrive  and  de[)art;  there  are  hostile  savages  on 
the  iVontier;  the  lieutenant  is  sorry  because  Kiveni 
wishes  to  leave,  doubts  if  he  can  obtain  permission  to 
rosinn,  which  is  the  first  we  know  of  anv  such  inten- 
tion  on  the  part  of  the  commandant.'" 

At  the  new  mission,  six  miles  up  the  valley,  pros- 
pects are  bright.  New  buildings  have  been  erected,  a 
well  dug,  and  more  land  made  ready  for  sowing.  On 
tlie  od  of  October  sixty  new  convei'ts  are  l)aptized. 
Then  comes  a  change.  On  the  niglit  of  Xovember 
4th  the  mission  company,  eleven  ])ersons  of  Spanish 


i  I 


Vf 


'"  Sii  s;ivi^  Piilou ;  but  Oile.^a,  in  a  letter  to  An/;i  dated  Xov.  ."Otli,  .says  it 
\v:isOet.  llltli.   Arrh.  Cal.  Prm-.  S/.  P(i/>..  /!ri>.  Mil..  MS.,  i.  L',  ;{. 

'"'I'lui.s  Aiiza  on  his  arrivid  .Ijiii.  S,  177'.!,  found  tlu^  Kite  and  unfinislieil 
I'liildiuu'H  unoeeupied.   Aii:.a,  Dhir'nt,  MS.,  i)0. 

'■'/'/•'„•.  .S7.  Pup.,  MS.,  i.  U-1  7,  Ki.'i-C;  /'/•")•.  /.Vr.,  MS.,  i.  144-5.  In  oik? 
'  t  his  U'tter.s  Ortega  s]K'aks  of  the  hindin;j!-iil:u'i;  of  goods  for  the  presidio  iis 
I'eiii--  at  lea.st  two  leagues  distant.  It  would  be  interesting  to  know  just 
V.  acre  this  landing  was  and  what  was  the  m  IlV  of  landing  go(jds  so  f.ir 
I  ir.  In  fnet  without  crossing  to  tlie  peninsula  it  W(;uld  seem  iiupo.s.sihle  to 
I. 111!  a  .spot  so  far  away. 


250       NORTHERN  EXPLORATION:  SOUTHERN  DISASTER. 


11 


•^M-  .:  1; 

M  i! 
I 


blood,  retire  to  rest  in  fancied  security.  A  little  after 
midnight  they  awake  to  find  the  buildings  in  llames 
and  invested  by  a  horde  of  yelling  savages.  The  two 
ministers,  Luis  Jaume  and  Vicente  Fuster,  with  two 
boys,  a  son  and  a  nephew  of  Ortega,-"  rush  out  .at  the 
iirst  alarm.  Jaumc  turns  toward  the  savages  with  his 
usual  salutation  Amad  d  Dios,  hijos,  *  Love  God,  my 
children.'  Thereupon  he  is  lost  sight  of  by  Fuster, 
who  with  the  3'oung  Ortegas  succeeds  in  joining  tliu 
soldiers  at  their  barracks. 

Two  blacksmiths,  Jose  Manuel  Arroyo  and  Felipe 
Romero,  the  former  being  on  a  visit  from  the  presidio,'^ 
were  sleeping  in  the  smithy.  Arroyo  is  the  first  to  ho 
i-oused,  and  thouijh  ill  he  seizes  a  sword  and  rushes 
forth.  Receiving  two  arrows  in  his  body  he  staggers 
back  into  the  shop  to  rouse  his  companion,  and  falls 
dead.  Romero,  awakened  by  the  cry,  "  Compancro, 
they  have  killed  me  I"  springs  from  his  bed,  seizes  a 
musket,  and  from  behind  his  bellows  as  a  barricade 
kills  one  of  the  assailants  at  the  first  shot.  Then, 
takinii:  advantasxe  of  the  confusion  which  follows,  ho 
escapes  and  joins  the  soldiers.  The  carpenter,  Josd 
UrselinO;  was  in  the  barracks  and  at  once  joins  the 
soldiers;  but  in  doing  this,  or  immediately  after,  ho 
receives  two  arrow  wounds  which  some  days  later 
l»rove  fatal. 

The  mission  guard  consisting  of  three  soldiers, 
Alcjo  Antonio  Gonzalez,  Juan  Alvarez,  and  Joaquin 
Armenta,^- under  Corporal  Juan  Estevan  Rocha,  in  tlie 
absence  of  a  sentinel  are  aroused  from  their  slumber 
by  the  flames,  and  by  the  yells  of  ihe  assailants. 

-"  These  were  not  the  Juan  and  Jos(5  Maria  of  the  list  given  at  tlic  end  of 
tliis  volume.  Tlieir  age  at  this  time  is  not  stated.  The  records  are  strangily 
silent  about  these  boys  during  the  resit  of  this  eventful  night. 

'■"  Palou,  JVol.,  ii.  204-71,  and  Vkla,  17G-87,  one  of  the  leading  authorities 
on  this  affair,  ciToneously  speaks  of  the  three  mechanics  as  two  carpenters 
and  one  smith,  one  of  the  two  room-mates  being  the  carpenter  Ursclino. 

''''  Francisco  Pefia,  the  fourth  man,  was  ill  at  the  presidio.  Tlie  names  of 
the  guard  witli  many  other  Interesting  particulars  are  given  in  Ortcija,  lujorme 
de  Nov.  30,  1775,  MS.,  this  document  being  a  communication  addressed  to 
Lieut. -Col.  Anza,  and  one  of  the  most  valuable  soni-eesof  original  information 
respecting  the  disaster,  embodying  as  it  does  all  the  results  of  Lieut.  Ortega's 
investigations  down  to  date. 


TER. 


A  XIGTIT  OF  TERnOR. 


2S1 


ttlo  after 
in  ilanics 

The  two 
with  two 
)ut  at  tlio 
3  with  his 

God,  11  ly 
y  Fustei', 
)iiiiiig  the 

nd  Fchpo 

prGsi<h(),"^ 

first  to  ho 

nd  riishci^ 

3  staggers 

,  and  falls 

3mpafiero, 

[1,  seizes  a 

barricade 

'>t.    Then, 

bllows,  ho 

ntcr,  Josu 

joins   the 

after,  lie 

ays    later 

soldiers, 

Joaquin 

tha,  in  the 

|r  shimher 

issailants. 

at  the  end  of 
I  are  sti-nngi'ly 

ig  autlioritios 
m  cinpeiiters 
Urseliiio. 
JThc  names  of 
Itfija,  Iiifonr.c 

I  addressed  to 

II  information 
lent.  Ortega's 


Rteri forced  by  the  blacksmith,  the  woimdod  carpenter, 
and  the  surviving  friar,  the  Spaniards  defend  them- 
selves for  a  time;  but  the  fire  soon  forces  them  to  seek 
othor  shelter.-^  They  first  repair  to  a  room  of  tho 
friars'  dwelling,  where  Father  Fustcr  makes  a  haz- 
iiidoiis  l)ut  ineffectual  attempt  to  find  Jaume. 

Thu  tire  soon  renders  the  house  untenable.  In 
tlicir  dire  extremity  they  bethink  themselves  of  a 
small  enclosure  of  adobes  in  which  they  take  refuge, 
tliLie  to  fight  to  the  death.  In  one  wall  is  an  open- 
iiio-  through  which  arrows  are  shot;  but  the  soldiers 
croi't  a  barricade  with  two  bales  or  Iwxes  and  a  copper 
kettle  brought  from  the  burning  house  at  great  risk. 
But  by  the  time  the  opening  is  closed,  all  arc  wounded, 
and  two  soldiers  besides  the  carpenter  disabled.  A 
fast  of  nine  Saturdays,  a  mass  for  each  of  the  soldiers 
and  mechanics,  and  a  novcna  for  the  priest  are  prom- 
ised heaven  for  escape;  and  thereafter  not  an  arrov/ 
touches  them,  though  sticks  and  stones  and  burning 
brands  are  still  showered  on  their  h.eads.-*  Urseiino 
and  the  disabled  soldiers  strain  their  feeble  strenrjth 
to  ward  off  the  missiles,  Fuster  covers  with  his  body, 
his  cloak,  and  his  prayers  the  sack  containing  fifty 
jjounds  of  gunpowder,  while  the  blacksmith  and  one 
soldior  load  and  reload  the  muskets  which  Corporal 
liocha  discharges  with  deadly  effect  into  the  ranks  of 
tho  foe,  at  the  same  time  shouting  commands  in  a 

■'  It  may  be  noted  that  according  to  the  last  annual  report — Serra,  Informe, 
(k  ni.'h  ^^'^- — the  mission  buildings  on  the  new  site  had  not  been  enclosed 
in  tile  lunial  stockade  defences.  The  barracks  are  not  described  iu  that  report, 
but  ^^x•^o  of  wood;  the  church  'was  not  of  adobe;  and  all  the  adobe  buildings 
txcfpt  tho  granary  had  tule  roofs.  The  padros'  house,  or  tho  smithy,  or  tho 
granary  \\ii\\  their  adobe  walls  W'ould  seem  to  have  alibrdcd  better  protection 
than  the  Imilding  chosen;  but  tho  progress  of  the  flames  or  some  other  unre- 
eoriliil  circunistancc  doubtless  determined  their  action. 

■Tor  this  night's  struggle  I  have  followed  for  the  most  part  Fuster,  licfjis' 
ti-odel)rJ'H)icione!<,  MS.,  in  San  Diego,  Lib.  de  Misioii,  ()7-74,  an  original  record 
by  a  burvivor  of  thofiery  ordeal  left  l)y  Fuster  in  the  mission  register  of  deaths. 
This  autlior  calls  the  structure  which  aftbrded  shelter  a  '  cercadito  de  adobes, 
como  (le  tres  varas,'  and  docs  not  imply  that  it  had  a  roof.  Palou  says  it  was 
a  kind  of  kitchen  with  walls  but  little  over  three  feet  high  and  roofed  with 
blanches  and  leaves,  the  burning  of  w  lich  added  to  the  peril.  This  author 
also  gives  some  indications  of  the  pai  ^re's  bravery  which  modesty  prompted 
thu  otlier  to  conceal. 


232       NORTUERX  EXPLORATION;  SOUTHERN  DISASTER. 

stentorian  voice  as  if  at  the  head  of  a  regiment.  Wli.it 
a  subject  for  a  painting  I  Thus  the  hours  slowly  pass 
until  at  dawn  the  savages  withdraw.  The  survivors, 
or  such  of  them  as  can  move,  crawl  from  behind  tlic 
adobe  battlements,  and  the  Baja  Californians  and 
neophytes  make  their  appearance. 

The  latter  come  fully  armed  with  bows  and  arrows, 
and  claim  to  have  been  largely  instrumental  in  put- 
tincj  tlic  foe  to  flij^ht.  The  iirst  solicitude  of  the  sur- 
vivors  is  to  learn  the  fate  of  Father  Jaumc,  of  wlioiii 
the  neophytes  say  they  know  nothing.  His  body  is 
soon  discovered  in  the  dry  bed  of  the  creek  at  somo 
distance,  naked,  bruised  from  head  to  foot  with  blows 
of  stones  and  clubs,  his  face  disfigured  beyond  rccoL^- 
nition,  and  with  eighteen  arrow  wounds."^  It  is  siil)- 
sequcntly  ascertained  from  the  natives  that  the  fiiar 
full  calhng  on  Jesus  to  receive  his  spirit. 

Two  Indians  wore  now  sent  to  the  presidio,  thoii'^h 
not  without  serious  misuivinixs,  since  it  was  undd- 
stood  that  one  party  of  savages  had  gone  to  attack 
the  garrison.  The  force  at  the  time,  during  tho 
absence  of  Ortega  and  Sergeant  INIariano  Carrillo  at 
San  Juan,  consisted  of  Corporal  Mariano  A'^orduifo 
and  ten  soldiers,  four  of  whom  were  on  the  sickdist 
and  two  in  the  stocks.  They  wxre  found  safe  and 
entirely  ignorant  of  what  had  happened  up  the  ilvor. 
On  receipt  of  the  news  Verdugo  hastened  with  his 
four  men  to  the  mission,  where  he  arrived  about  ciu'lit 
o'clock  in  the  morning;  and  a  few  hours  latur  the 
whole  company  started  in  sorrowful  procession  back 
to  the  presidio,  carrying  the  disabled  with  the  body 
of  Jaume  and  the  charred  remains  of  the  blacksmitli, 
Arroyo,  and  driving  the  few  animals  that  were  left 
of  the  mission  herds.  A  small  band  of  neophyte^;,  !ill 
that  had  shown  themselves  since  the  attack,  was  Icl't 
behind  to  battle  with  the  flames  and  save,  if  possible, 
something  from  the  general  wi'cck. 

'^Palou  says  his  consecrated  hands  alone  were  uninjured,  preserved  doubt- 
less by  God  to  show  liia  innocence;  but  Fuster  saj's  nothing  of  this. 


DESTRUCTION  OF  SAN  DIEGO. 


268 


On  tlio  sixth,  after  letters  from  Verdugo  and  the 
j^toic-koopcr,  Pedro  y  Gil,  had  been  sent  by  a  courier 
t(»  recall  the  commandant,  Faster  performed  funeral 
litcs  to  the  memory  of  his  martyred  associate,  and 
l>uiiod  the  body  in  the  presidio  chai)el.  Ho  had  died 
\vith()ut  the  last  sacrament,  but  he  had  said  mass 
tlio  day  before  his  death,  had  confessed  only  a  few 
(lays  before,  and  it  could  hardly  be  doubted  that  all 
was  well  with  him.  The  same  day  Arroyo's  body 
vas  buried."'*  In  the  forenoon  of  the  8th  Ortega 
ani\cd,  soon  followed  by  Carrillo  with  the  remainder 
of  the  San  Juan  party.  On  the  10th  the  carpenter, 
l^iselino,  was  buried  by  Fuster,  having  died  from  the 
ctFects  of  his  wounds  the  day  before,  after  receiving 
tli(j  sacrament,  and  having  left  all  the  pay  due  him  to 
1)0  used  for  the  benefit  of  his  murderers. 

From  investigations  set  on  foot  as  soon  as  the  presi- 
dio had  been  put  in  a  state  of  defence,  some  informa- 
tion was  brought  to  light  repecting  the  revolt  and  its 
attendant  circumstances.  Just  after  the  baptism  of 
October  3d  two  brothers  Francisco  and  Cilrlos,  both 
old  neophytes,^''  and  the  latter  chieftain  of  the  San 
IJicgo  rancheria,  had  run  away  and  had  not  returned 
when  Ortega  went  north  to  found  San  Juan.  It  was 
learned  that  they  had  visited  all  the  gentiles  for  leagues 
around,  inciting  them  to  rise  and  kill  the  Spaniards. 
Xo  other  cause  is  known  than  that  a  complaint  of  hav- 
ing stolon  fish  from  an  old  woman  was  pending  against 
them,  and  so  far  as  could  be  learned  they  made  no 
charges  against  the  friars  except  that  they  were  going 
to  convert  all  the  rancherias,  pointing  to  the  late 
baptism  of  sixty  persons  as  an  indication  of  that  pur- 
l)oso.  Some  rancherias  refused  to  participate  in  the 
lilut;  but  most  of  them  promised  their  aid,'^^  and  the 


^'^SanDirgo,  Lib.  de  Mision,  MS.,  74-5.  Arroyo's  widowed  mother  hail 
bitn  Iniried  here  before.     Her  name  was  Petroua  Garcia. 

■■  Sa  I'ulou  calls  tliem,  but  I  think  there  may  bo  some  doubt  about  this. 

-"Ortega  in  his  Informe,  MS.,  5,  names  the  Christian  rancherias  of  San 
Luis,  .Miitiinio,  Xamachd,  Meti,  Xana  or  Xanat,  Abascal,  Abuscal  or  Agiiscal, 
aud  Muj^tate  or  San  Miguel;  and  the  gentile  rancherias  of  La  Tunta,  Melcjo, 


254       NORTHERX  EXPLORATIOX;  SOUTHERN  DISASTER. 


assailants  were  estimated  at  from  cifjht  hundred  to  a 
thousand.  Tliey  were  divided  into  two  hodies  and  wero 
to  attack  mission  and  presidio  simultaneously;  Imt  tlio 
mission  party  began  operations  prematurely,  ond  tin; 
others,  seeing  the  light  of  the  burning  buildings, 
which  they  supposed  or  feared  would  rouse  the  garri- 
son, abandoned  their  part  of  the  scheme. 

At  the  mission  the  savages  first  went  to  the  neo- 
phyte's huts  and  by  threats  and  force,  as  tlie  latter 
claimed,  or  by  a  previous  understanding,  as  many 
Spaniards  believed,  insured  their  silence  while  tliey 
jiroceeded  first  to  plunder  and  then  to  burn.  About 
the  part  taken  by  the  neophytes  in  this  revolt  tliero 
is  some  disaOT'eement  among  the  authorities.  All  tlie 
evidence  ujoes  to  show  that  some  renej^ade  coiiveits 
were  concerned  in  it;  but  Palou,  reflecting  doubtless 
the  opinions  of  the  other  friars,'^^  accepts  the  i)loa  of 
those  in  tlie  huts  that  they  were  kept  quiet  by  Ibrce, 
and  that  the  mass  of  the  Christiai.s  were  faithrul. 
Others,  however,  and  notably  Anza,  an  intelligent  and 
unprejudiced  man  well  acquainted  with  the  facts,  be- 
lieved, as  there  w'as  much  testimony  to  prove,  that  it 
was  the  neophytes  who  planned  the  rising,  convoketl 
tlic  gentiles,  and  acted  treacherously  throughout  tlnj 
whole  affair.""" 

Otai,  Pocol,  Cdjuat,  and  El  Cornil,  as  among  those  involved  in  the  niovoiueut. 
Cliilcacop,  or  (JIiocalcDp,  of  tlio  Xamachfi  ranchoria,  a,  Ohvistiau,  is  said  to 
have  aided  in  tlic  killing  of  Jauine,  in  connection  with  the  jiagans,  Tuerto  and 
the  chief  of  the  Maramoydos,  both  of  Tapaiiqiio  ranchciia.  »SV.  I'ap.  .SVc., 
MS.,  ix.  7-.  Those  who  led  tlie  attack  were  Oroehc,  chief  of  Jhi^tate  or 
Mactati,  M-j;ael,  Bernanhno  of  Matanio,  and  two  others.  Zcgotuy,  cidcf  if 
JlatanKi,  testilied  that !)  ranchcrias  were  invited,  and  that  among  the  Icndi  rs 
were  Francisco  of  Cuyaniac,  liiniself,  and  anotlier.  The  sonthcrn  ranclu  ria.i 
nsscnihled  at  La  I'unta,  the  mountaineers  at  Meti.  C'liief  Francisca  iildttid 
tlie  revolt,  and  he,  Zogotay,  had  invited  10  ranchcrias.  Arch.  C\tl.,  I'mr.  Sf. 
PajK,  MS.,  i.  l2i2S-oi2.  V^ery  little  satisfcactory  information  can  he  gatlicM  J 
from  tlio  reports  of  these  investigations.  Rafael  of  Xanat  and  the  chief  cf 
Aguscal  were  also  leaders,  according  to  Ortega. 

'■''■' Lasncn,  however,  in  his  fiifonne  de  ItSJ,  MS.,  says  tha.t  most  of  tlio 
neojjhytes  took  part  in  the  revolt. 

'•'^  Anza,  JJlan'o,  MS.,  90-G.  Anza,  as  we  shall  sec,  arrived  early  in  the 
next  year.  He  calls  attention  to  the  cool  lying  of  the  neophytes  with  a  vii-n- 
to  exonerate  themselves,  tliey  even  claiming'  that  when  liberated  from  tluir 
conlincmeiit  they  had  turned  upon  the  gentile  foes,  driving  them  to  the  moun- 
tains. There  was  evideiico  of  some  understanding  between  the  natives^of 
San  Diego  and  those  of  the  Colorado  River.     Garces  on  the  C'oloi'ado  in  1 1 1 0 


DEFENSIVE  MEASURES. 


Tn  insure  (Safety  at  the  presklio  a  roof  of  eartli  was 
r;n)i<lly  added  to  the  old  friars'  dwulliiiL'-,  to  whicli 
fitiiiilies  and  stores  were  removed.  Tlut  tide  huts 
wvw  then  destroyed  and  other  ]»•(  .-autions  taken 
ji'^ainst  fire.  Letters  asking  i'or  aid  were  desi)atehed 
t(»  Ivivera  at  Monterey,  and  to  An/a  aj)[)roae1iing  fronj 
the  Colorado  region,  and  both,  as  we  shall  siv,  arrived 
Lurly  tlie  next  year.  Then  parties  of  soldiers  were 
sriit  out  in  different  dir(;etions  to  learu  something  of 
the  enemy's  plans,  and  several  leaders  were  eaj)tured 
aiul  made  to  testify.  Thus,  in  suspense  and  fear  of 
luassiuTe,  the  little  j^arrison  of  San  Diego  passed  the 
rest  of  the  year.''^ 

Scrra  at  San  Carlos  received  a  letter  announc- 
ing- the  disaster  the  13th  of  Decend)er.  "Ood  hu 
thanked,"  exclaimed  the  writer,  "now  the  soil  is 
watrred;  now  will  the  reduction  of  the  Dieguinos  he 
'  iiit|)letc!"  Next  day  the  six  friars  paid  funeral 
)w>'  trs  to  the  memory  of  Jaumo,  whose  lot,  we  are 
t^ild,  all  envied.  They  doubted  not  ho  had  gone  t'> 
wear  a  crown  of  martyrdom;  but  to  make  the  matter 
sure,  "si  acaso  su  alma  necesitasc  do  nuestros  sufra- 
u'los,"  eacli  promised  to  say  twenty  masses.  Sena 
wrote  to  the  guardian  that  tlie  missionaries  were  not 
disheartened,  but  did  not  fail  to  present  the  late  dis- 
aster as  an  argument  in  favor  of  increased  mission 
U'uards.''^ 


la.t  most  (if  llio 


lu;ii(l  <it'  tlic  disaster,  and  from  bis  intiinato  acquaintance  with  the  tvihts  of 
that  iv^^iiin  lie  ))flievc3  that  they  wouM  haV'  j(jined  tiic  San  ?)i('f;o  ranclici'iaH 
ill  a  war  against  tlic  Spaniards  later,  had  it  not  been  lor  the  lavorable  inijires- 
bioii  Icl't  liy  An/.a.  C'curcii,  Jliario,  2(34 -'JS.'). 

"'See  also  on  the  San  Diego  revolt  Scrra,  iVo^l.s•,  in  Son  Dieijo,  Lib.  da 
Mis'mn,  MS.,  4;  Lasitcn,  lufurmi:  Oe  liSJ,  ^IS.;  /</.,  in  ^[nh.  Scaita  /jih-lxira, 
M.'t.,  ii.  IfiT;  St.  Pap.,  Mix-i.  and  t'uloii.,  MS.,  i.  1(!,  \\17;  and  investigationn 
(it'Oitigaaiulliiverain  ApriltoJune  177(),  in Proi'.  St.  J'aji.,  lien.  Mil.,  MS.,i. 
'll-',\.  Orte;,a  cre<lit.s  privates  Ignaeio  Vallcjo,  Aiiasta.sio  Caiiiaeli",  and  Juan 
ill'  Ortega  ■with  great  gallantry  in  these  trying  times,  liifonnc,  M.S.,  .3;  and 
Alvaiadu,  lli4.  (,'(il.,  MS.,  i.  S.'J,  goes  so  far  as  to  say  that  Vullejo  was  tlio 
ihi<f  cause  of  the  Spanish  triumph,  thus  becoming  a  great  favorite  among  tlie 
)iailres.  Glceson,  JJitt.  Calh.  Ch.,  ii.  G8-7(),  is  somewhat  confused  in  liis 
laiiHiiit  of  this  allair,  making  the  natives  destroy  San  Carlos  and  attack  the 
invsi(lii)  in  1770. 

'^- PaloH,  Xot.,  ii.  1T2-'i;  Id.,  Vida,  184-7.  Dumctz  now  went  to  San 
Autoiiio  and  Cambon  and  I'icras  returned  to  San  Carlos  Dec.  "JlJd. 


266       NORTHERN  EXPLORATION;  SOUTHERN  DISASTER. 

Rivera  set  out  for  the  south  on  the  IGth  of  Decem- 
ber, with  thirteen  men,  one  of  whom  was  to  be  lel't  at 
San  Antonio  while  two  were  to  remain  at  San  Luis. 

In  August  there  had  been  an  alarm  at  San  Antonio. 
A  messenger  came  to  the  presidio  on  the  2i)th  w  ith 
the  news  that  the  natives  had  attacked  the  mission, 
and  shot  a  catechumen  about  to  be  baptized.  Rivera 
sent  a  souad  of  men  who  found  the  wounded  natiw; 
out  of  clanger.  They  captured  the  culprits  and  held 
them  after  a  Hogging,  until  the  conmiandant  ordered 
them  flogged  again,  when  after  a  few  days  in  tlio 
stocks  they  were  released.^^ 

"Pa/o«,  iS^o<.,  ii.  244-5. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


EXPEDITION?  OF  ANZ    ,    FONT,  ^iXD  G.HICES. 
177J-1770. 

A.NZ.v  AND  HIS  CoLONV — PiiEPAnATioxs  IN  Mi'.xioo  AM)  SoNouA — Two  Hrv- 

nUKLi   I.MMICRANTS— OUICINAL  AUTJIOIUTIKS — MaKCU  TO   TIIK  RiO  CoLO- 

UAUo— !Mis.sioNAiUKS  Lei'T — Itixeuaiiy^Mai' — A  Tediocs  Maucii  to 
8an  (Iaekiet, — Anza  Goes  TO  iTK  IIeuef  ok  San  DiEiio — Rivera  Ex- 
coMJirNiCATED — Anza  BuiNiis  HIS  Force  to  Monterey — IIis  Illness — 
IiivERA  Comes  Xo.rni  and  Anza  Goes  Soi-tii — A  Qi'atiri.l — Rivera 
VEUsrs  Anza  and  the  Friars — Strange  Actions  of  tii  e  Gommandant — 
His  March  Southward — Insanity  or  Jealousy— Anza's  Return  to 
THE  Colorado  and  to  Sonora— Exi-lorations  by  Garces — Ur  the 
Colorado — Across  the  Mojave  Desert — Into  Tulare  Valley — A 
11eil\rkable  Journey- — Dominguez  and  Escalante. 

Captaix  Anza,  return in_ir>'  from  his  first  exploration 
of  ail  overland  route  to  California,  M'ont  to  IMcxieo  to 
liiy  before  the  viceroy  the  results  of  his  trip.  Very 
soon,  hy  royal  recommendation,  the  projects  of  estab- 
lisliincf  missions  in  the  Colorado  region  and  a  new 
]tresi(no  at  San  Francisco  were  taken  into  considera- 
i'um.  In  November  1774  the  board  of  war  and  finance 
tliri  i'luined  to  carry  out  or  advance  l)otli  projects  by  a 
siiinle  expedition  to  California,  by  way  of  tlie  Colo- 
iadd.  I'nder  the  conmiand  of  Anza.^  This  deterniina- 
linn,  !is  we  have  seen,  was  announced  to  Rivera  and 
!Serra  at  ^NFontercy  by  Bncareli  in  December  and  Jan- 
uary. Anza  was  advanced  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel  and  hastened  homeward  to  raise  the  required 

'  Anza  stiitos  tliat  the  tlocrcc  of  tlio  vu'croy,  iiiidor  wliicli  lie  acted,  was 
(lutcil  Ndv.  'J4tli.  (iarcLv)  says  the  expuditioii.  oi'  his  part  of  it,  was  (k'ti'iiiiiii"d 
nil  liy  thi'  junta  (111  Nov.  i!Sl!i,  was  ordered  l)y  the  vieei-oy  liy  h'tter  of  .Ian. 
-M,  and  liy  tile  letters  of  the  ijuai'diuu  of  Santa  Cruz  Cjlle''e  Jan.  'JOth  uiul 

ivii.  iTti,: 

UlsT.  Cai,.,  Vol.  I.    17  (237) 


'  *  1 


*t   ^  Si 


2.-j8 


EXPEDITIOXS  OF  ANZA,  FONT,  AND  GARCES. 


force  of  thirty  soldiers  with  their  families  for  Cali- 
fornia. 

Biicareli  was  very  liberal  with  the  king's  moiKv 
v)n  this  occasion;  giving  four  inule  trains  and  niimv 
horses  and  cattle  for  the  new  establishment,  and  also 
providing  that  families  of  settlers,  like  those  of  tlic 
soldiers,  were  to  be  transported  at  government  ex- 
pense, receiving  pay  for  two  years  and  rations  Ini' 
five.  Tlic  expense  of  each  I'amily  was  about  eight 
hundred  dollars.  Anza  took  with  liini  from  ^rcxiio 
animals,  arms,  and  clothing,  and  began  his  worl;  im- 
mcdiately  by  recruiting  on  the  way.  He  clothed  liis 
recruits,  men,  women,  and  children,  from  head  to  foot, 
and  allowed  their  pay  and  rations  to  begin  with  tlk; 
date  of  enlistment.  At  San  Felipe  de  Sinaloa  a  regu- 
lar recruiting-office  was  o[)ened,  Anza's  populaiitv, 
with  his  liberal  display  of  food  and  clothing,  insuring 
success  both  here  and  in  the  north,  until  in  Seittciii- 
ber  1775  most  of  the  company  were  assembled  at  tin,' 
a]i[)()inted  rendezvous,  San  Miguel  do  Horca^itus. 
They  were  ready  the  2'Jth  of  September,  all  being 
united  in  time  to  start  from  the  presidio  of  Tul)ac  tlio 
2;]d  i,rOctober.2 

The  force  that  set  out  from  Tubac  consisted,  fir-^t, 
of  Anza,  conmiander,  Pedro  Font  of  the  (()ueretai'ti 
Fi'anciscans  as  chajjlain,  ten  soldiers  of  the  Ibtrcasi- 
tas  presidio,  eight  nudeteers,  four  servants,  and  ^^a- 
I'iano  Vidal,  purveyor— twenty-iivo  persons  in  all  wlm 
were  to  return  to  Sonora;  second,  Francisco  ({aici'-< 
and  Tomas  J']lxni'ch,"'  destiut^d  to  remain  on  the  ]»i(» 
(N)lorado  with  three  sei'vants  and  three  interpreters; 
and  third,  Alierez  Joso  .Foacjuin  ]Moraga,  and  Ser- 
geant Juan  l*ablo  (Jrijaha,  twenty-eight  soldiers, 
light  from  the  })residio  force  and  twenty  new  i-et  ruits; 
twenty-nine  women  who  were  wives  of  soldiers;   !:!'• 

2  Ariicivitn,  Civn.  Sn-df.,  401,  snys  tliry  left  llorrasitas  on  April  'Jdtli.  mmI 
TuIkic  Oct.  'Jlst.  I'lic  rcmUv.voiis  i>{  tlu'  fiiiir.s  oniiinji'toil  villi  the  cxiHilitieii 
WjiH  iit  till'  inissiiin  of  Tiiiiiiu'acoii  iiciir  Tiilmc. 

^  Si)  I'oiit  calls  liiiu.  (lau'js  writes  tlu'  naiiii.'  Kixarth  ;  Anicivita,  Ey;'.ai';h  ; 
iiiul  Anza,  EtfiuiT. 


tm:\iigraxt,s  from  soxora. 


2.-9 


igs  nioiK'v 


persons  of  both  sexes  beloiiLfiiij^to  the  soldiers'  faiiiirk'S 
iiad  to  four  extra  fainilies  of  colonists;^  seven  mule- 
teers, two  interpreters,  and  three  \.  (jueros — alt()- 
ti.tlu'r  207  destined  to  remain  in  Cauiornia,''  makinuf 
ii  ^rand  total  of  235,  to  say  nothing  of  eight  infant.s 
lidiii  on  the  way.  The  live-stoek  of  the  expedition 
niusist- d  of  1G5  mules,  340  horses,  and  320  head  of 
cattle." 

Ouv  Lady  of  Guadalupe,  Saint  ]\Iiehael,  and  Saint 
Francis  of  Assisi  were  selected  as  patrons  of  the  ex- 
pctlition,  and  after  the  celebration  of  mass  on  Sun- 


H'aloii  says  tlicrc  were  12  of  tlu'SC  f;iniilies  and  tliat  tin;  whole  fuivi'  fnr 
C'.ilii'oniia  was  'JOO  suuls. 

'Tlu'iomay  lio  sdiuo  slight  inaccuracy  respecting  the  vaqiuros,  niulrtccrs, 
ami  interpreters,  tlio  nnnilicrs  ^iven  being  tliosc  not  otiierwise  di-iposed  i.f 
ileliiiiti.'ly  in  the  diaries.     The  names  are  included  in  tin;  list  at  end  of  tliia 

ns  of  separating  most  of  .hem  from  other  ]iartie.- 


vulunic. 


T 

Jjl 


lero  are  no  mea 


(/(/  'J'vii'k  ii/c  (/ortiiiil  /)<! 
,1 


I  JllUlli''f(l  ill  .1  IIZ'i,  ' 


I'i 


Pn:<''lh>  lie  Tiih(i(\  Soii'ifd,  ilc  sii  c.rjii'ilir/Dii  con  faiii'iliii^ili .till',  iliiiio  i>ir.--i://ii,  td 


viior'niiii lifo  (III  jiiirr/o  (li;  Sail  Fraiirisi'o  ilc  Al/u  CaV'j'i. 


riiKi;  11  III'  s:i  nil  'fa 


(A  s'A'  i'.ite  /iiii'rfo  id  Prit>iilio  ilc  Skii  Mii/iiil  dc  //i)i-c(i<'l-i-<,   MS.,  'J;!'.'.     ( 'om- 
|iletedat  llni'casitas  (jn  June  l.'-t.    1'his  oUieial  journal  kept  by  the  eonianilanto 
;iy  to  day  throughor.t  the  whole  expedition  is  of   course  the  chief 


luithurity  on  tlio  ,sul)ject.     Tiicre  is  ai 


isioiial  ambiguity  of  oxpre.-r^lou 


iliieli  c;!u;:cs  confusion,  notably  so  at  the  beginning  wli'^re  tiie  company  in 
(Icseribcd;  ])Ut  otherwise  the  diary  leaves  nothing  to  lie  tlesircil.  'J'tie  author 
was  a  r.ian  of  great  ability  and  force  of  character,  besides  being  \cry  popular 
with  his  men.  Another  original  authority  is  J 'out,  Jmirmd  made  In/  I'adre 
Pciirn  Font,  A/ioslolic  Priar/ar  of  (he  Ciilleijc  ij'  Saiihi  Cruz  dc  (Jiu'vctnrn, 
lidrii  j'roiii  t/ie  miiiKhn  trnllm  li/ hliii  on  (he  road,  darhnj  ajoannij  (hn'  he 
jiirioniiiil  (o  Mont'-riij  ami  (he  Port  of  Sun  Pr(uic'i<co,  in  cnivpninj  n-ith  Ihm 


Jituii  /Jdiidtia  lie  A I 


lie.,  MS.,  r>'2.     ("om]iI(;ted  at  Urcs,  Sc 
"I; 


.h 


.1. 


This  tran.>^Iati(jn  was  made  from  the  original  in  the  ]>arocIiial  arehivesof  <  luail- 
aiajar.-i,  <  r,  I'.iore  probably,  from  a  cojiy  of  the  same.  apiiarenUy  about  l.S.">0, 
untlercireunistanees  of  \\  hieli  I  know  nothing,  but  evidentlj'  with  eor.sideiablo 
i;ue.     'J'he  oi'iuinal,  which  I  have  not  seen,  is  cited  in  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS., 


xiii.  'JOl!,  among  other  documents  as  />.'i 


'/"« ,/', 


it  /'.  Font. 


I  Inn 


'/" 


V  eo|iy  of  tile  translation  was  obtained  in  Calii'ornia  by  ]j;;rtlett, 


and  is  cited  in  tint  anther's  / 


(/  Xi 


■iilin 


SI). 


.\ 


U'lilUT 


ivipy,  pr 


.b 


iiilv  iiiai 


le  f: 


t  liie  'i'erritoriid  1 
li'-lied  liv  that  soeii 


rom  tliat  u\  my  ]iosscssion,  isprcser\eil  ni  tlio  library 


loni'crs  ni 


T 


le  ma  [IS  are  not  co] 


•ty.    Ti 


I 
d  I 


'an 


rancisci>, 


d 


iin  abridgment  was  jmb 


erri/nri  d  irinei  r-i  <> 


/■  '■»/..  /■'/■v^  Ai 


d,  SI -107 


lied  in  the  tran.slation,  t!ioU'.;li  there  are  a  fi;w  rndi 


pel 


tlniwings,  aiul  though  the  numbers  on  one  of  tlus  maps,  representing  days' 
j'luriii  ys,  are  given  in  the  diary.  Iwntunatily  tliis  map.  a.  very  iiitei'c.iting 
iMiil  important  one,  '        "  '  '  ' 


has  1 


iceu  loniii 


.1,  and  a   1 


ithographic  copy  of  it  — tiiouij 


Miihr.iany  blunders  in  lettering — pnbli.shed  i  i  ilinlon  ,1  I  la  nl  ■  P>iiihoj  A  rhmfi , 
of  which  hook,  iccently  printed,  it  is  the  .sole  meritorious  feature  ho  far  a.'^ 
listory  is  concerned.     I  icprodncu  the  map,  or  that  piirt  of  it  representing 


<'alifo!'ni 


I,  in  I 


Ills  chapter.     lM)nt"s  diary,  t 


hlc 


mjilcto  and  cxt'U.iivc 


than  that  of  An.'a,  is  still  (jf  very  great  value  as  an  nntho.ity  on  thi.i  expedi- 
tion. iSciil  another  original  aidhoiity  is  (>'iirei'.<,  D'lari  >  11  DerrnterD  i/ne  ..'iijn  d 
1!  M.  It.  P.  i'r,  i'rinieiiieit  (.larccn  cii  sn  ri'Ji  hcr/iodc-iJcOe/ultrcde  l!!J  hiiyfn  17 


I 

) 

hi 


m 


^  M 


200 


]:xi'i:i)iTiON.s  OF  axza,  font,  and  garces. 


(lay.  they  began  tlioir  march  on  Tuesday,  tlio  2:3d  of 
Oct(  bur.  Details  of  the  route  and  niarcli,  tlirough 
Pinieria  and  the  country  since  known  as  Arizona, 
belong  rather  to  the  annals  of  those  territories  than 
to  those  of  California,  but  there  is  little  to  record 
anywhere.  Tlie  route  was  by  San  Javier  del  ]jac 
and  Tucson  to  the  river  Gila,  and  down  that  river 
general]}'  along  the  southern  bank  to  the  Colorado 
junction,  a  route  often  travelled  in  the  old  Jesuit  era. 
The  march  was  not  a  difficult  one.  The  natives  wi-ro 
unlfoimly  hospitable,  and  ready  both  to  receive  trilling 
gifts  and  to  have  the  authority  of  their  cliieftains 
confirmed  b}'  Spanish  appointments.  The  only  mis- 
fortinies  were  the  death  of  a  woman  in  childbirtli, 
tlic  deserti(>n  of  one  or  two  muleteers  brouu'ht  back 
by  natives,  and  the  loss  of  a  few  horses  from  bad 
water  and  excessive  cold.  The  only  delays  were 
caused  by  an  cxaniinatit/ii  of  the  famous  Casa  Grande, 
by  an  occasional  halt  for  rest,  and  by  other  detentions 
of  a  day  or  two  by  the  birtli  of  young  immigrants. 
They  reached  tlie  Gila  the  last  day  of  October  ond 
were  about  a  month  on  the  march  down  to  the  Col(i- 
rado  junction. 

C*rossing  the  Gila  to  the  northern  bank  near  its 
mouth  Xovembor  28th,  Aiiza  and  liis  company  were 
given  a  hos})itable  and  even  enthusiastic  welcome  by 
the  Ymna  chief,  Palma,  whose  domain  lay,  it  sccnis, 
on  l)oth  sides  of  the  Colorado,  and  who  had  built  a 
jai'ge  house  of  branches  es[)ecially  for  the  use  of  the 
travellers."  Four  soldiers  were  met  here,  who  had 
been  sent  in  advance,  and  had  been  searching  dm  ing 
the  past  six  days,  on  the  California  side  of  the  Colo- 


</<'  Scptirmhrc  de  1770,  al  liio  Colorado  para  rcconorcr  ht^  Kncionrs  qne  hnhiliui 
HII8  iixirijcnca,  y  a  /o.t  jiHchlofi  ihl  Mo'inl  iff/.  Mirro-Mrrifo,  in  Jhic  ll'ifi.  M<.i., 
Bcrio  ii.  tow.  i.  'J'J.")-34S.  'J'liis  di  iiy  is  nearly  ns  complete  as  Aiiza's,  ami iiioio 
so  tliaii  Font's,  down  to  the  tinio  vlien  An/ii"s  expedition  left  tlio  Colnr.ulu 
for  the  north-west.  Otlicr  o.itliorities  iwo  Pnlnii,  Xol.,  ii.  213--1.">,  'J77-'Si'; 
/'/.,  ]'l(la,  'JOt-5,  iSu-7;  Arric'tdta,  Vnni.  Ke.'uf.,  4(Jl-!)0,  the  last  being  a. 
very  full  aceount  but  with  sonio  errors  respecting  minor  details. 

''  1'.  Font's  map  is  iucon-ect  in  representing  tJic  ford  of  the  Colorado  as 
below  the  Gila,  wliiic  all  three  diaries  say  that  it  was  a  little  way  above. 


ox  THE  COLORADO. 


201 


rado,  for  a  more  direct  route  than  that  followed  the 
year  previous ;  but  with(jut  success,  as  neither  vrater 
ii(»i'  urass  could  be  found.  Tlie  tirst  task,  and  bv  no 
means  an  easy  one,  was  to  get  the  large  conipaiiy 
v.iili  cattle  and  stores  safely  across  the  river.  The 
Yiiiuas  said  the  Colorado  was  not  fordal)le,  and  nujsfc 
)»(■  crossed  by  means  of  I'al'ts,  a  slow  and  tedious  jiroc- 
css,  but  one  whicli  Anza  was  inclined  to  think  neces- 
sary for  the  families  and  supjdies  at  least.  At  seven 
o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  29th  he  went  down 
to  tlie  bank  to  reconnoitre.  He  ordered  the  neces- 
saiy  timber  for  rafts,  and  then  with  a  sokher  and  a 
Yinna  determined  to  make  one  fnial  search  for  a  ford, 
wliicli  he  found  about  half  a  mile  up  the  river,  where 
the  v.ater  was  diverted  by  islands  into  three  channels. 
The  afternoon  was  spent  in  opening  a  road  tlirough 
tile  tliickly  wooded  belt  along  the  bank;  and  on  tiie 
liOth  before  ni^'ht  all  the  families  and  most  of  the 
supplies  were  lauded  on  the  western  side,  without 
the  use  of  rafts. 

The  travellers  remained  in  camp  on  the  right  bank 
for  thrt'C  davs,  ])artlv  on  account  of  the  dau'>vrous 
ih  .css  of  two  men,  and  also  to  make  certain  needful 
])ie})arations  for  the  comfort  and  safety  of  the  two 
Iriais  Avlio  were  to  remain  here  until  Anna's  return, 
leather  Garces  was  requested  to  select  the  place  where 
lie  would  reside,  and  chose  Pahna's  rancherfa  about  a 
league  below  the  camp  and  about  o[)posite  the  mouth 
ot"  tlie  (^da.  So  earnest  v»'ere  I'ahna's  assurances  <  f 
friendship  and  protection  that  it  was  deemed  safe  to 
leave  the  missionaries  with  their  three  servants  and 
three  interpreters.  Before  starting  Anza  built  a  house, 
and  lei't  ])rovisions  tor  over  four  months,  and  horses 
lor  the  use  of  the  remaining  party,  whose  pur[)Ose  was 
to  exj)lore  the  country,  become  ac((uainted  with  tlie 
natives,  and  thus  open  the  way  forth;  establishing  of 
regular  missions  at  an  early  date.  I  shall  presently 
have  more  to  yay  o^  tl.ieir  travids  in  California.  Set- 
ting out  December  4th  from  l^dma's  rancheria,  Anza 


I 


262 


expj:ditioxs  of  anza,  font,  and  garces. 


i-  (i 


marched  .slowly  down  tlie  river,  the  way  made  difficult 
by  the  dense  growth  of  trees  and  shrubs,  by  cold,  and 
by  illness  in  the  company.  Tlie  first  halt  was  at  tlio 
rancherias  of  San  Pablo,  or  of  Captain  Pablo  as  Pont 
says;  the  second  was  at  the  lagoon  of  Coxas,  or  Cojat, 
the  southern  limit  of  Yuma  possessions  and  of  Palnias 
jurisdiction;  and  the  third,  on  the  Gth  of  Decemlxi', 
was  at  the  lagoon  of  Santa  Olaya,  the  beginning  of 
Cajuenche  teri'itory,  about  twelve  leagues  below  llio 
mouth  of  the  Gila.** 

Dui'ing  the  stay  at  Santa  Olaya  Garces  overtook 
the  party,  having  already  set  out  to  explore  the  coun- 
try toward  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado.  Anza  divided 
his  force  into  three  parties  under  the  connnand  of 
himself,  Grijalva,  and  Moraga,  who  started  on  tlio 
Uth,  10th,  and  lltli,  respectively,  and  were  reunilr.l 
December  ITtli  at  San  Sebastian.  I  give  some  do- 
tails  of  names  and  distances  in  a  note."  I  also  a})peiul 
a  copy  of  Pont's  map,  su])stituting  names  for  numbers 
in  the  case  of  important  places  and  where  ,spac(.^  per- 
mits. The  route  followed  Mas  nearly  tlie  same  ;is 
in  Anza's  former  trip,  and  substantially  that  of  tlic 
modern  railroad  through  Coahuila  V^allcy  and  Sau 
(jiorgonio  Pass.     The  journey,  every  petty  detail  of 

^Font,  Journal,  MS.,  IG,  17,  makes  the  distance  14  leagues  with  some 
winding,  and  the  latitude  32'  IVi'  which  1  ly  the  distances  is  very  nearly  accurate. 
•  iai'CLS,  J)hirio,  241,  calls  the  lagoon  Santa  Kulalia.  By  \m:ii  and  iont  the 
name  is  wiittcn  Ohilla.     See  chaj).  x.  for  Anai's  trip  of  1774. 

"lioute  from  I'alnia's  rancheria  on  the  west  bank  of  tiie  Colorado  nwir 
nioutli  of  tlie  (iila  to  San  (lahricl,  The  courses  are  from  JoiU's  Joiir.al, 
cing  with  them  generally  hut  being  less  delinitely  expressed.  Tl 


Anza".s  w'w 

<listanccs  in  pareutlicscs,  diUV. 


h 


''ucs  v.orc  about  2  nides. 


widely  from  Anza's,  are  from  Font,  Vihciu 


mbcrs  refer  to  Font*.' 


of  San  I'ablo,  or  ('apt.  Pablo,  4^  1.  (."i) 


4;].   Laar 


ip; 


Cojat,  'A  1.  (4)  s.  w.,  Laguna  of  Santa  Ohdla,  '.]2'  XV,  41.  (.))  s.  w 


'f  Coxas,  or 

i.    I'oM 


del  C 
1' 


:irrizal,  or 


Ah 


1. 


de  Santa  Rosa  de  las  Lajas,  101.  (14)\ 


X.  w. ;  4(1.  DryCulcIi,  ;">  1.  (7) 


41.  {■:.)  N.;  San  Seliastian,  IV.i'S'.  oU.  (', 


;Lt!»)w. 
i.S,  Id.,  HC 


N.W. 


A 


lU.(l) 


ri'oyoo 
\.  W.  : 


W.  N.W. 

.  X.  wl ,  w. ,  w.  ,s.  w. ;  48.  Di  y  ( ' 

X.  X.  V.'.;  i")!.   I'ozo  il<'  San  (ii'c;. 

f  Santa  Cataliua  del  Vado,  Sink,  4  1.  n.  w." 

U.  Danzantcsi-ancheri.ii'i  samecaiiad 


Sun 


(4)  w.  N.  W.;  San  Carlos  Pass  (San  CorgonioV)  2^  1.  (;i)  .x.  X.  w. ;  [12.1.  I'l 
zuelo  on  return;]  TiU.  San  Patricio  Canada,  source  of  stream,  ',V.>'  o7';  >"'7. 
J oso  Arroyo,  (i  1.  (7)  x.  w.  \  W. ;  58.  Laguna  of  San  Antonio  Bacardi,  d(l^^n 
San  Jose  Valley, 4  1.  (,"))  w.  x.  w.;  Santa  Aualtiver,  91.  (8)  w.  x.  W.;  GO.  Arroxo 
lie  los  Alisos,  (>  I.  w.  X.  w.;  01.  Pivcr  Sau  Cabricl,  branch,  5  1.  (G)  w.  x.  w., 
Sun  Gabriel,  34' 3u'.  2  1.  w.  h.  w. 


.RCES. 

iiaJo  JlfFicult 
by  cold,  ill  1(1 
t  was  at  tlii_! 
ablo  as  Fcjiit 
:as,  or  Cojat, 
tl  of  PaluKi's 
f  Decciiil:)ti', 
beginning  of 
)s  bolow  11 10 

3es  overtook 
ire  the  eouii- 
^iiza  divided 
:30iiiuiaiid  of 
rtcd  oil  tlio 
ere  reunited 
vo  some  do- 
also  append 
for  niiniboi'S 
'e  spaee  jier- 
the  same  ns 
that  of  tlie 
e}'  and  S;ui 
ty  detail  of 

lagucs  with  somo 
y  iiciu'Iy  accuHi^!. 
i7A  aiui  i''ont  tlio 
4. 

le  Coloraili)  near 
11  Font's  Joiti\.al, 
y  expressed.  T!io 
IVoiii  Font,  Vihoau 
Liap:  4;?,  La'jiiiia 
:uiui  of  Coxas,  ('r 
)  ,s.  \v.;  4,").  I'oM 
.  (7)  w.  .N.w.;  -IT. 
■.;48,  UryCrc^k, 
^]'~  San  (Ji'e;;uriii, 
;k,  4Ln.  \v/.[\v.; 

saineeaiiaili,  .".I. 

w.;  \\-2.].  r.iric- 
,  ',iT  o7';  <"i7.  f"':iii 
(J  JJiicarcli,  tlov.  a 
c.  w.;  (iO.  AiTi-'.\') 

5  1.  (G)  w.  N.  W; 


264 


EXPEDITIONS  OF  ANZA,  FOXT,  AND  G.VRCKS. 


which  is  fully  described  in  the  commandant's  diarv, 
was  a  slow,  tedious,  and  ditficult  one,  requii'in^'  a 
full  month  for  its  accomplishment;  and  the  fact  that 
it  was  accomplished  at  all  under  the  cii'cumstaiiccs 
speaks  highly  for  Anza's  energy  and  ability.  Lono- 
stretches  of  country  without  water  nnist  be  crossed, 
and  at  first  the  company  must  be  divided  that  all 
should  not  arrive  the  same  day  at  the  same  watering- 
place.  It  was  midwinter,  the  cold  was  intense,  and 
most  of  the  com[»any  were  not  accustomed  to  a  (.old 
climate.  Storm  followed  storm  of  snow  and  hail  and 
rain,  and  an  earthquake  came  to  increase  the  terjois 
of  San  Gor^-onio  i)ass.  They  wore  obliu'ed  to  di<'' 
wells,  and  then  obtained  only  a  small  supply  of  Wiitcr, 
and  the  cattle  were  continually  breaking  away  in 
search  of  the  last  (i(j}u«je.  There  was  much  sickness; 
and  yet,  beyond  the  loss  of  some  hundred  head  (if 
liye-stock,  tiiere  was  no  serious  disaster,  owing  to  tht? 
skill  and  patience  of  Anza  and  his  aids.  On  thf 
iirst  day  of  I77r>  the  new  pioneers  of  California  mid 
San  Fi'niK.-isco  forded  the  liiver  Santa  Ana,  nnd  on 
Januaiy  4th  the  expedition  reached  the  mission  of 
San  Gabriel. 

Kivera  liad  arrived  from  the  north  the  day  before, 
on  his  way  with  ten  or  twelve  men  to  affoi'd  protec- 
tion to  the  threatened  presidio  of  San  Diego,  and  to 
punish  the  Indians  who  had  destroyed  the  mission. 
The  disaster  and  danger  at  San  Dieixo  seemed  to 
justify  Anza  in  suspending  his  own  expedition  I'oi' 
a  time,  especially  as  the  season  was  not  favorable 
for  the  inniiediate  exploration  of  San  Francisco.  At 
the  request  of  Eivera,  therefore,  he  determined  to 
])roceed  with  a  part  of  his  force  to  punish  the  soutli- 
ern  foe. 

The  company  of  immigrants  was  left  to  rest  at  San 
Gabriel  under  the  conunand  of  ]Moraga,  and,  after 
religious  ceremonies  of  Platitude  for  safe  arrival  celc- 
brated  on  the  Gth,  Anza  set  out  at  noon  on  the  7t!i, 
aocompanied  by  Font  and  seventeen  of  his  soldiers  in 


ANZA  AT  SAN  DIEGO. 


265 


addition  to  Rivera's  force,  ft)r  Siin  Diego,  wliere  lie 
iinived  tlio  lltli.^" 

Xaturnlly,  the  coming  of  reenforcements  caused 
great  relief  to  Ortega  and  liis  little  garrison,  who 
were  in  constant  fear  of  an  attack  from  the  gentiles. 
There  seems  to  have  been  some  foundation  for  these 
fears  besides  the  exaggerated  rumors  always  preva- 
lent on  such  occasions  ;  but,  whatever  may  have  been 
tlie  [)hms  of  the  savages,  their  hostile  purposes  did 
not  long  survive  the  arrival  of  new  forces.  One  of 
]ii\'era's  first  acts  was  to  send  six  soldiers  to  the 
peninsula  with  communications  for  the  viceroy  and  a 
demand  for  reenforcements,  in  view  of  the  recently 
developed  dangers  thrcateinng  the  permanency  of  the 
Spanish  establishments  in  California.  Then  followed 
investigations  respecting  the  late  outbreak,  lasting 
the  remainder  of  the  year;  they  were  imperfectly  re- 
corded, and  of  slight  importance.  Raids  v.'erc  made 
to  dillerent  rancherias;  gentile  chiefs  were  brought 
in.  made  to  testif}',  flogged,  liberated,  or  imprisoned, 
but  nothing  was  learned  in  addition  to  what  has  been 
already  stated.^'- 

It  was  not  long  before  a  difference  of  opinion  arose 
between  the  two  commanders  which  later  developed 
into  a  (juarrel.  As  we  have  seen  Anza  had  consentetl 
to  ])ostj)one  temporarily  the  special  business  llie  vice- 
roy had  intrusted  to  him,  in  view  of  the  dan':!'er  threat- 
enino-  hian  Dieo'o.  lie  found  the  danu'er  son?.eVvdiat 
less  than  had  been  represented.  1  le  had  come  to  San 
Diego  for  a  brief,  vigorous,  and  decisive  cam[)aign 
against  the  savages,  but  he  found  liivera  disposed  to 
a  policy  of  delay  and  inaction.     Anza's  chief  concern 


■»  Aiiza,  Diario,  MS.,  80-00,  says  he  took  17  men  ;  Font,  Jovr.inl.  :MS.,  2'J, 
Siiys  I'O  iiu-n  ;  Palou,  A'o^,  ii.  t27.")-(),  juakus  it  KS  men  ;  and  the  samo  author. 
Villa,  18(i-7,  iiiijilios  tliat  there  were  4U  iiuni.  Tlic  route  i'loiii  San  ilaln'id 
Mn.s:  Oli.  liiviT  Santa  Ana  (1 1.  (lOacconlinj^  to  Font);  Anoyo  tie  S:inla.  Maii;i 
M.iLidiilcna,  or  La  Qucnia,  111.  (14);  Itivir  San.Inan  Capi:;trano,  11  1.  (14) ;  l.a 
S.ilclail  riUKheria,  via  San  Uieguillo  and  08  Agua  ilcdionda,  0  1.  (1-);  Saa 
I'it-o,  ;{  1.  (4). 

"  .\„:a,  Liario.  :MS.,  07-100,  104,  lOG;  Prov.  St.  Pcqi.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  i. 
'^•-i  o;  Pivc.  SI.  Pcq,.,  MS.,  i.  lilj-3-'. 


200 


KXl'MDITIONS  OF  ANZA,  FONT,   AND  CJAIICJIS. 


was  nntuially  the  foiiiidiiig  of  San  Francisco,  \v])ik'  in 
liivura's  mind  the  i)rotection  of  San  ])ii'^'o  was  llic 
only  sul)jcc't  at  j^resont  to  bu  tUouglit  of.  An/a  at 
iii'st  yioltlod  to  the  captain's  vic'ws,  ivali/in^'  that  as 
ruler  of  the  pn^vinco  he  naturaDy  filt  for  its  sal'cty, 
bnt  at  la^t  tidings  came  from  San  (/ahricl  which  turned 
An/a's  attention  again  to  his  own  affairs.  Five  nun 
arrived  February  od  with  a  des})atch  I'roni  Moraga  and 
the  purveyor  A'idal,  to  the  elfc  t  that  the  mission 
could  no  longer  furnish  food  i'or  the  immigrants  ex- 
cept to  the  injury  of  its  own  neoj)hytes,  Father  I*aterna 
havinL!'  distiibuted  rations  for  ei'dit  days  and  i-iveii 
notice  that  these  would  be  the  last. 

On  i'eceii)t  of  this  intelliijfence  Anza  resolved  to  take 
his  military  colony  witliout  delay  up  to  Monterey. 
He  agreed,  however,  with  Iiivera,  to  leave  ten  of  his 
soldiers  at  San  Ojrabriel,  thus  relieving  a  portion  of 
the  old  guard  at  that  mission  for  service  at  San  ])i('go 
if  needed,^'"  and  with  the  other  seven,  havirig  sent  in 
advance  a  mule  train  laden  with  maize  and  beans,  he 
set  out  on  the  9th,  still  accom])anied  by  Font,  and 
arrived  at  San  Gabriel  on  the  12th.  Only  one  event 
occurring  at  San  Diego  after  Anza's  departui'e  re- 
quires notice  in  this  connection.  CVirlos,  an  old  neo- 
})hyte  but  a  ringleader  in  the  late  revolt,  returned  in 
real  or  assumed  penitence,  and,  prompted  doubtless  l»y 
the  missionaries,  took  refuge  in  the  church.  Illvcra 
sent  a  summons  to  Fiister  to  deliver  the  culprit  on  the 
])lea  that  the  right  of  church  asylum  did  not  protect 
such  a  criminal,  and  moreover  that  the  edifice  was  not 
a  chui'cli  l)ut  a  warehouse  used  temporarily  for  wor- 
ship. Fuster  by  the  advice  of  his  comrades  of  the 
doth  refused,  and  warned  the  commandant  to  use  no 
force.  Rivera  then  entered  the  church  sword  in  hand 
with  a  squad  of  soldiers  and  took  the  Indian  out,  pay- 
ing no  heed  to  the  expostulations  of  the  three  padres, 

'M»;a,  Dkirlo,  MS.,  lOS.    ITc  did  leave  V2  instead  of  10.    rnlou,  AV.,  ii 
275-0;    Vhla,  180-7,  inii^lies  that  the  12  men  were  left  at  San  Diego  instoiul 
of  San  Gabriel. 


■ '!    ;  111 


ri 


SAN  GARIlinL  TO  MONTKItKY. 


207 


Fusfer,  LnsLU'ii,  and  Aiiuirrio.  The  })rii'.sts  prococdcd 
tu  txcoiiniiiuiicato  the  coimiianTli'r  and  the  Koldiurs 
vim  liad  aided  lihn,  and  ordered  tlicni  to  leave  tlie 
churcli  bc^tore  beginning  service  on  the  next  day  of 
mass.  The  friars  reported  to  Scri'a,  sending  the  rej)ort 
ii[»  io  ]\I()nterey  by  Iiivera  liiniself '•' 

Arriving  at  San  (jrabriel  on  Februaiy  r2th  Anza 
found  that  tlie  niglit  before  three  of  his  nndeteers  and 
a  servant  with  a  mission  soldier  Jiad  deserted,  taking 
twenty-live  horses  and  other  pro])erty,  pai't  of  wliieh 
lu'longed  to  tlie  mission  and  part  to  tlie  expedition. 
The  colonists  proper,  however,  seemed  content  and 
allowed  no  dis[)osition  to  desert.  Moraga  was  sent 
with  ten  men  to  (^aptnre  tl;e  fugitives,  and  before  his 
ivturn  Anza  resolved  to  set  out  for  the  north.  Leav- 
ing twelve  men  and  their  families  under  Grijalva  to 
rccnloice  the  mi.ssion  guard,  and  ordering  Moraga  on 
his  arrival  to  follow  with  eight  men,  the  commandant 
started  on  the  2bst  with  seventeen  men,  the  same 
number  of  families,'^  the  nude  train,  and  the  live-stock. 
Heavy  rains  had  swollen  the  streams  and  rendcrctl 
many  parts  of  the  route  well  nigh  impassable.  (Jb- 
servations  respecting  the  natives  of  Ch.mnel  rancheri'as 
arc  omitted  by  Anza  as  having  been  given  in  the  diaiy 
el'  his  former  trip,  a  diary  which  unfortunately  is  no 
I mgcr  in  its  entirety  extant.  Font  gives  merely  an 
(Ailliiie  of  distances  and  directions.^''     With  no  other 


^■■Pnlnii.  Xot.,  ii.  202-.'). 

"I'lii;  full  division  of  the  forces  w.as  as  follows  on  Anza's  departin-e:  At 
S;iu  (l;il)riel,  8  ( 'iiliforuia  soldiers,  12  families,  Serireiint  (Irijalva,  and  -l  soldiers 
<'fAiizn"s^ni;ivd -waiting  for  ^loraga;  with  ^Moraga,  8  California  soldiers  (2  of  tli(! 
I  I  iiaving  returned  Ijci'oro  Anza  staited);  witii  Anza,  1 1  California  soldiers,  17 
tainilics,  and  (!  of  Anza's  men — total  2!)  out  of  the  .'iO  soldiers  ■who  were  to 
remain  in  ( 'alifornia,  one  not  heiiig  aeenunted  fur.  Tiiis  exiilanatiou  is  neces- 
f'.ny  on  account  of  the  confused  statements  of  Anza,  who  had  no  head,  or  pen 
lit  Icnst,  for  ilgures. 

'■'•The  route  wa*  as  follows;  the  earlier  part  to  the  sea-shore  heing  n]ipar- 
eiitly  further  south  than  that  followed  by  the  lirst  Spanish  exjilorers  in  17ti!t, 
iuid  Aiiai's  distances  l)eing  as  before  eonsiderably  less  tiiau  Font's.  The  num- 
bers refer  to  Fonts  map,  q.  v.;  San  (iabricl;  IJO.  ]!io  roreiuncula,  21.;  72. 
rnrtezuehi,  (J 1. ;  V.i.  Agua  Eseondida,  71.  (10);  74.  l!io  Santa  Clara,  <Jl.  (1.")); 
7"i.  llincon  or  llinconado  ranclieria,  past  Carpintoria,  (il.  (9);  [1 17.1  Assumjita 
]Iivci|:  70.  Mescaltitlan  ranclieria,  7  1.  ('.));  I'lanchei'iaiS'ueva,  Si.  ('.));  78.  Cojo 
ruiicheria,  71.  (10);  70.   lliver  Santa  llo.sa,  past  Ft  Concepciou,  rauelierias  of 


s<«i 


W8 


EXPEDITTONS  OF  ANZA,  FONT,  AND  GARCfiS. 


notable  occurrenco  tliaii  an  occasional  niirinLf  of  tin' 
train,  ill  the  midst  of  which  it  became  neccssai'v  tn 
unload  the  animals,  the  women  meanwhile  bein<jf  cdin- 


pel 


le( 


I    to 


wal 


10 


the    immiLjrants    were     welcoim  d 


IS 


]Maivh  2d  at  San  Luis  Obispo,  where  next  day,  ; 
shown  \)y  the  mission  records,  Anza  stood  a.s  n'od- 
fathcr  to  several  native  children  ba])tize<l  by  Font.'' 
From  this  place  they  passed  directly  north  by  llic 
nK)d(>rn  sta^^'o  route  to  the  Salinas  Kivei",  or  l{io  d  • 
]\Eonter(^y  as  they  called  it,  reaclnnj^  San  vVntonio  on 
the  Gth,  and  feasting  on  tw('  fat  hogs  magnanimously 
killed  for  their  use  l)y  order  of  the  iriars.  ]N[oreo\(  r. 
they  were  delighted  to  receive  intelligence  from  ilic 
south,  having  been  in  great  anxiety  since  they  heard 
of  the  late  disaster.  Hero  jMoraga  car.ie  up,  having 
c.iptured  i\\v.  deserters  near  the  Colorado  liiver,  and 
having  left  them  tied  at  San  (jrabriel.  On  the  lOtli 
all  arrived  safely  at  INIonterey.'^ 

Next  morning  Padre  Juuipero  came  over  from  S;i!i 
(Mrlos  to  conu'ratulate  An/a  on  the  safe  terniinntioii 

O  ... 

of  his  march,  and  to  assiijt  with  his  three  com})ai!ions 
at  the  religious  ceremonial  of  thanksgiving,  on  wliicli 
occasion  Father  Font  delivered  an  address  of  encovn- 
agement  v.'ith  advice  to  the  nev.ly  arrived  company. 
Anza  and  Font  went  over  to  the  mission  by  invita- 
tion of  the  pi'csident,  where  the  commandant  was  con- 
fined to  Ids  bed  for  more  tlian  a  week  by  a  painful 
illness.  On  the  18th  eight  of  tlie  presidio  soKHcrs 
\vcre  sent  south  to  reiinforce  Rivera  at  San  Diego, 
with  a  request  to  that  officer  to  take  inmiediate  steps 

Podernalps  nna  Espatln,  OU.  (12);  81.  Biidion  rnndierf.T,  01.  (l.'l);  S.iii  Lv.U 
()l)ispo,  ',\'>'  ITV,  .'U.  (4);  over  luoiiiitaina  ami  down  llio  Santa  Maigaiila  t  i 
(83)  Asccncion  on  liiodc  ^Monterey  (Snlinas),  71.  (ID);  81.  Fi.'st  r>)ril  of  li'oSaii 
Antonio,  Si.  (10);  (111.  {'aiiadadoltoh'c^:!;  SanAntonio,  ;!(J'  -JV.  81.  (10):  Mi. 
Los  OsiloR,  on  Kio  do  ^lontt'ioy,  past  liohlu  C^aido  (in  Canada  do  S.  JSuiiialu) 
71.  (0);  87.  Lo!('!)rroos,  ontlio  river,  81.  (10);  [100.  S.  IJcmube  Cauada;  lOS. 
Biuna  Vista ; I  Montoioy,  71.  (10). 

"*  Hundreds  of  travollcrs  over  the  coast  stage  rente  in  winter,  myself  among 
the  number,  have  noditlienlty  in  identifying  this  place  near  San  Luis. 

".9a;t  /.ula  OUbpo,  Lib.  dc  MIkIod,  ^IS.,  'M. 

'^On  the  journey  to  Monterey  see  AitzcCs  Diario,  MS.,  lli.-;M;  Foul's 
Journal,  MS.,  25-9. 


t;ivi:ras  stiianoI':  actioxs. 


'2(i0 


tOlllO   (111 


In)  flic  fouiuliiiL,^  (if  Sail  Francisco.  On  the  23(1, 
ii'.;;iiiist  the  s^ll•^^(•( Ill's  U(lvi(,'o,  Aiizii  iiisistiul  on  niount- 
lu'j;  his  hoi'sc  and  settinjjjout  to  cxjiiorc  San  Fi'ancisco 
lliiN ,  i(tuinin_Lj  April  8th  fVoni  this  exploration,  which 
iii.iv  he  most  conveniently  described  in  connection 
with  other  San  Francisco  matters  in  the  next  chapter. 

Hack  at  !^^onteroy  the  commandant  was  disaji- 
|/(ilntcd  in  findinij  neither  Kivera  in  })erson  nor  any 
iii(  ssag'o  from  him.  He  accordingly  sent  Sergeant 
( l('>ii!4ora  with  four  men'"  south  with  letters  requesting,' 
Jiivcia  to  meet  him  at  San  Gabriel  on  the  25tli  or 
•JCith  lor  consultation  respectinj^  important  matters. 
Two  (lays  later,  on  the  14tli  of  Ajn-il,  liavinL,'  turned 
dvci'  his  conij)any  and  all  connected  with  the  San 
I'raiicisco  establishment  to  Moraija,  ho  bcjjfan  his  re- 
tinii  march  with  Font,  Yidal,  seven  soldiers  of  his 
escort,  sir  nuileteers,  two  vaqueros,  and  four  servants. 
The  |)artin<^  with  the  soldiers  and  their  families,  whom 
li"  had  recruited  in  Sonora  and  brought  to  their  new 
liohie,  is  described  bv  Anza  as  the  saddest  event  of 
tile  ex[)edition.  All  came  out  as  their  leader  mounted 
to  leave  tlie  [iresidio,  and  with  tearful  embi-aces  bade 
liiiii  god-speed.  Font  affirms  that  according  to  the 
li>t,  w  hicli  he  consulted  just  before  starting,  then^  were 
one  hundred  and  ninety-three  souls  of  the  new  colony 
left  at  Monterey. 

Next  day  between  Buona  Vista  and  San  Bernabe, 
less  than  twenty  miles  from  IMonterey,  thoy  met 
<  (ougora,  who  announced  that  Bivera  was  close  behind 
liini,  and  revealed  certain  strange  actions  of  this 
ertieer.  He  had  met  Bivera  between  San  Antonio  and 
San  Jjuis,  and  in  reply  to  questions  had  told  his  busi- 
ness ;ind  presented  Anza's  and  Moraga's  letters,  which 
the  ca])tain  refused  to  take,  simply  saying  "Well, 
Well;  retire!"  Gongora  followetl  his  superior  officer 
north,  keeping  at  a  little  distance,  and  a  day  or  two 
lat(_'r  Bivera  suddenly  called  for  the  letters,  received 

"Two  of  tlic  men  were  of  Anza's  guard,  and  the  others  of  the  Califomian 
troops.    Palou,  yot.,  288-90,  says  that  Gcingora  had  but  twomeu. 


■i 


270 


EXPEDITIONS  OF  AXZA,  FONT,  AXD  GARCES. 


(■turn 


I!  ^. 


them  without  hroakliig  th.o  .seals,  and  i^avc  in  i 
two  letters  for  Anza  wliich  the  s(>rgeant  was  to  delivn' 
in  all  haste.  As  Gong'ora  called  Anza  aside  and 
delivered  the  letters  he  stated  his  belief  that  liivcia 
was  mad.  Tlie  letters  contained  a  simple  n'fusal  to 
effect  or  ])ermit  the  establishing  of  San  .Francisco. 
Gono-ora  ^^•as  ordered  to  <>()  on  to  Monterev,  and  after 
proceeding  another  league  Anza  met  Rivera  on  the 
I'oad,  saluted  him,  and  asked  about  his  health.  iJiveia 
said  his  leg  troubh^l  him,  heard  Anza's  expressions  of 
regret,  and  started  on,  as  if  it  were  a  casual  meeting, 
with  a  sim])le  adios.  "Your  re[>ly  to  my  letter  may 
be  sf'ut  to  ^Mexico  or  wherever  you  like,"  called  out 
Anza,  and  Riwra  answered,  "It  is  well."  Calling  n>i 
the  friars  who  accomjianied  him,"" to  witness  what  had 
occurred,  Anza,  coiisiderably  offended  by  actions  whi-'h 
seemed  to  him  attributable  to  im])oiiteness  and  a 
"great  resei've"  rather  than  madness,  went  on  his  way, 
ai  riving  at  San  J^uis  ()bis^ui  the  19th  of  A])ril. 

In  the  mean  time  liivera  went  on  to  ^lontercv. 
arriving  on  the  lath,  and  scMiding  word  to  Sena  to 
come  over  from  the  mis,  ion  for  his  letters,  whicji  he 
wished  to  deliver  in  person  and  was  too  unwtdl  i.)  v'sit 
him.  Serra  came,  and  tlvught  Rivera's  illness,  v.hicli 
was  a  slight  \)ii\n  in  the  leg,  gnvatly  exaggeiated. 
lie  found  his  letters  likewise  broken  open,  fhougli 
liivera  assured  l;im  it  was  accidental  and  they  had 
not  been  read.  He  then  told  the  ]tresident  of  hi- 
oxconnnunicaiioii  at  vSan  Diego,  and  Serra,  altci-  con- 
sultation wi^h  the  San  C'iirl()s  trial's,  a[)proved  what 
Fuster  had  done,  reiusing  to  grant  the  captain's  re- 
quest ibr  aI)solution,  mitil  he  should  give  satisfactien 

-"Pifnis  was  rcttiriiiiig  in  liis  <'(>nip;iiiy  to  Snii  Ainonio.  Auzii,  liinrin, 
MS.,  IS,"),  says  ho  tuok  a  Avrittcii  uTti  catc  from  the  iiadics.  ]'"<)nt,  •Initi'inil, 
MS..  4.1,  says:  'Wo  siijiposo.!  tliat  lie  lia<l  ivturiKMl  to  .sjicak  w  itii  Capt.  An/a 
hffuro  liis  (k'pavtiirc  and  tfcut  abont  liu' allairs  (if  tlu'  cxin'ilitinn,  ami  that 
wv  Avn\\(\  j)i(ilial)ly  liavo  to  ictui'u  to  Nfijiitcicy  or  at  hast  stay  whiic  we 
'vcrc;  l)nt.  we  soon  foiinil  that  hisarriviil  ilid  not  oaiiso  us  any  dclentuai  what- 
cvi'i'.  for  wluMi  wi'  fell  in  with  ('apt.  liiviT.i,  a  short  tinii'  afti'i'Waid,  the  tHu 
■aptains  sahitol  each  otlicr  on  passintt,  and  v  itliont  stojipin^  to  spc  n';  ahi  js 
anything  ('apt.  liivci-a  iinn'.cdiatoly  ut-nt  o'l  to  Monterey,  and  \M'  eonlinued 
our  jouiuey  toward  Sonora.' 


return 


AXZA  AXD  rjVEPwV. 


C71 


io  till'  churcli  l)y  return ii)«j;'  tlio  fndinu  Ciirlos  to  tl>o 
sunctuarv,  <in  wliidi  condition  the  San  Diego  minis- 
ters could  grant  absolution  without  necessity  of  8er 
r;i  s  iiit'-rference.  lie  also  wrote  the  guanlian  aliout 
till'  matter,  and  after  nuich.  ditliciilty  in  gLing  an 
escort  from  Kivera,  who  put  him  oif  with  fri\H)l"i;s 
jii'etcKts,  lie  sent  C'aml)on  with  the  letter  to  overt-'dve 
Aiiza.  The  next  day,  Ajiril  liUh,  Kivera  himself 
st Mitel  south  aijain,  recusing  Serra's  recji-est  to  t-o 
with  him  on  the  plea  of  very  great  haste. 


Camhon  overtook  Anza  at  San  !.■ 


.)n  the  10th 


iiiuging   besides   +hc   president's   letters  for   ]Mexic 
in  which  he  announced  his  purjiose  to  come  dow 


Olll 

v.itji  Ivivera  if  possible,  and  asked  Anza  to  wait  a 
littK;;  another  from  ]Moi'a«''a  telliiii'-  of  Iliv(n^a's  arrival 
at  ?donterey,  and  volunteering  the  opinion  that  the 
(•(iiiiiuandant  was  insane;  and  still  another  Irom  IJiveia, 
liiinself  announciii'"'  his  immediate  deitarture,  askiii'<' 
fer  a  delay  and  consultation,  and  ajiologizing  ibi'  ])ast 
(lisconrtesy  on  the  plea  of  ill-health."'  On  th(>  after- 
iioeii  of  the  21st  some  soldiers  came  in  saying  that 
j;i\era  had  encamped  for  the  night  but  a  little  way 
ell'.     All/a  at  once  sent  a  messau'e  that  he  would  con- 


SU 


It 


W  1 1 


lim  on  matters  affectincf  the  serv 


lee 


ilia 


tall 


•ommunication  must  l>e  in  writing' 


Xext 


but 
<lav 


came  hack  a  letter  naming  San  Gabriel  as  the;  \)\i\(') 
ef  coiiocdtation.     Anza  was  there  on  the  '20tli ,-■'  and 


m 


'.a,  l>iiii'"it 
.loin-K'il. 

'apt.  All/a 
au.l  that 

Wl'.liv   v.l' 

itioii  \x  liat- 

,1.  tliu  two 

Milk  al"   ■■'■ 

contiiUK'il 


'■'  I'liJoii,  Xaf.,  ii.  '21)1-  7.  Another  rrrioiis  c.insn  of  trouble  l)('t%vorn  Eivi  ni 
a, '1  Sniii  was  tho  iiclion  of  tho  foniicr  rcspcctiii;.;  tlio  iiiuk's  \\liicli  mcic 
sc.  t  for  nii.~!sioii  use.  One  liniulrc<l  inuli's  were  sent  rid  ]!ii jii  Califoinia, 
aihl  S!)  wore  scut  up  by  <!ov.  Jli.rri  to  liivcrn,  ■\vlio,  kiuiwiii,!.;  that  tiny 
IkIuh'oiI  e.\clusivi'ly  t(  the  missions,  distrilmtcd  tluiii  all  tlu'  laiiie  aiiioiic; 
hi^  .'^nl'icrs,  cxocjit  40  which  ho  hroUL;lit  to  Moiitorcy,  ailinittiiitr  wlu'ii  i|\u-'- 
lioiuil  hat  the  imik'H  wore  not  his,  but  iileadiii;^  military  service.  Siiii.-e- 
i|iiiiitly  a  h>tter  came  to  Serra  for  J ti vera  orileiiiii;  tho  (listril...tioii  of  tlie 
iiiils.  '1  he  letter  was  open,  and  was  sealed  and  delivered  after  bein^i  itad, 
iiut  b'i\   I.'  never  mentioned  tlio  matter  iiL'ain.   /'/..  "JOll   1 1. 

--'!';  ..a,  A'()^,  ii.  'i!>7  '.'*^K  says  that  An/a  wa.s  inilueed  by  the-  jiacln-:  to 
nacl  th'  1 'tter,  but  would  not  an<v,('r  it.  Ari'cu-diui;  to  this  author  J;i\-er.rs 
aiiolo^'V  ,  lis  in  the  !iubs(-i|Uint  h'tter. 

■''Ihis  is  .\n/a"s  own  versioii,  li'iuno,  MS.,  I,S!)_!)7.  Vln^t.  JmiriKil,  .MS., 
•It,  tells  'as  that  Rivera,  eanio  to  San  Luis  on  tie'  "J-M.  an>l  after  sfayini,'  a. 
Viliile  witiiout  seeing'  .\ny.a  starteil  foi'  Sai;  (labriel.  I'alou  al^o  .si.\s  that 
liivera  eanic  to  San  Luis,  got  auyry  because  Anza  refused  to  eonnnunicato 


K     .    J 


1 

■ 

1 

11 

i 

27-2  EXPEl^ITIOXS  OF  AXZA,  TOXT,  AXD  CAnCl'S. 

found  that  Tvivcra  had  arrived  two  days  ])of<)ie  liim. 
Here  the  two  coininandaiits  had  no  personal  interview, 
])ut  exchanged  several  letters,  Anza  sending  to  Eivura 
a  description  and  map  showing  liis  sni-vcy  of  S.iii 
Francisco,  and  giving  him  three  days  in  wlilcli  to 
prepare  such  rejjorts  or  otlier  communications  as  luj 
might  wish  to  forward  to  the  viceroy.  When  tlio 
time  had  [)assed  liivera  was  offered  more  time,  Ijut 
re[)lied  that  no  more  was  needed  and  tliat  Jiis  de- 
spatches would  soon  overtake  Anza."'  Tlic  latter 
linally  set  out  for  Sonora  May  2d,  with  the  same 
company  he  had  brought  from  Moateroy  and  the  i-c- 
mainder  of  his  ten  soldiers. 

Next  day  there  came  from  Rivera,  not  his  report 
to  the  vicerov  on  matters  connected  with  his  com- 

t.' 

mand,  but  a  }irivato  letter  to  Anza  in  which  he  said 
that  he  "lacked  a  paper  bearing  upon  a  criminal  wlio 
took  refuge  in  tlie  ])lace  where  mass  is  said  at  8aa 
Diego,"  and  asked  Anza  to  present  his  excuses  to  tlio 
victsrov.  He  also  enclosed  a  letter  to  the  u'uardian  of 
San  Fernando.  Anza  sent  back  both  letters  to  the 
writer,  and  went  on  to  the  Colorado;  wliile  Rivera 
went  innnediately  down  to  San  Diego.  The  quarrel 
is  certainly  a  curious  item  in  the  annals  of  Califoi'uia, 
being  a  subject  which  it  is  difficult  fully  to  compre- 
hend. Ivivera  was  evidently  a  weak  mar..  Whether 
he  was  insane,  or  influenced  solely  by  a  s[)ii'it  of  child- 
ish jealousy,  of  which  we  have  seen  manifestations  in 
a  ])revious  quarrel  with  Fages,  is  a  question.  Both 
officers  were  subsequently  reprimanded  by  Bucaieli 

('xce|)t  in  writing,  and  went  on  to  San  Gabriel  followed  liy  Anza.  Here  nmy 
1)0  mentioned  a  tradition  of  the  natives  recorded  by  Anza  a?  liaving  ]tcvn 
told  to  P.  Fitcner,  of  the  arrival  and  wreek,  'J.'{  yearH  liefort".  of  a  vcssil  liuiii- 
iug  1  "J  white  men  like  the  Spaniards,  who  before  their  death  in  the  wrck  had 
laniled  and  ga\  c;  the  Indians  beiids  and  otlier  articles,  including  the  knives 
fonml  by  the  Spaniards  in  17<i!'.  "  Que  gente  seria  esta  (jUeda  al  diseur.so  ile 
iiuien  esta  mas  instiuido  (pie  yo,'  writes  Anza,  and  I  can  do  no  better  tluui 
follow  his  discreet  exainiile. 

"*  I'alon  says  that  Anza  did  not  stopnt  the  mission  buteneanipecl  at  a  little 
distance,  fearing  a  controversy  with  Itivera;  and  that  lie  subscipicntly  m  nt 
back  Kivera's  letters  with  the  messagi;  that  '  he  was  not  the  mail.'  'J'he  cor- 
re.spondcneo  between  the  two  was  sent  by  Anza  to  the  viceroy  but  has  not,  so 
far  a.i  I  know,  been  preserved. 


T'' 


ik. 


WAXDEKINGS  OF  G.UICES. 


273 


fill'  allowing'  a  qnarrel  in  matters  of  etiquette  to  iiiter- 
I'cre  Avitli  tlie  pul)lic  service;  but  Iiivera's  eai'ly  re- 
lunval  to  Lower  Calit'ornia  ])nt  an  end  to  the  matter, 
as  it  (li<l  to  his  quarrel  with  the  friars. 

The  return  march  of  Anza's  party  to  the  Colorado 
ni'cscuts  nothinjj^  of  importance.  They  followcNJ  the 
same  route  as  before,  except  l)etween  San  Sebastian 
and  Santa  O'aya,  \^here  they  kept  mori^  to  the  north, 
ami  ari'ived  ]May  1  Ith  at  the  l*orte/,uelo  de  la  Con- 
(•(■[iiioii,  Just  below  Palma's  raiicherfa,  and  nearly  if 
not  cXJictly  identical  with  tlie  site  of  the  modern  fort 
Yuma.  Ileie  they  found  Padre  Eixareh  in  sal'ety  and 
iidded  liim  to  the  company;  but  of  (jrar.-es  nothin*^ 
(juuld  be  learned  exceipt  that  he  had  L^^one  up  the  I'iver 
to  the  countiy  of  the  Jalchcdunes,  wliither  a  letter 
nt  ordeiiu'j  him  to  return.      Palma  with  three 


■was  s( 

(  llu.i 


natives  also  joinec 


d  tl 


le  par 


•tv,  b 


emu'  allowec 


1  at 


tli^   .  ai'iiest  solicitation  of  himself  and   nation  to  <^'o 
with  Anza  to  Mexico  to  present  his  petition  for  mis- 


sionai'ies. 


Tl 


lev  crossec 


1  th 


.11 


le   swollen   iiver  on  raits 


just  below  the  Gila,  followed  the  banks  of  the  latter 
stream  for  two  days,  and  then.  tui'nin<';  to  the  rio-ht, 
returned  to  Ilorcasitas  by  way  of  Souoita,  Caborea, 
and  Altar,  arriving  the  1st  of  June.""' 

1  liavc  now  to  narrate  l>rieiiy  the  Californian  wan- 
derings of  Father  Francisco  Garces,  whom  Colonel 
Anx.a  had  left  on  the  4th  of  December  IZTf)  at 
Palma's  rancheria  opposite  the  nu)uth  of  the  Gila, 
and  whom  he  had  subsequently  seen  at  Santa  Olaya 
"u  tile  i)lh,  the  friar  beinu'  ah-eadv  on  his  way  to  ex- 
ploic  the  country  and  learn  the  disposition  of  the 
nati\-es  towai'd  the  (Christians.  This  first  trip  lasted 
till  -bmuary  3d,  and  in  it  the  friar  wandered   with 

-■'.h:«,  y;/V/Wo,  ;MS.,  IOS-'-'.^-J;  Foiii'i^  Joitrnnl,  MS.,  ^T-'ii;  Arrith-ifu, 
('nhi.  Sera/.,  4(i4-S,  4!)().  'J'liu  last  autJKir  alliiins  that  I'alnia  was  well  ivctivi'il 
at  .Mi'\icii.  but  tluTO  was  some  ln'sit'itiini  alnnit  .sciidiiiL,'  iiiissioiiaiii's,  as  lio 
was  uliicf  of  <J1K'  laiulu'riaoiily.  1  kIiouIcI  aiM  tliat  oiu'  of  tiic  ilcst.it iiii,'  inulc- 
toers  tMiiiilciniR'<l  liy  Anza  to  lomaiii  iiiCalifdniia  t'sca]icil  fidiii  San  l>i(".'o  anil 
d'osscil  the  I'ountiy^ eastward  alont^  and  nnniolested,  joiiiin;,'  An/a  <iii  tlio 
(.'"Imado.  I'lie  name  of  this  first  explorer  on  this  route  is  not  recorded. 
UisT.  Cai..,  Vol.  1.    18 


.;  I 


m 


:7i 


EXPEDITIONS  OF  AXZA,  FONT,  AXD  GAPXTS. 


throe  IiKlian  intor])roters  in  all  directions  over  tln^ 
conntry  hetwcxni  Santa  Olaya  and  the  mouth  ef  the 
Cohjrack),'-"  everywhere  kindly  rc^'eived,  everywhere 
showing-  his  hanner  with  a  picture  of  the  virgin  on 
one  side  and  of  a  lost  soul  on  the  other.  The  natives 
invariahly  looked  witli  jdeasure  on  tlic  former  paint- 
ing, pronor.ncing  it  rnuij  hiicna,  hut  turned  V\ith  horioi' 
from  the  latter  as  somethiiH''  very  had,  t'^  th(3  uii- 
ceasing  delight  of  Garces,  who  regarded  their  ])reibr- 
ance  as  a  token  '-f  predestination  to  salvation.  The 
diary  <'()ntains  nmcli  useful  information  respecting  the 
ahoi'iLrinal  trihes. 

On  tlie  return  of  Garces  early  in  January  tlic  two 
padres  moved  tlieir  resitlence  Iron)  I'alnui's  I'anelieii'a 
to  what  thty  calked  the  Puei-to,  or  Porte/.uelo,  de 
Concepcion,  the  site,  as  already  stated,  of  the  modern 
Fort  Yuma.  They  also  examined  the  I'anchei  I'a,  or 
pucfto,  of  San  ]*ahlo  helow  on  the  river,  and  pro- 
nounced it  a  suitahle  site  for  a  mission.  Visitors 
came  in  from  diti'erent  nations,  and  among  othei's 
from  those  dwelling  in  the  mountains  toward  San 
Diego.  The  people  calhMl  C^ueuK^'ahs  announced  that 
those  on  the  coast  had  already  killed  a  priest  and 
burned  his  house,  that  w'ar  was  exj)ectcd,  and  that  in 
case  it  came  all  the  nations  m-ou]<1  cond)ine  against 
the  Spaniards,  askin»x  the  Colorado  tribes  to  i-einaiii 
neutral,  (xarces  paid,  howevei'.  V(M'y  little  attention 
to  this  story,  knowing  of  course  nothing  about  the 
massacre  at  San  l)ic>go;  yet  he  lost  no  opportunity 
to  insist  on    tin;   n(!cessltv   of  maintaining  the   most 

*■'  . 

friendly  relations  with  these  tribes,  in  (n'(h'r  to  nisure 
the  safety  of  the  coast  establishments  and  connnuni- 
cation  with  them. 

On  February  1 4th  Garces  started  up  the  livei', 
always  to  the  west  of  it,  with  two  or  three  inteipivt- 
ers  to  visit  the  Yamajal)s,  as  the  ^[ojaves  were  oii'.;'- 

■•''■' Tlio  general  route  is  indiontoil  1)y  dotteil  lines  on  Font's  mnp,  Imt  must 
liavo  luen  iidikil  ;ifter  the  diary  was  iini^lied.  foi'  tlieu  Font  had  lieard  iintli- 
inj^  of  tJarci's.  This  |iait  ot  tiio  jiadi'c'.s  MMnderint's  nii,','ht,  indeed,  lia\e  lii  a 
reported  by  ICixarch,  hut  not  his  northern  travels,  also  shown  on  the  map. 


B-i'Sil 


t.^iLiii  w.. 


FROM  MOJAYE  TO  SAX  GABPJRL. 


275 


iii.illv  calk'd,  arrivin<j:  on  tlio  28tli  in  their  coiintrv,  or 
I'athcr  opposite,  for  they  lived  on  the  Oiist  of  the  river, 
1)1 'tween  Avliat  are  now  the  Xeedles  and  Fort  ^Nlojave.-'' 
Dui'ing  Ids  .sliort  stay  two  thousand  natives  canio 
across  the  Colorado  to  visit  the  first  white  man  who 
liad  rvrv  been  in  tliat  region.  Here  tlie  adventurous 
JViiir  coiiceiveil  the  idea  of  crossing  the  eountiy  west- 
v,;ii'(!  to  visit  the  friars  who  li\ed  near  tlu'  sea,  and 
was  I'licouraged  by  the  natives,  who  had  traded  \\iih 
tlu'  coast  tribes  and  said  they  knew  the  way.  Leav- 
ing souii'  of  his  not  very  bulky  effects  and  one  ol'  hi  •! 
iiit(i[)i'eters,  he  started  with  the  rest  and  a  few  Yani- 
\ijahs  ^Farch  1st  and  arrived  on  the  24t]i  at  San 
(ial)i'iel.'*'  The  route  was  substantially  that  of  the 
modern  road  from  Los  Angeles  to  Mojavo,  uji  tlio 
]\i(ijave  Iviver  and  through  the  Cajon  l?ass;  and  the 
jiiui'iiey  was  without  incident  re((uii;ingsp(X'ial  mention. 
( larcL'S  was  warndy  welcomed  by  the  priests  at  San 
(ilabriel,  where  it  will  be  remend)er(,'d  he  had  \)Ovn  with 
Aiiza  in  1774,  finding  that  estal)lis]inient  "nuiy  a<lrl- 
aiitada  en  lo  espiritual  y  temporal,"  and  I'omaining  ibi- 

-' Tills  l)ciii_u'  tlic  first  exploration  of  most  of  tin's  ro'^'ion,  or  of  all  ^\l•st  ('f 

tho  river,  I  ,','iv(j  the  route  in  fill.    See  iil.so  I'ont's  ni!i]i  route  marked . 

Pu'.rto  do  lii  t'oiiceiK'inn,  (!l  1.  n.  \\\;  '2  1.  w.  n.  w.  tliroii^'h  jtass  in  Sierra  do 
Siiii  I'idilo  to  San  Marcelo  w;iterin,L;-]ilaee;  .">  1.  N.  \v.  in  si.L;lit  of  (.'aboxa  del 
(lipiiite  in  the  east,  (Grande  Medanal,  and  vieiiiity  "f  San  Sebastian,  passing 
near  I'efion  de  la.  Campana;  8  1.  N.  and  N.  N.  \v.  (lirou.!.;li  ]ias,s  in  the  siei-ra  on 
north"!  tho  Medanal  to  San  Jose  watering-place  ',h>  ~W;  ',>!,  1.  N.  N.  w.  and  K.  N. 
E.,  aerosH  sierra  to  a  valley;  01.  N.  n.  \v.  and  ]■;.  N.  i;.;  (il.  i;.  n.  k.  and  N.  into 
•Sicrraof  Santa  Margarita  to  banks  of  Colorado,  aeross  valley  to  wateriii'^j'laeo 
in  ',\:y  '2'i{':);  1 },  1.  \v. ;  0  or  111.  N.  w.  and  \v.  n.  \v.  to  Tiuajas  del  Tezipiien,  ono 
ilay's  journey  from  river;  S  1.  (orfi  1.)  N.  N.  w.  ami  N.  across  a  sierra,  t  >  Santo 
An;;rl  springs  iU' .'U'  (in  Chemelineve.s  eonntty);  (i  1.  n.  i;.  and  n.  \v.  :  7  1.  n.  n. 
]:.  Jicross  a  sierra  to  Yaniajab  nation,  \vlu>-e  ranelierias,  J^al'asion,  wereaerosa 
the  river.    ('.',3'  on  Font'.s  map. ) 

'^'I'hc  fnll  route  over  a  eountiy  u  hiidi  f  lareeswas  the  lirst,  as  also  for  many 
yav.i  the  last,  to  traver.se  is  worth  reeordnig  as  follows.  (,Sec  also  maj):  .'i  1. 
N.  \v.  to  ranelierias  of  Santa  Isabel;  .'il.  N.  vv.  and  i:.  .v.  \v.  (sie)  to  .San  I'edra 
de  los  Vamajabs  in  Il.V  I',  still  near  the  river;  'J.'.  1.  s.  w.  (o  San  ( 'asimiro  wells; 
X\.  \y.  \  w.  s.  w.  to  M-ell--;  .5  1.  w.,  ;n.  w.  s.  w.  to  Sierra  de  Santa  ('  >ieta;  4  1. 
V.'.  N.  \v.  aeross  sierra  (I'rovidenec  Mts.)  to  Canada  de  Santo 'I'oinas;  (i  1.  w. 
s.  \v.  to  v.ells  of  Saw  Inaw  de  lHos,  wIutc  thecnnntry  of  tin;  IJeui  in  .*  Iie;;ins; 
•"il.  to  I'inta  I'as.s  ii.»<l  Arioso  de  los  Maitires  (Itio  !\lojave);  I'll  1.  w.  s.  w.  on 
same  .stream;  •_'  I.  w.  N.  \v",  aixl  2  1.  s.  w.  and  s.  :ir  ."7  ;  ■">  1.  .■^.  w.  up  tho 
stream;  i-\].  up  t'le  strea«n;  .'U.  s.  w.  and  s.  to  San  lidiito  raneheria;  I!  1.  .-i.  .s. 
w.  across  hierra  (Cajon  l\iss'.  ni  si;dit  <if  si  ;i,  and  :i  1.  i..  s.  k.  to  Arroyo  d<' hi9 
M\a(k-<;  -Jil.  w.  s.  \v.  i»*v>  Aiwvu'h  trail,  and  81.  w.  N.  W.;  '21.  w.  N.  w.  to  Suu 
li.ihriel. 


i 


i5 


i| 


.'T'l 


EXrEDITlONS  OF  ANZA,  FONT,  AND  (iARCi:S. 


<tv(!r  two  weeks.'-''  It  luul  l)een  his  iuteiitioii  tcn'eacli 
San  Luis  instead  of  San  Gabrii.'l,  but  the  natives  had 
refused  to  <^uide  him  in  that  (hrcction.  He  now  de- 
termined to  go  up  to  San  Luis  b}'  the  highway,  a  ad 
thence  to  ri'turn  eastward  to  the  Colorado  across  the 
iulares.  He  appHed  to  the  corporal  of  the  mission 
guard  for  an  escort  and  su})plies  for  the  trip,  and  was 
refused,  being  subsequently  refused  also  by  llivera  to 
whom  he  wrote  at  San  Dieu'o.  The  conunandant  soon 
arrived,  however,  on  his  way  to  Monterey,  and  a  dis- 
cussion ensued  on  the  matter,  which  linally  elieiicd 
fi'om  llivera,  after  various  excuses,  the  declaration 
that  he  was  not  in  favor  of  any  communication  between 
tlic  natives  of  the  Colorado  and  those  of  the  missi(jns, 
having  alreod}-  taken  some  measures  to  prevent  it  by 
ordering  the  arrest  of  eastern  Indians  coming  to  the 
missions  to  trade.  (}arces  deemed  Ilivera's  views 
erroneous,  but  he  was  obliged  to  submit,  receiving, 
however,  from  the  missionaries  supplies  which  enabled 
him  to  partially  carry  out  his  plans,  though  he  did  not 
Aenture  along  the  Channel  shores. 

Setting  out  on  t!ie  9th  of  April,  the  padre  crossed 
the  San  Fernando  Valley — I  use  here  fen- convenience 
modern  names,  referring  to  a  note  for  those  applied 
at  the  time™ — and  the  Santa  Clara  Iliver;  entered 


-^  It  appears  by  tlic  inissioii  record  that  Oarc(''s  on  April  (itli  baptized  an 
Indian  of  20  yeais  named  .Miguel  (iavet's,  Sergeant  Orijalva  being  godtatlK  r. 
San.  (I'ahrif/,  Lib.  do  lilisioii,  MH.,  10,  It  is  very  strange  tliat  neillier  Aii/a 
nor  Font  in  tlieir  diaries  mention  Oarecs'  visit  to  San  Oabriel,  tlioiigii  llie. 
route  is  indicated  on  t\w  lattei's  map  wliicli,  as  I  have  said,  nnist  liave  been 
made  after  the  et)nipletion  of  tin.'  iliaiy. 

'"'See  also  Font's  map.  Siin  (iabriel ;  1  \  I.  N.  \v.  and  w.  n.  \v.  ;  r-ih  1.  n.  'v. 
at  foot  of  sierra;  '2A1.  N.  w.  to  raneiieriii  in  .'U"  l.T  (vicinity  of  San  Fernand) 
mission);  21.  N.  to '■'anta  Clara.  Valley  aiul  l\\.  \v.  N.  w.  to  n  ririn'iin:  !)1.  u. 
and  N'.  across  (?)  tlie  Sierra  Orande;  il.  N.  K.  to  a  lake  where  Isiges  had  b.  iii 
(Flizabeth  Lake?);  51.  across  valley  to  Sierra  de  Sun  Marcos;  '2},  1.  N.  ami  '.<'.  1. 
\v.  across  tin.-  Sierra  to  San  I'ascual  rancheria  of  the  Cuabajaj'  nation  (in 
edge  of  Tulare  Valley,  but  this  nation  farther  west  on  map);  1 1 1.  \v.  n.  \v.  to 
lancheriiv  in  i)')'  !)';  8  1.  N.  to  Ai'royo  de  Santii  Calarina  in  c(juntry  of  t!u; 
Noches ;  1  1.  K.  w.  to  a  great  river  San  Felipe  ilowing  w  ith  rapid  current  from 
eastern  mountains  (Kern  I'iver  above  ISakerslieldVl  and  M  1.  \.  w.  ami  n.  to 
smaller  stream  Santiago  (Posa  CrcekV);  4.\  1.  n.;  '2\  1.  s.  to  Kivcr  Santa  Cruz 
(\Vhite  Iviver?);  1  1.  k.  to  rancheria.  Piack  to  San  .Miguel  at  junction  of  two 
branches  of  River  San  ]''elipe;  back  to  San  Fascual  rancheria  :  '2  1,  K.  and  n.  r. 
ill  sierra  to  lagoon  of  ;Suu  Aeuuiicio;  3/j  1.  K.  \v.  and  s,  i;.;  IH.  s.  E.  to  Arroyo 


f.n 


EXPLORATIOX  OF  THE  TULARES. 


2T7 


(lio  i^roat  Tulare  Valley  by  wjiy  of  Tuniur's  and  Tojon 
]),i>sis;  crossed  Keru  Itivcr,  which  ho  called  Sail 
J'\]i[)e,  near  Bakersiield;  wciit  up  nearly  to  the  lati- 
tude of  Tulare  Lake,  nliich  he  did  not  see,  beinj:^  too 
far  to  the  cast;  left  the  valley,  prolcdily  hy  the  Teha- 
clicpi  Pass  but  ijossibly  by  Kelso  Valley;  and  thence 
v.rut  across  to  the  jSlojave,  and  back  by  nenrly  his 
(iii"inal  route  to  the  startinu'-i)oiut  on  the  Colorado. 
Thus  he  had  been  the  lirst  to  exploi'o  this  broad 
region,  the  first  to  pass  over  the  southern  Pacilii; 
railway  route  of  the  thirty-fifth  parallel.  His  ]>etty 
aihciitures  with  thccveririendlv  natives  in  the  Tulart! 


A'alK'V  are  interestin'jf,  but 


canncj 


t  b 


ill 


e  sunicien 


tiy 


con- 


(I( used  for  insei'tion  here.  Seven  days'  journey  north 
(if  the  limit  of  his  tri})  he  heard  of  another  great 
river  Mhich  joined  the  San  Felipe,  and  which  (iar- 
lliouirht  niiuht  be  that  ilowin-jf  into  San  Fran- 


ce 

Cisco 


])av,  the  San  Joaquin,  as  it  tloubth 


one 


.'ss  was.  At 
place  the  priest  was  <.^reeted  by  a  native  who 
ask(  il  him  in  Spanish  for  paper  to  make  cifjarritos,  v.ho 
said  he  came  from  the  west,  and  \vlio  was,  doubtless, 
a  I'uiiaway  neojdiyte  frt)ni  San  Carlos  or  San  Antonio, 
livery N\here  the  natives  were  carefid  to  inquii'e  of 
the  o'uides  whether  the  friar  was  a  Spaniard  of  the 
We  ;i  ()]•  of  the  cast,  the  latter  bearinu'  a  much  better 
re'outatiou  than  the  former. 

Dii  the  Colorado  Garce's  received  Anza's  letter 
ro(juiriug  his  n.'turn  if  he  wished  to  accompany  the 
jiaity  to  Sonora.  Uut  it  was  already  too  lnt(>;  tliei-e 
was  much  to  be  done  in  his  favorite  work  of  makini^ 
peace  between  hostile  tribes,  tlie  Jnd'ans  desii'ed  liim 
to  stay,  and  there  were  otlier  regions  to  e.\})lore. 
('onscpiently,  althoug'h  he  had  once  startt.'d  down  iIk; 
river,  he  suddenly  changed  Ids  ndiid  and  decided  to 
visit  the  ]\loqui  towns.     l*arting-  from  his  last  inter- 


<li'  1 1.  A-nucion  ;  i  1 
tu  iVui  Miirtircs  ac  ( 
y<mc:  -Jl.  K.  x.  K.  to 
i;  N.  i:.  ti)\vcll  of  San 
yl.  i;.  :iinl  s.  K.  to  S; 


.1(1 

stiitioi 

M. 

(liHio; 

1  ]'Y' 

lipo  \ 

m  L 

asiiiiir 

out  of  inoimtaiiis  nivl  ov<r  plains;  7  1.  s.  s.  \v. 
1  in  o4'  ;{7';  hack  to  San  .Juan  (U- I'ios  liy  I'M 
4',  1.  v..  s.  i;.  aci'oHS  .Sierra  of  Santa  Colcta;  .'!1. 

cri ;  .")  1.  N.  K. ;  \\l.  N.  K.  to  Triniilad;  I  '  1.  n.  k.  ; 
II.  !:.  s.  w.  (tiic)  to  ^tarting'i.oint. 


■h-if 


278 


EXPEDITIONS  OF  ANZA,  FONT,  AND  GARCES. 


})ruter  lie  crossed  tlic  river  uiul  started  June  4tli  \\  itli 
a  l)arty  of  ]lu;da])ais  lor  the  north-east,  I'eaehiiiL;'  tlie 
^fo(jiii  tow  lis  tlie  2d  of  July.  Here  liis  g'ood-lortnuc 
di'serted  liilii.  The  Moijuis  (hd  lU)t  liariu  liiiii,  hut 
would  not  I'eceive  him  in  their  houses,  wtnild  not  ic- 
eeive  his  iLjifts,  looked  with  indill'erence  on  his  paiiit- 
inj^s  of  liell  and  heaven,  and  refused  to  l<iss  Ihc 
(  hrist.  Ilavin<4'  passed  two  nights  in  a  corner  of  (Ik; 
court-yard,  and  having  written  a  letttu'  to  the  miii- 
istei'  at  Zuhi,  (Jarces  turned  sorrowfully  back  and 
let  raced  his  steps  to  the  country  of  the  Yani;ijahs, 
vlare  he  arrived  on  the  25th.  He  was  a  month  in 
going  down  the  river  to  the  Yuma  country,  and  rea<'h- 
nig  San  Javier  del  Vnxc,  on  the  17th  of  8e[)teml)er.'" 

The  cxpt'dition  oi'  Domijigue/  and  Kscalante  iiiny 
bo  alluded  lo  heie  as  an  unsucccssl'id  attempt  to  rcnch 
(,'alifoi'nia.  The}-  went  in  1770  I'rom  Santa  Fe,  Xcw 
]\Iexico,  to  Utah  Lake.  But  winter  was  near,  food 
became  scarce,  re[)orts  of  the  natives  were  nol  i  n- 
(•(Hii'aging,  and  tluy  soon  gave  U})  thcii'  ])lan  of  I'ciich- 
iiig  ]\lonterey,  returning  tt)  Santa  Fv  by  way  of  the 
Moqui  towns.^" 

■"'  r,'(nrr.%  nUinn,  240-048.  Signed  at  Iiiliiitaina  .Tiin.  ,^0,  1777.  I'Whcs, 
IH<l.  Cal.,  ).'>7-(JL',  t^aw  i\\\s  diaiy  in  MS.,  at  ( Uiai-hi!;!;  i.-a.  Joiinu'y  i:icii- 
tioiu'd  ill  J'rnr.  J.W.,  MS.,  i.  47-S;  vi.  .")!J.  I'aluii,  jS'ot.,  ii.  'JSl-L',  inriitinii.s 
ruiiuii'.s  that  (Jarcrs  liad  Ikcii  iiillcd  l)y  suvagos. 

'■'-  JhiijiiixjiNz  and  l'.-<(<dt(iit<',  JJiiirio  ij  Ihmitit'o,  l",",)].  In  lii^^  Citrta  fh  .:S 
ih  (Jrtiilirc  IT! J,  iiS.,  ]-]t>calaiitc  favors  a  iimtc  i'rcni  .Mmitcny  to  the  .^I'  i]ui-i 
i'lnd  to  Saiifa  FO.  He  lias  heard  of  some  li;^ht-coloic(l  natives  soniev.Ii're  nii 
tlie  route,  \\lio  Lad  probably  reached  the  interior  fioni  Monterey,  by  i.he  irrciit 
livers. 


ik.  't 


CILVPTER  XIII. 

FOUXDIXG   OF   Tm:   PEE8IDI0  AND    MIS.^TOX   OF   8AX 

rilA.XClSL'O. 

177(i-J777. 

Anza's  Exploration  of  tite  Peninsula  of  Sax  Francisco — Itinerary— 
'J'lii-:  C'a3ip  on  Mountain  Lake— Sriivr.Y  of  the  I'lCNrNsrEA — Arroyo 
Di;  Lo.s  Dolores — Trii"  to  the  Gukat  Kiver — DLUNOtTts  of  Font  i.v 

('oKIUX'lI.SU  CrESPI— ItETFRN  TO  MoNTEREY— ORDERS  EOPv  THIO  FofNDA- 

TKiN— A  Ilrr  AT  THE  Fadres — Arrival  of  the  Transport  Vessels — 
^loRAOA  Leads  the  Colony  to  the  I^eninstla — Camp  on  Lakr 
I »oloi:es— Coming  o-^  tjii;    'San  Carlos'-The  Presii-io  Focnhkd  — 

New  ExPLtlRATlON  OF  Pa)lNl)  ]>AV  AND  ElO  DE  SaN  FrANCISCO— FlIOHT 

OF  the  Natives— FoR>LVL  Dedication  of  tiif  ^Iission— Discfssion  of 
Dai'i:,  Location,  and  Name — IOarly  Puo(:i!Ess— Annals  of  1777 — 
Visits  of  Govkrnor  and  President  and  Commandant. 


The  expedition  of  Anza,  described  in  tlic  precediii'j^ 
<'lia[)iei',  was  [ilaniied  and  executed  v.itli  almost  exclu- 
.si\«'  I'l'fercncc  to  tlio  establishment  of  a  presidio  at 
Smii  Francisco,  and  of  one  or  two  missions  in  tlie  same 
]i\ii;i()U  under  its  protection.  Though  I  h;i.ve  not  found 
the  text  of  Bucareh's  instructions  to  vVnzn,  it  was 
I )r(il);ibly  the  intention  that  the  foundation  shoidd  bo 
accoiiiphshcd  ckiring  that  officer's  stay  in  C'ahfornia, 
and  lo  a  certain  extent  under  his  supervision.  Tiie 
'■xpcdition,  however,  for  various  reasons,  did  not  i'c>acli 
( 'ahi'ornia  so  early  as  had  been  intended.  T'he  mattrr 
was  delayed  by  the  critical  state  of  tilings  at  San 
Dii'go,  and  still  farther  dclaved  bv  liivera's  idiosvn- 
'lasirs:  and  Anza  was  obliged  to  leave  thi'  counti'v 
iH'iore  his  colonists  had  been  settled  in  then-  new 
lionio.  Yet  he  did  not  go  until  he  had  made  every 
IH).-  ilik;   cflbrt  to  forv/ard  the  scheme  by  repeatedly 

( 273  1 


i      {  i 


280 


FOUXDIXG  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


ur<,nnq"  its  iiiiportanco  U[)(»ii  the;  dilatDiy  and  (>l)stliiatt.' 
(•(uniiiaiidaiit,  aiul  l)y  making'  in  pci'soii  a  ik!\v  (.'xaiii- 
ination  ol'  tin;  Sau  Francisco  region.  This  c\aiiiiii;i- 
tioii,  iiiiiiutcly  <lcsci'il)C(l  in  tlu>  oriL^inal  records,'  was 
omitted  IVoin  its  cliroiiolon'ical  place  as  a  ])ait  df* 
Aiiza's  expedition,  and  must  now  receive  attention. 

W'itli  Afoia^a,  Font,  a  corporal,  and  two  soldiers 
from  tlicj  presidio,  ei^•llto('  liis  own  men,  and  provisions 
for  twenty  days,  Anza  left  Monterey  for  San  i^'raii- 
cisco  tlie  L'.'ld  of  March  1"7(>,  haviiiL,^  heeii  l»ut  two 
days  from  his  sick-hed  at  San  Cju'Ios."  'I'he  party 
followed  the  route  of  lAiveraand  L'alou  in  their  jour- 
ney of  j)uceinhei'  1774,''  to  the  Arroyo  de  San  Fiaii- 
cisco,  now  known  as  San  ]^^'ancis(|uit()  Creek,  at 
a  s]»ot  \\hero  the  Spaniards  had  iiist  encamped  in 
J)eceml>el'  17r;i),  and  which  I'alou  had  selected  two 
years  |)reviously  as  a  desirable  site  foi'  the  mission  of 
San  I^'rancisco.  'I'he  cross  set  u})  in  token  of  this 
selection  was  still  standing',  but  intermediate  explora- 
tion, as  Anza  tells  us,  rel'errino'  presumably  to  1  leceta's 
tri})  of  the  year  before,  had  shown  a  lack  of  water  in 
the  dry  season,  vei'y  unfortunately,  as  in  res[iect  of 
soil,  timber,  and  fjentilitkid  the  place  was  well  adapted 
I'or  a  mission. 

Instead  of  enterin<^  tlie  Canada  of  San  Andres  .\nza 
seems  to  liaye  lve[)t  nearer  the  1)ay  shore — thoun'li 
neither  lie  nor  Font  states  that  the  bay  ^yas  kept  in 
sight;  but  after  crossing-  the  Arroyo  de  San  Mateo, 
so  called  at  the  time  and  since,  there  are  but  slii^lit 
data,   save  the   L;eneral   course,  between    north-west 

i./1;/-.f(,  J)!'U'!n,  MS.,  1.7)-7S;  lout's. /ounidl,  IMS.,  'AO-l?,. 

-  J'alon,  A'o'..  'JS.VT,  ."nys  tlic  .'itart  was  Mavcli 'J'Jd,  ami  tli<' total  iiiiiiiliirot' 
soldiiTs  10.  ,\ii/a  wislidl  I'alun  ti)::c)  wit!i  liiiii,  hut  .Scrni  olijectoil.  Two  of 
tlio  siiMit'is,  lidwuvi  r,  liMcl  i]i'L'ii  (jvcr  tlie  roiitu  lietorc. 

^Sio  I'liap.  X.  (pf  this  viihiiiio.  'I'lio  itiiR'iai-y,  \\ith  T'ont's  clistaiii''t'S  in 
Iiaroiitlicsos.  \.'as  ns  follows:  ]''rom  Monterey,  7\  1.  (7)  to  Asinieion  or  Xativi- 
<la(l  aei-oss  the  IJivei-  Monteri'y  or  Santa  iJelliiia:  81.  (l'_')to  \'alley  of  Sau 
Jiernai'dino  or  Arroyo  ile  las  Llauas  (still  ealled  Llagas  (.'reek)  across  Arroyo 
(le  San  Iknito  and  I'l'ijaro  lliver  ('.');  Si.  (i'J)  to  Arroyo  de  San  Jose  Cu|)ertiiii) 
{'X\  on  iMiiit's  niaj))  in  i-i.,'!it  of  hay;  4  1.  ((J ':}  to  Arroyo  de  San  Franeisco.  At 
one  place  on  the  Avay  the  juiles  u.sid  to  sujijiort  the  altar  on  a  )irevious  visit 
of  the  Spaniards  were  found  decorated  with  oll'erin.i^s  of  arrows,  feathers,  food, 
etc.,  recalling  the  similar  oceurrcnce  at  Monterey  in  1770. 


^lAi'  OF  rxri.oiJATroN's. 


2SI 


iiiif 

'III' 


5 


I'lNiN^iLA  <>i'  .San  FiiANci.-co. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


12.5 


21 

12.0 


1.8 


1.25      u    III  A 

^=    i^=  11^ 

^ 6"     

► 

V] 


o^'^ 

:^^^: 


-ew 


s: 


/: 


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'W 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  MSBO 

(716)  872-4S03 


;<> 


282 


FOUNDING  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


fi- 


and  north,  from  wliicli  to  dutcrnn'no  tlic  exact  route,* 
until,  (»n  ^larc'li  27th,  ho  cnoani[)e(l  at  about  1 1  a.  m. 
on  a  lahvi  near  tlic  "mouth  of  tlio  port,"  out  of  wliicli 
vas  llo\vinL>'  water  enough,  as  the  writer  say.s,  lor  a 
milh  This  was  what  is  no>v  Mountain  Lake,  to  wliidi 
the  Spaniards  at  tliis  time  gave  no  name,"  thouuli 
they  called  the  outlet  Arroyo  del  Puerto,  now  known 
as  Lobos  Creek.  As  soon  as  the  camp  was  pitdicd 
Anza  set  out  exploring  toward  the  west  and  south, 
8[»ending  the  afternoon,  and  finding  water,  pasturage, 
and  wood,  in  fact  all  that  was  required  for  his  i)r()- 
posed  fort  exce[)t  timber. 

Next  morning  he  went  with  the  priests  to  wliat  is 
now  Fort  Point,  "where  nobody  had  been,"  and  there 
erected  a  cross,  at  the  foot  of  which  he  buried  an  ac- 
count of  liis  ex]>] orations.*'  Here  upon  the  table-land 
terminating  in  this  point  Anza  <letermined  to  estal)- 
lish  the  presidio.  Pont  presently  retuined  to  cam]),' 
while  Anza  and  Moraga  continued  their  explorations 
toward  the  east  and  south-east,  where  the\'  found,  iu 
addition  to  jirevious  discoveries,  a  ])lentiful  su[)ply  ot' 
oak  tindx^r  which,  though  nui'-h  bent  by  the  noitli- 
west  winds,  would  serve  <  ane  extent  for  building 
jturposes.     About  half  a  1      jie  east  of  the  cani[illiry 

*From  the  topography  of  the  region,  and  from  the  fact  that  no  mention  is 
made  (jf  sccin/^  or  Ijcing  near  cither  the  )}ay  or  Lake  Merced,  it  is  most  liiccly 
that  Anza  followed  the  rontc  of  tlie  present  county  ro;;d  and  railroad  fiuiu 
San  Ih'uno  to  the  vicinity  of  Islais  Creek,  thence  turning  to  the  Ict't  jiast  the 
present  A'n)sh<inso  tract. 

^Tlii!  l.!lc<!  is  called  Lagiina  del  Presidio  on  La  IVrouse's  map  of  ITS'!. 
That  tlie  lake  on  wliicli  this  ])arty  encamped  wm.h  Mountain  Laki'.  an  iiU'ntity 
that  11')  jn'cviDiis  writer  lias  noticed,  is  proved  not  only  hy  ,\nza"s  snlis(i|iiciit 
niovenunts.  Imt  hy  t!ie  following  in  Fonfs  .ImiriKil,  MS.,  HI:  ' 'I'lie  coast  of 
tiie  mouth  (of  San  I'lancisco  ]5ay)  on  this  sidii  runs  from  n.  v..  to  s.  w..  U'lt 
straigiit,  hut  fonniiig  a  heiul,  on  the  heacii  of  wliic'h  a  stream,  wliicii  llows 
fiom  the  lagoon  where  we  halted,  emiities  itself,  ami  we  called  it  the  Aiidvo 
del  riierto.'     No  other  part  of  the  slioi'i^  coricsponils  at  all  to  this  statiiiieiit, 

•' Misled,  pcrha|is,  hy  this  nienlioii  of  the  eidss,  I'alou,  A'o^,  ii.  -"'i,  says 
that  AiK'ii  followed  his,  Talon's,  route  of  ITT-t  until  lie  reached  the  cross 
planted  at  that  time. 

'  Font  in  hi.;  diaiy  gives  a  long  and  accurate  description  of  San  FraiKisco 
Hay.  He  ehaily  mentions  Alcatraz  Island,  though  without  a)iplying  any 
name.  It  is  to  he  noted  that  he  mentions  I'unta  de  Almejis,  or  Mussel  I'oint, 
Btill  m  calh'd;  hut  this  was  not  the  original  Mussel  I'oint  of  17(j9,  thougli 
Font  very  likely  thought  so. 


m 


ANZA'S  VISIT. 


2S3 


act  route.* 


1  limp  (f  17^'). 
kc,  iui  iJfiitity 
i"s  siilisi'i|ui'iit 

'  'I'lie  riiiot  lit 
i:.  (ii  s.  w.,  n"t 
a,  A\l]iih  ll<)«s 

it  till'  Arii'Vi) 
ihis  stiiliiiiciit. 
I.,  ii.  '-'.'■■(i,  saNJ* 
clad  Ww  L'los 

Snii  riiiiK-isdi 


f  1700,  though 


(',11111(1  another  largo  lagoon,  from  which  was  (lowing 
cuiisidi  rablo  water,  and  which,  with  some  artiliciul  im- 
]iin\(  incuts,  they  thought  would  I'urnish  a  permanent 
Mip]ily  i'or  garden  irrigation.  This  was  the  j)rosent 
^\';l>h^•l•\voman's  I^ay,  corner  of  (jlreenwich  and  Octa- 
via  streets.  About  a  league  and  a  iialf  south-east  of 
the  eaiup  there  was  a  tract  of  irrigal>]e  land,  and  a 
jluwiiig  spring,  or  ojo  de  wjua,  which  would  easily 
Mi|i|ily  the  required  water.  Anza  found  some  well 
(!is|i()sc(l  natives  also,  and  he  came  hack  at  5  i*.  >i.  vciy 
iiiiK  li  i>leased,  as  Font  tells  us,  with  the  result  of  his 
(lays  search. 

Xext  morning,  the  29tli,  they  broke  camp,  half  the 
iiH  II  w  ith  the  ])ack  animals  returning  by  the  way  they 
lind  cniuc,  to  San  Mateo  Creek,  and  the  commandi'r 
with  i'\)nt  and  (ive  n)en  takinu'  a  circuitous  route  bv 


Ar 


at  tl 


rivmg  at  the  sprmg  ami  rivulet  (lis 


the  liay  sliore. 

r  ivci'ed  the  day  before,  they  named  it  from  the  day 
the  last  Friday  in  lent,  Arroyo  de  los  ])oloies.'' 
Thc'icc  ])assing  round  tlio  hills  they  reached  and 
rrcsscd  the  former  trail,  and  went  over  westward  into 
the  (  ahada  de  San  Andres  in  search  of  timber,  of 
V. hicli  they  found  an  abundance.  They  followed  the 
^le!l  sdine  distance  beyond  where  tlu;  San  ^Fateo 
creek  (lows  out  into  the  j>lain,  killed  a  large  bear, 
I  Tossed  the  low  hills,  and  returned  northward  to  join 
llicir  com})anions  on  the  San  Mateo. 

The  next  objective  ])oint  was  the  groat  Uiv'er  San 
I'laucisco,  which  had  in  1772  prevented  Fages  from 

*  It  ii  to  lip  notoil  tliat  Anza  calls  it  simply  nn  '  ojo  <lo  ncjua  (i  fuoiito  '  and 
I'oiit  im  '  •irniyo,' I)iit  licitluT  liuiitidiiM  any  la'.'oon.  ralmi,  liowcvir,  says, 
■  Mil  UMiliiii;,' tlic  Iwac'li  of  t!to  liay  wliiili  the  sailms  callcil  IK;  Ins  IJoinijoi 
(!li:it  is  .Mis>i(iii  15a\",  ca!li><l  LliTuiii's  liy  Ayala's  iiu'ii  on  account  of  two  wicp- 
ill,'  iiati\('s,  SCO  cliap.  xi.),  he  ci^'issi'd  an  ari'nyo  liy  which  iiiiplics  a  ;t;riat 

l.i;;n(iii  which  ho  nanud  Itolorcs,  ami  it  sccnu'd  to  him  a  ;_' 1  site  tor  the  mis- 

.-iiii,' itc.  This  may  lie  piiiutuated  so  as  to  ajip'y  the  name  to  the  stream 
railier  than  the  laj,'oon  ;  luit  I  suspect  that  the  la;,'iHin-  snlisei|n.'ntly  known 
:i>  'I  he  Willows — w  ith  its  stream  was  entiie'y  flistinet  from  Aii/a's  stream  of 
jliiluics.  Of  this  nioi-e  in  note  •_'(!  of  this  chapter.  Font  from  an  emineiiee 
imtiil  the  liiaiin;,'  of  the  head  of  the  liay  I'.,  s.  F...  and  of  an  imiiu  use  sprnee, 
or  iiilwooil,  afterwards  found  it  to  lie  l.">0  feet  hij,diuiid  10  feet  ia  circumfer- 
ence, on  llic  Arroyo  dc  Sail  rruncisco,  8.  E. 


284 


FOUNDING  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


rcacliiniTf  Point  Roycs."  Save  that  in  going  round 
tliu  liead  of  the  bay  tliey  nanjed  Giiadahii)e  and 
Coyote  streams,  and  further  on  the  Arroyo  de  San 
Salvador,  or  H  lina,  there  is  nothing  of  vahie  id- 
interest  in  tlie  (Uaries  until  Aj»ril  2d  when  the  ex- 
plorers reaehed  the' mouth  of  "tljo  fresh  water  port 
held  hitherto  to  he  a  great  river,"  that  is,  to  the 
strait  of  C;u-quines  and  Suisun  Bay.  The  water  ^\;ls 
somewhat  salt;  there  was  no  euiTcnt ;  this  great 
lliver  San  Franeiseo  was  apparently  no  river  at  all, 
hut  an  extension  of  the  hay.  The  matter  seems  to 
have  troubled  them  greatly,  and  their  observation-^ 
were  ehiellv  directed  to  learninix  the  true  status  of 
this  body  of  water.  There  was  no  reason  for  it, 
but  tl^y  were  conl'used.  Crespi's  diary  of  the  foi- 
mer  trip  had  described  the  body  of  water  accu- 
rately enough,  and  had  not  at  all  confounded  the 
strait  and  bay  with  tlie  River  San  Francisco,  or  San 
Joaijuin;  but,  possibly,  Fages  had  also  written  a 
diary  in  which  he  ex])ressed  the  matter  less  clearly.  •* 
TJie  camp  on  the  'Jd  was  on  a  stream  suj)posed  t) 
bo  identical  with  the  Santa  Angela  do  FuJgino'^  nf 
Fnges.  On  the  'kl  they  continued  eastward  past  tlic 
low  rariL,e  of  hills,  from  the  sunnnit  of  which,  near 
A\  illow  Pass,  like  Fages  and  C'respi  before  them,  tiny 
had  a  iiiie  view  of  a  broad  country,  which  they  descriln' 
more  lully,  but  not  more  accurately,  than  their  prede- 
cessors.'-^ The  long  descriptions  are  interesting,  but 
they  form  no  part  of  histoi-y  and  are  omitted,  strange 
as  it  may  seem,  on  account  of  their  \ery  accura(-y,  as 
is  also  true  re'>ariliii''-  Font's  description  of  San  l-'iaii- 
cisco  Pay.      They  described  the  country  as  it  was  and 

"It  is  iKiticcaljlc  tlijit  All/11  several  times  implies  tliat  more  than  one  e\- 
]il(iratioii  hail  Ijeeii  niaile  in  this  ilirection,  but  only  oni',  that  of  J'agis,  is 
I'eecirclcd. 

'"Sec  aci'oiiiit  of  FaLre4'  tiip  in  I'liapter  viii.  Aeoordint;  to  AffhicUa, 
Croii.  S'  n'lj'.,  W't  7,  l-'onc  nanieil  the  body  of  water  I'lierto  l)ulce. 

"  No.   ltK)of  I'ont's  map. 

'-' See  also  l'\iiit'.s  map  in  preeediii'j;  cliapter,  on  which  'a'  in  'the  hill  to 
whieh  la.Lfesi  arrived;'  'li"  a  '  rancheria  at  eil;;(^  of  the  water;'  '  c,'  a  '  hill  from 
which  we  saw  the  tuhaes;'  'd'  the  'summit  of  the  eiifrni;'  and  'o'some  'iiiLu- 
csal  hills.' 


IS 


MOUTH  OF  Tin:  SAX  JOAQUIN. 


2S5 


is;  it  is  only  with  the  annals  of  tlioir  trip  and  such 
(111 lis  in  tli(.'ir  observations  as  had  or  niij^ht  have 
liad  an  ert'e<-t  on  subsequent  explorations  that  I  have 
to  deal.  There  are,  h<>\vever,  errors  and  confusion  to 
l)c  noted.  It  is  evident  that  tor  some  reason  they  had 
iiii  imperfect  idea  of  Fajjfes'  trip.  On  the  strait  they 
had  labored  hard  to  prove  it  not  a  river,  as  it  certainly 
was  not,  and  as  it  had  never  been  supposed  to  be,  so 
i'ar  as  can  be  known.  Now  tha':,  they  had  reached  tlie 
liver  and  were  lot)kin<T  out  over  the  broad  valleys  of 
till'  San  Joaquin  and  Sacramento  from  the  liills  back 
iif  Antioch,  they  still  flatteied  themselves  that  they 
wciv  coi'rectin^-  errors  of  Crcspi  and  Faj^es,  and  they 
still  laboi-ed  to  ju'ove  that  the  broad  rivers  were  not 
rivers,  lait  'fresh  water  poi-ts'  extendi nj^  far  to  the 
iioith  and  south,  possibly  connecting  by  tulares  in  the 
tMiiner  direction  ^vith  Bodega  Bay.  In  all  this,  how- 
ever, Anza  was  not  so  positive;  but  in  correcting  an 
error  Crespi  never  made  respecting  the  Strait  of  (\u'- 
i|uiiies,  Font  was  singularly  enough  led  into  real  error 
left  on  record  for  others  to  correct. 

Like  Faijes,  Anza  descended  the  hills  and  advanced 
siiine  leagues  over  the  plain  to  the  water's  edge,''' 
l)Ut  instead  of  turning  back  and  entering  the  hills  by 
tlie  San  Ramon  Canada,  as  Fages  had  done,  aftc 
some  rather  ineffectual  attemi)ts  to  follow  the  miry 
rivei'-banks,  he  kept  on  over  the  foot-hills,  noting  vast 
herds  of  elk,  or  jackass  deer,  [)assed  to  the  left  of 
what  is  now  Mount  Diablo,  and  crossed  the  moun- 


lArricifitd, 


"Font  in  one  place  calls  the  Iiill  tlio  terminus  of  Fages'  exploration,  and 
s:iys;  '  Fioni  said  hill  which  may  lie  about  a  Icai^tuc  from  tlie  -water,  Captain 
I'iigcs  and  ]'.  Cri'spi  saw  its  extent  and  that  it  «as  divided  into  arms  widih 
liiiiiMMJ  islands  of  low  land;  and  as  they  hail  pieviously  tasted  the  water 
en  till!  road  further  haeU  and  found  it  to  he  fri'sh.  they  supposed  without 
<lii\ilit  that  it  nuist  Ije  some  great  liver  which  divuhd  itself  here  into  three 
Iniinihcs. ,  .without  noticing  whetlu'r  it  hail  any  cnrient  or  not,  which  was 
imt  lasy  for  them  to  do  li'om  said  liill  at  siU'li  a  distance.'  Font  counted 
Seven  islands.  An/a,  l)i<irio,  MS.,  KW,  says  of  the  htidy  of  water  'nos  parecio 
sir  iiiiis  una  gran  laguna  (pie  rio,' and  I7-,  'Me  iiizo  estii  noticia(the  stiite- 
iiiiiit  ijf  two  soldiers  that  the  tulares  were  imi)a.s.sal>lr  even  in  the  dry  season) 
y  1(1  (|iu'  yo  ol)si'rval>a  acahunne  dc  conceptuar  (jue  lo  fpie  se  ha  tenido  por  rio 
I's  piu'iinicnte  una  grun  laguna.'  Sail  liiuurdu  was  tlio  uante  givcu  to  the 
niiK'liu'iia  in  the  Antioch  region. 


28G 


rOUNDIXG  OF  SAN  FRAXCISCO. 


tains  by  a  fliflioult  routo  not  easy  to  locate,  on  Avlildi 
lie  named  tlio  Canada  de  San  A'iconto  and  tlic  Sieiru 
del  Cluisco,  iindin<^  also  indications  of  silver  oic. 
7V]>iil  Gtli  the  party  encamped  on  Arroyo  del  ("oy- 
ote,"  and  on  the  8th  arrived  at  ^ronterey.  As  beloiv 
related,  Anza  started  south  on  tlic  14th,  and  liis  liii;i! 
exhortation  to  liivera  on  the  importance  of  prompt 
action  in  the  Han  Fi'ancisco  matter  was  accompaiiit  il 
by  a  diary  and  map  of  the  exploration  just  descrihcd.' ' 

With  tlic  arrival  of  the  colony  at  ^Fontcrcy  fi'om 
the  south,  there  had  come  instructions  from  Jiivoa 
to  build  houses  ibr  the  people,  since  thei-e  would  hr 
at  least  a  year's  delay  before  the  presi(Uo  could  \n' 
foundtnl.'''  And  such  were  the  orders  in  force,  not- 
withstanding:^ Anza's  protest,  when  that  officer  tuiiicd 
over  tlie  conunand  to  jNToraga,''  and  left  the  country. 
Ihit  liivera,  coming  to  his  senses  j)erhaps  after  a  litrjc 
I'ellection,  or  fearing  the  results  of  Anza's  reports  in 
Mexico,  or  roally  taking  some  interest  in  the  new 
foundation  now  that  the  object  of  his  jealousy  had 
departed,  cliangcd  his  policy,  and  the  day  after  his 
arrival  in  San  J  )iego,  on  ^Nfay  8th,  despatched  an  order 
to  jNIoraga  to  proceed  and  establish  the  fort  on  the 
site  selected  by  Anza.  He  could  not,  however,  neg- 
l(H't  the  oj^portunity  to  annoy  the  priests  by  saying 
that  the  founding  of  the  missions  was  for  the  ])reseiit 
sus[)ended,  as  j\loraga  was  instructed  to  inform  the 
']n"esi<K>nt.  Truly  the  latter  had  not  gained  much  iti 
the  chaniT^c  from  Fages  to  his  rival.     At  the  sainr 

•  •  •  1*1 

time  IJivera  sent  an  order  to  Gi'ijalva  at  San  (Jahi;'  1 
to  n'join  the  rest  of  the  colony  at  Monterey  with  thf 

'*Nf).  lOlof  tlioiilfip. 

'-■'I'lie  lonto  <;f  Anzji's  trip  is  shown,  but  of  course  in  a  pcnrnil  a\.i.v,  im 
rent's  limp.  ScL'  fliiipti'r  xii.  The  natives  hail  been  its  nsujil  friendly  in  >  vciy 
i-anchc!  la  visi'ad. 

"'  l'(il<iii,  A"'.,  ii.  '2S3.  From  tlio  viceroy  Itivera  luul  iievniispiou  iliti'l 
Jan.  llOlh,  to  ili'liy  the  exjiloration  only  until  An/a's  arrival.  I'riii:.  St.  I'n/'-, 
MS.,  i.  l',);i--4.  ]>ul  of  course  the  viceroy  knew  nothing  yet  of  the  Sau  i>\i"J<> 
all'ai  r. 

"'  lY'b.  4t]i,  liivera  onler.'H  Mornj:;ii  to  take  roniniantl  of  the  cxjic  liti'  a 
after  Anza's  departure.  J'ror.  .S7.  I'up.,  MS.,  xxii.  I'J. 


rnnPAUATioxs. 


cr,7. 


<\\c1\(^  soldiors  ami  tlicir  faniilios.     Anza's  dcj^artin'o 
li.id,  it   sL'Ciiis,  greatly  lessunoJ    the  tluiigci'  at    Sail 

(Ii'm^'ora  brmvji'lit  the  order  to  San  CJ;d)riel,  ami 
( Ji'i j;dv;i,  setting  out  at  once  with  his  coinjiany,  carried 
it  1o  ^[()raga  at  ^Monterey.  It  was  resolved  to  start 
iidiih  ill  the  niidcUe  of  Juno,  and  though  the  mission 
iiiu-t  wait,  Serra  thouglit  it  host  tliat  I'alou  and 
( 'aiiihon,  the  friars  destined  for  San  Fianciseo,  should 
iicroiniianv  the  soldiers  to  attend  to  their  spii-itual 
interests  and  ho  ready  on  the  spot  for  I'urther  orders, 
M(  aiiwliile  the  transport  vessels  arrived  on  their 
ycaily  voyagi>,  having  sailed  I'roni  San  J>las  together 
on  the  Dth  of  ^lareh.  The  Smi  yltifoiiio,  ("aptain 
J)iego  Choquet,  with  Francisco  Castro  and  Juan  J  J. 
Agniiix',  as  master  and  mate,  and  Friar  ]Jenito  Sieira 
!is  rhaplain,  arrived  ]May  21st,  unl(»ading  sup[)lies  f(»r 
Moiileri-y  and  waiting  for  some  j)iiie  lumh'.'r  for  San 
Diego.  Tlie  San  Carlos,  a  slower  vessel,  arriv«'d  the 
:'(l  of  June,'^  under  Captain  Quires,  ( 'ahi^:ares  and 
L'evilla  as  master  and  iiiate,  with  Santa  ]\[aria  and 
X()ce;l;d  as  cliaplaiiis.  She  brought  su]tplie3  for  ^Foii- 
tiiw  and  also  for  San  Francisco,  and  many  articles 
W(  re  put  on  board  to  go  up  by  water  and  Mve  nude 
tiaiispoitation ;  but  as  two  cannons  were  to  be  takt'U 


hi  11 II  liie 


presidio  an  or< 


l(?r  fr 


om  luvera  was  necessarv 


aiH 


1  i!ie  vessel  was  obliired  to  wait  until  this  order 


ciiuM  1)0  obtame( 


( )ii  June  17th  ]\roraga  with  his  company  of  sol- 
diers, settlers,  families,  and  servants^'  set  out  in  com- 
jiaiiv  witli  the  two  friars  by  the  old  loute,  movin;' 
vciv  slowly,   haltini'-    for  a   day  on    [" 


YdXl 


L 


rancisco 


;cnoriil  w:iy,  "ii 
irii'iully  ill  'V'l.v 

oiini.-'si'in  ilitnl 
/',•(,(.■.  SI.  /'"/'- 
f  tin;  Sun  Uicjio 

the  cxiic.Uti'U 


■'.Tiiiio  ."111,  Moraj^a  to  Eivcra,  .niinoiiiiciii;^  ■nrriviil  of  tlio  tnxnspoits.  Prnr. 
Si.  /'<>/..,  MS.,  i.  •„>;!_'-;{. 

'■'  Alv.iit  till'  miniln  r  of  sf)l(li(rs  there  is  iiuieli  coiifii.sion.  Eivoni'.s  onler.s, 
J'dliiii,  Xiil.,  ii.  "CO,  liiid  hicu  to  tiike  'JD  <if  tluiii.  luit  t!ic  sum'  ;iiit!i(H-  s:iys, 
l:i'-('  ."i.T,  tliiit  Mdijipi  iiiiil  Hi;  ainl  elsewliere,  I'iilfi,  "iu")  7,  that  there  \ver<j 
17.  Jle  f^till  clniiiis  that  ll!  of  Aua's  foiee  were  at  Sail  l;io,';(),  Imt  tlu'ie  \a 
iiMilniilit  thi;t  i'll  tlie'i!)v>.i<'  at  Monterey  iiiid  that  .•.her.t  L';)/f  them  started. 
'J  here  V.  eie  7  tetllern  with  their  families,  ■">  vaipieres  and  mnleteers,  "J  Lower 
t'aliliirnians,  1  Sun  Cirlos  iieo^jhyto,  a  mule  train,  and  '2.'i.)  head  of  cattle. 


•288 


FOUNDIXO  OF  RAX  FRAXCLSCO. 


i 


i' 


1  ''.  ■  M 


Im 


mm 


Arroyo,  notinjj  tho  abiindaiico  of  door  and  aiitoldpc, 
and  linally  cnoanipinjjf,  Juno  27tli,  on  tho  LiiLTuna  dc 
lo.s  l)(»l()ros  in  sight  of  tho  Ensiinada  do  los  Jjloronos 
and  of  tho  south-oastorn  branch  of  tlio  hay.  An  ahai- 
was  sot  up  and  mass  was  said  on  tho  20tli,  as  on  ovciy 
suocoodin<jf  day.  Iloro  Mornjjfa  awaitod  tho  coniinT 
of  tlio  San  Ctu'los,  bocauso  tho  oxact  location  of  thu 
prositho  site  was  to  dopond  to  soino  extent  on  lur 
survey  for  anchorage.  A  month  was  jiassed  in  ex- 
plorations of  the  [)eninsula,  in  cutting  timber,  and  in 
other  preparations  of  which  no  dcftailod  record  was 
kept,  and  still  no  vessel  came.  The  lieutenant  iinally 
<lotermin(d  to  go  over  to  tho  site  selected  by  An/,a, 
and  make  a  beginning  by  erecting  barracks  of  tules 
and  other  light  material.  Thus  far  all  had  lived  in 
the  field  tents,  and  tho  camj)  was  transferred  on  thi; 
•Jdtli  of  July.  The  first  building  completed  was  in- 
tended for  a  temporary  chapel,  and  in  it  tho  first  mass 
was  said  on  July  28th  by  Palou.""  Tho  priests,  jiow- 
ever,  did  not  change  their  quarters.  They  as  well  as 
Anza  tliought  the  iirst  camp  in  a  locality  better  fitted 
for  a  mission  than  any  other  part  of  tho  peninsula; 
and  though  by  Rivera's  orders  the  mission  was  not 
yet  to  bo  Ibunded,  tho  spot  was  so  near  the  presidio, 
and  tho  natives  wore  so  friendly,  that  it  was  deemed 
safe  and  best  for  the  two  friars  to  remain  with  the 
<*attlo  and  other  mission  property,  guarded  by  six  sol- 
diers and  a  settler,  who  miijlit  without  disobedience 
of  superior  orders  make  preparations  for  tluir  i'uture 
dwellings.  Things  continued  in  this  state  for  nearly 
another  month. 

To  their  great  relief  on  the  18th  of  August  the  Sun 
Carlos  arrived  and  anchored  near  the  new  cam]!. 
After  leaving  Monterey  she  had  experienced  co  i- 
trary  winds  and  had  been  driven  first  down  v  >  ihe 
latitude  of  San  Diego,  then  up  to  42,°  anchoring  <»u 
the  night  of  the  I7th  outside  the  heads  and  north  of 


""  The  camp  was  pitched  July  2Cth,  and  building  begun  July  27 
of  Sal  to  Governor  in  1792.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xl.  52,  54. 


th.  Letter 


THE  PRESIDIO  BEGUN. 


280 


Y  27th.   Letter 


the  inti.inco.  Quiros  ami  tlio  rest  liavincf  approved 
ihc  (Ik lice  of  site.s,  work  was  iimiiediately  l)e;^am  on 
jKriiiMiieiit  buiUliiijL^sfur  tlie  presidio,  all  loeated  within 
ii  s(|iiare  of  ninety-two  yards,  aeeordiiij;  to  a  plan  luado 
1)V  ( "aiiizares.  Quiros  sent  ashore  his  two  carpenters 
ainl  a  s(|tiad  of  sailors  to  work  on  the  storehouse,  coni- 
)iiiiii(lanl's  dwellinj^',  and  chapel,  while  the  soldiers 
elected  hou.ses  for  themselves  and  families.  All  the 
huildin^s  were  of  ])alisade  walls,  and  roofed  with 
ciirth.  They  were  all  ready  l)y  the  middle  of  Septem- 
))(i,  and  the  17th  was  named  as  the  day  of  ceremonial 
fouiidiiiL;',  l)ein<^  the  day  of  the  'Sores  of  our  seraphic 
Hither  Saint  Francis.'-*  Over  a  hundred  and  iifty 
j)cr.sons  witnessed  the  solenni  ceremony.  The  Smi 
Carlos  landed  all  her  force  save  enough  to  man  the 
swivil-guns.  Four  friars  assisted  at  mass,  for  Pena 
had  'onie  up  from  Monterey,  and  the  prescribed  rites 
of  taking  possession,  and  the  tc  ih'um  laudamns, 
wcic  accompanied  and  followed  by  ringing  of  bells 
jiiid  discharge  of  fire-arms,  including  the  swivel-guns 
(if  the  ti'ansport.  The  cannon  so  terrified  the  natives 
that  not  one  made  his  appearance  for  some  days.''* 
Tims  was  the  presidio  of  San  Francisco  founded,  and 
ai"t(  !■  tlic  ceremonies  its  connnandant,  !Moraga,  entei'- 
taiiK'd  the  company  with  all  the  splendor  circum- 
stances would  allow."' 

AVliile  the  presidio  supplies  were  being  transferred 
to  tlie  warehouse,  a  new  exploration  of  the  head  <jf 
the  bay  and  of  the  great  rivers  was  made  by  Quir(')s, 
Cauizares,  and  Cambon  in  the  ship's  boat,  and  by 

•'  Oil  tliat  same  17th  of  September  on  tlio  other  side  of  the  conthient  Jjml 
Jlii\v( '.■,  Hessian  and  British  tmojis  were  revelling  in  the  eity  of  New  York.' 
JiUiiit,  ill  (hi  rlund  Month'ii,  iv.  .■!.■?()  7. 

•-So  ^;ily.■^  Palou,  and  it  reads  well.  It  must  he  added,  however,  that 
iiccnidin^'  til  the  same  author  all  had  left  tlie  jieiiiiisnla  a  month  hefore. 

■'•'Ill  eoiinection  with  the  founding  of  tlie  jiresidio  it  may  he  mited  that 
Miiiiira  ill  his  preliminary  searih  found  one  or  two  tine  springH  vviiieh  Anza 
li:i.l  iifjt  nieiitioued.  (Jen.  Valkjo,  in  his  iJi^curno  /Hsfdrico.  jirononneecl  at 
till'  ci  ntx'iinial  celebration  of  the  founding  of  the  mission,  notes  tliat  soiuo 
iiiiiarkiilile  (jualities  were  popularly  attributed  to  the  spring  eulled  Kl  Polin. 
^\'lllnl|  drinking  the  water  were,  it  seems,  made  more  than  usually  j.iolilii', 
t'ivinj.'  birth  to  twins  in  many  iustauees.  Several  other  Califoruians  men- 
tiuii  this  old  popular  belief. 

Hui.  Cai..,  Vol.  I.    19 


9M 


Forxmxr,  of  sax  rnAxcrsco. 


li. 


^Tor.'V'a  witli  a  iiartv  <>f  soldiers  liv  land.  Tlic  two 
cxju'ditioiis  Wore  to  meet  heyoiul  the  'round  hay,'  or 
at  till!  mouth  of  the  river,  ou  a  certain  day,  a[)[)areiitly 
Septendu-r  iMIth,  whence  hy  waU'i'  and  land  tiiey  \\(  ic 
to  ^o  uj>  the  I'iver  as  I'ar  as  jtossihle.  They  starti-d  on 
the  L'.'kl,  the  land  party  carryin.if  most  of  the  suiiplii  s, 
vliilc  the  boat  took  only  enou;L,di  for  ei<^ht  days.  On 
the  21)tli  Quiros  returned,  lie  had  reached  the  ren- 
dezvous at  the  n[)pointed  time,  hut  not  meetiiiLj' 
^MoraLja,  he  had  been  ohlii^ed  alter  waitini^one  day  (o 
turn  hack  for  want  of  j)rovisions.  AlthouLjh  prevented 
from  exploring-  the  j^neat  river,  he  was  able  to  settle 
another  (hspute<l  (juesiion  and  pnno  that  the  'round 
bay'  had  no  connection  with  IJodega.  For  Hailiiit;'  in 
that  dirt^ction  he  had  discovei'ed  a  new  estuaiy  and 
followiMl  it  to  its  head,  tindin<^  no  passage  to  the  sea, 
and  beholdinj^  a  loft}'  sierra  which  stretched  toward 
the  west  and  ended,  as  Quiros  thought,  nt  (*a[ie 
!Mendocino.  This  was,  probably,  the  lirst  voya^i 
ol"  Eui-ojH'ans  u[>  the  windings  of  Petaluma  Creek. - 
Kesi»ectin<j:  the  I'ciiion  at  the  mouth  of  the  meat 
rivers  he  had  done  no  more  than  verify  the  accuracy 
of  previous  obsi'rvations  by  I'ages  and  Anza. 

!Mea])while  ^foraga,  on  arriving  at  the  south-i-astern 
head  of  tin*  bay,  had  changed  his  [ilans,  and  instead  of 
following  the  shore  had  conceived  the  idea  that  ho 
could  save  time  and  distance  by  crossing  the  sierra 
eastward.  This  he  accomi)lished  without  ditliculty  by 
a  route  not  recoi-ded,  but  aj)[)arently  at  an  uncxi)Ccte(l 
cost  f)f  time;  Ibr  on  I'eaclung  the  river  ho  concluded  it 
would  be  impossible  to  reach  the  mouth  at  the  time 

''*  Piilon,  yofifin.'),  states  tli.nt  Qtiin'is  saile<l  two  days  on  tlic  new  cst<'ri', 
nnrl  lie  nii^lit  with  uiifavornlilc  winds  have  spent  that  time  on  I'ctaluiiiii. 
Creek;  Ijiit  if  he  w.iitcd  a  day  for  Muraga.  the  two  days  jnnst  inehide  the  wlmlu 
retuiii  voyage,  lie  had  not,  however,  disproved  Font's  theory  that  tliehny 
coniniuincuted  witli  llodega  l>y  way  of  the  great  '  fresh  M'atcr  port,'  or  lagmii!, 
now  called  tlic  Saeraniento  IJiver.  In  his  Vitia,  '210-14,  riiloii  gives  i.tiur 
vaguely  additional  details.  At  the  mouth  of  the  great  river  was  a  fine  liar- 
l)or,  as  good  as  San  Diego,  named  Asuneion  {Suisun  Day?).  The  lofty  sifii.k 
stretehing  to  Cape  Mendocino  was  called  San  Francisco.  The  estnary  on  tlie 
west  of  Kouud  Bay,  up  wliich  they  bailed  one  day  and  night,  was  iiuuud 
Merced. 


■J  I 


TIIK  MISSION  AT  DOLOURS. 


291 


Tllc  two 
1(1  I)ay,'  or 
i[)l)iiri'iitly 
tlicy  wt'iL' 
started  (111 

J  8UI)[)liis, 

(lays.  ( )ii 
il  the  icii- 
;  iiK'ctlii;^' 
me  (lay  to 

[HVVi'lltrd 
a  to  s('t.tl(3 
lie  '  round 
•  Hailiiit;'  in 
stuary  and 
,o  the  sea, 
cd  toward 
,  nt  ( 'a[ie 
st  voyaL;'e 
»ti  Crei'k.-' 
the  great 
.'  uccuracy 
'.a. 

th-easleiii 
instead  of 
a  that  he 
tlie  sieira 
tliculty  hy 
nexiieeted 
lududed  it 
the  time 


|c  new  cst(i'i>, 
on  l'<'taliiiii;i 
[lido  tlu'  wlmli; 
that  tlioUny 
|)rt,'  or  liigiiciii, 
III  gives  liitlirr 
Ivas  a  iiiio  li.ir- 
lie  lofty  sicriik 
^stnary  on  tlu^ 
It,  was  luiiiuJ 


fmreed  on,an<l  resolved  to  direct  his  exjtloratioii  in  tho 
(itlur  direction.  Marching  loi-  three  days  rapidly  nji 
till'  river  he  I'eaclied  a  |»oint  where  tlie  jtlain  ni  ail  di- 
rections If  him  /i(>n':i>iif<',i\\ai  is,  presented  an  unhroken 
liorizon  as  if  he  were  at  st.-a!  The  natives  pointed  out 
a  \''Vi\,  and  Moiaga  travelled  Inr  a  tlay  in  the  jtlain 
hcynnd  tlie  I'ivt'r,  seeing  in  the  I'ai'  north  lines  of  trev-s 
iuilicating  th<'  existence  of  i-ivei-s.  Jhit  lu  had  no 
f'uinpass,  and  fearing  that  he  might  lose  himself  on 
tlie>e  l)road  jdains  ho  returned  l)y  the  way  ho  had 
(•(inie,  arriving  at  the  presidio  the  7th  of  Octoher. 

Let  us  now  return  to  the  other  camp  at  the  fjagnna 
(lelos  ]^oloi'es,  where  since  the  end  ol'July  l^dou  and 
Canihon,  reenforced  after  a  time  hy  Pena  a[)pointed  to 
Santa  Clara,  had  heen  making  [>rei)arations  for  a  niis- 
sinn.  Six  soldiers  and  a  settler  had  huilt  houses  for 
till'!:'  I'aniilies,  and  the  estaldishnient  lacked  only  cer- 
tain dedicatoi'V  formalities  to  be  a  iVLfular  mission. 


T 


•lie 


there  w<'ro  no   converts,  even   cardidates,  hut 


tlie  natives  would  douhtlcss  conu!  forward  in  <lu(!  time. 
Their  temjtorary  absence  from  the  ])eninsula  dated  from 
til-'  I  "Jth  of  August,  before  wITk^Ii  tinie  they  had  been 
friendly  though  apparently  unable  for  want  of  an  inter- 
pietejto  comprehend  the  aims  of  the  missionaries.  ( )n 
the  date  speeitied  the  southern  i-ancherias  of  San  ^Fateo 
<a;iie  u[)  and  defeated  them  in  a  great  tight,  burning 
their  liuts  and  so  tilling  them  with  teri-or  that  they 
iled  in  tlieii'  tule  rafts  to  the  islands  and  confrii  cosfn, 
niitwitlistanding  the  ofi'ers  of  the  soldiers  to  ])rotect 
thi  in.  l"\»r  several  months  nothing  was  seen  of  them, 
except  that  a  small  party  ventured  occasionally  to  tlie 
lagdon  to  kill  ducks,  accepting  also  at  such  visits  gifts 
<'!' heads  and  fixtd  from  the  S|»aniards.  1'wo  children 
ef  presidio  soldiers  were  l)ai»ti/ed  before  the  founding 
ef  the  mi.ssion.-"     As  soon  as  Quir<')s  arrived  he  had 

■''Sail  FrnniiKro,  T/ih.  <1c  Minion,  MS.,  .1.  Tlicso  arc  the  first  entries  in  tlio 
iiiissioii  IxHiks;  the  tirst  on  August  lOth  was  the  haptisniof  Kraiieiseo.losi'  ihs 
los  Iiiilnri  s  Sdto.  infant  son  of  Ij^'uaeio  Soto;  the  secoinl  that  of  .Fuana  Maria 
Loviiiza  Sanelitz  l.">  ihiys  of  age.  on  Aug.  'J.'ith.  I'oth  were  baptized  udiiixluiitem 
murUiii  without  ceremony,  the  hitter  by  u  eonuiiuu  sulilici'. 


202 


FouN'nixr,  OF  sax  francisco. 


' 


» 


«  f 


mAi 


[,MV«'ii  his  attention  to  the  mission  ns  will  as  tlio  ji;v. 
nidio,  and  innnodiatdy  Hot  six  sailors  at  work  to  .I'tj 
the  [iricsts  in  constructiniL^  a  cliurcli  and  dwi  lliiij;',  so 
tiiat  tlio  woik  advanced  ra|)idly. 

No  orders  ranu'  troni  lliveraantborizinj^  tin*  cstaK- 
lisliin^  of  a  mission,  l)ut  Mora^ja  saw  no  r(>ason  I'm 
delay  and  took  upon  himself  the  responsihility.  A 
ehurcli  fifty-four  feet  long  and  a  houso  of  thirty  liy 
fifteen  fi'et,  all  of  wood,  j)last(>red  with  clay,  and  pdot'i ;[ 
with  tules,  were  finished  and  the  day  of  Saint  l''raiiiis, 
Octoher  4th,  was  the  time  set  for  the  rites  of  foiitid;!- 
tion.  On  the  .'id  the  church,  decorated  with  hmiti:!^ 
from  the  vessel,  was  blessed;  l)ut  next  day  only  a  mass 
was  said,  the  ceremony  being  j)ostjioned  on  account  nf 
the  absences  of  AForaga.  lie  arrivinl,  as  W(!  have  seen. 
on  th(!  7th,  and  on  October  ;)th  the  sn/rniiic  f'i'iH-l"ii 
was  celebrated  in  presence  of  all  who  ha<l  assisted  at 
the  presidio  a  month  before,  save  only  the  i\'W  soldii  is 
left  in  charge  of  the  fort.  l*alou  said  mass,  aided  1  y 
Cambon,  Nocedal,  and  Pena;  the  imag(!  of  Saint 
Francis,  patron  of  port,  presidio,  and  mission,  was 
carrie<l  about  in  procession.  Volleys  of  nuiskctry  ivnt 
the  air,  aided  by  swivel-guns  and  rockets  brought  fio!:! 
the  San  Cdrlox,  and  fin'  'ly  two  cattle  were  killid  In 
feast  the  guests  before  i.iey  departed.  Thus  was  I'oi- 
mally  established  the  sixth  of  the  California  missions, 
dedicated  to  San  Francisco  do  Asis  on  the  Laguiia 
do  los  Dolores."'^ 

-"  TIio  patron  of  this  inisisiDn,  it  ia  neciUcss  to  say,  was  the  fonndcr  of  tlif 
FrancisuiiM  onlor  of  friars.  He  was  born  in  tlio  city  of  Assisi,  Italy,  in  II '-. 
in  a  .staljjo,  ami  on  tlic  tihouliler  was  a  birtli-niark  resembling  ii  cross.  ^\  iili 
a  slij,'ht  I'lliieation  and  tjoniewhat  dissolute  lialiits  Jio  was  cniployeil  in  tnnlc 
l>y  liix  fatluT  until  "i.")  yciirs  of  aye.  1'ukcn  ])risoni'r  in  a  petty  lo<:il  war,  Ms 
captivity  caused  or  was  followed  hy  an  illness  durinf^  which  his  future  \  ocatinii 
was  ri^vealed  to  liini  in  dreams.  Useless  thereaftei  for  business  ;ind  ictranltil 
as  insane  by  liis  father,  he  renounced  his  ])atrimouy,  vowed  to  live  im  ahiis 
ulone,  anil  retired  to  the  convent  of  I'oreiiineula  near  Assisi,  where  he  laid  tiie 
foundations  of  his  great  <jrder.  This  organization  was  approved  hy  the  pn|i(' 
in  l'20!l,  and  atthe  first  chapter,  orassundily,  in  1'21'Jhad  over  .■),IX)I)  nieialiers 
in  its  dillercnt  classes.  The  founder  gave  up  the  generalship  as  an  exaiiiiile 
of  humility,  and  went  to  Kgypt  in  VIV.)  in  search  of  martyrdom;  but  the  Sul- 
tan, admil'ing  his  courage,  would  not  allow  him  to  be  killed.  Amoni:  tlie 
many  miracles  wrought  liy  or  through  him,  the  most  famous  is  that  ul  tlie 
till  ij  mat  (I,  or  Ikitjim  ilc  JeMia,  the  wounds  of  the  nails  and  spcur  iuilieled  on  llic 


KAULIKST  AXX.VLS. 


203 


Till'  !umal;'«  of  Sill!  Vi-aiicisco  for  tlic  first  inonfli-^, 
Ml'  .  \iii  years,  of  its  cxistt'iifu  ari'  iiitaiLfi'c.  'I'lio 
IV. Hid  is  iiidrcd  (•(iiii|)l('ti'  ciiou;^!!,  Imt  tluri'  was 
icilly  wry  little-  to  ha  rerordi.'d.      ()ii  Ortolkr  'J  1st 


imssioiis, 


I't'  til 

1 


)hj,Iv  I  I' ('liri.-t  iinprii:*'  I  '•;,•  iiii  nii"t'l  on  Siiiiit  FrimriM  nn  lie  Nlfjit.  TIkiiiuIi 
ill  ImIi..'  Iitalili  111'  cciiilii.  'C'll  I'l'iacliini;  ; mil  lii.s  lUulli  on  Oii.  i,  I'J^.i.  liu 
«  :. .  .;;i  ni/iil  in  1-J8,  ami  '  i  ff.stivjil  is  (•ilil)iiiUil  oii  llic  tiny  nf  lii.i  tlciitli, 
OrtolKT-lth. 

A  t"  till'  exact  ilate  of  tlit  fciiniliitioii  tlioro  is  u  ilugri'u  of  uiici'rtiiiiity,  it 
l\iii  '  111  twci'ii  tlio  .'itli  mill  tl  I-  !>tli.  Ti'iir,  I'jilim,  Xnf.,  ii.  ."l-Jl),  in  n  ^  tiiti'iiirnt 
viliicli  tVoui  its  I'Diiiicrtinn  villi  tin;  <liito  of  .Moi'ii;,'a'H  ri^turn  ()>.  Jtl.s)  raiinot 
li.  a  ■'■'•[>  of  till!  I'l'il  or  t_viii),riiii!iii':il  cirur,  is  lIu'  oiilj-  •i''liiiiiiy  I'M-  llio 
fiiiln.  i'i!:ilc,  V.  liiKi  I'aliiii  liimsi'lf,  I'vla,  •_'!  1,  iiii''  all  otiii'rniii'  t  ii  ;  (.  \c'c]it- 
iii;,'  III  I'liuisc  II  It'w  Very  ivcciit  writers  who  I'ullow  llio  Aaiiri'i.  \  i.icltnliiig  tlio 
aiiiiiial  ami  liii'iiiiial  i-ciiorts  of  iiii.s.sioiiai'iis  no  far  iis  tlicy  Live  liciii  jac- 
\  a'.'i'i'c  oil  Oi't.  !)>li.  Vet  this  rviiliinr  i<  not  so  ovc'rv,  nihiiiii;;  in  f,i\or 
lat  tir  date  iis  it  koi'Iiih,  nini'u  all  piiiitcd  works  li  v  doubli'  i.i  tollov  ni 
1":  I  1:1'..  I'i'f'i,  and  it  ii  iiol  i.-'  rlaiii  that  ilic  rc';.;iilar  w^  ,s  alludi'd  to  .'iu  not 
full  I'.v  till- same  authority.  I  havo  kci  n  no  ii'iiort  jti'i'ri'din,','  I  7s7,  tlii' dato 
\\\w)\  I'i  li  .I's  v.orl;  was  iinMishcd,  wliiuli  givi's  the  dato  ill  .li:  Oniinaiily 
tlio  viiLli  i  of  (.|iui;.l  i'('i».rts  olilaincd  inch  dates  IVom  tin'  n.is.  ion  lioi.!>s,  on 
the  titlc-ra;;i's  of  wliiili  the  dato  of  foundiii.i;  is  in  ovi'iy  titln  1  mission  cor- 
rio'.ly  giviii;  but  Ktiangtly  enough  in  tin.-,  iiihtaiico  iSau  rraiiuin'o,  J.il>.  da 
M^riii,  MS.,  -2,  tlu'  date  is  ■^ivi'ii  in  I'alou's  own  h;indwritiii,L,'  as  Aiijn.it  l.-it, 
wliii'li  i)  not  only  im'orrcrt  hut  wholly  iininti'llij^ihlc.  Luckin;.;  this  soiiri'o 
(it  ial'  .iraation  1  niiiijiusu  tliu  fiiar.s  may  have  nsiil  ralm's  woik,  vliii.li  wu.t 
ill  ii:".4,  if  not  all  thu  iiii.-^.'ion  libraries.  To  naniL'thu  writers  who  Ii:ive  given 
(lie  date  or  the  other  would  not  aid  in  settling  the  ijiiestiou,  mid  it  must  bo 
](ii  i.i  doubt.  Siiiee  it  is  only  oonjccturo  that  the  source  of  information  for 
uliii  i^  1  I'i'iiorts  was  Talon's  printed  liook,  the  lialanee  of  evidence  is  of  eoiir.so 
ill  lavorof  Oct.  Otii.  ViiUejo,  in  liis />/(ie«/'.io  lliMui'ko,  MS.,  Htiites  that  tlio 
fipiiuiliiii,'  ■\va:j  on  Oct.  4tli,  but  in  a  note  arpeiided  to  the  tran:dalion  of  his 
cliscoin-.ie,  Sdii  J'nuirisfo,  (\  iitiiihittl  Mviii.^  lO.'i-ti,  as  in  conversation,  lie  «',\- 
I'lains  his  meaning;  to  be  that  as  Oct.  4tli  wan  the  day  arrointcd  for  the  cer- 
eianny,  as  it  was  the  day  of  San  I'Vancisco,  and  as  it  was  the  day  annually 
cell 'li'ated  by  the  ( 'alifornians,  it  onijlit  still  to  be  the  day  celebrated  as  ait 
aiiaivcr.iary.  Vv'hatever  may  be  s.'iid  of  tlio  theory,  it  bus  no  bearing  on  tho 
aril!  1  ('aic  IS  i'.n  historical  fact.  \'alk-jo"8  buggcstion  that  liotli  Oct.  8th  and 
(tit.  Jitli  ill  i'aloii  may  be  typogrnpliical  eiTors  is  scarcely  HOund. 

i;cf,j)cclinL,'  the  locality  of  the  mission  there  was  a  theory  long  current 
that  it  was  lii'iit  founded  on  Washerwoinan's  liay,  the  lagoon  back  of  llussiati 
Hill,  mid  snb,se(|iiently  moved  to  its  present  Kite.  Soiile^n  AmiaU  of  S.  /'., 
\>\-'\  Titl/iil/'n  Hint.  Ceil.,  85-0;  and  many  other  modern  writings  in  books, 
111.'.  ;a:.iiics,  and  newspapers.  This  Kup[io.sition  Mas  unfounded,  except  in  tho 
Ktateiiieiits  of  I'alou,  Viila,  20!)-10,  the  only  authority  e.xtant  until  quito 
nreiitly,  that  Moraga'a  expedition  cncampcil  June  'JTth  'on  the  bank  of  a 
great  la';oim  which  emptied  into  the  arm  of  the  sea  of  tiie  port  which  extends 
iiil.'iiid  I,')  leagues  toward  the  .sontli-east,'  and  that  a  mission  site  was  selected 
'ill  tin  ;  saim.'  place  at  the  lagoon  on  the  plain  which  it  has  on  the  west.'  To 
.John  \V.  Dwincllc,  Colon.  Hist.  S.  /'.,  p.  xiii.,  belongs,  I  lielieve,  the  credit 
ef  having  been  the  first  to  show  the  iiiaccu>-acy  of  the  prevalent  opinion  as 
early/ as  l;(i7,  ;uid  without  the  aid  of  I'alou'.  Notidnn  whfch  he  had  never 
seen.  ])y  the  aid  of  the  Vuliu  of  La  I'erouse's  map  (which  I  reproduce  in 
t'lwiii.  x.\ii.)anil  the  tcstimeny  of  Dona  l.'ainien  C'ibri.m  de  Benial,  an  old 
lady  at  the  mission,  ho  iihiitilied  the  Lagnna  de  los  Dolores  with  'The  Wil- 
lows,' ii  lagoon,  lillcd  up  in  modern  times,  which  lay  in  the  tract  lioiiiidcd  by 
ITtli,  I'Jth,  Iluward,  and  Valencia  streets,  diachurging  its  waters  into  Mission 


294 


FOUXniXfJ  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


the  Sd))  Carlos  sailed  for  San  Bias,  Icavinjj^  four  s;ill- 
ors  as  lal)()ivi"s  at  the  new  mission,  who  eonipK-lcd 
the  l)uildini4"s  and  l))'oui(lit  water  in  a  ditch  Woui  tlic 
stream,     ^leanwhile  llivera,  having  received  at  San 

IJiiy.  (!ov.  Xcve  in  liis  report  to  tlie  viceroy  of  Feb.  2ii,  1777,  in  Pror,  /,',,■., 
MS.,  i.  141,  siiys  the  mission  vas  1|  li'aj;iU'.H  from  the  foit  iiiul  mar  l.akf 
])(ilor('s.  V.illi'jo,  in  lii.s  J)!yrii}:-!0  J/isturiro,  iidvanced  the  theory  that  LaLMina 
lie  his  l)olores  Mas  ii  small  lake  situateil  between  two  hills  to  the  I'i^^lit  ot  the 
olil  road  fi'DiM  tile  jiresidio  to  the  missictn.  Jn  tlie  translation  and  ae(iini|iaiiy- 
ini,'  notes,  Sail  Fntunxro,  ('eiiliiiiiifi/  Mem.,  '2."),  107,  the  lake  is  loeated,  dsten- 
sibly  on  X'allejo's  iinthoi'ity,  '  iu  Sans  Souei  Valley,  north  of  tlie  .Missimi  .  , 
and  immediately  hehilid  the  hill  on  M-liieh  the  IVotestiint  Orphan  Asyhim 
now  stands.'  Dwinelle  in  his  oration  delivered  on  the  same  day  and  ]iiinird 
in  liie  same  book  (p.  8(i)  deehired  in  favor  of  '  'J'iie  Willows  'ami  maintains  his 
jiosilion  in  a  siipiilementary  argument  (jii),  1S7-!)I).  'J'hereean  be  iiodniilit,  I 
tliink,  that  the  Laguiia  de  Dolores  of  I'alou  was  identieal  witli  the  imnil  i  f 
the  Willows,  formerly  tht;  head  of  an  estuary,  aeetirdiiig  to  the  testimony  nf 
Sra  liernal  and  other  ohl  residi'iits,  tliou;,di  fed  by  ."prings,  and  iidt  with  tin' 
]ioiid  to  wliieh  Vallejo  allmles.  The  statement  of  I'alou  that  the  mission  was 
on  the  i)luin  westwjinl  of  the  laguiia,  together  with  La  I'erouse's  map  wliii  h 
gives  the  same  relative  positiiiii,  seems  eonelusive.  15ut  while  |)u  iiicllrs 
argument  against  Valh'jo  is  eoiielii.sive,  it  contains  some  curious  ei'inrs. 
I'ahm,  A'o^,  ii.  JIO!),  says  the  Spaniards  eneani])ed  on  Juiit!  "27111  '  a  l.i  orilla 
de  una  lagumi  (pie  llaim'i  el  Senor  Aiiza  de  Xuestr.a  Scfiora  de  los  Doluics  ipic 
esta  iV  la  vista,  de  la  ensenada  de  los  Llorones  y  ])laya  del  estero  6  braxu  de 
mai-  (jue  eorre  al  Sudeste,'  that  is,  'on  the  bank  of  the  lake  which  Aii/a 
iiametl  Polorcs,  which  is  in  sight  of  the  iMisenada  dc  los  Llorones  and  of  the 
beach  of  the  estuary,  or  arm  of  the  sea,  which  runs  to  the  south-east.'  Nnw 
the  '  Knseiiada  de  los  Llorones, '  as  Me  have  seen,  was  Mission  May,  the  name 
having  been  given  by  Aguirre  in  177,")  (see  p.  *247  '>f  chap,  xi.)  from  tliiii' 
'weejiing  Indians'  standing  on  the  shore.  Dwinelle,  however,  tran^lntcil 
JJi)riii;r^  tin  'weeping  Millows,'  which  but  for  the  circumstance  alhuled  to 
would  b(!  correct ;  and  having  the  willows  on  his  hands,  must  hav<'  tioli 
Water  lor  their  roots,  which  he  obtains  by  translating  i  iisviuuld  as  'i  reek,' and 
thus  identifying  ]']usenad.i  de  los  Llorones  with  a  stream  of  fresh  water  ll.i«  - 
ing  from  a  ravine  nortli-M  est  of  the  mission  and  into  the  bay  at  what  was 
in  later  years  City  tiardens,  a  stieani  which  supplied  the  mission  with  «nti'r 
for  all  ]iiirposes,  being  '  in  sight  of  '  the  mu^sion,  iind  moreover  lined  in  Dv.  i- 
nellc's  own  time  with  willows.  Then  having  fitted  the  name  of  one  of  the 
objects  seen  from  the  mission  site  to  the  fresh-water  stream,  it  rcniaineil  tn 
identity  the  other,  the  '  playa  del  estero  o  brazo  de  mar  (pie  cone  al 
Sudeste  '  with  Mission  J5ay,  v  liich  he  does  by  a  j)eculiar  system  of  (iiiiwrit- 
teii)  punctuation  and  by  changing '/c  to  <I(J,  making  it  re;i(l  'shore  of  the  in- 
let, or  arm,  of  that  sea  which  trends  to  the  south-east'!  The  nieaiiiiig  of  l!i'^ 
original  was  'in  sight  of  Mission  J{;iy  and  of  the  south-eastern  braiu  h  of  ."^iiii 
Francisco  l>ay.'  Dwinelle's  reasoning  is  a  very  ingenious  escape  from  dilii- 
culties  that  never  existed. 

After  all  1  have  an  idea- that  Palou  iimde  the  first  blunder  in  this  mattn- 
himself.  ]t  will  be  remi'mbered  that  An/a  ap]i'ied  the  iiaim^  Dolores  to  au 
oji)  ill'  (iijud,  ;i  spring  or  stream,  which  he  thought  ca]iable  of  iiri/iitiiig  the 
mission  lands,  making  no  mention  of  awy  Imjinut.  1  siqipose  that  this  v.. is 
the  frish-water  sticani  alluclcd  to  by  i)winelle  which  did,  as  Anza  IkhI 
thought  it  might,  sujiply  the  mis.- ion  with  water.  Later  when  I';iloii  (muh' 
nji,  for  some  uiu'xplained  cause  he  transferred  the  nameiif  Dolon-s  to  the  ]!•  ii  1 
at  the  A\'illows,  too  low  to  be  used  for  irrigation  and  probably  at  tliat  time 
connei'ted  with  tiile-water. 

Kespectiiig  the  name  of  this  mission  it  should  be  clearly  understood  that 


RIVERA  AT  THE  NEW  TRESIDIO. 


SOo 


^  four  s;ill- 

couiplutfd 

I  from  tlic 

•c'd  at  Sail 

".  in  /Vol'.  /,'.,'., 

iind  near  J.^iki; 

:)ry  that  I.aL!iiiia 

till'  i-i;;lit  (it  tliu 

iiiid  aciipiii|iaiiy- 

s  Inciitc'il.  (istcii- 

tli(!  .Missiciii    ,  . 

)rpliaii   Asylum 

lay  and  iniiitril 

id  niaiiitaiiis  liis 

u  In'  lilt  dni:lit,  1 

vith  the  ]iuiid  .  f 

ilio  ti'stiiiKiiiy  111' 

111  nut  \vitli  till' 

the  inissioii  was 

isu's  nia[(  \\  liirli 

liiLlo,  |)\\inc!!r's 

curioiiM  ci'iiiis. 

'_>Tth  'alaiiiill:i 

Ids  DoloM's  i|ui' 

;tt'ri)  6  lirazK  do 

ikii  wliii'li  All/a 

I'onca  and  of  tlii' 

th-cast.'    ^■nw 

liay,  tilt"  iiaiiii' 

xi.)  from  tliiri' 

vvi;   ti'aiislatul 

nifo  alhiilril  to 

list    liavc  fn-h 

as  '  tivi'k,'  aii'l 

■fsji  \y;\Uv  I!"«- 

y  lit  wiiat  was 

sion  uilli  watrr 

r  lined  in  I'v.  !■ 

of  oiic  of  till' 

it  ivmainiil  to 

:ir  (]nu  cum'  al 

;cni  of  (iiiiwvil- 

.slioi'i'  of  till'  ill- 

nicaiiiiiL,'  of  till! 

liiauili  ot  Sail 

cape  fniiii  diiii- 

in  this  niattrr 
IViloMs  to  all 
f  iiri/atilij,'  thr 

i|'    tllilt    lllis  V..H 

as   All/a   liad 
K'U    I'aloll  calili' 

UTS  tl'lllO  ]!'  lid 

.ly  at  tliat  tinn' 
iidi'l'stood  tliut 


Dic'ijfo  communications  from  tlio  viceroy  in  which  that 
ofHcial  spoko  of  the  new  missions  in  the  north  as 
]ia\  iiiLC  hcen  ah'cady  fouiuleil,  concluded  tliat  it  was 
tiiiit'  to  proceed  nortii  and  attend  to  their  founding-. 
On  the  way  at  San  Luis  Obispo  lie  learned  that  his 
(H'di  rs  liad  l)een  disobeyed  at  San  Francisco,  and  said 
lie  was  glad  of  it  and  would  soon  g(^  in  person  to 
i'liimd  the  other  mission.  From  jMoiiterey  accom- 
jiaiiicd  by  Fella,  who  had  in  the  mean  while  I'eturned, 
he  went  up  to  San  Francisco,  arriving  November 
•Jdth  and  cordially  approving  the  choice  of  sites  and 
all  that  had  been  done.  Three  days  later  he  set  out 
will)  ]\rt)raga  to  make  a  new  exploratiiMi  of  the  gi-eat 
ri\ei'  and  })lain,  leaving  Fena  at  the  mission,  and 
jiioiiiising  on  arrival  at  ^lonterey  to  send  up  soldiers 
I'm  the  founding  of  Santa  Clara.  ]^ivera's  expedition 
aifniii[>lished  nothing,  for  after  fording  the  river  ho 
(lid  not  u'o  so  far  as  !Moraga  had  done,  fearing  that  a 
rise  in  the  stream  might  prevent  his  return.  On  his 
wav  back  he  was  met  bv  a  courier  Avith  news  of 
ti(itil)le  at  San  Luis,  which  claimed  his  attention, 
whereupon  Moraga  returned  to  his  presidio,  and  Peha 
was  obliged  to  wait. 

Til  ])ecember  the  self-exiled  natives  began  to  como 
hack  to  the  peninsula;  b"t  they  came  in  hostile  atti- 
tude and  by  no  means  dis[)osed  to  bo  converted.  They 
began  to  steal  all  that  came  within  reach.  One  party 
discharged  arrows  at  the  coiporal  of  the  guard; 
another  insulted  a  soldier's  wife;  and  there  was  an 
atteini»t  to  shoot  the  San  Cilrlos  neophyte  who  was 
still  livin<j   here.     One  of   those  concerned  in  this 


living 


it  was  niniidy  San  Krancisco  dc  Asis  and  ncvor  propi'i'Iy  anything  rlsi\  Asis 
was  ilriip]i('il  in  ci  iiiiiion  nsaj,'i'  I'vcii  liy  tho  friars,  as  \\as  llorionu'i)  at  San 
('.irlosand  AK'ahi  at  San  ])i(';,'o.  'i'licn  J)oloios  was  addrd,  not  as  ])art  of  tlio 
lialiii'  hnt  simply  as  tlio  locality,  like  ( 'armcloat  San  (  Virlos,  and,  iiioio  rarely, 
Nipa'iiay  at  San  IHi'lto.  (iradiially,  as  San  I'laiicisco  wa.s  also  the  iianie  of 
the  picsiilio,  and  there  was  aiiotheiliii.sioii  of  San  l''raiiiisci)  Solano,  it  liecaine 
ellstiiiuary  among  settlers,  sohlicrs,  and  to  some  cNteiiL  fiiaisalso,  s|ieak  of 
tlie  Mi.^ioii  lll•|ll.^  Ihiliiftii,  meaning  simply  'lln'  mission  at  lUiloies.'  No  other 
iKoiie  than  San  I'Vaiieisco  was  employed  in  ollicial  k  ports.  l)olores\\as  in 
lull  Niicstra  Senora  de  los  Dolores,  one  of  the  virgin's  most  comiiiou  appella- 
tions, yid  ti  Very  coinmuu  iiauiu  for  pkiccii  iu  all  Spauisli  countries. 


206 


FOUXDING  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


attempt  was  shut  up  and  flof^god  by  Grijalva,  wlicro- 
upon  the  savages  rushed  uj)  and  discharged  a  volley 
of  ai''"OAVs  at  the  mission  buikhngs,  attempting  n 
rescue,  though  they  were  frightened  away  by  a  dis- 
charge of  musketry  in  the  air.  Xext  day  the  sergeant 
M'ent  out  to  make  arrests,  when  a  new  li<>'ht  occurred, 
in  wliicli  a  settk-r  and  a  horse  were  M'ounded,  while 
of  the  natives  one  was  killed,  another  wounded,  and 
all  begged  for  ])eace,  which  was  granted  after  sundry 
tlo!>i>inus  had  been  administered.  It  was  some  three 
months  before  the  savaijes  showed  themselves  au'aiu 
at  the  mission. 

Events  of  1777  may  bo  very  l)riefly  disposed  of, 
and  as  well  here  rts  elsewhere.  The  natives  resumed 
their  visits  in  !March,  gradually  lost  their  fears,  jind 
on  June  i24tli  three  adults  were  baptized,  the  wlmlc 
number  of  converts  at  the  end  of  the  year  being 
thirty-one.'-''  Some  slight  improvements  were  made 
in  buildings  at  both  establishments;  but  of  agri(,'ult- 
ural  progress  we  have  no  record.  Jose  Itamon  ]»o- 
jorges  was  the  corjioral  in  command  of  the  mission 
guard.  In  April  San  Francisco  was  honored  by  ;i 
visit  from  the  governor  of  the  Californias,  who  had 
come  to  live  at  Monterey,  and  wished  to  make  a  per- 
sonal inspection  of  the  famous  port."*^  May  12th  the 
^Vr^c^/rtr/o,  under  IgnacioArteaga,  with  Francisco  Castro 
as  master,  and  Xocedal  as  chai)lain,  entered  the  harbor 
with  siip[)lies  for  the  northern  cstablishuients  and  Sau 
Bias  news  down  to  the  1st  of  ]\ larch.  This  M'as  the 
iirst  voyage  to  the  port  of  San  Francisco  direct  witli- 
out  touching  at  intermediate  stations.  Ai'teaga  set 
sail  for  Monterey  on  the  27th.     In  October  the  good 


-'.S'rf?;  Fravri-co,  Lib.  de3fi-'<ion,  MS.  Tho  first  convert  was  nanipd  Frnn- 
Cisco  JMor;ip;t,  the  luiiiiiiiuulaiit  of  the  presidio  staiuliiig  ns  (.roil  fat  her.  Tlio 
first  buii;>l  of  ii  iieoiihytc  was  en  Oetolier  20th.  Tliere  had  ah-eady  l)eeu  tiulit 
deaths  oi  S|ianiard»,  but  tliere  were  no  more  for  t'vo  years.  The  Iirst  iiiairiiiL'o 
Mas  tliat  of  ^hiiiaiio  A.  Cordero,  a  soldier,  anu  Juana  F.  I'iuto  on  XoNcinlxr 
2S,  1770 ;  the  first  burial  that  of  Maria  do  la  Luz  Muuoz,  wife  of  J.  M.  Vakii- 
cia,  a  Koldicr. 

•" His  rcpoi-t  to  tho  viceroy  dated  February  25,  1777,  isiuProy.  lice,  M>^  . 
i.  140-2. 


.  FATHER  JUXiPERO  AT  THE  GOLDEN  GATE. 


297 


iiM'lii'  })resi(U'iito  on  liis  first  visit  to  San  Francisco 
Mirivi'd  in  time  to  say  mass  in  the  mission  cliur<'li  on 
l!h'  (lay  of  Saint  Francis  in  the  i)resencc  of  all  tlio 
•(  M  rc'^idcnts'  and  oi"  sovonteen  adnlt  native  converts. 
]*;is,-.inL>'  ovei"  to  the  pi'csidio  October  lOtli,  and  <^azinL'' 
1  I'  tiie  iirst  time  on  tlie  blue  waters  under  the  pur[)le 
]  illaisoi"  the  Golden  Gate, Father  Junipero exclaimed: 
"Thanks  be  to  God  that  now  our  father  St  Francis 
wiili  the  holy  cross  of  the  procession  of  missions  has 
iv'iclu'd  the  last  limit  of  the  ("alilbrnian  continent. 
T(i  Lio  farther  ho  must  have  boats."-' 


■'Compn'llc^^^ivc  rcfcvc  nct'P.  on  tlic  concnil  .'i'i1)U'ct  of  this  olinptor  arc 
I'nl  .1!,  X(t.,  ii.  ■J:'.3-;M7;  Ji'.,  l'kl(/,2')l-'ll.  A  fewmlditioii!:!  iiMtcs  on  minor 
tii|  its  lit'  ;-;!!i  l'''r;UK'i.s(.'o  lii.slory  j.iv  i-.s  follows:  IVlj'.  u:;ry  "_"">,  1777,  t'.;o  j^ovt'innr 
ic  ;;'irt:i  tli;it  Moi;i;.^;i  liii.s  lii'ou  orilcu'd  to  cncloio  tlio  ]:rL'.-i(lio,  iinil  li;is  l'r;,-iiu 
til'  Work.  TIk!  Loiiiiiuiiii!;aitVi  hoilso  aiul  tlio  wai'clioi^c  are  of  iulolic,  thou;j;U 
vivy  uusubs'.r.ntial;  all  tlio  other  st'^uctinxs  avo  iinTi' huts.  Prar.  Un\,  .MS., 
i.  1  VI.  On  .Tinio  4;h  tho  ;;overnor  notes  tin.'  arrival  of  ii  i>ic'tnro  of  .'■it  Franeia 
I'lr  the  ]irc:;i(lii)  elrijiel,  /'/.,  (Jl),  whieh  it  Hienis  was  sent  at  Mora.Ljaw  renuest. 
.I,-./).  ,S(i,i/fi  J!(' r'mrci,  MS.,  vi,  l.'jf).  The  value  of  eli'i  et.s  r(  eeiveil  in  tho 
warehouse  in  1770  was  81t.('-T.  S/.  Pap.  Sue,  MS.,  vi.  (iO.  'J"he  expi  iis(?  of 
li;'.ililiiig  i!ie  ^nesidii^  down  to  17''>2  had  been  in  good.s  as  per  Me.\ie::ii  invoieo 
.*l/i:)i).  III.,  iii.  '2'.tO.  Ei;,'ht  servants  at  the  niis:sion  at  end  of  1777,  iiauie.s 
fiiveii.  /(/.,  Jkii.,  i.  11.  The.  foiee  of  tho  San  Franeiseo  distriet,  ineliidin;.^ 
San  Jose,  at  the  end  of  1777,  was  as  follow.s:  Lieutenant  Mora^'a;  Ser;4i'ant 
.lii.iu  rahio  ( iri jaha;  corporals  Domingo  Alviso,  Valeric  Mesa,  Talilo  I'into, 
(^iibiiel  I'eialta,  and  Ramon  Bojorges;  33  soldiers,  ineludinj;  mis.sion  guards 
lit  San  I'raiieiseo  and  iSnita  Clara;  .-settlers  ^laiiuel  (Jonzalez,  Nienlas  liirrey- 
iv-a,  I'asiniiro  Varela,  I'odro  I'crcz,  Manuel  Ami'Zfjuita,  Tibureio  VaHi|U(z, 
I'laneisco  Alviso,  Ignaeio  Areliuleta,  and  relieiaiio  Alliallo;  airi  if  iil  (at  if  tho 
]i;e-iilin,  iiieliuliii|;  meehanies,  ete.,  .Salvador  Jli'iiiiosa,  Juan  Kspinnsa,  IVdri) 
i.rjii/,  I'edro  iMJutes,  Jnaii  Sanehe/,  ^relehor  Canlenas,  Tomiis  de  la,  Cinz, 
.^ii•,'Ul■l  Velez.,  rdipu  Otondo;  nirricii/i-i  of  tho  mission,  I)ie[:o  Olvera,  AUjo 
Felieiauo,  Vietoriano  I'loies,  Joar]ilin  Molina,  An;;el  Se;.;unilo,  Josi5  Rodri- 
piu/,  .lo.se  t'a.'-'tn),  .Jose  Gio.s;  x'rridifci  (tf  Santa  Clara,  II  (see  eliapter  xiv.); 
lollies,  I'rami.-.eo  Ralon,  Fedro  I'enito  (^unhon,  .To.se  Antonio  Mur^niia,  and 
'i'ljiiiiis  do  1 1  Fefia;  store-keeper,  IIei'iiieiie;.;ildo  Sal.  Total  80  men.  Moraga'a 
rciinrt  in  MS.  Morwja,  Iii/orme  <lc  17'ii,  MS. 


; 


.    -sir 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

MISSIOX  PROGRESS  AND  PUEBLO  BEGINXINGS. 

1770-1777. 

Indlw  Affuigiit  at  Monterey — Fire  at  San  Luis  Obispo— Affairs  at 
San  Dii:go — River^v  and  Serra — Reestablisiiment  of  the  Mij^sion— 
The  Lost  Registers — Fol'nuino  of  San  J  can  Capistrano— Fatiieu 
Serra  Attacked— Founuino  of  Santa  Clara— Change  of  Capital 
OF  the  Califoknias— Governor  Xeve  Comes  to  Monterey— Riveka 
as  Lieutenant-Governor  at  Loreto — Promncias  Internas — (lov- 
ernor's  Reports- Precautions  against  Captain  Cook — Movements 
of  Vessels — Neve's  Plans  for  Channel  Establishments — Plans  loii 
Grain  Supply — Experimental  Pueblo — Founding  of  San  Jose- Ind- 
ian Troubles  in  the  South — A  Soldier  Killed — Four  Chieftains 
Shot — The  First  Public  Execution  in  California. 

All  that  is  known  of  Monterey  affairs  during  tlio 
year  177G  has  been  told  in  connection  with  the  found- 
ing of  San  Francisco,  except  a  rumor  of  impending 
attack  by  gentiles  on  San  Cilrlos  in  the  spring,  wliidi 
filled  Father  Junipero's  heart  with  joy  at  the  thouglit 
of  possible  martyrdom — a  joy  wdiicli,  nevertheless,  tiic 
good  friar  restrained  sufKciently  to  summon  troops 
from  jMonterey;  but  the  rumor  proved  unfounded.* 

Of  San  Antonio  nothinsf  is  recorded  save  that  the 
mission  was  quietly  prosperous  under  the  ministrations 
of  Pieras  and  Sitjar.  At  San  Luis  Obispo  there  was 
a  fire  on  November  29th  which  destroyed  the  build- 
ings, except  the  church  and  granary,  together  with 
implements  and  some  other  property.     The  fire  was 

tlie  work  of  mnitiles  who  discharufcd  burnin<jr  anows 
1  •  •    •  •      1 

at  the  tule  roofs,  not  so  much  to  injure  the  Spaniartis 

^  Pnhm,  Villa,  .SIS-'JO.  Anza  in  his  report,  Dkirto,  MS.,  I.S."),  rcprcscnttd 
San  Curios  us  in  u  very  prosperous  condition,  with  over  300  neophytes. 

( m ) 


FRANCISCAN  POLICY. 


as  to  revenge  themselves  on  ^  hostile  tribe  who  were 
tile'  Spaniards'  friends.  Rivera  hastened  to  the  spot, 
cajtturcd  two  of  the  ringleaders,  and  sent  them  to 
the  presidio.^  Cavalier  and  Figuer  were  in  charge, 
assisted  much  of  the  time  by  Murguia  and  Mugtlrtegui; 
wliilc  at  San  Gabriel,  of  which  mission  something  has 
been  said  in  connection  with  Anza's  expedition,  Pa- 
teiiui,  Cruzado,  and  Sanchez  were  serving. 

In  the  extreme  south  as  in  the  extreme  north  tho 
year  was  not  uneventful,  since  it  saw  the  mission  of 
8an  Diego  rebuilt  and  that  of  San  Juan  Capistrano 
successfully  founded.  Rivera  returned  to  San  Diego 
in  ^fay,  to  resume  his  investigations  in  connection 
witli  the  disaster  of  the  year  before;  but  he  seems  to 
have  had  no  thought  of  immediate  steps  toward  re- 
building the  destroyed  mission.  His  policy  involved 
long  investigations,  military  campaigns,  and  severe 
penalties,  to  bo  followed  naturally  in  tho  distant 
future  by  a  resumption  of  missionary  work.  Such, 
however,  was  by  no  means  the  policy  of  Serra  or  of 
tlie  missionaries  generally.  Throughout  the  north- 
west both  Jesuits  and  Franciscans  had  from  the  first, 
on  the  occurrence  of  hostile  acts  by  the  natives, 
favored  prompt  and  decisive  action,  with  a  view  to 
inspire  terror  of  Spanish  power;  but  long-continued 
retaliatory  measures  they  never  approved.  Condemna- 
tion and  imprisonment  were  sometimes  useful,  but 
niairilv  as  a  mean?  of  increasing  missionary  inlluenco 
ougli  pardon  and  release.  This  policy,  tliougli 
sttiuetimes  carried  too  far  for  safetv,  was  a  wise  one, 


^Pnhm,  Not.,  ii.  .339-40.  Neve's  Ecport  of  Sept.  10, 1777,  in  Prow  LW., 
518.,  i.  l!(.  The  iiiinsiou  register  of  iiian'inges  waH  I ii'sti'iiytd.  NoUi  t)f  Senu 
ill  S.  l.ii'i.t  Oljispo,  Lit),  lie  Ml-<ioii,  !MS.,  07.  The  luissinii  \v;is  twice  tr^diii  on 
lire  within  ten  year.-*,  wh'ch  caused  the  use  of  tilc.i  for  ninfs  to  lie  universally 
niluptcil.  J'liloii,  ]'i<lii,  14-2-3.  Alvarado,  y/;.s/.  ('<(/.,  MS.,  i.  >s:5,  Bays  tiia't 
l;.'n;;cio  Vallejo,  the  autlior'.s  giauJfatlier,  was  at  tlui  inteices.sioa  of  the 
inilrcs  allowed  to  (juit  the  service  temporarily  to  sujicrintend  tlio  rclmilding 
ot  the  mission  and  the  construction  of  irrigatiim  works;  anil  in  fact  N'allejo's 
name  appear.s  as  witness  in  a  marriage  which  took  jilace  the  day  after  the  tire, 
lis  '  caipeuter  aud  omployo  of  tho  niissiou."  tiun  Luis  Obhiio,  Lib,  de  Misloii, 
iJS.,  07. 


300 


MISSION  rnOGRESS  AND  PUEBLO  BEGINNINGS. 


t  : 


and  indeed  the  only  on6  by  which  the  friars  could 
liave  achieved  their  pur[)Ose.^ 

The  viceroy  on  hearing  of  the  massacre  at  San 
Diego  had  given  orders  for  protective  measures,  in- 
cluding a  reenforccment  of  twenty-five  men;  but  a 
little  later  he  expressed  his  opinion,  agreeing  with 
that  of  the  missionaries,  that  it  would  be  better  to 
conciliate  than  to  punish  the  offending  gentiles,  and 
that  the  reenforccment  ordered  should  be  employed 
rather  to  protect  the  old  and  new  establishments  than 
to  chastise  the  foe.*  Bucareli's  communications, 
though  dated  in  the  spring  of  177G,  seem  to  have 
been  delayed;  at  any  rate  liivera  was  doing  nothing 
towards  reestablishment,  and  the  southern  fiiars  were 
becoming  discouraj^ed.  Serra  therefore  determined 
to  go  down  in  person.  As  we  have  seen,  ho  had 
wished  to  accomj)any  Rivera,  but  that  officer  had 
pleaded  necessity  for  a  more  rapid  march  than  was 
suited  to  his  advanced  age  and  feeble  health.  Now 
he  sailed  on  the  San  Antonio  which  left  Monterey  the 
last  day  of  June,  and  arrived  at  San  Diego  the  lltli 
of  July.  Father  Nocedal  was  left  at  San  Carlos; 
Serra  took  the  latter's  place  as  chaplain;  and  Santa 
Maria  accompanied  the  president,  who  intended  to 
substitute  him  for  some  southern  missionary  wliosu 
discontent  might  not  impair  his  usefulness,  for  three 
had  already  applied  for  leave  to  retire.® 

Serra  found  the  natives  peaceable  enough;  in  fact 
Rivera  had  reported  them  to  the  viceroy  as  'pacified;' 
but  though  the  military  force  was  idle  in  the  j^rcsidio, 
the  friars  for  want  of  a  guard  could  not  resume  their 

'In  a  communication  to  Rivera  Serra  urges  a  suspension  of  hostilities, 
M'liich  would  do  more  harm  than  good,  and  a  light  punishment  to  captives. 
Let  tiic  living  padres  be  protected  '  as  the  apple  of  God's  eye, '  but  let  the  dc.id 
one  bo  left  to  enjoy  God,  and  thus  good  be  returned  for  evil.  St.  Pop.,  MS., 
XV.  14,  15. 

♦Bucareli's  letters  to  Serra  of  March  2Gth  and  April  3d,  in  Arch.  Santa 
Bdrbara,  M.S.,  vi.  l-,3,  and  Palou,  Vida,  187-90.  It  is  stated  in  the  letters 
that  instructions  of  similar  purport  were  sent  to  Rivera. 

^  These  were  probably  Fuster,  the  survivor  of  San  Diego,  and  Lasucn  and 
Aniurrio  destined  for  San  Juan.  Their  petition  to  retire  was  simply  a  protest 
against  Rivera's  inaction,  and  not  improbably  had  been  suggested  by  Sena 
himself. 


WORK  AT  SAN  DIEGO. 


301 


work.  Tho  president  at  once  made  an  arrangement 
witli  Captain  Choquct  of  the  San  Antonio,  who  of- 
ii  red  to  furnish  sailors  to  work  on  the  mission,  and 
\fn  in  person  to  direct  tiieir  labors.  Tlien  Kivera, 
askod  in  writing  for  a  guard,  could  not  refuse,  and 
(k'taik'd  six  men  for  the  service.  On  August  22d" 
the  three  friars,  Choquet  with  his  mate  and  boat- 
swain and  twenty  sailors,  a  company  of  neophytes, 
and  the  six  soldiers  went  up  the  river  to  the  old  site 
ami  began  work  in  earnest,  digging  foundations,  col- 
lecting stones,  and  making  adobes.  The  plan  was  to 
erect  lirst  an  adobe  wall  for  defence  and  then  build 
a  cliurth  and  other  structures  within  the  enclosure. 
(nK)(l  progress  was  made  for  fifteen  days,  so  that  it 
was  oxjiected  to  complete  the  wall  in  two  weeks  and 
tho  l)uildings  before  the  sailing  of  the  transport,  with 
time  enough  left  to  put  in  a  crop.  But  an  Indian 
WQwi  to  Rivera  with  a  report  that  the  savages  were 
})rcparing  arrows  for  a  new  attack,  and  though  a  ser- 
geant sent  to  investigate  reported,  as  the  friars  claim, 
thai  the  report  had  no  foundation''  the  commandant 
was  frightened,  and  on  September  8th  withdrew  the 
guard,  advising  the  withdrawal  of  the  sailors.  Clio 
(|Uot,  though  protesting,  was  obliged  to  yield  to  save 
liis  own  responsibility,  and  the  w^ork  had  to  be  aban- 
doned, to  the  sorrow  and  indignation  of  the  missiou- 
aries. 

About  this  time  a  native  reported  that  Corporid 
Carrillo  was  at  Velicatd  with  soldiers  en  route  ft)r 
San  Diego.  Serra  was  sure  they  were  the  solditMs 
l)roniised  him  for  mission  guards,  and  Rivera  equally 
positive  that  they  were  destined  to  reenforce  tho  [ru- 
i^idio;  but  he  refused  to  send  a  courier  to  learn  the 
truth  until  a  letter  came  from  Carrillo  on  the  25th. 


"Lasucn  in  his  report  of  17S3,  in  lidn-Hul,  Doc.  Jflst.  Cal.,  ^IS.,  2,  states 
tliat  tho  mission  was  reestablislied  in  June  1770.  Tlicrc  may,  however,  Ijo 
ail  error  of  tho  copyist. 

'The  frovcrnor  in  ji  hitcr  report  says  that  investigations  had  proved  a 
popoiiil  convocation  of  '21  rancherias  for  liostilc  operations,  /'roc.  /iVf.,  Jl,S., 
i.  00-1,     It  is  not  certain  however  that  the  allusion  is  to  this  occasion. 


302 


MISSION  PROGRESS  AND  PUEBLO  BEGINNINGS. 


Three  days  later  the  viceroy's  despatches  arrived  aii<l 
proved  favorable  to  Serra's  claims,  directing  tlio 
troops,  which  arrived  on  the  29th,  to  be  used  tor  tlu; 
restoration  of  the  missions.  The  president  celebrated 
his  triumph  by  a  mass  and  the  ringing  of  bells.  Rive- 
ra was  obliged  to  modify  his  plans,  assigning  twelve 
of  the  twenty-five  men  to  the  mission,  ten  to  Saii 
Juan,  two  to  San  Gabriel,  and  the  remainder  to  the 
presidio.  Ho  also  released  the  Indian  captives  wlioin 
he  had  intended  to  exile  to  San  Blas.^  On  the  1 1th 
he  started  north  to  establish  the  missions  near  Sau 
Francisco,  learning  on  the  way,  as  we  have  seen,  that 
one  of  them  had  already  been  founded  in  spite  of  his 
orders  to  the  contrary." 

Work  was  at  once  resumed  at  the  mission,  and  the 
buildings  were  soon  ready  for  occupation.  Three  friars, 
Fuster,  Lasucn,  and  probably  Santa  Maria,  moved 
into  their  new  quarters  and  under  the  protection  of 
an  increased  escort  renewed  their  labors, the  date  beinij 
aj)[)arently  the  17th  of  October.^"  Already  the  lost 
mission  registers  of  baptism,  marriages,  and  deaths 
had  been  replaced  with  new  ones  in  which  the  miss- 
ing entries  were  restored,  so  far  as  possible,  fioni 
the  memory  of  priests,  neophytes,  and  soldiers,  l)y 
Serra  himself,  who  added  some  valuable  notes  on  the 
past  history  of  the  mission,  at  various  dates  from 
August  14th  to  October  25th;  Fuster  also  added  an 
interesting  narrative  of  the  tragedy  of  November  5, 
1775.     These  records,  which  I  have  had  occasion  to 

*  But  this  release  would  seem  not  to  have  been  immediate,  for  the  gov- 
ernor in  a  letter  of  Feb.  27,  1777,  says  that  there  were  still  13  prisoners  iit 
Sau  ])ie;;o  implicated  in  tlie  revolt.  Prop.  lice,  MS.,  i.  143.  In  a  letter  i if 
Juno  .'"(l  he  states  that  on  receipt  of  the  viceroy's  orders  of  Feb.  2d,  the  tr(ioi)3 
wcro  drawn  up,  the  prisoners  called  out  and  harangued  on  the  ennrniity  of 
their  oli'tncc  meriting  death,  warned  that  if  they  abused  the  present  ehiii- 
cncy  tluy  must  expect  the  severest  penalty,  and  then  they  were  dismissed 
with  fin  exhortation  by  the  priests,  both  soldiers  and  criminals  uniting  in  a 
cliecr,  and  a  salute  from  two  cannons  celebrating  this  termination  of  a  pain- 
ful matter.  /(/.,  GO-1.  One  of  the  prisoners  had  strangled  himself  on  Aug. 
1  .'jtli,  the  anniversary  of  the  day  when  six  years  before  he  had  attempted  to 
kill  Father  Sena  in  the  first  attack  on  the  mission.  Palou,  Vidn,  87. 

Tiilou,  Not.  ii,  325-37;  Id.,  Vida,  191-3,  196-7. 

»"  Ortega  to  Rivera,  Dec.  3d,  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  i.  151. 


rOUXDING  OF  SAN  JUAN  CAriSTRANO. 


aos 


use  frouly  In  the  procudiinjf  chapters,  arc  anionjr  the 
)ii()st  viiliiablo  original  authorities  on  the  early  history 
of  California."  Palou  asserts  that  progress  in  the 
Avork  t)f  conversion  was  ra[)i(l  from  the  first,  wliole 
raiicherias  coming  in  from  far  away  to  ask  for  ba|)tism. 
The  only  additional  record  for  the  3'car  at  San  J3iego 
i.s  in  letters  of  Ortega  to  Kivera  complaining  of  some 
minor  )natters  of  the  presidio  routine,  among  others 
of  want  of  clothing  and  tortillas.*' 


In  the  last  days  of  October,  leaving  San  Diego 
affiiirs  in  a  satisfactory  condition,  Sorra  started  north- 
wai'd  with  Gregorio  Amurrio.and  the  escort  of  ten 
soldiers"  to  establish  the  new  mission  of  San  Juan 
Ca[)istrano,"  on  the  site  abandoned  the  year  previous. 
Tlie  buried  bells  were  dug  up  to  be  hung  and  chimed; 
mass  was  said  by  the  president,  and  tlius  the  seventh 
mission  was  founded  the  1st  of  Xovember^'  on  or  near 
the  site  where  stood  the  ruins  of  a  later  structure 
a  ci'iitury  after,'"  near  a  small  ba}-  which  offered  good 
anchorage  and  protection  from  all  but  south  winds,  and 
Avliich  long  served  as  the  port  for  mission  cargoes.  La- 
Kiieu,  originally  assigned  to  this  mission,  had  remained 

".Verm,  Notns,  JIS. ;  Fiistcr,  Iie<jhtro<1e  D('/iii)rionr.i,  MS. 

'-Oitegii  to  Kivera,  in  rror.  St! Pap.,  SJS.,  i.  1.-2-,'}. 

'■'Tlie  mission  gutiril  umlcr  Corporal  Xicolas  (^ii-al)anas  includcil  tlie 
soldiiiH  .lauiiito  Gloria,  Jos(5  Antonio  IVfia,  Francisco  I'fua,  I'io  Quinto 
Ziifiigii,  Xieoli'is  Gomez,  Matias  Vega,  .Josi;  Dolores  Doniingucz,  .Julian  Aco- 
IiiiIm,  Mini  .Tosu  Joaquin  AniK'nta.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  many  early  C'ali- 
f()nii:in.s  wrote  their  names  'Joaoph'  rather  than  Josi?. 

' '  'I'ho  patron  saint  of  this  mission  was  born  nt  t'apistrano  in  the  kingdom 
of  ?\:ip!es  in  lUSo,  was  educated  as  fv  lawyer,  became  a  judge,  and  in  141  j 
tiiok  tlie  habit  of  St  Friancis.  He  was  ncjted  thereafter  for  his  austere  life  and 
his  zr:d  against  heretics,  occupying  high  positions  in  the  LKjuisition.  He  also 
ti-iivi'lled  extensively  in  F.urope  on  diplomatic  business  for  tlie  pope.  lie  took 
piut  in  the  crusades,  and  hated  .Jews  and  Turks  no  loss  than  heretics.  Jle  was 
priiiiiiiKMit  in  tlie  siege  and  Christian  victory  of  IJclgiade  in  14.j(),  and  died  in 
Uitolicr  of  that  year,  to  be  canonized  iu  IGOO.  Ho  was  the  author  of  many 
ecclesiastical  works,  and  his  festival  is  celebrated  by  the  church  the  31st  of 
Ott';lier. 

'  .S'.  Jnnn  CapUtrano,  Lib.  de  MLsion,  ^IS.,  title-page;  Orte'ja,  in  Prov.  St. 
Pnp.,  MS.,  i.  l.'il.       "      ^ 

'''  According  to  Los  Aiifjdcs,  Hist.,  5,  the  fii'st  mission  was  located  some 
iiiilcu  north-easterly  from  the  present  location,  at  the  foot  of  tlie  mountain, 
tlic  jilace  being  still  known  as  Minion  Vi'ja;  but  this  can  hardly  agree  with 
rnlmra  stiitement,  I'ida,  197-200,  that  the  mission  stood  half  a  league  from 
tic  bay,  on  a  stream  i-unniug  into  it,  and  in  sight  of  it  as  at  present. 


so* 


MISSION  PROOnESS  AXD  PUEBLO  BEGIXXINGS. 


in  tTauine's  place  at  San  Diogo,  and  Pablo  Mugilrtocjui, 
«})jK)inte(l  in  Jiis  place,  soon  came  down  from  San  Luis. 
A  i'ew  days  after  the  founding  Serra  made  a  trip  to 
San  Gal>ricl.  While  returning  in  company  with  a 
pack-train  and  a  drove  of  cattle  he  went  a  little  in 
advance  with  a  soldier  and  a  neophyte,  and  was  nut 
on  the  Trahuco  stream  by  a  horde  of  painted  nnd 
armed  savages  who  approached  with  shouts  and 
hostile  gcistures,  but  were  induced  to  desist  by  a  few 
judicious  falsehoods  applied  by  the  San  Gabriel  neo- 
phyte, who  afHrmed  that  there  was  a  large  body  of 
soldiers  close  behind  who  would  take  terrible  vengeance 
f(L)r  any  harm  done  to  the  friar. ^''  There  were  no  lurthcr 
demonstrations  of  the  kind.  The  natives  near  the 
mission  were  not  averse  to  Christianity,  and  Amurrio 
administered  baptism  December  15th,  and  Mugiirtegul 
again  on  Clu-istmas,  the  whole  number  during  the  yvixv 
being  four,  and  during  the  next  year  forty.  The 
native  name  of  the  mission  site  was  Sajirit."^ 

As  so<m  as  Eivera  arrived  from  the  south  in  the 
autumn  of  1776,  he  gave  his  attention  to  the  two 
new  missions  which  the  viceroy  in  his  late  connnuni- 
cations  had  spoken  of  as  already  founded,  and  wliidi 
the  commandant  now  realized  to  have  been  too  loiin' 
neglected.  One  of  them  had  indeed  been  established; 
Tomas  de  la  Pefia  and  Jose  IMuro-uia  had  long  since 
been  assigned  to  the  other;  mission  guard,  churcli  })aia- 
j)hernalia,  and  all  needed  supplies  were  ready;  and 
Peila  had  already  been  over  the  northern  country  and 

"Nov.  ]*2th  Corporal  Bcltmn  reports  tho  hostile  demonstrations  njiainst 
SeiTa  and  the  soldier  Pena,  and  adds  tliat  the  natives  are  at  tlie  mission  ready  Id 
tight.  Nov.  inth  Ortega  reports  having  sent  Mariano  (,'arrillo  to  inv(!sti,i.'at('. 
He  a<Ids  that  two  soldiers  and  a  servant  liavo  deserted  from  the  new  nii^simi. 
Nov.  '2.^d  Carrillo  reports  that  all  isqniet  sinee  tho  original demonstratimi;  iill 
round  tlie  mission  were  peacealde,  and  two  pagan  chiefs  hadcomoto  ask  ])i'r- 
mission  to  settlo  at  San  Juan.  One  chief  complains  tliat  a  soldier  lias  tiiki'a 
his  wife,  but  the  soldier  will  be  sent  to  San  Diego.  St.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  vii. 
C-13. 

^^San  Juan  Capis-frano,  Lib.  de  Minion,  MS.  In  several  of  tho  mission 
registers  the  aboi'iginal  name  was  written  Qitaim-Savit,  which  was,  in  all  hut 
one,  erased  uud  Sajirit  substituted. 


GS. 


FOUNDINf!  OF  SANTA  CLARA. 


:in.- 


!>aii  Luis. 

a  trip  ti) 
y  witli  a 
1  littk'  in 

was  iiu't 
lutcd  iiiid 
outs  and 
,  by  a  luw 
briel  neo- 
3  body  of 
^'enjjjoanco 
no  liirtlur 

near  the 
I  Amurrio 
Aigarte^ui 
g  the  yiur 
^ty.     'The 


IS 


itli  in  tlic 
the  two 
coninuuii- 
ukI  will  eh 
.1  too  long 
tablishoJ; 
long  sini-u 
prch  para- 
.>a(ly;  and 
luntry  and 


itions  a.caiiist 
BssiiiiUTadytit 
[o  iiivi'nti,L:atc. 
new  iiii:-.'*i"ii- 
Imstratioir.  mU 
liicto  a^ik  ]"'• 
JliiT  has  takiu 
\ac.,  MS.,  vii. 

tlic  niissiiiu 
t-U8,  ill  all  lait 


niado  n]>  liis  mind  about  the  mcyst  desirablo  site.  Si't- 
tiiig  out  in  November  to  inspect  tlie  establishments 
jit  San  Francisco,  and  accompanitMl  l)y  IV^^^ia,  liivera 
vi-iti'd  on  tbe  way  thepro[)osed  site  near  the;  banks  of 
th«'  (Juadalupe  Kiver  in  tiie  broad  San  liernardino 
jilain,  since  known  as  Santa  Clara  A^'illey,**  Subse- 
(|U('ntly  Friar  Tomas  was  left  at  San  Fiancisco  with 
ihe  uinlerstanding  that  Rivera  on  his  return  to  Afon- 
tcnv  should  send  up  the  men  and  supplies,  with  the 
ntlit  r  priest,  and  orders  to  proceed  at  onco  to  the 
foundinu;.  On  account  of  the  alarm  at  San  Luis 
Oliispo  already  noticed,  these  orders  wore  delayed,  but 
ihcv  came  late  in  Decend)er,  and  on  the  (!th  of  Janu- 
aiv  1777,  ^loraga  with  Pena  and  a  company  of  wol- 
dieis-"  started  southward. 

A  cross  having  l)ccn  erected  and  an  enramada  pre- 
jiaivd,  Father  Tomsls  said  the  first  mass  on  January 
I'Jtli,  dedicating  the  new  mission  to  Santa  Clara,-' 
virgin,  on  the  site  called  aboriginally  Thamien,  among 
the  natives  known  as  Tares,  who  had  four  rancherias 
ill  tho  vicinity.^  in  respect  of  agricultural  advantages 
tills  valley  was  thought  to  be  hardly  inferior  to  the 
country  of  San  Gabriel,  but  it  was  feared,  and  with 
iiason  as  it  proved,  that  the  mission  site  might  be 
liable  to  occasional  inundations.-^     The  work  of  build- 

"I'alou,  Not.,  ii.  341-3,  implies  that  the  site  Avas  fonnally  selected  by 
Miirai;.-!  later;  Imt  this  is  not  pii)bable;  at  any  rate  the  site  had  doubtless  been 
]hii^  l.if()i-c  tixcd  upon  more  or  less  deliiiiti'ly  by  the  priests. 

•'"  '{'he  soldiers  destined  for  tlio  new  mi osiou  were  the  remainini;  ten  of 
.\iiza's  ciiiupany  wlio  had  lieen  all  this  time  at  Monterey.  Paloii,  Vitl<i,  'JKS- 
-  1.  iiiiiilics  that  these  soldiers  witli  their  families  came  up  to  San  Francisco; 
whiih  may  bo  true,  but  it  seems  more  likely  that  they  met  Moraga  at  the  head 
ef  the  bay,  the  latter  taking  with  him  a  few  men  from  his  own  pnwidio. 

'-'  Santa  ( 'lara  was  the  daughter  of  a  rich  and  noble  family  of  .Vssisi,  Italy, 
bnrn  in  1 1!I3,  and  wholly  devoted  to  the  fashionalilc  frivolities  of  her  class, 
initil  at  the  age  of  17  she  was  converted  by  the  preaching  of  Saint  Francis, 
ictind  to  the  convent  of  Porciuncula,  and  l)ecamo  ns  famous  for  tlic  austerity 
iinil  ]iict y  of  her  life  as  she  had  Ijeen  for  her  wit  and  beauty.  She  founded  an 
order  of  rdhj'tosas  named  for  herself,  died  in  1253,  and  was  canonized  in  \'17)T). 
llei-  (hiy  is  celebrated  on  the  !2th  of  August. 

•'■  I'efia's  Report  of  Dee.  30th,  in  Arrh.  Smitn  Ihirharn,  MS.,  ix.  ."lO.Vf). 
Tarcn  was  the  native  word  for  men.  A  newspaper  scrap  says  the  ]ilace  v.as 
lalliil  Surnl.fiika  from  the  abundance  of  laurels.  The  governor  on  Feb.  i'lth 
writes  that  the  mission  was  located  on  Jan.  4th.  Prov.  /'ec,  MS.,  i.  111. 

••"  In  .January  and  February  177'J  the  mission  was  twice  ilooded.  Several 
Hut.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    20 


TOO 


IMTSSIOX  PROrnESSt  AND  PUmLO  PEriTXXIXOS 


iiiL,'  wns  !it  oiicc  l)(>f^'ini  witliln  n,  s(ni,'ii'(>  of  srvtuJv 
ynrds.  Fiithcr  Mm-L^iiiunrrlvcfl  with  c.-itllr  and  ot'id 
iiiissicM  property  <>n  tin*  21st,  ,'iii<l  Mora;^;i  went  liack 
to  San  I'^raiicisco.  '^I'lio  lattci*  liowcvor  was  soon 
r'^"all(  (I,  i'or  the  natives,  tljoun'li  fVicii(lly  at  first,  sn,iii 
developed  a  taste  i'or  ))eef',  wliieh  lIo:Lji;iii^';  and  cni  n 
the  hilliii'^  of  llir(>o  of  their  inunluM'  did  not  eiilin  Iv 
er.'uliet'de.^'  In  jNTay  an  epidemic  carried  off  in.iiiv 
children,  most  of  whom  weri' baptized,  and  niissioiiarv 
■work  ])roper  Avas  thns  beL^un." 

Accordinj^'  to  the  minister's  report  at  the  end  of  llic 
y(\nr  there  had  been  sixty-seven  baptisms,  inclndini^' 
eii^ht  adults,  and  twenty-five  deaths.  Thirteen  Chris- 
tians and  t(Mi  catechumens  were  livinuf  at  the  mission, 
and  the  i'(>st  at  the  rancherias  with  tlieii-  parents,  in 
the  Avay  of  material  improvements  the  new  estab- 
lishment could  show  a  church  of  six  by  tweiitv 
varas,  tw(^  dv(>llini]fs  of  six  by  twentv-two  and  live  l.v 
thirty-one  varas  respectively,  dividi'd  into  the;  neces- 
sary apartments,  all  of  timber  plast(>red  with  clay  and 
roofed  with  earth.  There  were  likewise  two  corials 
and  a  bridge  across  the  stream."" 

Since  March  1775  Felipe  de  Neve  had  been  rulinc; 
at  Loreto  as  <j^ovornor  of  the  Californias,  thou'di  his 
authority  over  Upper  California  had  been  nuivly 
nominal,  the  connnandant  of  the  new  establishiaoiits 

limisps  foil  and  nil  hn<l  to  bo  moved  to  ln^ler  ground.  Governor's  ropnit  of 
Aiu-il  4Ui,  ill  /'■  >r.  J,W.,  MS.,  i.  I'i.VO. 

-Mldv.  Xwc    n  11  report  of  Sept.  19,  1777,  in  Prov.  AW.,  MS.,  i.  IO--JO. 

^'^Smit'i  t'/ai  Lih.  (It;  Mifiioii,  MS.  The  first  ijuptisin  of  a  cliild  i/c  i-'i-jt}) 
on  July  , Slot  \\  lliat  of  an  illcuitiuiato  son  of  Jose  Antonio  (Jonz.ili/  aii'l 
of  a  v.oi.ian  \v.  •  niarriago  with  nnothor  man  t!ie  next  year  is  tin'  I'l-t 
recorded.  The  <t  death  was  that  of  Jos(5  Antonio  (iarcia  in  J.in.  \"x. 
lioth  liiinion  J]o  [^ch  and  Gabriel  Peralta  are  named  as  eorjionils  of  tliu 
mission  f/nard  du      i;  the  first  year.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Ml/.,  MS.,  i.  II. 

'■"'  jMtn'ijitia  an  Pcun,  lii/orme  de  Santa  Clara,  1777,  MS.  Tim  nirrifiifii 
of  the  mission— n'  all  'scivants'as  wc  use  the  word,  but  including  mecliauirs, 
v.'upieros,  etc. — v  -ro  Francisco  Ibarra,  Cristobal  Armenta,  Ac'u.stin  Solieiaiic-, 
Antonio  Romero  (1st  and  '2d),  Joaquin  Sanchez,  Manuel  Antonio,  .louipiia 
I'nga,  Cirilo  Gonzalez.  Aloraga,  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.  licii.,  MS.,  i.  0,  and  (;ici>.iii, 
Hint.  L'afh.Ch.,  ii.  SO-2,  say  the  founders  reached  Santa  Clara  Jiin.  1st.  SImii, 
Cath.  M'.fi^.,  100,  tells  us  the  mission  was  founded. Ian.  (Jth.  For  acooiuit  of 
founding  from  I'alou,  sec  UaWs  IJkt.  Sail  Jose,  41G-1S;  T/ic  Owl,  Jan.  ISTI. 


st;<» 


TiiK  r;ovi:n\oi{  to  ltvi:  at  MoxTnuEY. 


no7 


»r  scvnity 
iind  ol'icr 
went  It.ick 

was     Siinll 

first,  soon 
and  i'\i  !i 

ot  cntii-ily 
(»ir  many 

uiissioiiaiv 

ond  of  flic 
,  iiicln<lin;4 
teen  Chfis- 
iio  mis-iioii, 
:ironts.  In 
new  estalt- 
l)V  twenty 
\nd  iivt'  by 

the  neccs- 
th  clay  ami 
;wo  eoi'iiils 


)een  rulinj^ 

diougli  liis 

leu    merely 

^lisluucnts 


i-nors  ropnrt  of 


LcinL;'  directly  rcsjionslhle  to  the  viceroy  and  suhordi- 
iiate  to  the  ;^'overnor  only  in  beiiij^  i'e(jiiiie(!  to  report 
I'iillv  to  that  odii'ial.  Soon  however  a  change  was 
ordered,  du(i  largely  it  is  hclieved  to  the  inllneiiee  of 
Jusu  du  Galvez,  now  in  Spain  and  iilling  the  high  posi- 
tion el'  minister  of  state  tor  the  Indies.  The  KJtIi  of 
Au-u^t  IT".!  the  King  issues  a  royal  oi'der  that  (Jov- 
einoi"  Xeve  is  to  reside  at  Monterey  as  cajtital  of  the 
]iro\ince,  while  l\ivera  is  to  go  to  Lureto  and  rule 
JJaja  California  as  lieutenant-governor.  At  the  same 
time,  })erhai)s,  Xeve'.s  cwinmissi(3u  as  governor  is  for- 
warded, for  his  oflico  down  to  this  time  had  been 
men  ]y  provisional  under  aj)nointment  of  the  vicei(»y 
i((|uiring  the  king's  approval.  A  second  royal  onU-r 
(if  .\pril  II),  1770,  dij'ected  the  change  to  he  made 
iiiiiiiediatelv.'^  ItisditKcult  to  ascertain  in  the  absence 
el"  tiii-'inal  instructions  of  kmu;  and  viceroy  exactly 
vvh.it  ellect  the  change  of  residence  had  on  the  respec- 
tive powers  of  Xi'Ve  and  IJivera,  es[)ecially  tliose  of 
the  hitter.  But  it  is  evident  that  while  Ilivcra's  au- 
thority as  lieutcnant-g(Jvernor  on  the  peninsula  was 
loss  absolute  and  his  subordination  to  the  goveiiior 
<;i'eater  than  in  Upper  California  as  commandant, 
N'eve's  authority  in  the  north  was  j)ractii"ally  the 
same  as  Ilivera's  had  been;  that  is,  in  California  the 
only  change  in  government  was  in  the  title  of  the 
lull  r.  The  new  establishments  were  recognized  by 
(Viilos  III.  as  more  important  than  the  old.  In  six. 
years  the  child  had  outgrown  its  parent.  Monterey 
was  to  be  capital  of  the  Californias  as  it  had  always 
been  of  California  Setentrional.-'^ 


I 


'•'  Tlic  order  of  Aug.  IGth  is  mcivly  I'ofrrrcd  to  in  a  list  of  documonts  in  Pror. 
Si.  /'h/i.,  Ms.,  xxii.  l\,  and  may  iiossiljly  be  an  error.  Tlio  order  of  Ajjril  l!)th 
is  rt'firred  to  in  a  letter  of  the  viceroy  in  /(/.,  i.  '203.  Xevc'.s  commission  aa 
iveiimr  was  forwarded  to  him  Ijy  tlie  viceroy  on  Dec.  '20,  1775.  Prov.  J'ec, 
M.S.,  i.  .'iO. 

•"Tho  formation  of  the  I'rovincias  Intcrna.s  dc  Occidente  under  Teodoro  de 
Croix  AFf  connnandant  general  with  viceregal  powers  was  nearly  simultiiireoua 
witli  tlie  ciiange  in  California;  and  to  this  new  otiicial  (Jov.  Neve  hccaino 
vcsiKinsililc  instead  of  to  the  viceroy  as  Rivera  had  been.  Marcii  S,  1777, 
(Viiix  writes  to  Xeve  that  Art.  '20  of  royal  instructions  renuires  the  frovcrnor 
ami  ullicials  of  California  to  render  individual  reports  of  acts  and  events  to 


\l 


308 


:\ii.ssio\  i'ROORE>;,s  and  pueblo  beginnings. 


For  the  first  time  so  far  as  tlio  record  shows,  V'wi'- 
I'oy  Bucureli  transiuittod  tlio  king's  orders  to  Xisc 
at  Lorcto  tlio  20tli  of  July  1770.  "During  this  month 
and  the  next  a  correspondence  took  place  between  tlio 
two  oliiciah/-"  which,  fi'oni  its  I'ragnientary  nature  ,is 
preserved,  is  unsatisfactory,  Init  from  which  it  ajtpeai.s 
that  l^ucareli  was  desirous  that  Neve  should  start  as 
soon  as  possible,  that  orders  to  Rivera  were  enclosvd 
to  the  governor,  that  a  herd  of  live-stock  was  to  ho 
taken  I'roni  the  peninsula,  and  that  twenty-five  sol- 
diers were  sent  by  the  Convcpcion  to  Loreto  to  accoin- 
]iany  Xevc  northward.  Though  Bucareli  had  nothiiiu 
to  do  with  the  change  in  rulers  and  capitals,  he  coiild 
not  fail  to  be  well  pleased  with  the  order  received  iVom 
Spain,  since  it  came  just  in  time  to  relieve  him  lVo]ii 
the  untk'sirable  task  of  deciding  several  quaricls. 
Rivera's  troubles  with  the  J^"'rauciscans  and  witli  Aii/a 
are  I'resh  in  the  reader's  mind,  and  Neve's  relations 
with  tlie  l)ominicanswerel)ut  little  less  uncomfoi'tahlr. 
Com})laints  to  the  viceroy  were  frecpient,  and  it  was 
an  easy  I'eply  t(^  say  that  the  imi)ending  change  wcuild 
}»robal)ly  remove  ail  reason  for  dissatisfaction  and  pre- 
vent the  necessity  for  any  specific  measures.'"'  Had 
]vivera's  peculiar  conduct  been  known  in  Spain  it  is 
not  likelv  that  he  would  have  been  retained  in  otlico; 
but  the  viceroy  ho[)ed  that  in  a  new  field  he  niiglit 
succeed  better. 

The  troops  referred  to  in  the  viceroy's  coinmunica- 
lions  were  ])robably  tliose  whose  arrival  at  San  Diego 
in  September  1777 lias  been  alread}'  notic;ed,  since  tlieio 

liini.  Prov.  ,^!.  Pap..  MS.,  i.  'Jt.").  Dec.  'J."),  17T(>,  tlic  viwroy  iiotilio.l  Xcvo  cf 
t'lc  iiiijidiiitiin'iit  of  t'l-oix,  t')  wliDin  lie  is  i,,  cojiort  diri'ctly  on  ociMirri'iiccs  in 
Cililoiiiia;  Ixit  for  siiiiplics,  etc.,  Ir'  isKtill  to  c(jiiiiinniii'iit(^  witii  the  \i(Mio\. 
Prov.  Itii'.,  ]\lS.,i.  t)(i-7.  Nuvi' liail  ^vrittcn  to  llio  viceroy  for  ci'i  tain  iiistnu- 
tions:,  mIiIiIi  were  triiiisniitted  to  Croix.  TIk'.  latter  write.s  to  Neve  Aiii,'.  I.i. 
1777,  tliat  Iiis  ill! ties  in  other  jiroviiieea  will  jii'cvent  his  atteiitiou  toCalilorniii, 
anil  ho  hi-  tlu'rel'orc  tnrn'!<l  tlio  whole  matter  over  to  the  viceroy  for  the 
]ivesent.  Ife,  however,  asks  foi-  Nevt^'s  sn^L^estions  ies[)eetinL'  ri'fornis,  etc., 
for  a  new  •/•(•//»/;)(///()  for  (^ilifornia.   Pr<n\  SI.  /'a/i..  AIS.,  i.  'J.Vi-.'}. 

■»/'ror.  ,sy.  /•((/).,  MS.,  i.  -JO;!  7. 

'■"  J  iiirareli  m  rote  on  1  >ee.  "Jo,  177li.  tu  Serra,  announeing  the  change  orilen  il. 
Piuuii,  \''da,  1114- 5. 


i  ;  :1 


INGS. 

lows,  Vico- 
[•s  to  Xf\c 
tills  luoiith 
jctwei'ii  tlk' 
)■  naturo  as 
1  it  appeals 
Lild  start  as 
src  cnclosv'd 
c  was  to  lio 
ity-five  sol- 
,o  to  aceoiii- 
had  iiotliiii'^' 
lis,  ho  could 
iCoivod  from 

0  liini  irom 
111    fpiari'tls. 

1  with  All/a 
/s  rolatioiis 
L'onifortalilt'. 
,  and  it  was 
iaii:L>'c  woulil 
ion  and  pif- 
uvs.'"'    Had 

S])ain  it  is 
ed  ill  ollicc; 
il  ho  might 

'onininnica- 

San  Diego 

I,  sinco  thoio 

•iiotifu'd  Neve  nf 
li  oi'c'nrrc'lR'rs  in 
Ivitli  tlio  vici  roy. 
•ci'itaiii  iiisti'iu-- 
f)  Xcvc  Aii.l;.  I.I. 
on  t()('alit'>nii;i, 
vict'i'oy  fill'  tin; 
jiLT  ivfonus,  cti'., 

L'liair_'o  ont<-i''il. 


XF.VE  IN"  CALIFOEXIA. 


is  no  rocon 


I  of 


ai 


'J 


.1(1 


souiiors  iiavinLi'  oonic  \m  wi 


"P 


iih  N 


.109 


ovo 


( xiipt  an  escort  of  six  who  i-c^tui'iiod  with  l^ivoiTi."*^ 
Imhed,  i'es[)cctino-  Xcivo's  journey  to  California  noth- 
ing is  known  heyond  the  facts  that  it  was  in;idi>  hy 
land  I'/'d  San  Diego;  that  ho  made  close  observations, 
as  shown  by  his  later  reports,  of  the  condition  and 
needs  of  each  ostablishinent  on  the  way:  and  that  ho 
airived  at  Monterey  Fel»ruary  :>,  1777.^^  His  Hrst  act 
altera  I'oviow  of  the  troops  and  a  consultation  with 
Sena,  was  to  fiend  to  Mexico  a  report  on  Febi'uaiy 
L'.itli  that  the  now  presidio  and  the  four  now  missions, 
inehiding  San  DicL^o,  had  been  successfullv  founded 
and  wer(>  in  a  condition  more  or  less  satisl'actory/'' 
In  March  l^ivei-a  started  ibr  IJiija  (California,  '^riieii 
in  April  Xevo  made  a  tour  in  the  north,  visiting  San 
Francisco  and  Santa  C'lai'a.  It  had  been  proposed  by 
1'i\(ia  to  move  the  ])residio  of  ]\[ontei'ey  to  the  river 
cilice  called  Salinas,  chielh'bcM'auso  of  the  insullicient 


ilv   of  water  at  the  oriuinal   site 


ajijiro 
expre 


The  viceroy 
ved  the  mcasuro;'"  but  the  royal  orders  to  Novo 
■ly  forbade  the  removal,  declaring  that  the  })i'e- 
sidio  n.nist  bo  maintained  where  it  was  at  any  cost,  for 
tlic  I'l'otection  of  the  })oT't.  Still  another  matter  had 
heeii  intrusted  to  the  [tatriotic  zeal  of  the  new  lader, 
iliougli  one  that  did  not  prove  a  very  sovcn'o  tax  on 
eithei' ability  or  time.  ]le  had  an  order  from  (he  king 
to  lie  on  the  watch  for  Ca}>tain  (*ook's  two  vessels 
tliai  had  becij  despat(died  Irom  JMigland  on  a  Novago 
of  (hscoveiy  in  the  South  Sea,  and  by  no  me;uis  to 

Ai'i'Dnliiii^  to  a  coiniiumicatioii  of  somo  otlicial  on  Im'I).  10,  IT7<>.  in  /'rm: 


/,'..•„  MS. 


I."!',),  tlio  cattle  from  tlic  olil  iiii<.-.ionM  aniountcd  to   l,'_'l)l>. 


]>i 


ire  to  lir  sent  .'p  to  tlio  frontier,  ■with  SO  innlcs  and  ;!(»  horses  for  tin 


o  ri'i'iiiits. 
I.ctUrof  Nive  t.    vicerov,    Im'1'.  '2(lth,  in  /' 


A'. 


MS.,  i.  Ki'.l-iO,  ill 


.■ondition  in  uhirh  ho  found  the  San  1  )i(.'Lro  f 


M  lii.h  li(-  notes  th(!  had 
rc'speet  of  elothinLT.  arn 
liasL'iven  Jiivera  full  instrni'tion.s.  .iinl  the  latter  w  ill  depart  ton 


and 


horses. 


M; 


oree  iii 
lewiiti's,  /,/.    i.  ,")!•,  that  luj 


writes  Teh  Cith,  that  Neve  ha 


s  arnvei 


it  he  isalioiit  to  retire  to  ],i 


/'/•"■.  St.  I'ap..  MS.,  x\ii.  '20.     See  also  I'aluii,  N«l.,  ii.  'MA-: 


IVera 
>leto. 


.v. 


Idi'i 


,/.■ 


lie  I\Ik  /; 


MS. 


r. 


140- 


I'Veral  other  minor  eoinniiinieations  of  tlu 


governor  written  al.out  thi.i 


till 


'Letter  of  .Ian.  1',  I77.'>,  in  P 


SI.  I 


;ip. 


MS.,  i.  lOl). 


ill 


f 


310 


MISSION  TROGKESS  AXD  PUEBLO  EEGIXXIXGS. 


permit  tliut  navigator  to  oijtcr  any  Callforninu  p  )it."''' 
The  transports  of  1777  were  the  San  AnUiuiu  aii.l 
the  Santiago,  The  former  under  Franeiseo  A^illaioc], 
witli  8erra  as  chaplain,  arrived  at  San  Diego  in  ^.Tay 
with  snpphes  for  tlie  south,  and  having  unloaded  (-aikd 
at  once  for  San  ])las.  The  latter,  whose  arrived  at 
San  Francisco  has  already  been  noted,  came  dov.u  to 
JNFonterev  and  sailed  for  San  Bias  the  8th  of  Jiiiu'. 
By  her  Neve  sent  a  report  on  the  Santa  Bai'bai'a 
Channel  and  its  tribes,  giving  his  views  of  what  was 
necessary  to  ])0  done  in  that  region  to  control  and 
convert  a  large  native  jiopulation,  that  niiglit  in  tliu 
future  l:)ecome  troublesome  by  cutting  off  laud  com- 
munication between  the  north  and  south,  which  from 
the  p(>cuHar  nature  and  situation  of  their  countrv  tlicv 
could  easily  do.  His  plan  included  a  missi(,)n  of  Sau 
Buenaventura  at  Asuncion  at  the  southern  extremity 
of  the  channel,  another  of  Purisima  near  Point  Con- 
cepcion  at  the  northern  extremity,  and  a  thii-d  of 
Santa  Barbara  with  also  a  presidio  in  the  central 
region  near  Mescaltitlan.  The  military  fijrce  required 
for  the  three  establishments  would  le  a  lieutenant 
and  sixty-seven  soldiers.  This  report  was  dated  JaiKj 
nd,  aiid  next  day  the  governor  wrote  ashing  permis- 
sion to  resign  and  ioin  his  family  in  Seville  whom  ho 
had  not  seen  since  17G4,  bein<>'  also  in  ill-health  -  Tovr- 
iuLi'  out  of  seven  years'  service  in  administering  llio 


lleu'cs  of  Zacatecas. 


college 


80 


The  shipment  of  grain  from  San  Bias  for  the  raill- 
tary  establishments  of  the  Californias  was  a  wvy 
(•xn(Mr;ivc  and  uncertain  method  of  supply,  and  (gla- 
cials liad  been  instructed  from  the  first  to  suggest 
some  practicable   means   of  home  production    lo  hj 

'■' Royal  ordor,  July  14,  iTTIi;  sent  hy  viceroy  Oct.  2,1(1.  Pmr.  !?(•"..  }V<..  i. 
1.3;  I'roi:  SI.  /'«/>.,  MS.,  i.  '2V,].  'i'lio  governor  ncknowledgea  receipt  ef  tiio 
onkr  o'l  .lime  OLli.   /'ror.  /,',.■.,  'MS.,  i.  70. 

^"Therc  ai'c  '22  eonininnications  of  Novo  to  I'uoarcli,  written  diiri'i,' tlio 
fn-Ht  lii'.lf  of  1777,  ]ire.-crvcil  in  J'rvi'.  I!<r.,  MS.,  i.  ,"l)-7!>.  His  euni-.  ^'  .I'ii  mu 
£ur  the  lust  bi.x  nionthy  had  lor  the  most  part  been  lost. 


FOUNDING  OF  SAN  JOSfi. 


3)1 


iiitr<»Jncecl  as  soon  as  poss^Iblo.  In  June  1  770,  before 
It'iaing  Loi'cto,  Xuvo  in  a  coiimiuuicatloii  to  tlio 
viccioy  proposed  an  experimental  sowing  for  aeconnt 
of  government  on  some  fertile  lands  of  the  nt>rlliern 
iiuiuier,  both  to  snp[)lj  the  usual  deuciency  on  the 
pt'uiiisula,  and  esj)ecially  to  fnrni.sh  grain  at  redueed 
co.st  for  the  new  (establishments.  IJueareli  in  August 
ai)[>roved  the  proposition  in  a  general  way,  but  SLateil 
that  in  view  of  the  proposed  change  in  the  governor's 
rcslacnco  it  would  be  impossible  ibr  Xeve  to  attend 
pei'sonally  to  the  matter,  and  suggested  that  tlie 
scheme  might  be  eari'ied  out  Vvith  even  better  chances 
of  success  in  the  fertile  lands  of  Iv^ew  California, 
referring  also  to  Anza's  favorable  re[)ort  on  the  Colo- 
rado Itiver  region  as  a  source  of  grain  suij]>ly  in  ease 
of  special  neecl."' 

Accordingly  Neve  kcpt  the  matter  in  viev/  duilng 
lii.3  trip  nortliVv'ard,  closely  examining  the  dlu'ereiifc 
regions  traversed  to  fnid  land  suited  to  his  [)urpo.se. 
The  result  of  his  observations  was  that  theie  were 
two  ;-pots  eminently  fitted  for  agricultural  ()])eraLions, 
oiii'  ])eing  on  the  Ilio  de  Poi'ciuncula  in  tlie  sjutli, 
and  the  other  on  the  Ilio  de  Guadalupe  in  the  north; 
and  he  also  made  up  his  mind  that  the  only  \v'ay  to 
uiul;:e  the  advantages  (offered  was  to  found  two  pueblos 
oil  ;!io  rivers.  To  this  end  he  asked  for  four  laborers 
and  f>oine  other  necessary  assistance.''^'*  V/iLhout  wait- 
ing, ]iov,'ever,  for  a  reply  to  this  communication,  and 
jio.s.-^llily  liaving  received  additional  in.sti'Uc'Jous  IVom 
^lexico,  the  giivernor  resolved  to  go  on  and  make  a 


•'"  Xi.V(.'a  letter  of  Jiiiio  '21:it  is  not  extant,  but  i.s  rcfcrrcil  to  with  ii  'ysunn5 
cif  it !  L'lT.itcnt.i  ill  t!io  viceroy 'a  Icttei-  of  An';iu!,  i;i  Pror.  S'.  P"p.,  MS.,  i. 
•J(r,-(i. 

'  ■  I'l'Ve'.i  lettei'  u  mh.Awg  ns  before,  but  is  .';l!ucli'(l  t^  >  iu  ;>..  tjiiLasqu'  at  letter 
of  Ainil  17TS,  in  Prnr.  />-•.,  MS.,  i.  7-0.  Iu  jiimtlier  lette;'  vS  .T.';,c  ■IMi.  tlio 
il;iy  iiltir  the  ihyt,  Novo  s:iyn  tliiit  lie  liiis  niiulo  no  fonivl  ciiUribiiiion  of 
1  :.  I  i  toeil'.itr  Get'Jer.i  or  ujU'.iei-.-;,  e.veept  to  me  :;o!i!iL'r  {ikitro.i'.')  1.)  whom 
I'ivera  in  \\\\tX  ye.ir.i  lunl  yiveu  a  title  to  u  lot  of  land  n'v  •■.•  S:'n  C  ■.:'I )  ir.n.i.'iioti. 
.Msii  lh;it  U3  tliere  iii'o  no  suiuible  laml.s  neiiv  the  ])rijiibo  lie  ciuiaoo  foi-  tho 
jii'esent  carry  out  tlio  flowing  order.  /(/.,  i.  (IS.  '.'roni  tlii.i  it  would  seem 
111.'  ly  tlvil.  he  hud  received  bunie  nioie  dinrt  order  I'lOiU  i>uea.ieli  to  ;;jw  neur 
till'  i!re.sidio. 


'I 
i 


|.-:i 


:v  H      ' 


-i'    I 


31-; 


MISSION  PROGRESS  AXD  PUEBLO  BEaiNNINGS. 


l)OL>"inning  of  the  nortlicriimoet  of  the  t\V(.t  jiucIjIc^. 
He  selected  for  this  purpose  nine  of  the  presidio 
soldiers  of  ]\foriterev  and  Sail  Francisco,  who  kiicv. 
soiiielhino'  of  farininj^,  and  five  settlers,  wIk^  had  tninc 
to  California  with  Anza,'"'*  and  the  fourteen  with  tluii' 
families,  sixty-six  persons  in  all,  started  on  Novemhcr 
7th  I'roni  San  Francisco  under  Moraijca  for  their  iir\r 
home.  A  site  Avas  chosen  near  the  eastern  bank  of 
the  river,  three  (piarters  of  a  league  south-east  of 
Santa  Clara,  and  here  the  new  pueblo,  the  first  in 
Californin,  was  founded  on  the  29th  under  the  ikiiih' 
of  San  Jose  de  Guadalupe,  that  is  San  Jose  on  the 
lliver  (Juadalupe.  The  name  was  apparently  selected 
by  Xeve  as  an  honor  to  the  original  patron  of  the 
California    establishments,  as   named   by  Galvez   in 

The  first  earth-roofed  structures  of  jJastcred  pali- 
sades were  erected  a  little  more  than  a  mile  north  of 
the  centre  of  the  modern  city/^    The  settlers  received 

^'•*Piiliiu,  Xot.,  ii.  .'!4S-,")0,  saj'a  that  all  were  of  Anza's  conipany,  lying  iiUo 
at  Sail  I'raiK  isco.  Xcve,  letter  (if  April  15,  177^,  in  Pror,  lire,  MS.,  i.  s, 
.s:iys  ln^  tdoiv  3  (if  those  who  had  conio  as  jioliladores  and  'rcoruitod'  "J  nmre, 
fivmi  wiiat  bource  itd(jea  not  appear.  We  have  no  list  (jf  the  Sau.rosr.si.'ttK'n 
nntil  the  more  formal  di.stri))iition  of  lands  in  17SI,  wjien  the  nuinlior  v,:is  0 
instead  of  14.  The  n.anics  of  all  the  first  scttlci's  of  1777  cannot  thei^lore  \v 
given;  hut  from  Moraga"s  list  of  all  the  pobladores  in  the  San  FraiuisL'o  tlis- 
trict  in  December  1777,  in  Prov.  Si.  Pop.,  M.S.,  i.  S,  0,  and  from  iin  e\aiiiiii;i- 
tiou  of  the  Santa  Clara  records,  Santa  Clai-'i,  Lih.  i/c  Afiiioii,  MS.,  I  conchido 
tiiat  4  of  tl]e  ")  original  poljhulure.s  of  San  Josii  were  Josi5  Ignacio  Arehid(.'ta, 
^hitniel  l"'rancisci)Amez(piita,.ToseM;uiu»10on/alez,and.ToseTilmn  ioA'asiiaiv. 
wliile  tlietiftli  was  not  improbably  a  lady,  (Jcrtrudi.sreralta.  Of  Dsoldierscttliis 
I  e;ni  give  the  names  of  oidy  4;  Valcrio  Mesa,  corporal  in  connaand,  ,'-'et\riii.> 
Lugo.  .Inan  Manuel  Marcos  Villela,  and  .ToS('  Antonio  Romero.  ( labriel  l'er.ilt:i, 
Mas  the  corporal  in  177!).  Romero  was  the  only  .soldier  whoi'cniaincd,  and  tlic  l 
jiobladores  nientioucd  make  up  5  of  the  9  names  on  the  list  and  ma]i  f:f  .Viivil 
17S1.  See  Sf.  Pap.  .!/;.«.  and  Caloii.,  .MS.,  i.  '24.'}.  Of  the  other  4,  Cliiudio  .\1- 
vires  was  a  servant  before  17'S0,  while  llernardo  Ro.sales,  Seba.stian  Alvilrt',  a 
soldier  iu  17li'*-74,  and  Francisco  Avila  were  new  names. 

'"Sic  ch.'ipter  iv.  of  this  vohune.  In  tli(!  heading  of  one  docunn  nt  in 
the  archives  I  find  the  pueblo  called  San.los(''  deiialvez.  This  name — tiiougli 
jierhaps  ;i  copyist's  error — would  have  been  a  most  appropriate  one.  In  la'nr 
times  an  eli'ort  was  made  to  christen  tlie  town  Sau  Josi'^  de  Alvarado,  in  limmr 
of  the  governor;  but  it  was  unsuccessful  so  far  as  connuon  u.sagc  was  ccm- 
cerned. 

"  Xcai'  the  little  stream  crossed  by  the  first  bridge  on  the  road  Iciidiiig 
from  the  city  to  Alviso.  Ilnirn  IHaI.  San  Jo-i'.  14-i!),  4(1.  Tliis  modern  woik 
CO -tains  a  tolerably  accurate  and  complete  history  of  .San  Jose.  Document^ 
(in  the  early  years  are  not  numerous,  and  the  author  seems  to  have  con-^nhid 
luostof  tluiii.    There  are  a  few  errors  in  names  and  translatiou,  but  the  huuk 


EARLY  ANNALS  OF  SAN  JOSfi. 


313 


cncli  a  tract  of  land  tliat  e<nil(l  bo  irrigated  sunieicnit 
I'oi'  planting  about  tliroo  bushels*  oi"  niaize,  with  a 
]i()iisi'-lot,  t<jn  dollars  a  month,  and  a  soldier's  rations. 
l^ach  also  roceivcd  a  yoke  of  oxen,  two  hoiscs,  two 
(■(iws,  a  mule,  two  sheep,  and  two  goats,  together  with 
]iires.-.ary  implements  and  seed,  all  of  which  Avere  to 
Ihj  repaid  in  products  of  the  soil  delivered  at  the  royal 
warehouse.  The  mission  of  Santa  Clara  being  near, 
t!ic  ministers  consented  to  attend  for  tlie  jiresent  to 
tlic  settlers'  spiritual  interests,  and  accordingly  the 
nanus  of  the  latter  are  frequently  found  in  the  mis- 
sion !)ot)k  entries.  In  April  of  the  next  year  Xeve 
reported  to  the  vicero}'  what  ho  had  done.'*'^ 

The  lirst"\vork  in  the  ncwpueblo  after  building  houses 
to  shelter  the  families  was  to  dam  the  river  above, 
bring  down  water  in  a  ditch,  and  prepare  the  iieldsfor 
sowing;  but  the  attempt  was  not  successi'ul,  and  the 
s  )wing  of  over  fifty  bushels  of  corn  was  a  total  loss, 
since  it  was  necessary  to  change  the  site  of  the  dam, 
aiul  tlie  new  one  was  not  completed  and  water  brought 
to  the  Melds  till  July.  The  second  sowing  yielded 
lit-'tween  six  and  eio-ht  hundred  ])ushels.  A  second 
(lam  was  built  above  the  first  to  protect  it  in  time  of 
freshet,  and  the  irrigation  system  thus  com[)leted  was 
planned  to  siippl}^  thirty-six  .s'^cr^.v,  or  sowing-lots,  of 
two  hundred  varas  each.  As  early  as  1778  the  gov- 
ernor complained  that  the  lands  were  nearer  those  of 
tlie  mission  than  he  had  intended,  and  badly  dis- 
tiibnttd.  In  1779  much  damage  was  done  by  high 
water  both  at  San  Jose  and  Santa  Clara,  among  other 


i' t'.ir  jiliovo  the  average  of  ■what  lins  Loon  given  to  tlio  Califoviiia  puhlic  as 
history.  Ildll's  Sdit  Jose,  from  tlie  <S'»)t  ./our  I'ioiic<r,  Jan.  |SV7,  lieing  au 
^l'llln.^.,■^  liy  tlio  autlior  on  July  -Itli,  is  full  of  errors,  many  of  which  are  donht- 
li'ssdiic  tothe  new,s[ia[)or  anil  not  tlu^  wi'iter. 

^'Aiiril  l."),:li,  I'rm:  AV''.,  MS.,  i.  7-S.  A  dnplieate  was  sent  to  General 
Criiix.  /'/.,  f),  )().  See  au  Knglisli  tran.'<lationof  this  report  in  y-'"'."/(('/A''s' o/do. 
/(''•■.'.  S.  /'.  a<Klenila,  8.  Tiie  viceroy's  acknowled-nient  of  this  I'eport  and 
apl'rovalof  Neve's aetswas  dated  July '-'l',  I77S.  St.l'ap.  M'iKyt.aii(lCo!nii..'S\S., 
i.  'JS-O.  J[y  mentions  i\  servant  liesides  tlie  Ti  settlers,  and  mikes  the  wiiolo 
I'lii'ilMtion  OS  instead  (if  OI).  Ite  also  siieahsof  a.  dam  ii.it  alluded  to  liy  Neve. 
(Vni\"s  aclino\\lcd'j;iiient  and  aiijiroval  was  dated  July  1!>,  I77i',  and  iiiehideil 
that  uf  tile  king  datetl  March  Otli.  Jlall's  /liil.  SaiijU',  14- U). 


1| 


li. 


^!. 


ft 


« i 
ni 

r,  Hi 

km 


314 


Mir-^iox  rr;or;KESs  and  ruEr.LO  eegixxixgs. 


tliiiijTfs  tlio  ]ic\v  dap.i  at  V.iq  pueLlo  l)cliii^'  Avushccl  awa}". 
At  tlii.3  c';ii']y  <!ato  also  tlio  governor  notes  the  in- 
flueiico  of  tlic  friars  as  adverse  to  pueLlo  }irogre.s.s. 
Before  founding  San  Jose  lie  had  considered  the 
prospects  of  obtaining  su])phes  from  the  nii.ssions,  and 
had  concluded  lliat  for  some  years,  at  least,  the  prod- 
ucts of  tlio  nnssions  would  not  increase  faster  tliaii 
the  nioullis  of  neophytes  to  be  fed.  The  missionaiios 
well  knev,'  that  such  v/as  the  prospect;  but  on  geneivd 
principles  thej'  v/ero  opposed  to  all  establishments  iu 
the  country  siive  their  own.  The  presidios  Vv'ere  a 
necessary  evil,  i;nd  the  soldiers  must  be  fed,  therefore 
the  iiovernmcnt  should  feed  them  until  the  mi.'sious 
coultl  do  so.  As  soon  as  Serra  realized  that  Xevo 
was  in  earnest  about  founding  pueblos,  he  began  to  ho 
very  certain  that  his  missions  could  have  ..applied  the 
presidios;  "but  he  forgets,"  says  Neve,  "tli;;t  tliii 
would  not  people  the  land  with  Spanibh  subjects." 
There  is  nolliin;,>'  more  to  be  recorded  concernin:'-  Sau 

o  o 

Jose  for  several  years,  and  down  to  1781  the  estab- 
lishment may  bo  regarded  as  to  a  great  extent  provi- 
sional or  experimental.'*^ 

Certain  troubles  with  the  southern  savages,  durin;;' 
this  year  and  in  the  spring  of  the  following,  remain 
to  Ije  noticed  in  this  chapter.  They  seem  to  have 
begun  iu  June  1777  wlien  the  Alocuachomi  rauchcii'a 
threatened  the  neophytes  of  San  Juan  Capistrano, 
and  Cor])oral  Guillermo  Carrillo  was  sent  with  five 
men  to  chastise  the  ofcenders,  wh.ich  he  did  bv  killing' 
three  and  wounding'  several.  Seru'eant  Acinar  was 
sent  by  Ortcrj-a  to  invcsti!]fatc,  and  his  re;;ort  showed 
the  existence  of  disorders  among  the  soldiers,  m  then' 
relaticn  to  the  natives,  by  no  moans  creditable  to 
Spanish  discipline  in  California.  A  native  chieftain 
v.'ho  was  in  Ictigue  with  the  ofienders  and  who  I'r.r- 
nished   women  to   the  guard,  was   deemed  to  niciit 

■'■'^'ovoV,  crniniT'r.iralioiis  in  Prov.  Sec,  WS.,  i.  10-2,  12.")- (J,  ii.  21-2; 
Prov.  iSl.  J  op.,  iii.  143. 


INDLVX  HOSTILITIES. 


315 


^cs,  diiviiv:' 
U"',  remain 


lu'UIcU'  Nvas 


nrtocn  lashos  and  an  admonition  from  tlio  minister; 
and  two  cul})rit  soldiers  wore  taken  south  to  San 
Di^'j-o.  It  was,  perhaps,  in  connection  v.'ith  tlieso 
(!is{urhance3  that  the  Indians  of  San  Gabriel  came  in 
anns  to  tlie  mission  to  aveni'-o  some  outi-aivc :  but  tliey 
were  snbvlued,  as  by  a  miracle,  when  tlie  friavs  held 
u[«  a  shininfj  imaj]je  of  our  lady,  hneeliu!^,  weeping'',  and 
embracing  the  missionaries."  Hardly  liad  the  ex.cite- 
iiniit  of  tlie  disturbances  alluded  to  died  out,  when 
1,11  .\ufni:-.t  13th  four  soldiers  bearin<»' desin^.tches  from 
(JciK'j'al  Croix  to  Xevc  were  surprised  at  midiiiglit, 
at  a  })laco  called  Sati  Juan  just  above  San  Die-^o,  by 
a  ir.n'ty  of  savages  who  hilled  the  cor]joral  in  command, 
Antonio  Brioncs.  The  rest  escaped  with  their  liorscs, 
af'tin"  having  repulsed  the  foe  in  an  hour's  flgh.t.  Ser- 
geant Carrillo  was  ordered  to  make  a  I'etaliiitoiy  cau)- 
paign,  b'at  tlie  result  is  not  I'ecorded  beyond  the 
statement  that  a  chief  Avas  arrested.  In  February 
(if  1778  Carrillo  was  obliofed  to  make  a  ncv  er.iiedi- 
tiou  to  San  Juan  Capistrano,  where  several  rancherias, 
Amangens,  Chncapamas,  and  Toban  Juguas  v.'ero 
asMrmblcd  and  threatening.  A  chieftain's  wife  had 
clopc>l  with  a  Lower  Californian,  and  the  outraged 
]i\\: '  -iid  made  his  grievance  a  public  one  by  appealing 
to  t!^o  natives  to  avenge  the  deatli  of  their  comi'ades 
.'^lain  t  !io  year  before;  also  charging  that  the  Spaniards 
wii'o  really  devils  couic  to  destroy  the  ci'ops  by 
drou'.dit. 

In  3Tarch  it  was  reported  that  the  people  of  Pamo, 
on(>  of  the  San  Die™  rancherfas,  were  makir^'i"  arroM's 
to  ijc  used  agamst  the  Spaniards,  counting  on  the  aid 
of  three  nei'i'hborinii'  bands  and  of  one  acro.-s  the 
f^iorrn,  and  having  already  murdered  a  Gan  Juan 
lin'.ian.  Ortega  sent  a  message  of  war-.i'.iig  and 
Aaaran  sent  back  a  challenc,^o  to  the  soldiers  to  come 
and  l;c  slain.  Cari'illo's  services  were  n'>ain  c;dled 
into  requisition  and  he  was  sent  with  eight  soldiers  to 

*'TI.i';  f-',ory  i^  tc.M  by  Hugo  i;.-.!  nii.l  rviijnnin  Ilryc^  r.iv]  it  ii  uh>  Uic 
BuLjtct  of  ii  ^vjcni  by  Mi^s  M.  A.  litzgcriild.  ihnjcs'  Mission  Luok,  i.  hu. 


■,'H 


316 


MISSION  rROGRESS  AXD  TUEBLO  BEGINNINGS. 


!  '• 


-'fi 


cha.stlso  tliis  insolence,  capture  the  chiefs,  and  to  rrivn 
thirty  or  forty  lashes  each  to  such  warriors  as  inii^lit 
seem  to  need  them.  In  carrying  out  his  ordei-s  tin; 
sergeant  surprised  the  ibe  at  Pamo,  killed  two  of  tlie 
numlier,  and  burned  a  few  who  refused  to  come  out  of 
the  hut  in  which  they  had  taken  refuge.  The  rest 
surrendered  and  took  their  llo^'ofin"',  wliilc  the  four 
eliieftains  were  bound  and  carried  to  San  J)ieg(). 
Captured  in  this  battle  were  eighty  bows,  fifteou  liuii- 
dred  arrows,  and  a  larijc  number  of  clubs.  Tlio  lour 
chiefs,  Aacliil,  Aalcuiiin,  Aaaran,  and  Taguagui  were 
tried  on  April  Gth,  convicted  of  having  plotted  to  kill 
Christians  in  spite  of  the  mercy  shown  them  in  the 
king's  name  for  past  offences,  and  condemned  to  death 
by  Ortega,  though  that  officer  had  no  right  to  iiillict 
the  death  penalty,  even  on  an  Indian,  without  tlic 
governor's  approval.  The  sentence  was:  "Deeming  it 
useful  to  the  service  of  God,  the  king,  and  the  [)uhH(; 
Aveal,  I  sentence  them  to  a  violent  death  by  two 
musket-shots  on  the  11th  at  9  A.  m,,  the  troops  t*)  he 
j)resent  at  the  execution  under  arms,  also  all  tlie 
Christian  rancherias  subject  to  the  San  !^)iego  mission, 
that  they  may  be  warned  to  act  righteously."  Fa- 
thers Lasuen  and  Figuer  were  summoned  to  prc'])aro 
the  condemned  for  their  end.  "You  will  coopeiate,"' 
writes  Ortega  to  the  padres,  "  for  the  good  of  their 
souls  in  the  understanding  that  if  they  do  not  accept 
the  salutary  waters  of  holy  baptism  they  die  on  Sat- 
urday Tiiorning;  and  if  they  do — they  die  all  the 
same!"  This  was  the  first  public  execution  in  Cali- 
fornia.*^ 


Illli 


■■•''  On  these  Indian  troubles  sec  reports  of  Ncvc  and  Ortega  in  Sf.  Pci/i.  Ski'. 
IMS.,  vii.  ()l-.%  viii.  .Sl-5--';  Prov.  lire,  MS.,  i.  19,  UO-7;  P'rov.  tit.  Pu^.,  MS., 
ii.  1-(J;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  i.  41-4. 


;rii 


CHAPTER  XV. 


A   DECADE   COMPLETED— PRESroENT   SERRA  VERSUS 

GOVERNOR   NEVE. 

1778—1780. 

A  ri;r,ioD  OF  Preparation — Schemes  for  the  FrrrRE — Government  Re- 
1  (iKMy— Pi'Er.LOs — Channel  Establishments — Neve  Wants  to  Resi(;n 
ANM)  la  made  Colonel— Sacrament  of  Confirmation — Episcopai, 
rowEiis  Conferred  on  Padre  Serra — Tour  of  the  Missions— Qfar- 
rel  with  Neve— Ecclesiastic  Prerooative  and  Secular  Authoritv 
—A  Friar'h  Sharp  Practice — Serious  Charges  by  the  Governor — 
^lovKJiENTS  OF  Vessels — Arrival  of  Arteaga  and  Bodega  from  a 
Northern  Voyage— The  First  Manila  Galleon  at  Monterey — 
Local  Events  and  Progress — Presidio  Buildings. 


The  years  1778  and  1770,  completing  the  first  de- 
cade in  the  annals  of  Alta  California  as  a  Spanisli 
jiidvince,  together  with  1780,  formed  a  period  rather 
<it'  |)reparation  tlian  of  accomplishment,  of  theories 
rati  It  r  than  practice,  in  matters  aftecting  the  general 
intiic'sts  of  the  country  ;  though  there  was  a  satisfac- 
Imy  showing  of  local  progress  at  the  several  missions. 
One  of  the  most  important  general  subjects  which 
(laiuied  Governor  Neve's  attention,  was  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  new  rcglamento,  or  system  of  militaiy  gov- 
crunicut  for  the  Californias;  the  new  establishments 
liavin»>'  in  a  ijeneral  sense  outijrown  Echeveste's  rcLju- 
lation  of  1773,  and  some  articles  of  that  document 
luiviiig  in  ])ractice  proved  unsatisfactory.  The  king's 
order  of  March  21,  1775,  for  the  reform  of  the  sys- 
ttiii  was,  on  August  15,  1777,  forwarded  by  Gen- 
eral ( 'roix  to  Neve  with  a  lettei'  in  wliich  he  savs : 
"Lacking  knowledtj^e  on  the  subject,  I  need  tliat  vou 
lepoi't   to  me  at  length  and  in   detail   what  are  the 

(  317  ) 


i 


il 


M 


» 


!!(    If 


I  ^-t ,! 


318 


A  DECADE  co.MrLi"ri:n. 


fiiults  that  Impair  tlio  usefulness  of  the  did  rcgulalinn, 
.'iii(!  wliat  you  doeni  ueccssaiy  for  its  relorin,  so  tliat 
1  may  1k^  (iiaMod  to  decide  ^vll(!n  consulted  about  lliu 
country."  This  request  came  l)y  ti)e  Santid'j)  iu 
June,  j'ud  on  DcwMuher  28,  1778,  Neve  dated  tln' 
requii'ed  report.*  We  hear  no  more  of  this  suhjrct 
till  the  aji[)earance  of  the  regulation  itself,  full  Iled;;c(l, 
and  with  nil  its  reforms,  accredited  to  Neve,  as 
anther,  under  date  of  Jane  1,  1779." 

Th.it  the  preparation  of  so  extensive  and  imiioitaiit 
a  state  paper,  and  especially  of  those  portions  relating- 
tt)  colonization  which  was  a  new  and  difficult  suhject, 
should  have  been  intrusted  hi  foto  to  the  g'ovcrnor, 
seem;;  straiig'e,  and  equally  so  the  fact  that  no  coi'i'c- 
s[)ondence  on  the  subject  has  l)een  jn-eserved;  but  both 
Croix  and  Galvoz  in  sis^nifviniTi:  the  kinii's  ai)i)i'o\al 
accredit  Xeve  with  the  authorship.  It  was  certainly 
a  mark  of  !>-reat  confidence  in  his  abilitv,  and  a  si  111 
greater  conqJiment  was  the  adoption  of  his  plan  willi- 
out,  so  far  as  ai)pears,  a  single  modification.  Septnii- 
ber  121,  17S0,  General  Croix  writes  to  the  govcnmr 
from  Ari;qic  that  the  plan  has  been  forwarded  by  tlio 
viceroy  to  the  king,  and  that  provisionally,  pieinliii'^ 
the  royal  ap[)roval,  it  is  to  go  into  cflect  in  Califiniia 
from  the  beginning  of  1781.*''  The  subject-matter  of 
the  reglamento,  and  the  new  system  of  govermmut 
resting  on  it,  may  be  properly  deferred  until  the  bc- 
gimiing  of  the  next  periodj^  when  the  changes  went 
into  ])ractical  etlect. 

An  inqwrtant  and  new  feature  of  Neve's  plan  was 
that  r(  ];;ting  to  pueblos  and  colonization,  enibrced  in 
connection  with  the  redistribution  of  lands  in  the 
hitherto  informal  pueblo  of  San  Jose,  and  the  found- 
ing of  a  new^  pueblo  of  Los  Angeles  on  the  Ivio  J^or- 
ciuncula.     It  is  therefore   in   connection  with  these 

>  Xcrr,  Iii/ormr  sohre  nqiJamento,  QS  de  Die.  J77S,  IMS. 

'^  Xerc,  J,'( ;:litii)r)ilo  r  f ii.tt rtircion  jiara  las  PrcthViO'i  <le  hi  r'cn(n''iih(  iJr  '"'• 
iforvhi,  Errcrioii  de  A'ic-cos  JIi-<ion<n  y  fomento  del  pueblo  i/^et!tciii<ion  (/■  l"i 
Estnlih'Ciiiiii  lito.-f  dc  Monterey,  MS. 

H'roix  to  Neve,  Sept.  'i\,  17S0,  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  lit. 


NFAT/s  rnaiKf'Ts. 


319 


(A  lilt-,  wltidi  took  place  in  17S1,  tliat  tlu'  ^ciioval 
siihject  may  l)u  best  coiisidcrc!!.  An')tlu'r  inattoi* 
pending  was  tlic  occnpatioii  l>y  Siiain  of  llic  ii;-1i  and 
(hiiscly  populated  central  region  along' Die  . Santa  iMi'- 
li.ira  I'lianiit'l.  From  observations  made  during  liis 
tir-t  tri[)  nortliwai'd  Neve  had  sent  in  a  report  in  .June 
1777,  urging  tlie  importance  of  sneli  occupation  and 
till'  dangers  of  itspost])onement;  also  giving  liis  views 
as  to  the  liest  methods  of  its  accompli. dinient.  He 
liivored  the  establishing  of  thi'e^o  missions  jind  (»f 
a  ci-ntral  presidio,  recpiiring  a  force  of  .sixty-two  men. 
Cioix  approved  his  views'  and  tluy  were  embodied  in 
tlic  ]>1;ui  of  June.  A  correspondence  respecting  de- 
tails f)llowed  during  1779-80.  ]^.leanwhile,  liivera 
was  sent  to  recruit  settlers  in  Sinaloa  and  Sonora,  as 
Well  for  the  Channel  establishments  as  f(!r  th.o  pueblos 
d"  Los  Angeles  and  San  Jese;  but  of  tiiese  special 
|iivparations  I  shall  sjieak  as  befiTe  !tatc;l  in  tho 
cliMptcrs  devoted  to  results.  At  fh'st,  as  we  have  seen, 
Xi've  was  wearied  with  long  service  or  di:isati,siied  with 
liis  position,  and  had  asked  leave  to  retire  and  go  to 
Spain.  On  January  14,  1778,  the  vicci'oy  v.'iites  that 
till'  request  has  boon  forwarded  to  the  king  aiid  will 


hidhahlv  l.)c  entertained  with  flivor.     At 


ei 


id  of 


Mav  Xcve  sent  in  his  formal  le.. ii;i;at:on,  and  in 
August  thanked  Bucareli  for  a  favorable  report 
t!u'r{M)n;  but  in  October  he  requests  the  viceroy  to 
1^1  ip  back  his  memorials  and  petitions  respecting  ros- 
iLjiiatioii,  The  reason  of  his  change  of  purpose  is 
]Mi'!ia]!S  to  be  found  in  anotlier  letter  of  the  same 
(late,  in  which  he  thanks  the  kin-j"  ibr  ivi-omotion  to  the 
ran!;  of  colonel  in  the  Spanish  army,  he  having  been 
«'iil\-  major  before.^ 


Tlu'  right  to  administer  the  rite  of  confirmation  be- 
jnaged  exclusively  to  bishops,  and  coidd  l»e  exercised 
cNcn  bv  the  highest  officials  of  the  religious  orders 

'Sri.t.  1778,  Pror.  J?,r.,  SIS.,  ii.  Ct,  7. 

•'Pror.  /.'.(•.,  MS.,  i.  So-'M;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  M.S.,  ii.  8.  0. 


if 

I 


\l 


r 


K'l'  « 


320 


A  DKCADK  COMPLKTRn. 


<>!ily  will)  spccinl  aiitlioriz-Jitloii  fi-oin  the  jjopc.  Tf; 
Mas  of  roiirsu  (Ic.'sii'uMu  tluit  mission  ncopliytos  shouM 
ii(»t  !)('  (l(![)rivtMl  of  any  privilet^rs  and  coiisolntion.s 
jiertaiiiiiiuf  to  thiMU'W  i'aitli  they  had  cinhraccd;  hut 
ill  isolated  provinces  like  the  Cahl'ornias,  episcojuil 
visits  must  of  necessity  he  ran*,  so  tliat  most  nm- 
]»liytes,  to  say  notliin^'  oC  (/ciifc  de  razon,  must  ]\\\; 
an<l  die  iinconfirme<l  hut  lor  some  special  exercise  of' 
tlie  ]);ij»al  powei'.  In  fact  Alta  California,  tlion;_;li 
included  successively  in  the  hisho[)ri<*s  of  I.)uniii:;o 
and  Sonora,  never  was  visited  hy  a  hislioj»  until  it 
had  one  of  its  own  in  1H41.  When  Father  Juni'[)(  lo 
first  came  to  Lower  California  he  found  in  the  Jesuit 
archives  a  hull  of  Po])e  iH'nedict  XIV.  concedin;;- the 
power  of  confirmation  to  ndssionary  officials  of  tin; 
company.  Anxious  that  the  net)phytes  sliould  lose 
nothinn'  of  their  i)i'ivile<Tfes  under  Franciscan  manauv- 
ment,  In;  soon  forwarded  the  old  l)ull  to  the  j^uardiaii 
of  San  ]*\'rnando,  with  a  request  that  a  similai-  fa\()i' 
he  ohtained  from  the  ]io])e  in  hehalf  of  himself  and 
liis  Hock."  The  Franciscan  authorities  exerted  them- 
selves in  hringing  this  matter  hefore  the  po[»e,  and 
ohtained  under  date  of  July  1<),  1774,  a  pa[>nl  d 
ci'ee,  a])proving  that  rendered  hy  the  sacred  vonyj 
Illation  ()f  propaganda  fide  on  July  8th,  which  au- 
thorized the  comisario  prefecto  of  the  colleges  lor  a 
])eriod  of  ten  years  to  administer  contirmation  and  to 
delegate  his  power  in  this  respect  to  one  friar  con- 
nected with  each  of  tbo  four  colleofes  in  America. 
Jjoth  church  and  crown  in  Spain  were  zealous  de- 
fenders of  their  rcspt.etivc  prerogatives;  and  as  n<>t 
even  a  hishop  could  exercise  the  functions  of  jiis  o!'- 
lice  until  his  appointment  had  received  the  royal  ap- 
2)roval,  of  course  this  s])ecial  concession  of  e})isco[)al 

'■'Pakm,  I'/'./o,  22G-8,  is  careful  to  explain  that  Sen-a  was  too  ImiiiUli'  to 
have  soii;j;lit  tlio  episcopal  power  for  the  dignity  involved ;  in  fact  lic.iiin:,' 
that  a  great  lionor  waa  in  store  for  him  he  had  made  a  vow  to  acci  I't  u> 
h(jnor  that  Mould  separate  him  fiom  his  mission  work,  and  had  directed  tlio 
influence  of  his  frijnds  in  Spain  toward  tlie  obtaining  of  tliu  episcopal  puucr 
in  behalf  of  his  neophytes. 


e- 

e- 


EITR  OF  CONFIRMATION'. 


321 


iiMWcrs  must  be  suljinittod  to  tlu"  kiiii^'s  royal  roiiiicil 
(if  tin'  Indies.  It  was  so  .subinittod,  and  received  tliu 
.>;iiir(i<ni  of  that  body  J)eeend)er  2,  17"4,  bciiiLf  alscj 
ii|i|iri)Ve(l  by  the  audieiicia  of  Xew  Spain  Sejjti  inbei" 
L'7t!i,  and  by  Viceroy  Bucareli  October  8,  1770." 

On  October  17,  1777,  tlie  eonnnissaiy  and  prefect  of 
tlir  American  collei^es,  Futlier  Juan  Doininn'o  do  , 
Aiii<i\  ita,  well  known  to  my  readers  as  the  chroiii- 
(■](  !•  of  his  collej^re,'*  issued  from  Quert'taro  in  pondei'- 
(iiis  lalin  the  desired  'faculty  to  coniii'm'  to  President 
.liiiiipero  Serra.  The  patent  with  instructions  came 
lip  i>n  tlie  Saiifid'jo  and  r(;ached  Serra's  hands  in  tlie 
iiiiildle  of  June  1778.  No  time  was  lost  in  exercisini^ 
tlic  ncwl}'  ac([uired  power,  and  at  different  dates  from 
the  L'Dtii  of  J  unc  to  the  'JHd  of  iVui«'Ust,  the  president 
ciiiifiiiiicd  one  hundred  and  ei^ht3'-one  persons  at  San 
Cuius.  Then,  notwithstandiu'L?  his  infu'niities,  he  em- 
liarkrd  for  San  Diego,  and  i'rom  the  'J  1st  of  Se[)tend)er 
tit  the  l.'jth  of  Decendier  aihninistered  confirmation, 
witli  all  its  attendant  solenniities  and  ceremonies,  to 
llic  ii(M)})li3'tes  at  each  of  the  five  missions  on  his  way 
liack  to  ]\lonterey,  resuming  the  work  in  the  north  at 
till'  licgiuning  of  177D  and  extending  his  tour  to  Santa 
Clara  and  San  Francisco.  Two  thousand  four  hun- 
(livd  and  thirty-two  persons  in  all  received  the  rite 
ill  177s  1),  about  one  hundred  of  the  number  being 
iji'hfi'  <h'  razonP 

lint  now  the  president  encountered  obstacles  in  his 
wav.     As  we  have  seen,  the  aitostolie  brief  conceding 


I 


f 


a 


'' Furiilfii'l  (h  Confinnnr,  177-4-7,  M!^.,  cnntainiiiL;  the  Decrotmn  Hurrm 
Coii'jri'jiilidiiU  (i'c)ii  ralln  dv.  I'ni/Ki'iuiiila  Fhle  liiil/ilc  die  S  JiiliJ,  etc.,  willi 
tlic  i)lh(  r  iliicuincnts  rc'foiTcd  to  anil  much  additional  cjrrj.'spoiidL'nco  on  thu 
saiiU'  siiliji'ct. 

'' Arririr'ilti,  Cruiiica  Seriijirri  dil  Cdlcijio  dr  Sdiild  Cruz  dc  (Jiii rttaro. 

■' Jli'.;istf'r()f  coniirinations  in  San  ^VoAjn,  Lili.  dr  M'ls'nm,  MS  ,  '.Q-M,  ■with 
fill  \iiliiiiatiiin of  til'-'  anthoiity  to  coiilirni  mid  oitiitiou  of  domnifiits  ri'L-ordcd 
I'.v  S'iiM  liinisL'lf,  and  in  tlio  books  of  thu  othui'  missions.  It  v.ill  ho  rcmom- 
l"-'|-((|  tiiat  one  ncopliyte,  Juan  I'lvanijclista,  ^vas  cariicd  to  Mexico  hy  'f^^inix. 
ill  ilT^iand  ifccivod  the  rito  of  confinnation  from  the  Archhishoii  of  .Mcxiea 
"u  Aii'jus:  4th.  iSiri'a  entered  tiiis  fact  in  the  l)<)ok  of  coiilirniations  ac  San 
Cirlus  when  .such  a  l)Ook  was  ojiened  in  177''^.  In  a  letter  of  March  L';5,  Hbl, 
Faciilind  di'  (Uwjirni'tr,  ^hS.,  '1~().  Scira  say.s  lie  had  coniirmed  "J,!."!,"!  before 
tlif  [luwc:-  w;iH  susjiended,  and  tliu  mission  Ijooks  make  the  number  '_',457. 
IIisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    21 


322 


A  DECADE  COMPLETED. 


the  rii^lit  to  coiifinu  liad  required  sanction  of  tiio 
ri)yal  council,  a  requirement  wliicli  tlie  Franciscan 
authorities  understood  perfectly,  and  to  whicli  as  an 
unfortunate  necessity  they  had  submitted.  Wh-jtlicr 
this  approval  of  the  secular  authorities  was  ceitilicil 
in  due  i'orm  in  the  document  forwarded  to  Serra  in 
1778,  and  from  which  he  derived  his  powers,  tlitn'o 
are  no  means  of  knowing;  l)ut  Xeve,  as  re})reseutativo 
of  the  crown  in  California, had  a  right  to  know  whether 
the  required  formalities  had  been  observed,  and  it  was 
clearly  the  duty  of  Serra  to  satisfy  him  on  this  }»oiiit 
before  exercising  his  new  power.  Serra,  however,  liad 
no  idea  of  huml)ling  his  pride  of  ecclesiastical  preiuga- 
tive  bei'ore  any  Californian  representative  of  royalty; 
in  fact  to  him  secular  authorit}'  in  the  province  was 
somethiuix  to  be  used  rather  than  obeved.  ICxactIv' 
when  or  how  the  inevitable  quarrel  broke  out  tlio 
records  very  strangely  do  not  show;  but  it  would 
seem  that  in  the  middle  of  177'.),  soon  after  Sena's 
I'eturn  i'rom  his  first  tour  of  confirmation  in  the  soutli, 
the  governor  summoned  him  to  show  the  authoiity 
under  which  he  was  acting. 

Whetlier  Serra  from  pride,  or  knowledge  of  their 
defective  nature,  refused  to  sho^his  pnjiers.or  wliethei', 
being  shown,  they  were  i)ronounced  insulKcieiit  l)y 
Neve,  I  am  not  sure;  neither  is  it  certain  tliat  the 
governor  ordered  an  absolute  suspension  of  coiitii'uia- 
tions;^'  but  the  indications  are  that  Sei'ia  refuse'd  to 
show  his  papers,  and  that  Xeve  to  save  his  responsi- 
bility ordered  confirmations  to  cease,  and  refused  to 


'"111  fill  o]iiiiion  on  tlic  matter  dati'il  April  17,  17S0 — Fumllail  dc  ('i<i>- 
jJrmrir,  MS.,  'J.")9— it  is  st;iteil  that  Serra  coiilirmt'il  in  all  the.  iiiis-sidiis  ixrtpt 
(Sail  I'laiuisLO  ami  Santa  Clara,  in  which  places  he  diil  not,  lieeaiis(>  Nivo 
rtfuseil  him  an  escort  and  roqiiireil  him  to  suspend  conflriDat ion  until  he  could 
show  the  papal  hull  ajijiruved  hy  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  which  ScrnicoiiM 
not  tlo,  since  lie  had  no  document  to  iirove  it.  The  same  slatiinent  in  iiuuh'  in 
a  coniiminication  from  Ijonilla  to  Croix  ou  Apr.  'JO,  17S0.  S/.  I'fiji.  Stf .,  MS,, 
viii.  ."i."!.  This  is  however  partially  erroneous,  for  Sena  did  ^n  to  Slu  (  laia 
and  San  Francisco  with  or  without  an  escort.  Tlieyiiardian  siiiiiilysays,  J'L, 
2o'A,  that  Neve  had  raised  a  doubt  whether  the  apostolic  liiief  has  tlie  jnn]"  r 
Biinctions.  Ihid  Sena's  papeis  lieeu  defective  he  w(Mild  h;ive  laiov.iiil  :iii',l 
would  have  hesitated  to  administer  a  sacrament  which  laiglu  jmxin  c  illegal. 


NEVE  VERSUS  SERRA. 


323 


ii>n  of  tlio 
Franciscan 
rliicli  as  an 
AVli'.'tlR.r 
!is  cci'tificd 
to  Surra  in 
wers,  there 
rescutativc 
)^v^v]l(•tIK'r 
,  and  it  was 
I  this  })()iiit 
iwevcr,  liad 
•al  }iror(jga- 
ot"  roj^ilty; 
'oviiici'  was 
]']xactl\- 
vo  out  the 
t  it  would 
ter  Scri'a's 
the  south, 
authority 

;'o  of  tlicir 
)r\\li('Tlii'i', 
IHciciit  hy 
1  that  th'o 

coiilii'ina- 
rof"us(,'(l  1o 

rusponsi- 
rc fused  to 


nil  till]  do  <'.ii>- 
lissinllS  I'Xct'pt 

ln'ciUlsc   Nrvo 

until  lu'oiuld 
I'll  Si'ii-.i  I'diil'l 
nit  is  inii'li'  ill 

,..  ,W.,  MS., 

to  Sta  *  iniii 

ii|ilys;i_vs.  I'l., 

lias  till'  ]ii('!i'  r 

kiiiiv.u  II  .iii'.l 
ixivc  illiiral. 


authorize  a  continuance  even  by  supjilying  tlio  escort 
(liLiaiided,  but  did  not  of  course  attempt  to  enforce 
his  order,  I'oferring  the  whole  matter  to  General  Crt)ix: 
ia  Sonera.  At  all  events  Serra  paid  no  heed  to  Xeve's 
orders  or  protests,  but  went  on  confirming  through 
the  year,  even  administering  the  sacrament  to  twenty- 
four  or  twenty-live  persons  in  1780,  In  October  1771), 
liuwever,  he  reported  from  San  Francisco  to  the  ct>in- 
niaiidaiit  general,  and  also  to  the  guardian  of  San  Fer- 
iiand(-),  taking  the  |>recaution  to  forward  to  the  latter 
all  the  documents  he  had  bearing  on  the  matter  in  dis- 
pute, having  d(jubtless  a  shrewd  and  well  Ibundc'd 
suspicion  that  an  order  might  come  to  deliver  the 
paj)ers  to  the  governor. 

Croix  on  receipt  of  despatches  from  California, 
Y.liieh  had  been  forwarded  by  Arteaga's  explorii.g- 
fleet  to  be  noticed  later  in  this  chapter,  referivtl  the 
subject  in  dispute  to  his  im'nor,  or  legal  advisei-, 
Pedro  Galindt)  Navari'o,  in  acc(jrdance  with  whose 
counsel  ho  sent  April  20,  1780,  an  order  to  Xeve  to 
tiike  possession  of  the  original  patent  and  instructions 
which  liad  been  sent  by  the  guardian  to  Serra  and 
nmst  still  be  in  possession  of  the  latter;  and,  further- 
hioie,  under  no  pretext  whatever  to  permit  the  })resi- 
dt'iit  to  go  on  administering  the  sacrament  till  new 
orders  should  be  given.  The  papers  were  to  1k'  sent 
at  once  to  Croix,  ^^  ho  would  communicate  with  the 
vicoro}'  respecting  tl  •-;  original  concession  by  the  }io])e, 
and  would  settle  the  matter  as  soon  as  ])ossibh'.  To 
Sei'ra  Croix  conununicated  the})urport  of  the  order  to 
Xeve,  "charging  and  entreating"  him  to  ol)ey  the 
Older  punctually  Ijy  gi\ing  up  the  pa[)ers." 

The  details  of  what  took  place  between  Xovo  and 
Serra  on  recei[)t  of  these  orders  must  be  left  t;i  the 
'.  igination  of  the  reader.  The  ])residcnt  could  not 
give  up  the  papers  because  he  lu'd  taken  fhe  jaeeau- 

"  'I'lic  (.idol-  to  Xcve  is  not  oxtaiit,  l)ut  its  ]iiuii<iit  is  givon  iv.  Iho  conimiini- 
Mitiini  to  Sc'iTa  in  St.  l\qi.  Hue,  .MS.,  viii.  liS;  ami  F'f:,i'Utd  dc  Vuniiniuir, 
MS.,  :20i>-G0. 


]2t 


A  DECADE  COMPLETED. 


ii'"  i 


tion  to  get  rid  of  them;  and  he  suspended  ronfirnm- 
tions,  as  he  flattered  himself,  at  the  'entreaty'  nf 
Croix  and  not  the  'command'  of  Neve.  The  20th  <if 
J  uly  Scrra  rephed  to  the  letter  of  Croix  "about  a  con- 
tinuation of  administering  the  sacrament  of  contirina- 
tion  wliich  I  sohcitcd."  Ho  has  the  day  before 
received  Neve's  letter  containing  the  general's  onh  r 
to  sus])cnd  confirmation,  \vhich  of  course  ho  will  clicer- 
fully  obey;  though  lie  regrets  that  the  legal  ad\iser  li;is 
not  ii'iven  more  weii^ht  to  his  argument  on  the  ccossii) 
and  wonder  that  a  suspension  of  the  power  toconiinu 
will  cause  among  ignorant  })eoplc.  In  order,  however, 
to  prevent  this  gossip  as  far  as  possible,  he  will  .'d)S('if, 
himself  on  some  [)retext  or  otlier,  when  he  hears  that. 
the  vessel  is  coming,  though  that  will  be  just  the  time 
when  his  presence  will  be  most  needed.  As  to  th(.' 
|>apers,  he  has  sent  them  nine  months  ago  to  his  col- 
lego,  and  as  a  tribulation  sent  upon  lihii  by  an  all-wise 
(;iod,  the  vessels  arc  late  this  year  and  tlie  doeuuiciits 
have  not  come;  but  they  will  soon  be  here  and  will 
bo  delivered  to  the  governor  for  the  puiposes  iiuli- 
eated,  thougli  with  a  little  delay  they  miglit  be  deliv- 
ered in  a  more  complete  and  satisfactory  state.-^" 


'-  Farifliad  dc  Coifrmar,  !MS.,  2G0-0.  There  nrc  tvo  copies  of  the  letter, 
Jioth  ill  Semi's  liamhvritiui;.  ))ut  dilleriiig  sumowhat  in  the  elosiiiL,'  J);ji  tiuiis. 
'J  !ic  variations  are  not  hnWfver  in  MibstaiK  c  essential.  It  in  hut  t'air  tn  Ihi; 
jiailre  to  .siy  that  in  speakiii;,'  ahout  the  doennienls  his  lan^aiage  is  not  elcar, 
ami  na<,'ht  possihly  ])ear  a  diilerent  eonstruetion  fnun  that  I  liave  given  in  t!u! 
ti'sl;  that  is,  he  may  mean  to  .say  in  snhsianee,  'I  have  sent  enpics  of  my 
jiajiers'  (thougli  it  i-eads  '  reniitiendo  alld  todos  mis  ])a|ieles  ([tie  haeian  i.l 
easo')  to  ^Mexieo  for  eomiilelion  by  the  addition  of  missing  oih.'m,  and  liy  a 
little  delay  1  lonld  send  them  in  a  eonijtkied  state;  hut  as  it  is  I  givi;  up  lh(^ 
oii;.'in;ds  ."s  tliey  are  to  the  governor.  Or  he  might  mean  that  ho  had  tivv.t 
the  inost  ini|iortaiit  papei's  to  Mexicoaiid  would  give  up  what  were  lift.  Thcie 
t.  however  no  evidence  outside  of  this  letter  that  he  evei'  gave  u]iauy  iiapc;s, 
l.ut  it  appears  rathei'  tliat  ho  gave  up  none.  It  is  not  ini])ossiblo  tliat  lii.s 
language  was  intentionally  maiie  vague,  tioveriior  Xeve  in  a  .sultse([Uint 
K;t'r  to  Croix,  ?ilareh  '_'(!,  ITM,  in  /'mr.  I'lc,  ]\IS.,  ii.  SI,  speaks  very  ]ihiiii!y 
on  tiio  sulijeet.  saying  that  Serra  el.unied  to  have  sent  his  patent  to  .Mexico, 
and  he  does  not  deem  it  wise  to  take  jiossession  of  and  '-ieareh  his  paiiers,  hi- 
eause  if  he  has  not  sent  the  doeument  away  he  will  have  hid  it  'with  liis 
iins]>eakahle  artiliee  and  shrewdness;'  and  the  only  result  will  he  troulilo 
with  the  padres  and  delay  in  tlie<'hannel  foundations,  for  which  they  vid 
refuse  to  coiitriliute  su]iplies.  lieiiig  exasperated  tliere  is  nothing  tliese  friais 
'v.ith  their  inimeasural>le  and  inereilihlc  |iride'will  not  attempt,  since  on 
more  than  four  occasions  it  has  reipiired  all  Xeve's  policy  and  inoderatioii  [o 


ECCLESIASTICAL  TEEROGATIVE. 


325 


^onfirnin- 
•eatv'  (if 
)  20t]i  of 
ait  a  C(.ii- 
?onlirnia- 
y  bi'furo 
il's  ordrr 
ill  clicrr- 
viscr  lijis 
ic  gossip 
3  confirm 

llOWOVeT, 

11  absi'it, 
ears  tliat 
the  time 
iS  to  tlic 
J  liis  col- 
i  all-wiso 
)cuuieiits 
and  Avill 
SOS  indi- 
te {kll\'- 

12 


tho  Ipttrr, 

portiuns. 

iur  t(i  tin; 

lii)t  I'lrar, 

ivcii  ill  tho 

i<'s  of  my 

hiici.iii  iil 

and  liy  a 

i\l!  iij)  tlu^ 

had  si'iit 

:l.    ThcM! 

I y  iiapcr.s, 

o"  that  Ilia 

il)se([iu'iit 

ry  |il:iin!y 

(1  Mi'xii'o, 

apui's,  lii- 

'  with  iii-i 

IC  trouhlo 

they  will 

lu'su  friai'S 

,  h^iiii'i.'  I'll 

L'fatioii  to 


Tl:o  eoiumandaiit  general,  on  recei])t  of  Serra's  kt- 
ti'i',  sinii»ly  repeated  on  Xoveniber  2!)tli  his  previous 
ordir  tlitit  the  papers  were  to  bo  given  up  at  onee. 
This  brought  out  from  the  venerable  friar  under  dale 
(if  ^[nrch  2^),  1781,  a  letter  in  which  he  protests  that 
his  ptitent  is  not  in  his  iwsscssioii  nor  indeed  in  Cali- 
f(!iiiia,  but  was  sent  to  Croix  by  wa}'  of  Mexico,  since 
Xcvo  was  absent  in  IJaja  California  and  the  date  of 
his  return  uncertain,  lie  swears  in  verho  sacerdotls 
iiiid  tadl  pedori  mcerdotali  that  ho  tells  the  truth, 
;t!i(l  wonders  greatly  that  Croix  has  not  received  fronj 
^.Ii'xico  all  needed  pa[)ers  and  proofs  to  settle  tho 
v.liolo  matter  permanentl}'.'^  For  an  explanation  of 
this  extraordinary  reply  it  is  necessary  to  turn  back  a 
little.  The  guardian,  llafael  Verger,  on  receipt  (»f 
Serra's  first  letter  of  October  17"!),  had  written  to 
Viceroy  ^layorga — l:>ucareli  having  died  in  April  of 
the  sjinie  year — stating  the  case  and  instituting  pro- 
cctidings  to  obtain  certified  copies  of  all  documents 
bouiing  on  the  subject  of  confii-mation.^''  This  was  on 
December  17th;  tho  required  certificates  were  ob- 
tained without  difiiculty,  and  on  Februar}'  16,  1780, 
the  e-uardian  sent  them  in  duo  form  to  Serra,  to  In; 
shown  to  Xeve,  at  the  same  time  f;icilit;iting  a  settle- 
iiie'it  of  the  matter  in  dispute  by  forwarding  a  co[)y 
!  >  Uoiieral  Croix.  The  president  received  tho  papers 
1  V  ■  ..e  vessel  which  arrived  at  ]Monterev  Oct(jber  (ith, 
■■'r\  ill  the  confident  expectation  of  an  order  from 
C.  ix  t  )  resuh-C  confirmations,  felt  very  independent, 
so  i.iich  so  that  he  deemed  it  safe  to  disreo-ard  tho 
ortlers  both  of  Croix  and  of  the  guardian  requiring 
tlio  delivery    of  the   documents    to   Neve.      Cireum- 

tiini  them  from  pnrrcptition.s  conspiring  aLrainst  the  govcrnim  iit.  At  a,  iiioro 
)itlin;j;  tiiiic  it  v.  ill  )»'  well  to  carry  mit  certain  incasurcM  which  he  has  dcci.ic<l 
it  hcst  for  the  present  to  defer  as  the  only  means  nf  briii'^ing  'this  president 
t)  ;i  [iropor  ackiiciwledgnieiit  of  the  aiithnrity  v,  liich  lie  eludes  v  hih;  prctc'inl- 
iiii;  til  dlicy.'  'i'liis  is  very  strung  language  from  a  man  w  ho  was  not  [none  to 
txcit  iiioni;  or  exagi;eration. 

'•  Jhrnl'ri.l  ,lr  '(\„iii,-iiit(i;  ?ilS.,  2(U)-T1.  This  u  tho  tii'st  use,  l.y  the  way, 
■  '  th"  name  ]>aia  California  that  I  have  noticed, 

'■  'I  lie  triiiirdian  nays  nothing  of  having  receiveil  any  jiapers  from  Serra  ; 
Lilt  cf  couioc  this  is  not  very  sti(jiig  evidence  tiiul  he  did  not  j^ct  them. 


V> 


n2n 


A  DECADE  C0:MPIETED. 


w 


stances  favored  his  plans,  for  Novo  wns  at  the  time 
absent  from  the  capital  on  a  visit  to  tlie  frontier  mis- 
sions of  the  peninsula.  Accordingly,  appreheudin'^' 
the  receipt  of  more  positive  orders  I'rom  tlic  goiioi'al, 
and  resolved  to  take  no  risk  of  eventual  discomfitiuv, 
the  venerable  friar  despatched  his  patent  forthwitli  t(> 
Croix,  via  Mexico,  probably  by  the  very  vessel  tluit 
luul  brought  it. 

Soon  the  governor  returned  to  ^Monterey  and  on 
December  30th  demanded  the  documents  in  oi-ilcr 
that  '■  might  forward  them  as  ordered  to  Ci'^ix. 
Serra  ui  .  deign  to  say  whether  he  had  the  pa[)fis 

or  not,  bi.,  Jolly  replied  on  the  same  date  by  saying;' 
in  sul)stancc:  'The  whole  matter  has  been  settlud  liy 
liiglier  authorities;  the  papers  proved  to  bo  all  riglit; 
I  have  written  to  General  Croix,  and  he  will  doubt- 
less be  satsified  with  wliat  I  have  said.  You  and  T 
have  only  to  wait  f)r  orders."  Neve  for  reasons 
already  mentioned  did  not  enforce  his  demand,  ami 
Serra  was  hajipy  in  the  thought  that  he  had  snulilud 
his  enemy.  Then,  as  the  president  had  anticipated, 
came  the  order  of  Croix  dated  November  29tli,  and 
•^vritten  before  ho  had  received  despatches  from  ]\T('x- 
ico.  Serra's  reply  was  an  easy  one  and  has  Ixeu 
alreafly  given.  Meanwhile,  Croix  on  recei[)t  of  tlio 
^Mexican  despatches,  sent  as  a  matter  of  course  tlio 
corresponding  instructions  dated  the  23d  of  ])ccoii!- 
ber.  They  were  received  by  Neve  at  San  Gabriel, 
wlienee  in  a  letter  dated  May  19,  1781,  he  inf  unud 
Scri'a  that  as  the  apostolic  brief  had  been  shown  to 
have  the  requisite  approval  of  the  council,  there  ^\as 
no  longer  any  obstacle  to  his  administering  the  sacra- 
ment.^'' 

During  the  continuance  of  this  quarrel  the  [)rosi- 
dent  took  advantage  of  another  op[)ortunity  to  show 
his  independence  of  the  government.  The  govern' ir 
had  been  ordered  to  send  in  connection  with  his  aii- 


'■'All  ilic  coimnuuicatious  referred  to  are  fouiul  in  tho  Facullad  iIc  Cuu- 
Jii'iiuir,  MS. 


FATHER  JUNfPEROS  MOTIVES. 


327 


'.lual  rcjioits  inventories  of  the  lni^ssions;  but  Serra 
roi'usod  to  render  any  account  of  the  missions,  claim- 
in;^'  lliiit  lie  was  acting  according  to  orders  from  tlio 
ciuudiau,  and  would  send  the  inventories  direct  to 

5le'.\i''(..^\ 

This  o])isodo  of  California  history,  now  for  the  first 
time  niado  public,  exhibits  the  character  of  Junijiero 
Sena  in  a  new  and,  considering  the  previous  char- 
acter  of  the  man,  in  a  startling  light.  And  though 
from  tliis  distance  nothing  can  be  seen  in  the  contro- 
vei'sy  which  might  affect  the  interests  of  Christianity, 
of  the  Franci!  'an  order,  or  of  the  California  missions, 
we  must  conckuie  that  Serra  was  conscientious  in  his 
belief  that  ])rinciples  of  the  gravest  character  wero 
involved  or  he  never  would  have  manifested  the  firm- 
ness and  the  stubborn  pertinacity  he  did  from  the 
Ixgiiming  to  the  end  of  this  dis[)ute  with  the  gov- 
ern* >i'.  Tlic  great  battles  between  the  royal  prerogative 
and  thofucro  edcskistico  had  been  fought  in  S[-ain;  it 
eeitriiidv  could  have  been  no  t''i(iin<i'  matter  that  would 
induce  this  man  of  peace  to  renew  them  in  California. 
On  the  other  hand  Xeve  claimed  what  he  reu'arded 
as  a  well  known  right,  nothing  in  the  slin'htest  deo-reo 
liuniiliating  to  the  president,  and  so  far  as  can  bo 
hnowii  he  urged  his  claims  in  ;i  courteous  and  re- 
.-■[u'etlul  manner;  and  when  obedience  to  his  demands 
was  refused  nothino-  but  his  moderation  and  cool- 
nmided  patriotism  prevented  a  scandal  which  would 
liavo  been  unfortunate  to  the  country,  and  })erlia[»s 
(Hsastrous  to  the  missions.  No  ardent  churchman 
enteitaiiis  a  more  exalted  o[)inion  of  the  virtues  (»f 
•lunipero  Serra, his  pure-mindediiess,his  self-sat.-rilieing 
(lev()(ion,his  industiy  and  zeal  than  myself  Xor  would 
1  w  illiiigly  detract  from  the  reputation  of  a  man  who 
has  been  justly  regar<led  as  an  ideal  missionary,  the 
lather  of  the  church  in  California;  jjut  I  am  writing 

"'Xcve  to  Croix  Jnno  4,  1770,  in  Proi'.  liCC,  MS.,  i.  1"_'7-S.  Tlic  govornor 
.«;i,ys  lli:it  till!  iiativrsiiro  tnufrlit  tluit  tlio  padrcsi  tiro  supioiiic  iiiul  tho  sLLiilia- 
ollieials  aio  to  bo  i'u''tu'clcJ  Mitli  iudiQcrcuce. 


r 


3-28 


A  DI'XADE  COMPLETED. 


history,  and  I  must  record  the  facts  as  I  find  thorn 
and  leave  my  readers  to  form  their  own  conchisions.^' 
The  Hcense  to  confirm  for  ten  years  expired  with  the 
life  of  Serra  in  1784,  before  which  time  he  had  con- 
firmed 5,309  persons.  The  privik-gc  was  again  given 
at  Home  in  1785  and  forwarded  by  the  bisho[)  of 
Sonora  in  1790  to  President  Lasuen,  who  conlirnic;] 
within  five  years  about  9,000  persons.  The  llcen>;e 
was  never  ai^ain  renewed. 

The  transj)ort  vessels  of  1778  wore  the  San  Carl  on, 
which  arrived  at  San  Diego  in  jVIay,  returning  ;it 
once  to  San  Bias;  and  the  Santiago,  under  Captain 
Juan  Manuel  do  Ayala,  pilotos  Castro  and  Aguirre, 
and  chapUiin  Nocedal,  which  anchored  at  San  Fran- 
cisco June  17th,  one  hundred  and  five  days  out  from 
San  Bias.  Besides  more  material  supplies  she  l)ronght 
an  utmsu.il  budget  of  news.  An  exploring  fleet  for 
the  northern  coast  was  fitting  out  at  San  Bias;  Teo- 
doro  de  Croix  had  l)een  appointed  commandant  gen- 
eral of  the  Interior  Provinces;  a  change  was  proposed 
in  mission  government,  making  California  a  custodia, 
thouu'h  tliis  was  never  carried  out;  and  the  riu'ht  to 
confirm  had  been  granted  to  President  Serra.  The 
tSaitti(((/o  on  her  return  touched  at  Monterey  at  the 
end  of  July  and  at  San  Diego. 

The  Santiago  returned  to  San  Francisco  in  1770, 
but  we  have  no  further  information  about  her  trip 
than  that  several  of  her  officers  served  as  godfathers 
at  the  baptism  of  natives  on  the  Gth  of  July.  TJie 
officers  included  Captain  Estevan  Jose  Martinez, 
Piloto  Jose  Tobar,  and  Chaplain  Nicolas  de  Ibera.''^ 

'"  Fiilou,  Viiln,  23.J-0,  filluiles  to  the  fiiiarrel  very  briefly,  admitting  that 
Novo  ua.s  not  actuated  hy  malice.  In  liiis  Notlcldn  ho  dues  not  iiieutioii  tho 
sidjjict  at  all.  Shea,  <'nf/i.  J/'',<s.,  100,  saya  that  Serra  was  for  a  tiiiK^  in- 
vented by  the  government  from  exercising  his  right.  Taylor,  iJl-'coc.  «/'■/ 
Foi!ii(l<  rx,  ii.  No.  2S,  allirms  that  1'.  Junipero  had  a  serious  fright  socju  after 
beginning  to  conlirm  on  account  of  a  rumor  from  ^Mexico  that  there  v  as  soiiu- 
tiling  irregular  in  his  j)a]iers;  but  ou  assurance  from, ill  the  pronunent  men  aci'i'<- 
sible  that  there  was  nothing  wrong  he  was  comforted '  Cdeeson,  JH-it.  <  'alh.  C/i., 
ii.  .S4-(),  attributes  the  hindrance  tu  the  Chevalier  de  Croix  who  was  opiuisc.l 
to  tlie  missions,  and  would  not;  allow  8ei'i\'i  to  conlirm  until  the  viceroy  was 
apiK  ide<l  to  and  told  him  to  let  the  pailres  alone. 

''*(b«>i  Fnuuisco,  Lib.  ik  MiAuii,  MS.,  10.    She  came  back  next  year  m  iih 


EODEGA  Y  CUADIL\  AND  ARTEAGA. 


329 


Entered  San  Francisco  Bay  the  Favurita  September 
1 4tli,  lollowed  next  day  by  the  Priaccsa.  They  were 
cxiiloring  vessels  commanded  by  lieutenants  ]Jodeo-a 
y  Cuadra  and  Ignacio  Arteaga  respectively,  the  latter 
"hclng  chief  in  command.^"  They  had  left  San  131as  in 
I'VbriKuy,  and  had  been  up  the  coast  to  latitude  GO", 
and  on  the  return  had  explored  the  old  bay  of  Sau 
Fi-ancisco  under  Point  Reyes  whore  the  San  Ayuxtlii 
was  cast  away,  this  being  the  first  visit  since  the  time 
of  Vizcaino.  The  men  were  many  ( -f  them  sick  with 
sciU'N  y  and  the  ships  remained  for  six  weeks  in  jiort 
f»r  their  benefit.  In  Cuadra's  possession  was  au 
iiiinge  in  bronze  of  Nuestra  Scnora  do  los  Hemedios, 
[)ied  from  the  original  in  Mexico,  which  ho  presentetl 


00 


to  the  mission  and  which  was  placed  on  the  altar  with 
])r()])er  ceremonies  the  3d  of  October.  Next  day  the 
festival  of  the  patron  saint  was  celebrated,  and  in 
connection  with  the  ceremony  three  natives  brought 
from  the  northern  coasts  were  baptized.  Seira  could 
not  come  up  in  time  for  the  festival  on  account  of 
d'aiuetos  with  Neve;  but  a  little  later  he  was  met  by 
the  naval  officers  at  Santa  Clara  and  came  to  San 
Francisco  to  administer  confirmation  as  we  have  seen, 
insisting  on  walking  all  the  way  and  refusing  to  have 
liis  ulcerated  leg  treated  after  arrival.  A  courier  now 
arrived  overland  with  tidings  of  Viceroy  Bucareli's 
death  and  of  the  war  with  England.  This  hurried  the 
vessels  away,  and  after  hasty  j^reparations  in  view  of 
possible  hostilities  on  the  high  seas,  they  sailed  Octo- 
ber 30th,  bearing  important  despatches  from  Serra, 
and  leaving  Matias  Noriega  in  place  of  Father  Cam- 
bon,  wlio  retired  on  account  of  ill-hcalth.^'^ 


;    I 


the  siimc  officers,  except  that  'Misjuel  Davalos  wns  olmplain,  entering  Mon- 
terey in  Oetolicr  nnd  unloading  tlirte,  to  tiu.'  greii'^'  inconvcniunco  of  San  I^i'an- 
ii.-<(u,  wail  her  the  cargo  had  to  be  carried  bv  la:  d.  J'rdoii,  Xol.,  ii.  oGS-O; 

J'ror.  j;<r.,  MS.,  ii.  :\2--x 

'"  Accurding  to  S.  /Vn??f(.-TO,  Lih  dc  ilA'sjcff,  !>,IS.,  11-12;  Pnloii,  Vhia, 
2.11-1!.  Lieut.  Quirc'is  y  Mii\inda  was  cue  ol'  Lj!  u  oliiccrs.  Canizaivs  and 
JIaiiivllc  ^\•ere  also  on  the  vessels. 

^'Siiii  Fnninncv,  Lih.  ik  Mix'ion,  !MS.,  II:  .'iQi''  :/n  >/  C'uadm,  Xarajririoii, 
etc.,  177!),  MS.;  Ai'kaija,  l\rcint  Ejciiloraciou,  2,70,  ^IS.;  Jlaurilk,  Aute- 


4 


i|i 


330 


A  DECADE  COMPLETED. 


There  is  yet  another  iiuiritiinc  event  to  be  inchulcd 
in  tlie  annals  of  1770,  namely:  the  arrival  of  the  first 
Manila  galleon.  OtT  Monterey  harbor  the  11th  of 
Oetober  arrived  the  San  Jv.se,  and  the  coniniandei-, 
Joso  Iniparan,  sent  a  boat  ashore  asking  for  a  ])ilot 
and  that  buoys  be  i)laced  to  mark  deep  water,  alluding 
to  the  royal  orders  for  the  galleons  to  get  water  and 
food  here."^  Neve's  reply-  the  records  fail  to  show. 
Palou  states  that  the  ship's  boat  took  off  a  sheep  and 
basket  of  vegetables  from  Carmelo  Bay,  while  the  otK- 
ccr  went  across  to  the  presidio.  There  a  bull  was 
given  and  the  key  of  the  storehouse,  also  the  required 
pilot,  or  a  soldier  who  knew  the  harbor;  but  the  boat 
was  upset  just  as  the  men  boarded  the  ship  and  a  sud- 
den wind  forced  her  to  depart  without  anchoring, 
taking  the  soldier  with  her  to  Cape  San  Lucas."  l\n- 
paran  was  however  blamed  subs^^quently  for  his  action 
in  this  atfair;  for  General  Croix  writes  to  Neve  on 
July  17,  1782,  that  the  king  has  been  notified  of  Tni- 
paran's  refusal  to  anchor  at  INIonterey;-^  and  indeed 
Minister  of  State  Galvcz  writes  in  February  of  the 
same  year  that  thouiih  siijfnal  fires  were  lit  at  Monte- 
rey  the  galleon  paid  no  attention,  sailing  for  Cai)e  San 
Li'icas  in  defiance  of  ro3'al  orders;  that  the  ki'ig  is 
much  displeased;  and  that  in  future  galleons  must  call 
at  Monterey  under  a  j)enalty  of  four  thousand  dollars, 
mdess  prevented  by  contrary  winds. 

Besides  the  arrival  and  departure  of  vessels,  and 
Father  Junipero's  visits  to  the  different  missions  for  the 

gacion,  ^NFS.;  I>oih')a  y  Cucidra,  Seqimda  Sal'ida,  MS.;  Pyov.  lire.,  JTS..  i. 
U2-4;  I'ror.  St.  J'f(p.\  MS.,  ii.  4!)-.")0;  Pdhii,  Not.,  ii.  ;W;-(i4;  Id.,  Vhhi, 
1G")-71;  Bustunuiidc,  Stiph metdo,  34-3.  There  arc  some  iliH'eieiiees  aliniit 
the  ilate  of  ile))artiu'e.  The  rumor  of  wnv  with  England  e.aiiscd  the  two  ( 'ali- 
fornia  transports  iSVn)  Ch/'/o.'J  anil  Sun  Aidoulo  to  bo  sent  in  the  autniun  of 
1771)  over  to  ihuiila  to  give  notice  of  danger  and  carry  .S;{(>0,000  i:i  money 
l'a(h'e  Font  went  as  ehaphhn  on  the  Sen  Cdrlon.  Cunilwni  recovered  his 
health,  resolved  to  retnrn,  and  Ixjught  maize  and  snj:ar  with  his  earnings  as 
chaplain.  The  fsupplies  he  sent  up  on  the  Saiifiaijo,  hut  he  way  obliged  iiini- 
self  to  make  a  tii))  to  Acapnlco  and  perhaps  to  Manila  under  Heccta  on  the 
Priiirctri.   P(dou,  Not.,  ii.  .'iO.j-7. 

'^  lm])anin's  letter  in  I'rou.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  38. 

'^-Pidoti,  i\o/.,  ii.  3()3-4. 

»'  Prut:  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  228. 


LOCAL  ITEJIS. 


331 


purpose  of  administering  confirmation,  there  is  but 
little  to  be  noted  in  the  way  of'loeal  events.  Neophyte 
alcaldes  and  rcgidorcs  were  chosen  in  1779  for  the 
older  missions;  two  of  each  for  San  Cdi'los  and  San 
Diego,  and  one  for  San  Antonio,  San  Luis,  and  San 
(iabiiel.fv  Neve  at  his  coming  had  found  the  so-called 
lU'csidios  to  be  mere  collections  of  huts,  enclosed  in 
slight  fences  of  sticks  called  palisades,  altogether 
ina(U'(juate  to  purposes  of  defence,  even  against  the 
poorly  armed  Californians.  He  gave  special  attention 
to  this  matter  and  with  such  success  that  on  the  3d 
of  July  1778  there  was  complctccl  at  Monterey  a  wall 
of  stone  5-37  yards  in  circumference,  12  feet  high  and 
iour  feet  thick,  enclosing  ten  adobe  houses  each  21  by 
24  feet,  with  barracks  13G  by  18  feet  not  quite  fin- 
ished. At  San  Francisco  walls  were  also  being  built, 
but  of  adobe,  which  the  rains  of  January  and  Feljruaiy 
of  1779  undermined  and  destroyed,  showing  that  hero 
also  stone  must  be  used.  At  San  Diego  stones  were 
being  collected  for  foundationp  in  1778,  but  we  hear 
nothing  definite  of  progress  for  several  years.  At 
San  Francisco  presidio  a  new  chapel  was  in  course  of 
erection  at  the  bcu'inning  of  1780;"'  while  at  San 
Diego  mission  a  new  adobe  church,  strengthened  and 
rooft'd  with  pine  tindjers,  was  this  year  completed.  It 
was  ninety  feet  long  by  seventeen  feet  wide  and  high. 
The  farmers  of  San  Jose  M^erc  prospering  in  a  quiet 
wav,  vaisinof  over  700  bushels  of  orain  in  1780,  and 
lui\iug  at  that  date  nearly  GOO  head  of  live-stock,  largo 
and  small.  San  Gabriel  and  San  Luis  had  some 
2,000  bushels  of  surplus  maize."''"' 

At  the  end  of  this  first  decade  of  its  history  the 
Spanish  settlements  in  California  consisted  of  three 
])resi(Uos,  one  pueblo,  and  eight  missions.  There  were 
at  these  establishments  besides  the  governor,  two  lieu- 

-' A  limiso  was  burncil  at  tlio  presidio  Oct.  1 1,  1770,  ami  with  it  tliu  Ims- 
pit;;!  tiiit  of  tlio  two  vessels  Pruicimt  aii<l  I'ururVa. 

^M)ii  local  matters  1778-80  sec  Arch.  St<i  UarUura.  MS.,  x.  40r)-."13;  Proi\ 
}!■<:.  MS.,  i.  ISI.  -,1,  83,  80,  104,  117,  l-'O,  Vl'l-o,  l'J7-8;  ii.  •-'l--.'j  I'roc.  St. 
I'cp.,  MS,,  ii.  ;ji)-7. 


I 


sn-j 


A  DECADE  COMPLETED. 


J  1 

■  I 


tenants,  tlirco  sergeants,  14  corporals,  about  140  sol- 
diers, 30  HU'cioiU'ss,  20  settlers,  live  niaster-niechanics, 
one  surgeon,  and  three  stoi-e-kcepers,  IG  Franciscan 
missionaries,  and  about  3,000  neophytes.  The  total 
])opulation  of  Spanish  and  mixed  blood  was  not  l;if 
iVoni  500.  The  annual  expense  to  the  royal  treasury 
ol'kceping  up  these  establishments  was  nearly  $50,000, 
or  some  610,000  more  than  was  provided  for  by  tliu 
regulation  of  1773.-" 


"For  a  list  of  male  iuhabitajits  of  California  from  17G9  to  1800,  see  end  of 
this  volume. 


1800,  see  end  of 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

A  NEW  REaLA:MENTO— COLONISTS  AND   RECRUITS -LOS 
ANGKLE8  FOUNDED. 

1781. 

NEVI;'s  RKfiLAMENTO  IN  FoRCF,— INSPECTORS  OF  PRESIDIOR— ScrPI.Y  SVSTKM — 

I!ai;ii,itai)0 — Tuk  Santa  Uart.aca  Ciiannkl  to  iik  Occupikd — Coloni- 
zation Systlm — Mission  Extension— Preparations  for  New  Estaii- 
i.isiniENTs — Rivera's  Kecki-itino  in  Sonora  and  Sinaloa — Plans  vmi 
Tin;  ilAucH — CoMiNd  OK  ]1ivera  via  tuk  Colorado,  and  of  Zl.nkia 
VIA  Loueto — Arrival  /  •  San  Gaiiriel — Fol'ndixo  of  Los  ANt;ELEs — 
Neve's  Instrfctions — Names  of  the  Oricinai.  Settlers — Early 
ruooREss— Final  DisTRiiirTitiN  of  Lands  in  17SG — Map  of  Scrvev- 
San  Jose  DisTuinuTioN  in  J7H3 — Map— Local  Items — Lavinc;  the 
Corner-stone  of  the  Cuurcu  at  Santa  Cuvra — Movements  of  Ves- 
sels AND  Missionaries. 


At  tlio  bcijiniiiiiG:  of  1781  the  new  rcsfiilation  for 
tlie  ij;'ovoriiiiieiit  of  California  went  into  ofteet  pro- 
visionally by  order  of  Coniandantc  General  Croix  of 
the  Provincias  Internas  <le  Occidente,  receiving  the 
fuiinal  approval  of  King  Carlos  III.,  October  24th 
(•t'tlio  same  3'ear/  but  dating  back  to  the  1st  of  Juno 
1771),  in  its  original  drawing-up  by  Neve.  Echevcstc's 
ix'g'iilation  of  1773,^  resulting  chiefly  from  the  labors 
of  President  Serra  in  behalf  (jf  California  during  his 
vihiit  to  Mexico,  had  been  designed  as  a  tenipoiarv 
<-\}>L'(lient  rather  than  a  permanent  system;  and  liio 
;i.iiii  ill  preparing  ihe  document  to  supersede  it  Avas  to 
Iji'iiig  the  Californian  establishments,  so  far  as  possible, 

'  V(  (V,  Ii('(]l(tmen(o  6  InMrucdoiu  MS.  For  the  Rcglamoiito  in  print  see 
Arriltd'jd,  U<coiiihmou,  IS'JS,  li!l-7o.  Orders  of  Cioix  of  Sept.  •_'!,  17.S0,  in 
I'riif.  SI,  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  1 14.  Neve  aekiiowlcdged  receipt  uf  preceding  (irder 
•Ian.  '-'(I,  17S1,  Id.,  ii.  38-9.    Sec  iiist  i)ages  of  cliapter  xv.  of  tlii.s  vo  nine. 

■  I!' [ilatthnito  (le:.'.'f  ilc  Moijo  lllJ,  and  /</. ,  Ihliriiiinucion  <!r  S  di-  Jul'o,  MS., 
■i;  /'"/•'(,  Xot.,  i.  550-71,  Ot5'J-l)4.    See  chapter  ix.  of  this  volume. 


334 


COLONISTS  AND  RECRUITS. 


i 


under  the  £>'eiic'r;il  syfstein  jir'uvalciit  in  tlio  (iIIkt 
interior  provinces,  anil  cmlxKlicd  in  the  rf)yal  i'eL;ii- 
lation  for  frontier  presidios,^  with  such  luodilieatioiis 
us  were  rendered  necessary  by  the  distance  and  pecnlinr 
cii-cunistan(.'es  of  Cahfornia  jis  shown  ]>y  t^xpiritiicr 
under  the  old  system.  Elscwliere  in  this  series  I 
devote  some  space  to  a  carefid  study  of  the  presidiij 
system  in  all  its  workinn's  and  details.  Hence  to  enter 
here  mto  tbe  minutiae  of  the  new  regulation  avouM 
.serve  no  usc:ful  ])ur[)ose.  I  therefore  notice  the  docu- 
ment hrieily  in  its  main  features  as  the  beginning'  of 
a  new  e[)och,  its  practical  workings  will  in  a  general 
way  be  apparent  in  the  course  of  events  from  year  to 
year.  Tlio  reader  will  thus  be  led  to  peruse  with 
interest,  (jualitied  to  study  with  profit,  or  enabled  {o 
omit  altogetluvr  the  later  analysis  necessary  in  a  woik 
of  this  character  for  purposes  of  reference,  but  net 
interestintjf  to  a  larLre  class  of  general  rcadeis. 

The  distance  and  isolation  of  California  prevei 
regular  visits  of  the  royal  inspector  of  frontier  ^ 
si<hos,  the  governor  was  made  provincial  inspeeti)i', 
responsible  by  virtue  of  this  new  commission  for  the 
enforcement  of  the  reixulations.  But  that  the  duties 
of  the  new  position  might  not  interfere  with  other 
official  duties,  the  actual  work  of  inspecting  the  \nv- 
sidioswas  given  to  an  adjutant  inspector  acting  under 
the  inspector's  orders.'*  Supplies  of  all  kinds  were  as 
before  to  be  shi[)ped  from  San  Bias,  being  j.urchased  in 
accordance  with  annual  memovias  of  articles  required, 
forwarded  through  governor  to  viceroy,  and  delivered 
to  soldiers  and  servants  in  payment  of  their  wages. 
There  was,  however,  an  important  change  in  one  re- 
spect; for  the  former  profit  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  pir 
cent  was  relinquished  hj  the  government,  and  sup- 
l)lies  were  furnished  to  the  men  at  their  cost  in  San 
Bias,  no  addition  being  made  for  transportation  by 


'  Presidios,  lifrjlamaito  (  Ivstrwcion  de  10  dc  Sept.  1772. 

*  Nicolas  Soler  iirst  held  this  iJosition  from  November  17S1  under  Inspect- 


or Neve. 


NEW  REGLAMKXTO. 


3.n 


sea.  As  an  olfset  to  tlii.s  reduction  the  pay  of  soldiers 
uas  reduced  al>out  forty  per  cent,''  tliey  were  oMii^ed 
lo  submit  to  losses  and  damage  incurred  on  the  voy- 
iv^v,  .'Uid  tlicy  Were  obhged  to  pay  two  \n;v  cent  to  an 
/i<il)i/i/(i(Ii).  This  hist  named  oflieial  tcjok  the  place 
(if  the  old  f/uanla-<dniaccn,  or  store-keeiier,  and  had 
cliarL^e,  subject  to  the  ins[)ection  of  his  conuuandant, 
el"  the  reception  and  distribution  of  j>ay  and  rations 
and  tlie  keeping  of  company  accounts.  The  liabi- 
litado  was  chosen  from  among  the  subaltern  ollicer.^5 
by  each  presidial  company,  and  the  com[)any  was  i-e- 
.sjionsible  for  any  deficit  in  his  accounts."  While  sup- 
plies were  yet  to  bo  imported  from  aln-oad  as  a  mat- 
ter of  necessity,  the  habilitado  was  authorized  to  pui'- 
cliase  California  productions  whenever  offered,  and  it 
was  exitected  that  all  grain  consumed  would  soon  bo 
i^rown  in  the  couL'try,  or  in  'the  j)eninsula,'  as  even 
L'i)]>er  California  was  still  called. 

Tlie  new  regulation  provided  for  the  occn[)ation  of 
tlie  Santa  Barbara  Channel  region,  in  aci-ordanco 
with  Neve's  oriu'inal  idea,  by  the  foundin*'*  of  a 
nrw  })residio  and  nnssion  of  Santa  ]3ai'bara  in  the 
centre,  and  two  missions,  San  Buenaventura  and  Pu- 
ii^iina.  at  the  extremities  of  the  Chamiei  coast.  It 
also  made  j'l'^^vision  for  two  jjueblos,  the  one  al- 
ivady  founded  at  San  Jose,  and  anotliei-  to  be  ostab- 
lislu'd  on  the  Rio  Porcii'mcula  and  called  Xuestra 
Srnora  do  los  Angeles.  For  the  lour  ])residios,  and 
tlio  eleven  missions  and  two  pueldos  under  their  [)ro- 
tcc'tion,  a  force  of  four  lieutenants,  four  sub-lieutenants, 
or  alfereces,  six  sergeants,  sixteen  corporals,  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy-two  soldiers,  one  surgeon,  and  five 
niaster-nu^chanics  was  allowed  at  an  annual  ex[)enso 
lur  salaries  of  $53,453.     Froui  this  force  a  sergeant 


ader  Inspect- 


*  A  ser.'paiit's  pnywaa  reduood  from  ^tOO  to  82C'2,:  corporal,  8400  to  B'-2:r, 
soliliw,  s;{tJO  to  8^*17. oO;  inccluiuic,  .S300  to$180.  A  liculciuiiit  uas  to  get 
^■jM  instead  of  .*!:">00  ;  an  alforez  §400;  and  iv  surgeon  .'?4r)0. 

'The  lirst  liabilitados,  in  1781,  were  Mariano  Carrillo  at  Monterey,  Iler- 
iiKii('.riiii,j  ,sal  at  San  Francisco,  Jose  do  Ziiiiiga  at  Sau  Diego,  and  Josu  F. 
Oituga  at  Santa  Barbara. 


II 


m-i^ 


III 


i 


I 


i; 


sno 


COLONISTS  AXD  RECRUITS. 


and  fourteen  men  wore  to  be  stationed  temporarily 
at  San  Buenaventura  and  Purisiina;  a  corporal  and 
five  men  at  each  of  the  other  missions;  four  soldiers 
at  each  of  the  pueblos  f(.)r  two  years;  and  the  rest  t(j 
be  retained  for  presidio  service  proper.'^ 

Section  xiv.  of  the  regulation  deals  with  the  new 
and  important  subject  of  pueblos  and  colonizatir»ii.  As 
the  foundation  of  pueblo  land-titles  this  section  Iia;-; 
played  an  important  part  in  the  subsequent litic^'atioi is 
of  (.'alifornian  courts,  and  has  often  been  repuldlslied 
and  translated.'^  The  system  of  distributing  puelilo 
lands,  left  somewhat  vague  at  first,  not  reduced  b)  au 
exact  science  in  the  pi'actical  a])plication  of  ];i(er 
years,  and  nlniost  inextricably  confused  by  tlie  volu- 
minous explanations  of  lawyers  since  1849,  need  not 
be  cl(.)sely  analyzed  hov.  It  was  only  in  its  strictly 
lesjfal  asi)ects  that  the  niieblo  sv^tenv  was  va-'iie  oi- 
comjdicated.  Historically  all  was  (dear  euougli.  Ac- 
cordincT  to  the  ricw  reLjulations  settlers  v.'ere  to  In; 
(detained  from  the  (dder  provinces  and  estaldished  i:i 
California;  to  be  granted  each  a  ]iouse-l<)t  and  a  tract 
of  la. id  for  cultivation;  to  be  su})]died  at  the  bv^'ginuiiig 
%vitli  the  necessary  livc-stoch,  ini'dements,  and  seed, 
which  advance  was  to  be  gradually  repaid  witliin  live 
years  from  the  i)roduce  of  tlie  land;  to  ])e  Daid  ("iich  nu 
annual  sum  ^IIG.50  for  two  3-ears,  and  of  -VGO  f  )r  tli  ^ 
next  three  years,  the  payment  to  be  in  clothing  and 
other  necessary  articles  at  cost  prices;  to  have  as 
c;)nnnunities  the  use  of  government  lands  for  pn^tur- 
a'jfe  and  the  obtaininuf  of  wood  and  water;  and,  tinallv, 
to  be  free  for  five  vcars  i'rom  all  tithes  or  other  taxes. 
Government  aid  in  the  way  of  moiu-y  and  cattle  was  to 
bo  given  only  to  colonists  who  hd"t  tlieir  own  country  to 
come  to  California;  but  in  respect  of  lands  other  colo- 

'Tlii.s  loft  '27  iiipu  to  S.an  Diego,  2^^  to  Santa  ]5dil)ai'a,  27  to  Mdiih'ny, 
mul  1!)  to  San  Franci.sco. 

"For  translation  koc  Ilalhrk'.'i  Hr/mrf,  Sl.ft  Coinf.,  Itt  Smu.,  I/.  Kr.  J>>": 
17,  Y>.  I'M:  Join's'  l?i/iort.  Xo.  4;  U.  S.  Sup.  Conrf'  I'r/ilx.,  i.,  llockwull,  4k  i; 
Dirjiirlk'.i  Colon,  llixl.  S.  /'.,  addenda,  ;i ;  //«//",•<  /lis/.  San  Jo-^v,  40U-7;ii 
bubidos  rcfcreucca  more  or  less  complete  in  many  \c^\A  biiefd. 


PUEBLO  REGULATIONS. 


337 


iii>t?,.-LK'li  as  discliargcd  soldiers,  were  entitled  to  equal 


tij  ^iIonttTt  \', 


i)nviJe<i-es. 


In  return  for  aid  thus  received  the  colonists  were 
hiii)|>ly  required  to  sell  to  the  presidio^  exclusively 
the  surplus  prtjducts  of  their  lands,  at  fair  prices  to 
he  fixed  from  time  to  time  by  the  fjovernmeut,  in 
accordauccwith  market  rates  in  the  southern  p''ovinces, 
111  the  total  absence  of  other  purchasers  this  re(piire- 
lueiit  would  for  many  years  at  least  prove  a  decided 
IniieHt  rather  than  a  burden.  Each  settler  must  keep 
liiiuself  and  horses  and  musket  in  readiness  fin'  military 
service  in  an  emergency.  Other  conditions  were  im- 
posed, l)Ut  all  more  directly  advantageous  to  the  set- 
tler than  to  the  government.  Thus  the  jx^bladores 
must  take  their  farms  together  within  pueblo  limits 
((f  four  square  leagues  according  to  the  Spanish  law 
and  custom;  they  could  not  alienate  their  land,  nor 
in  any  way  encumber  it  with  mortgages  or  otherwise; 
tliey  must  build  houses,  dig  irrigating  ditches,  culti- 
vate, own,  and  keep  in  repair  certain  implements,  and 
maintain  a  certain  number  of  animals;  they  could  not 
kill  or  otherwise  disnose  of  their  live-stock  except 
under  certain  regulations  to  insure  its  increase;  neither 
could  one  person  own  more  than  fifty  animals  of  a  kind 
and  thus  monopolizo  the  pueblo  wealth;  and  finally, 
each  pueblo  must  perform  certain  community  work  in 
the  construction  of  dams  and  irrigating  canals,  on 
roads  and  streets,  in  a  church  and  the  necessary  town 
buildings,  in  tilling  the  iwopioi^,  or  pueblo  lands,  from 
the  })ro(luct  of  which  municipal  expenses  were  to  be 
paid.  ^Municipal  o.ticers  were  at  the  beginning  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor  but  afterwards  chosen  by  the 
people.  This  system  of  colonization  was  in  every 
respect  a  wise  one  and  well  ada[)ted  to  the  needs  of 
the  country.  If  it  was  not  successful,  it  is  \o  tlx; 
character  of  the  colonists,  the  mildness  of  the  climate, 
and  the  opposition  of  the  missionaries  that  we  must 
look  for  the  causes  of  failure. 

The  regulation  provided  in  its  last  section  for  the 

Hist.  Cal.  Vol.  I.    22 


338 


COLONISTS  AND  RECRUITS. 


9    H 


3  ^  !■ : 


establislimont  in  the  future  of  now  missions,  in  addi- 
tion to  tho  throe  to  bo  immediately  founded.  By  tlic 
line  of  eleven  missions  located  alon<^  the  coast  at  in- 
tervals of  from  fourteen  to  twenty-five  leagues,  with 
four  protectinj^  presidios  at  greater  intervals,  commu- 
nication would,  it  was  thought,  be  sufficientlv  secured; 
and  new  nu'ssions  should  be  located  on  a  second  line 
farther  inland,  each  new  establishment  being  as  far 
as  possible  equidistant  from  two  of  the  old  ones,  and 
from  fourteen  to  twenty  leagues  east.  Two  ministers  as 
before  were  to  be  left  in  each  of  the  old  arid  of  the 
three  Channel  missions,  but  the  places  of  those  mIio 
died  or  retired  were  not  to  be  filled  so  long  as  one 
padre  was  left  at  each  mission,  except  that  at  presidio 
missions  there  were  to  be  two  friars  until  some  other 
provision  should  be  made  for  cha})lains.  New  mis- 
sions were  to  have  but  a  single  minister  with  an 
annual  stipend  of  four  hundred  dollars;  and  tliis  sum, 
with  the  $1,000  allowed  each  new  foundation,  must 
suftice  for  all  needs  both  religious  and  temporal.  The 
old  establishments  Avero,  however,  to  contribute  ani- 
mals and  seed,  and  they  might  also  supply  a  compan- 
ion minister  for  a  year.  No  necessity  for  an  increased 
military  force  was  anticipated,  since  the  temporary 
pueblo  guards  and  the  extra  force  at  San  Buenaven- 
tura and  Purfsima  would  provide  for  at  least  four 
new  guards  without  diminishing  the  presidi.il  gan-i- 
.sons.  It  will  be  noted  that  this  section  of  the  regu- 
lation shows  less  indications  of  missionary  inllueiice 
in  its  shaping  than  did  Echeveste's  which  was  in- 
spired by  Serra;  but  we  shall  also  .see  that  most  of 
the  ])resent  prf)visions  were  of  no  practical  effect  until 
modified  by  Franciscan  influences. 


!;f? 


Meanwhile  preparatiims  for  the  proposed  ne\.  ostah- 
lishments  were  going  on  slowly,  preparations  that  had 
iK'gun  with  Neve's  arrival  in  the  country,  his  reiioit 
of  ,)une  1777  on  the  means  and  importance  of  con- 
trolling the  eight  or  ten  thousand  natives  of  the  twenty- 


PKErAr.ATIOXS  AXD  INSTRUCTIONS. 


339 


10 


one  Cliannel  lanclierias,"  and  liis  provisional  foundinc^ 
of  San  Jose.  General  Croix  approved  the  governor's 
sL'henics  for  new  cstabliyliraents  in  Septend)er  1778, 
;iii(l  sonic  correspondence  on  minor  details  followed. 
Xcve  as  we  have  seen  included  his  plans  in  the  regu- 
lation of  June  1779,  which  Croix  approved  in  Sep- 
tcm1»('r.  Actual  operations  toward  a  carrying-out  of 
tlic  plans  were  begun  at  the  end  of  the  year  by  Rivera 
V  ]\l<)ncada,  lieutenant  governor  of  Lower  Californi;i,'^ 
will)  at  Xeve's  order  crossed  the  gulf  and  went  to 
Ari/.pe  to  receive  from  Croix  certain  instructions  which 
liDi'e  date  of  December  27,  1779,  and  by  which  Rivera 
was  intrusted  with  the  recruiting  in  Sinaloa  and  Sonora 
(if  soldiers  and  settlers  for  California;^^  the  former  for 
tlic  Santa  Bdrbara  presidio  and  missions,  the  latter 
fur  the  new  pueblo  on  the  Rio  Porciiiucula  to  be  called 
Oucen  of  the  Anfjels. 

111  a  preliminary  letter  Rivera's  attention  is  called 
to  the  importance  of  his  mission  and  he  was  flattered, 
ns  was  the  custom  in  such  documents,  with  expres- 
sions of  confidence  in  his  ability  and  witli  prospectix'e 
njiproval  by  tlie  king.  He  is  also  reminded  of  a  pop- 
ular idea  that  Californian  wa<jfes,  while  looking  well  on 
pajxn-,  are  liable  to  a  woful  shrinkage  in  actual  priic- 
ticc;  an  idea  that  of  course  will  seriously  intnfero 
with  recruiting,  and  must  lie  dispelled  by  a  careful 
('\])lanatioii  of  the  exact  terms  offe'red,  without  ex- 
ii'><>eration.      The  settler  must  understand  that  he  is 


to  recei 


ten  dollars  a  month  and  regular  rations  for 


V/w.  TZ^-c.MS.,  i.  70-3. 

'"  i'rov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  0,  7;  Pmv.  7?.v.,  MS.,  i.  12-2-3.  Xcvo  rm  Sept. 
'2'.\.  177s,  iinnouiKX'il  to  tliu  kiii^'  what  lie  Imil  doiio,  iiml  tiic  kin^'".s  appinval  was 
fnrwanlid  ],y  Croix  .Tnly  1!1,  1770.   Pmr.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  ii.  47. 

''  '  liivcia  y  Marcado,  Comandaiito  of  tin;  presidio  of  Monterey,'  is  m  hat 
Ifall  calls  him.  ll'ist.  Sun  Jos''\  l'.(-'J4.  This  is  a  fair  .sample  of  the  w.iy  in 
»hi(!i  ( 'aliforniaii  alVairs  are  treated  hy  liioderu  writers,  llall  as  I  liave  .'<ai<l 
licJM^  al]cjvo  the  avcratjo  of  his  class. 

'- '  ■/•(*/(•,  In4nir''loii  qiw  d  hr  (ilmrrnir  <  I  Cfiji'ttdn  l>.  Fi'vimvilo  Jtin  ra  ij  Mon- 
ciiihi  piirii  la  irvliild  1/  hd'iUlricioii  de  /ainiliitx,  polihnlord^  //  fro/fi,  aropi'i  ili> 
inii,iliirii.-<,  Irrt.ipoiir  <lr  l0'la-i  1/  ih  iwih  (iii.iilius  que  Im  .sollcitdilo  ij  .-c  rnnciil'  11  al 
Cnr'HK I  1).  J'dipi'  (If  .Xcrt',  (luliirixiilor  lit'  I  'iill/oniin",  para  1 1  rcsijiirtnlo,  lum - 
til i'l  >/  f()u»n'(ir'ion  lie  loi  nitcrus  1/  aiitl(jiiO'<cMahla:liui(jiitoii ilc aquilla  Pniiii-''i'la. 
.NhS. 


340 


COLONISTS  AND  RECRUITS. 


n\si 


,  I 


tliroo  ycars/^  beginning  with  the  date  of  onhstnioiit, 
and  subject  to  no  discount;  but  the  advance  of  cloth- 
ing, live-stock,  seed,  and  implements  must  be  gradu- 
ally repaid,  not  by  a  discount  on  wages,  but  from  tlic 
surplus  products  of  the  land.  Soldiers  on  the  con- 
trary, having  a  permanent  and  larger  salary,  must 
lepay  by  'prudent  discounts'  the  sums  advanced  in 
aid  of  themselves  and  families. 

Coming  now  to  the  body  of  the  instruction,  wo 
learn  that  the  subaltern  officers  required  for  the  in- 
creased force  of  California,  with  one  exception,  liad 
been  selected  and  commissioned,''*  and  that  twcutv- 
live  soldiers  had  been  selected  from  the  volunteers  of 
the  presidial  companies  of  Sonora  to  serve  out  thiir 
time  in  California,  their  service  beginning  February 
1st  when  they  were  to  assemble  at  Horcasitas.  There 
were  to  be  recruited  twenty-four  settlers  and  fii'ty- 
nine  soldiers,  and  to  obtain  them  Rivera  was  alhnved 
to  go  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Provincias  Internas. 
as  far  as  Guadalajara  if  necessary.  Twenty-fivo  of 
the  new  recruits  were  to  fill  the  places  of  those  taken 
from  the  presidios,  so  that  ordy  thirty -four  soldiers 
were  to  go  to  California.  These  and  the  twenty-lour 
settlers  must  be  married  men,  accompanied  by  their 
families,  healthy  and  robust,  likely  to  lead  regular 
lives,  and  to  set  a  good  example  to  the  natives.  I'he 
settlers  must  include  a  mason,  a  carpenter,  and  p. 
blacksmith.  All  must  bind  themselves  to  ten  years' 
service.  Female  relatives  of  the  pobladores,  if  un- 
married, should  be  encouraged  to  accompany  the  fam- 
ilies with  a  view  to  marriaixe  with  bachelor  soldicis 


:i     1^ 


"This,  strangely  enough,  does  not  agree  exactly  with  the  regulation, 
vliich  ollors  Jjllt)  per  year  for  two  years  anil  §00  for  the  next  thi<;c,  thcso 
KuniH  including  rations;  neither  was  the  pay  to  begin  aeeordiug  to  the  rcgla- 
niento,  until  tlie  grant  of  a  lot  in  one  of  the  pueblos. 

"These  were  lieutenants  Alonso  Villaverde  and  Diego  Gonzalez,  ••uid 
alfereecH  Mariano  Carrillo,  Manuel  Gareia  Ruiz,  and  Ramon  Lasso  de  l.i 
Vega,  one  alfuiez  remaining  to  be  appointeil  after  eonimltation  with  (inv. 
Ni!ve.  Lieut,  .lose  Ziiirga  was  a  little  later  substituti^d  for  \'ilLiverdi',  who 
ni'ver  came  to  California;  Alferez  Jose  Dario  Argiiillu  was  also  sent  in  |ilaco 
of  Ruiz;  and  Josii  Velas(£Uez  was  appointed  to  iill  tl)e  vacant  place  of  tliu 
fourtli  alferez. 


ENLISTMENT  IN  SINALOA. 


341 


already  in  California.  The  rendezvous  for  the  whole 
company  was  to  be  at  Alamos,  except  such  as  niijjjht 
bu  obtained  in  Guadalajara,  who  were  to  go  by  st>a 
from  San  Bias.  From  Alamos  the  recruits  and  their 
Ijimilics  were  to  be  forwarded  by  sea  or  land  as  might 
bo  decided  later.  Nine  hundred  and  sixty-one  horses 
and  mules  were  to  be  purchased  and  were  to  go  by 
way  of  the  Gila  and  Colorado.^' 

On  February  10,  1780,  General  Croix  sent  to  Neve 
a  copy  of  his  instructions  to  Rivera,  with  the  informa- 
tion that  the  latter  had  already  begun  his  work,  that 
tlie  recruits  would  probably  come  in  three  divisif)ns, 
and  that  the  land  expedition  would  start,  if  nothing 
luippcned,  in  September  or  October.^*'  The  general 
also  enclosed  copies  of  his  communications  to  the 
viceroy  on  the  same  subject,  from  one  of  which  it 
apjK'ars  that  the  plan  of  obtaining  volunteer  soldiei's 
from  the  Sonora  presidios  had  been  a  failure,  so  tliat 
all  the  new  recruits  must  go  to  California.  In  another 
couuiumication  Croix  called  on  the  viceroy  for  various 
measures  in  behalf  of  the  new^  establishments,  includ- 
ing a  resurvey  of  the  channel  with  a  view  to  find  a 
suitable  landing-place  for  supjilies.  He  also  called 
attention  to  the  fact  that  for  tlie  three  new  missions 
six  I'riars  would  be  needed,  four  of  whom  should  sail 
from  San  Bias  and  accompany  the  land  expedition. 
San  i)uenaventura  had  already  an  allowance  of  iij;  1,000, 
and  the  same  sum  should  be  allowed  the  others,  being 
cxj)('ndcd  in  sacred  vestments,  vessels,  and  utensils  to 
be  shi[)pcd  from  San  Jjlas.  Six  peons  with  ])ay  and 
rations  for  three  years  should  also  be  furnished  to 
cjicb  of  the  new  missions. 

JJy  the  1st  of  August  Rivera  had  recruited  forty- 
tivc  soldiers  and  seven  settlers,  and  thouLirht  he  would 
nave  to  go  to  Guadalajara;  but  l)y  the  25tli  he  had  so 
noarl}' completed  his  full  number  at  Rosario,in  Sinaloa, 

'■"Atthc  end  of  the  InHnicrioii  (pp.  SO-4)  arc  given  full  lists  of  the  fiiti- 
cl("<,  chitdy  of  elotliing,  to  he  fiirnislieil  eacli  recruit,  soldier  or  poblador, 
man  or  woiiuiii,  l)oy  or  girl. 

''  Crui.v  to  Neve,  Feb.  10,  1780,  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ii.  89-9D. 


•:.■' 


ir' 
ii 
|i| 

i' 

i 


i 


% 


ii 


•  ■::i- 


t.:; 

'^:| 

•i^' 

fi 

■i'-j*  ' 

lili- 

f 


:m-2 


COLONISTS  AXP  RKCRUITS. 


that  lie  tlioui^ht  it  lu-st  to  uhandon  tlie  southern  ivi^), 
iiud  ivturned  to  the  iiortli."  Mc  obtained,  lio\V(*vii', 
l)ut  little  more  than  half  the  fidl  nund>er  of  settlers. 
In  a  letter  of  Deeeniher  IHth  Croix  eKi)lains  that  one 
party  un<ler  Gonznlez  and  Lasso  will  cross  over  in 
L(»reto,  proceed  to  San  Luis  Bay  hy  water,  and  theiicc 
hy  land  to  San  Diego;  while  the  rest,  forty-two  sol- 
diers with  their  families,  will  march  l>y  way  of  tlic 
(N)lorado  under  ]Vivc!ra  in  person,  escorted  above 
Tucson  by  sixty-five  men  from  the  Sonora  presidios 
under  Lieutenant  Andres  Arias  Cahallero,  This  escort 
was  to  be  sent  back  Irom  the  Coloi'ado  except  such  a 
detachment  as  Kivera  might  deem  necessary  to  go 
i'arther,  under  Allert'z  Cayetano  Jjimon.^"*  The  date 
when  liivera  and  his  land  expedition  Ivi't  Alamos  in 
Sonora  is  not  exactly  known,  but  was  probably  in 
Aj^ril  1781.  With  it  went  also  ]jieutenant  GonzaK'z 
who  had  been  transferred  from  the  other  party,  and 
AHerez  Jose  Dari'o  Argilello.  Thirty  of  the  soldiers 
w'ere  accompanied  by  their  families,  but  tlun-e  were 
no  settlers  proper  with  this  expediticMi.  Of  cjvents 
along  the  way  there  is  no  record.  Progress  was  very 
slow,  in  accordance  with  the  orders*  of  Croix,  to  axcid 
needless  fatigue  and  hardship  to  lamilies,  and  also  to 
keep  the  live-stock  in  good  condition.  Neve,  hearing 
of  Rivera's  approach,  sent  Sergeant  Juan  .Fose  llobles 
with  five  or  six  soldiers  from  San  DicLi'o  and  ^r(>nterev 
to  meet  him  on  the  Coh)rado.  Joined  by  this  guaid 
Rivera  sent  back  most  of  the  Sonora  troops;  de- 
s})atched  the  California-bound  company — except  fi\c 
or  six  men  whom  he  retained — to  their  d'-stination 
under  Gonzalez  escorted  by  Limon  and  nine  sokliers; 

''  Croix  to  Neve  September  '21st,  iiieiitioiiint;  letters  frnni  Rivera,  in  Pror. 
Sf.  Pn/K,  Ms.,  ii.  <S!)-<(!).  Xov.  Intli,  (luvoriinr  Neve  asks*  tlie  vieeroy  fur 
?:},0(lO  with  wliiih  to  piircliafie  yraiii  I'roiu  Sau  (Jabriel  and  San  Liii;''.  'Jlie 
>/(r;/(o/v'«s  asked  for  Sant.i  Barliara  amount  to  iJl'JjO.VJ,  niueh  of  tiie  amount 
lieiiiii  ill  implements,  etc.,  to  tie  eharged  to  settlers.  I'ruv.  /iVr.,  MS.,  ii.  .")•!• 

'Troix  to  Neve,  December  IS,  I7S(),  in  /'for.  Sf.  Pu/).,  ii.  I17--o.  I'mlia- 
My  4"J  soldiers — possibly  one  or  two  less  —did  start  by  this  route  as  intendid, 
and  17  by  the  other  route,  completing  the  full  number  of  '■>'.).  The  settlers  all 
sirm  to  have  come  via  Loreto,  and  so  far  as  the  records  show  there  were 
only  11  of  them,  two  of  whom  ran  away  before  i-eaching  California. 


ARRIVAL  OF  SETTLERS. 


313 


uhilc  lio  witli  Rubles  and  nine  or  ton  men  oncanipud 
Ileal'  t]i(^  river,  on  the  eastern  or  Aiizona  l^ank,  witli 
a  vit  w  to  aH'ord  needed  rest  to  a  part  of  the  live-stock 
and  tlien  resume  Lis  journey  wi'stward.  (^lonzalez, 
LiiiioM,  Argiiello,  tliirty-five  soldiers,  thirty  families, 
and  tlie  Sonora  escort  arrived  at  San  (Jahriel  the  14tli 
ol'.luly.  As  it  was  deemed  impossible  to  transj)ort  sup- 
]»li(S  .'in<l  complete  other  preparations  Ix^forc  the  rainy 
.season,  Neve  decided  to  postpone  the  Channel  founda- 
linns  until  the  next  year.^"  Limon  with  his  nine;  men 
soop  started  back  for  Sonora  byway  of  the  Coloi'ado. 

]\leanwJiile  the  rest  of  the  recruits  crossed  tlie  gulf 
i'lniii  (Juaymas  to  Loreto,  luider  connnand  of  Lieuten- 
ant .Fose  Zuniga  substituted  for  Gonzalez.  Seventeen 
men,  i)rolja]jly  soldiers,  with  their  families,  left  Loreto 
^[arcli  l"2th  under  Alferez  Lasso  and  reached  San 
}a\U  Bay  by  water  April  24tli,  soon  followed  l)y  the 
]est  under  Zuhiga,  this  last  division  including  nj)par- 
ently  ele\en  settlers  and  their  families,  two  of  the 
original  number  havmg  deserted  and  one  remainin<if 
for  a  time  at  Loreto.  All  were  en  route  for  the  north 
(in  May  Kith,  when  Neve  communicated  the  preced- 
ing' I'acts  to  General  Croix,^''  and  all  arrived  August 
LSth  at  San  Gabriel,  where  they  were  obliged  to 
riicamp  in  (juarantino  for  a  time,  at  a  distance  of  a 
li  ague  from  the  mission,  some  of  the  children  having 
I'econtly  recovered  from  the  small-pox."^ 

That  section  of  tlie  regulation  relating  to  pueblos 
and  eolonizalion  had  already  been  made  public  in  Gal- 
it'ninia  in   a    special   haiido   dated   March   8,   1781." 

'■'Nuvo  to  Croix,  July  14,  1781,  in  Prov.  Her.,  M.S.,  ii.  S7-8.  .Some  otliur 
lining], ]it;iut  corresponilcnco  on  the  goiienil  .sulijcct  of  tlio  iiuw  foumlalioiis  is 
f'Uiiil  inJil.,  ii.  11,  40-1;  Piov.  ,St.  Pup.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  ii.  41  ;  Pror.  SI. 
I'll  I'-,  MS.,  iii.  'lijo. 

-"Xfvc  to  Croix,  :\ray  IG,  1781,  in  Prov.  Per.,  MS.,  ii.  82.  In  tlii.s  letter 
Xevc  jiiinoiuiL'e.s  Inn  intention  to  .send  Itohles  with  I'J  men  to  meet  Kiveni.  I 
luive  iihcady  sstatetl  that  he  sent  only  .'>  or  (>  n\ili.  I'iiloii,  Xnf.,  ii.  lis],  ways 
tile  luiniljer  Mils  ■").  Rivera  certiiiiily  had  11  or  ]'2  nun  and  all  may  li.ive  Leen 
tlio.e  l^(.llt  M  ith  ltoljle,s;  but  if  he  started  witli  42  and  only  !i5  arrived,  ralou's 
vir.siun  aeeouiits  for  the  diserej'ancy. 

;;■  Xeve  to  Croix,  Oct.  29.  •';   ',  in  Prov.  Per.,  MS.,  ii.  89-00. 

'■'S/.  Pciji.  M't)<n.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  i.  105-19.  This  doc  unient  is  literally 
ideiitiLul  with  section  xiv.  of  the  rcylumeuto  already  referred  to  and  found  in 


\%\ 


344 


COLONISTS  AND  RECRUITS. 


Thougli  for  reasons  already  given  the  foundation  of 
the  Channel  missicnis  and  the  Santa  Barbara  presidio 
was  postponed,  there  was  no  reason  for  dela}'  iu  estah- 
lishing  the  pueblo,  since  the  site  was  near  at  hand  and 
the  settlers  had  arrived.  3^]ven  when  Linion  arrived 
unexpeetedly  at  San  Gabriel  late  in  August  with  seven 
survivors  of  his  nine  men,  himself  wounded,  bringing 
news  of  the  terrible  massacre  on  the  River  Colorado 
in  which  Rivera  had  been  killed,  as  will  be  related  in 
the  following  chapter,  the  residting  excitement  fur- 
nished no  motive  for  delay  at  Los  Angeles. 

Governor  Neve  issued  his  instructions  fur  founding 
the  pueblo  of  La  Reina  de  los  Angeles  from  Sun 
(Gabriel  on  the  2Gtli  of  August.  While  au'reeiu"- 
with,  or  literally  copying  the  clauses  of  the  regulati^u 
which  I  have  translated  in  the  jireceding  note,  this 
document   contains  many  additional   particulars   rc- 


1(1.,  200-24,  and  clsewhci'c.  The  clauses  relating  to  tlio  distribution  of  lands 
arc  as  followf!:  'The  sulnrcs  (huutiodots)  granted  to  the  new  settlor:;  must  lie 
designated  by  the  government  iu  respect  of  location  and  extent  aeeoiding  to 
the  gronnd  on  wliicli  the  new  pueblos  arc  established,  so  that  plaza  and  stiicts 
be  formed  as  prescribed  ])y  the  laws  of  the  kingdom,  eonforjiiabjy  to  m  liiih 
there  shall  also  be  designated  for  the  pueblo  a  suitable  cj'td'j  (communs  nr 
vacant  suburbs,  to  be  divided  into  additional  house-lots  and  given  t  >  new 
settlers  if  ve(iuircd)  and  diJusan  (outside  ]tastni-e-grounds  iise<l  in  conniuin  by 
the  settlers)  with  the  sowingdands  needed  for  jirnjihi-^  (lands  rent(  d  for  a 
revenue  to  pay  municipal  expenses).  Each  siiuie  (planting-lot)  cf  Inml, 
wliether  irrigable  or  depending  on  rainfall,  nmst  ])e  200  varas  long  and  wide, 
this  l)eing  tlic  area  generally  occupied  hy  -a  j'aia<ja,  a  bushel  and  a  ha'f,  of 
maize  in  sowing.  The  distrilnition  of  said  ntK  rlcx,  which  like  that  of  the  .sol'.ifi  -i 
must  lie  made  in  the  king's  name,  will  be  made  l)y  the  government  wiih 
e([uality  and  with  proportion  to  the  irrigable  land,  so  that,  after  making  th<^ 
eoi'responding  demarcation  and  after  reserving  as  liahtiiiK,  or  vacant,  one  fourtli 
of  tlie  numl)ei'  wliicii  results  from  reckoning  the  number  of  settlers,  tiny 
(.iitrrtcs)  sliidl  bo  distributed,  if  there  are  enough  of  tiiem,  at  the  rate  of  two 
niii'rtrH  of  irrigalile  land  to  each  settler  and  two  more  of  dry;  and  of  tiie  irtil- 
eiKjax  (royal  lands  including  the  lots  left  vacant  as  aljovo)  tlicre  siiall  lie  sit 
apart  such  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  for  the  pueblo's  projilo't  (nuuiieipal 
lands  as  above),  and  from  the  rest  grants  shall  ))e  made  by  the  governor  in 
the  name  of  his  majesty  '.o  such  as  may  come  to  setth;  later,'  especially  to  dis- 
charged soldiers,  etc.  'I'hc  original  is  somewhat  vaguely  Mordcd  and  badly 
punctuated,  hardly  two  of  the  copies  in  r.ianuscript  and  print,  or  of  the  many 
translations  extant,  being  punctuated  alike.  The  above  is  (lie  meaning  of  tlio 
clauses  as  clear  as  I  can  make  it.  I  see  no  good  reason  for  reproducing  the 
original  vaguenessof  expression  wliere  the  meaning  iselear,  and  in  my  opinion 
the  sendjolon  objected  to  by  ^Ir  ])winelle,  ('oloii.  Jii<t.  S.  /'.,  adden('a,  No. 
4,  brings  o\it  the  signilication  better  than  a  comma.  In  learning  the  mean- 
ing  of  a  sentiiice  even  so  frail  athing  as  Mexican  punctuation  may  be  studied; 
liaving  discovered  the  meaning,  there  is  no  further  use  for  the  stops. 


to  wiiii-h 
ninons  i>\' 
I  t )  new 
iimnou  liy 
till  fur  ;i 
f  Inii.l, 
and  wiik', 
ha'f,  of 

i\\V  HOldl-l.-i 

liii'iit  villi 
ikiug  the 

one  foui'tli 
iT.s,  tiny 


a 


it< 


f  two 
the  /•(«/- 


ill 


L't 


iniinii.ii)al 
ovLTimr  in 

lytoilis- 
ind  liatlly 

till!  many 
lin.i^iif  thi3 
hu-in,^  the 
ny  (ipiniiin 
Uiu'a,  No. 
the  iiiean- 
)c  atucUcil; 


FOUNDING  OF  LOS  ANGELES, 


845 


s])ict'iiii^  the  siirv(>y  and  distribution  of  lots."^  Of 
.siihst'ijiK'iit  proceedings  for  a  time  we  only  know  that 
the  pueblo  was  founded  Septenil)er  -ith,  with  twelve 
settlers  and  their  families,  forty-six  persons  in  all, 
whose  names  are  given  and  whose  blood  was  a  strange 
mixture  of  IndiaJi  and  negro  with  here  and  there  a 
trace  of  Spanish."^  Two  of  the  original  recruits,  ^Miguel 
A'illa  and  Rafael  Mesa,  had  deserted  before  reacliing 
the  country,  one  was  still  absent  in  the  peninsula,  and 

■^Xevr,  Tmlrucc'wn  para  la  Fimdacion  de  Los  Awjdcs,  /?6"  <}i'  At/of/o  ITSl, 
MS,  After  ticlecting  a  spot  for  a  daiu  and  ditch  with  a  view  of  irri'.-aun;.;  tho 
largest  jiossible  area  of  laiul,  a  site  for  tho  pueblo  was  to  lie  seleeail  on  lii;,'ll 
giuiind,  in  hig'it  of  tho  sowing-lands,  but  at  least  '200  varas  distant,  near  tho 
rivi'i'  or  tho  main  diteh,  with  snllieient  exposure  to  tho  north  and  soatli  winds. 
Jhre  a  plax.a  of  "JOO  x  'MO  feet  was  to  be  laid  out  with  its  eornerH  I'aiing  tiio 
lanliiial  ]ioints,  and  with  three  streets  running  peipeudicularly  from  laeli  of 
its  t'lar  sides;  thus  no  street  would  be  swept  by  the  wind,  always  sii])po.sint; 
thiit  the  winds  would  eonline  their  action  to  the  cardinal  point-,  b:it  I  lliinlc 
till'  Angeles  winds  liavo  not  always  been  well  behaved  iu  this  resjieet.  Tho 
lioiiselots  arc  toheeaeli  '20  x  40  vai'as,  and  their  number  is  to  be  eipial  to  that 
lit'  the  available  KKcrUs  of  irrigable  ground,  tliat  is,  more  tliau  double  tliat  of 
till' ]H(sent  inhabitants.  Tlie  eastern  fide  of  the  plaza  is  to  be  re^:e;■VL■ll  for 
]nililic  buildings.  After  the  sun"ey  and  reservation  of  ri  rdi  ;/;/'(.sas  ]ireseribed, 
the  settlers  are  to  draw  lots  for  the  ««trtc'.<,  beginning  with  those  nearest  tho 
pueblo. 

'"  Ja>s  A)i:i(lcf<,  Padrondc  llSl,  MS.;  Ortei/a,  hi  Sf.  Pap.,  M!n-^\  and  Culoii., 
i.  lO-t-o.     The  settlers  were  as  follows:   Jose  de  Lara,  iSpiniard,  T/J  years 
i)f  age,  wife  Indian,  A  children;  Josi5  Antonio  Navarro,  iue.-,tizo,  42  years, 
wile  luulaltiess,  ;t  children;  Basilio  Ivosas,  Indian,  (i!S  years,  wife  jnulatUess, 
(jcliildriii;  Antonio  .Mesa,  negro,  III]  years,  wife  niulattress,  "2  cliil  livn;  An- 
tutiio  (Felix)  \'i!lavieeneio,  Spaniard,   30  years,   wife  Indian,  1   child;  JorA 
\'aiiegus,  Indian,  "28  years,  wile  Indian,  1  child;  Alejandn)  Ilo.sas,  Liilian,  19 
ycar.-i,  v.ife  coyote  (Indian);  I'ablo  liodrigucz,  Indian,  '2.')  years,  wif>    Indian, 
1  chilli;  -Manuel  C'amero,  mulatto,  30  years,  Mife  mulattres.-<;  Ijiii.i  ;1r.in)oro, 
negro,  ,")j  years,  wife  niulattress,  5  children;  .Jose  Moreno,  mulatto,  '22  years. 
Mile  inulattrcs-i;  Antonio  ^lirauda,  ehino,  oO  years,  1  child.    'I  Lo  la;. ',-n;unci.l 
was  at  lirst  absent  at  Loreto.     He  was  not  a  Chinaman,  nor  (-veu  born  in 
(,'liiiia,  as  has  b.  en  stated  by  some  writers,  but  was  the  olispii!!g  prolji'i;ly  of 
an  Indian  mother  bj- a  father  of  mixed  Spanish  and  negro  blood,     rrom  a 
later  paihon  of  ITS,'),  Prov.  St.  Pap,,  MS.,  xxii.  '20,  it  appears  that  N;ivarro 
v.as  a  tailor,  and  the  age  of  several  is  given  diU'erently.      I'rom  Jji-<  A n'jt !(■•>, 
y/(-'.,  11,  12,  we  learn  that  two  were  born  in  Spain,  one  in  (Tiiiia,  a;.il  tho 
rest  in  Sinaloa,  Sonora,  or  J5aja  California,  a  very  mild  ^\ay  of  putting  it, 
though  true  enough  except  in  the  ease  of  the  ehino;  but  the  same  woil;  eiro- 
neiiiisly  states  that  tho  12  settlers  had  jireviously  been  soldiers  at  San  ( labriel. 
Ill  the  same  work  the  plaza  is  located  lietween  Upper  Main,  -Maiilic,  ault, 
and  New  High  streets  of  the  modern  city,  the  N.  i:.  jjouiid  not  bein,'  i::jned. 
'llie  goods  delivered  to  settlers  on  government  account  to  the  end  of  17>SI. 
amounted  to  ."-M,  1',;].  Prov.  >St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  •2(l.")-7.     According  to  accounts 
in  Prov.  ,S7.  i'ap.,  Jkii.  Mil.,  MS.,  ii.  4-7,  21-2,  the  eontracu  of  11  l:;id  been 
made  in  17.S0,  and  of  one  in  February  17iSl.     Tlicy  v.ero  engaged  at  ijlO  per 
iiionth  for  3  years,  and  rations  of  one  real  per  day  for  i'>  ye;u's,  though  this 
does  not  agree  wiih  tho  rcglaniento;  .?2,,")4G  was  furnished  them  in  l-iiuoia  and 
?oOO  ill  (.'alifornia,  an  I  there  was  due  to  them  December  31,  17t>I,  62,303. 
See  also  Jd.,  iii.  13;  1  rov.  Ike,  MS.,  ii.  05. 


m 


1'  1(5 


!ff 


fj 


940 


COtOXISTS  AND  RECRUITS. 


throe  wore  tloscribotl  as  usoloss.  But  the  rest  went 
to  work,  and  soon  the  governor  reported  satisl'uetory 
progress  in  their  irrigating  ditcli  and  mud-rool'ed  huts 
of  palisades,  the  latter  before  the  end  of  1784  Ijoiiig 
replaced  l)y  adobe  houses,  the  needed  public  buildings 
liaving  also  been  erected,  and  a  church  begun  of  the 
same  niatcrial.'^^  Some  changes  also  took  place  among 
the  settlers  during  those  few  years.-" 

I  have  recorded  the  preceding  items  of  local  Angeles 
annals  beyond  the  chronological  limits  of  this  chapter 
because  they  may  as  well  bo  iccorded  hero  as  elsewhere, 
and  because  a  still  later  event  of  178G  seems  to  belong 
hero  properly.  I  allude  to  the  formal  distribution  of 
lands  to  the  settlers.  Some  kind  of  a  grant  in  the 
king's  name  must  have  been  made  at  the  beginning,-' 
and  there  is  nothing  to  show  that  the  survey  and  dis- 
tribution made  at  that  time  were  not  permanent. 
The  fact  that  formal  possession,  or  renewal  of  pos- 
ses.sion,  was  given  in  178G,  just  five  years  after  the 
founding,  when  accordinnc  to  the  roLjulations  govern- 
ment  aid  to  settlers  was  to  cease  and  advances  were 
to  bo  repaid,  has  probably  some  signiiicance,  though 
there  is  nothing  in  the  regulation  to  show  that  iuU  titles 
were  to  be  given  only  at  the  expiration  of  live  years.-"* 

"For  sci\ttprc(l  references  to  buil<lings,  see  Prov.  Tlcc,  jMS.,  i.  ITo-G,  184; 
iii.  '23;  I'ror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  Ul . 

""  Ivirly  in  17S'2  Lava,  ^Mosa,  and  Quintcro,  a  Spaniard,  and  two  ncgroo.-, 
were  scut  iiw.xy  as  useless  to  the  pucLlo  and  themselves,  and  their  property 
va;j  taUou  away  \<y  order  of  the  governor.  The  reeord  does  not  hiKjw  that 
Miranda,  the  'chino,'  ever  came  to  Los  Angeles  at  all,  unless  he  he  identical 
•with  anotlier  'useless'  settler  said  to  have  been  sent  away  in  1783.  Jose 
I'raneisco  Sinova,  who  had  lived  along  time  as  a  laborer  in  Califoniia,  applied 
for  admission  as  a  settler  in  1783,  and  was  admitted,  receiving  the  same  aid 
as  the  original  colonists  in  the  May  of  inipleiiienta  and  live-stock,  save  in 
respect  of  .sheep  and  goats,  ■which  the  government  had  not  on  h.unl.  One  of 
the  deserters,  Rafael  Mesa,  seems  tct  have  been  caught  and  biought  to  Cali- 
fornia, but  there  is  no  evidence  that  he  settled  at  I^os  Angeles.  Two  grown-up 
sons  of  Basilio  Ro.sas  appear  on  the  list  of  1 78.'),  as  does  also  Juan  Jose  l)(Miiiii- 
guez,  a  Spaniard;  but  all  three  disappear  from  the  next  yiar's  list.  Pri.r. 
y.Vf.,  ii.  7!»;  iii.  IS-.;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  ^lii.,  v.  144-,j;  xxii. '-J!)  30;  Prov.  St. 
Pap.,  JJni.  Jni.,  M.S.,  iii.  L 

'-''111  fact  the  titles  given  to  settlers  seem  to  have  been  approved  by  the 
comni;iJulaut  general  on  Feb.  G,  1784.    Pror.  St.  Pap.,  ^IS.,  x.  1.V2. 

-'Art.  17,  sect,  xiv.,  simply  provides  that  tlie  governor  or  his ''omisioiia- 
dos  shall  give  titles  and  cause  the  same,  with  register  of  brands,  to  be  re- 
corded luid  kejit  in  the  archives — impliedly  at  the  beginning. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  LANDS. 


347 


irdwovcr  this  may  liavo  l)ocn,  Governor  FagcK,  i»f 
wlxisr  aecossioii  to  therulo  iiioro  liorcafter,  on  August 
II,  1780,  witliout  any  preliminary  correspondent  so 
lar  as  the  records  sliow,  as  if  this  was  un(|UCstionably 
till'  natural  and  proper  thing  to  be  done  at  this  par- 
ticular time,  connnissioned  Alferez  Jose  Arguello  to 
•  '■o  to  Angeles  and  put  the  settlers  in  possession  ol' 
tliuir  lands  in  accordance  with  section  xiv.  of  the 
regulation."" 

Argiiello  accepted  the  commission  September  4th 
and  on  the  same  day  appointed  Corporal  Vicente 
Felix  and  private  Roque  de  Cota  as  legal  witnesses. 
On  the  18th  he  reports  his  task  completed  and 
duly  recorded  in  the  archives.  This  was  [)erhaps 
the  first  important  public  service  rendered  by  a  num 
vlio  was  later  governor  and  father  of  a  governor.  In 
the  })crformancc  of  his  <luty  Arguello  with  his  wit- 
nesses summoned  each  of  the  nine  settlers  in  succes- 
sion and  in  presence  of  all  granted  first  the  house-lot, 
thou  the  four  fields,  and  finally  the  br-anding-iron  by 
v,hich  his  live-stock  was  to  be  distinguished  from 
that  of  his  nei^jlibors.  In  both  house-lots  and  fields 
the  pretence  of  a  measurement  was  made.  In  each 
case  the  nature  of  the  grant  was  fully  ex[)lained,  the 
grantee  assented  to  the  conditions  involved,  and  for 
cacli  of  the  twenty-seven  grants  a  separate  document 
was  diawn  up,  each  bearing,  besides  the  signatures  of 
Argiiello  and  his  witnesses,  a  cross,  for  not  one  of  the 
nine  could  sign  his  name.  I  give  herewitli  a  map 
showing  the  distribution  of  lands,™  Argiiello's  sur- 
^■ey  of  the  various  classes  of  reserved  kuuls  is  not 
Aery  clearly  expressed;  the  pro])'u)fi.  however,  are 
said  to  extend  2,200  varas  from  the  dam  to  the  limit 


'^^1 


o\(-il  l)v  tlie 


■■'•'  LoK  Auijoh'fi,  Ucpartinon  df  Soltnrs  y  !^iirr'i'.<i,  17S(!,  ^IS.  The  dDcuniont 
tuiit;iins  Aigiicllo'a  aiipoiiitmciit,  his  iHL't'pt'iiici',  tlic  aiipoiiitiiiciit  of  two 
M  itiirsst"<,  throe  nidns  dc  diliijciicias,  or  rcieonls  of  m'aiitiiig  lunisu-lot,  liehl, 
anil  1  r.ni(liiig-iroii  I'e.speutively  to  each  of  !)  Kcttler.s,  one  tnito  of  .survey  of 
imiiii(.i|ial  and  royal  laml.s,  ami  a  final  certilieate  of  having  completed  his  task 
and  di  |Mjsited  the  records  in  the  archives. 

'■'■' f'ror.  S/.  P(tp.,  MS.,  iii.  .V);  /<!.,  Jlfii.,  ii.  2;  .signed  l»y  ArgiieUo  Deo. 
-I,  IT'Jli.     The  map  of  tlie  pueblo  i«  on  u  scale  live  times  larger  than  that 


S48 


COLONISTS  AND  RECRUITS. 


of  distributed  lauds,  and  the  royal  lauds  were  <mi  the 
river's  (>[)p()site  bunk. 

At  Suu  J(we  de  (luudalupe,  notwitlistaudiug  tlio 
iiif'onnality  of  its  orij^iual  foundatiou,  uothiufj  Mas 
done  under  the  now  reiiulation  until  1783,  or  five  yens 
after  the  bej^lnning,  as  in  the  south.  Some  of  tho 
settlers,  not  havinyj  been  anionjj  the  orijjiual  foundi-is 
in  November  1777,  were  still  receiving  rations  from 


.' 


■nH 


0  LJ"^       N- 


N  P  N 


Y 

' 

J 

4 

0 

'     K 

.     Y 

M 


bTbTa"! 


< 

o 

z 

-I 
< 

UJ 

a. 


L 

F 

G 

J 

K 

M 

H 

D 

E 

Los  Angeles  in  1786. 

of  tho  fields.  The  distribution  is  shown  hy  the  letters  as  follows:  A,  guard- 
house;  B,  town-houses;  C,  trozo  del  posilo:  D,  Pahlo  Rodriguez;  K,  .los6 
Vaiiegas;  F,  .Tost'  Moreno;  G,  Felix  Villavicencio;  H,  Franciseo  Sinovu;  ^^ 
Vacant;   J,   Basilio  Rosas;   K,  Alejandro  Rosas;   L,  Antonio  Navarro;   M, 


rUEBLO  MAPS. 


349 


V'o  Hovcrnmont,''*  In  Doouinl)or  1 782  Governor  Fa^^es 
(■oiniuis.sioued  Moraga  of  San  Francisco  to  put  tliu 
settlers  in  formal  possession  of  their  lands.^-     Alter 


Maniul  (\iinero;  N,  0,  streets;  P,  Plaza.  Two  other  maps  nru  given— ,SV. 
I'd/'.,  J/(.<.s.  and  Col.,  MS.,  i.  lOH,  307 — one  of  wliich  I  rejiruiluee.  For  tlio 
thiiil  transfer  1  to  2;  atki  a  lot  at  H;  and  move  4,  5,  (i,  7  one  tier  to  the  east. 
I  siiiiposo  those  maps  to  have  been  of  earlier  date  than  17'S<>. 

■"  Aicordiiig  to  docuuicnts  in  I'ror.  jSV,  J'aji.,  Jten.  Mil.,  MS.,  iii.  •!',],  the  pay 
(ir  nitidus  of  (lof  the  'J  settlers  eeased  ISov.  1,  17(S-;  one  had  latimis  to  .Nov.  .'iil; 
iiMil  "J  had  rations  all  the  year.  Aceordin';  to  other  records  in  I'ror.  St.  J'd/'., 
.MS. ,  v.  '_'.)-(!,  "JS,  4  had  rations  during;  1  ~b',i,  and  'A  at  begiiinini.;  of  1 7'S4.  In  Jd. , 
iii. -14-7,  ^loraga  says  that  from  June  to  Dec.  I7S1  three  settlers  hud  jiay 
ami  r;itions,  while  2  had  rations  only. 

''-  In  I'rov.  Uc.c,  MS.,  iii.  ].")4-(i,  this  docinnc^nt  is  given  under  date  of 
I'eo.  '2(1,  and  is  jireeeded,  /'/.,  l.")I?-4,  liy  a.  letter  of  instructions  ilated  JHr. 
1-tli,  iind  oiilering  that  the  «ir(/((/«/;((V///ti  (the  ddciiment  (jf  I>('e.  '_M)lie  ])iaced 
iit  tile  hiad  of  each  title.  On  Jan.  4,  J7^l>,  M(n-aga  writes  that  he  eannot 
iiltciid  to  the  distribution  at  once  as  onlereil  Ijy  the  governoi'  in  letter  of 
I'tc.  (Ith,  but  will  do  so  at  an  early  date.  Slii.1.  J'cip,,  J/rv.s'.  (aid  ( 'atoii.,  .MS., 
i.  .")<•.  In  the  regular  reeord,  however,  Jd.,  -44-71,  Moraga"s  appuintnient  as 
cuiiiisioiiade,  dillering  very  slightly  from  the  doe.  of  Dee.  "Jd,  is  dated  \)ir. 
-4;li,  being  followed  by  Moraga's  auto  dc  ohcdicimicido  dated  Maj-  l.'Uh  and 
luiitaiiiing  most  of  the  land  elauses  of  the  reglamento,  and  this  by  tiie  27 
ilili'juiiria.i  (/('  po.Hi'nion  by  which  the  !)  settlers  were  granted  their  lots,  fields, 
iiiid  hianding-irons;  then  conies  the  measurement  of  public  lands,  and  linally 
Jluiaga's  linal  ccrtiticate  of  Sept.  1st  at  San  Francisco. 


350 


COLOXISTS  AND  RECRUITS 


some  delay  Moraga  appointed  Felipe  Tapia  and  Juan 
Jose  Peralta  as  witnesses  and  began  his  task  at  Sua 
Jose  May  13,  1783,  completing  it  on  the  19th.  The 
proceedings  and  the  resulting  records  were  like  those 
already  noted  at  Los  Angeles,  save  in  the  settlers' 
names  and  in  the  fact  that  the  location  of  each  man's 
land  is  given.  In  the  matter  of  education  San  Josd 
Avas  in  advance  of  its  southern  rival,  since  one  of  its 
citizelis,  Jose  Tiburcio  Vasquez,  ancestor  of  the  fa- 
mous bandit,  could  write,  though  the  alcalde,  Arcliu- 
leta,  could  not.  Here  as  at  Angeles  all  four  of  tlio 
fields  granted  to  each  settler  were  on  soil  that  could 
be  irrigated,  and  here  also  a  map  is  given  in  connection 
with  the  records  which  I  reproduce.^" 


14  Way  to  Misiion 


15 


13 


17 


lb 


12 

11 

9 

10 

3 

4 

FUEBLO 


-J- 


Map  of  San  Jos£. 


".S'^  Pap.,  Ml-^s.  and  Colon.,  'SlU.,  i. 
243.  On  the  original  the  names  are  writ- 
ten on  their  reispectivc  lots.  I  refer  to 
them  as  follows:  a,  a,  a,  Realeii^ras; 
1,  2,  Mam  ol  Amezquita;  ',i,  4,  C'lamlio 
Alvirus;  ;,  (5,  Sebastian  Alvitie  7,  S, 
Manuel  <ioi  zalez;  9,  10,  Beriianl"  i!o 
sales;  II,  12,  Franciseo  Avila;  LS,  It, 
Jose  Tibureio  Vas(^uez ;  15,  IG,  .\iiloiii.i 
Romero;  17,  18,  Ignacio  Archuleta,  As 
I  have  before  noted,  four  of  these  names 
diCcr  from  thoscof  the  original  foumli  i-;. 
Alvitrewasapioncer  soldierof  tlieearlii  r 
years ;  Alvires had  beena  laborer  ur serv- 
ant before  1780;  Avila  and  IJosalis  :\\i- 
pear  here  for  the  first  time.  1'liis  map 
in  the  archives  is  dated  at  San  rraiuisco 
Jnno  1,  1782,  and  contains  a  statement 
by  Moraga  that  he  distributed  the  lots 
on  April  23,  1782,  all  of  which  is  ait  i- 
gether  nnintelligiljlo.  Evidently  Imw- 
ever  the  map  was  made  before  1~M  since 
it  shows  only  two  lields  for  eae''  man. 
Here  as  at  Los  Angeles  there  is  i.dtliiii,' 
toshowtho  t  at  this  linaldistributieii  :':y 
change  was  made.  The  map  so  fui'as  it 
goes  agrees  witli  Moraga's  loeatimi  of 
lots,  anil  tlio  new  lots  seem  to  liave  ex- 
tended in  difl'crent  directions  from  t!;o 
original.  Hall,  Ifist.  San  /o«',  2(!-.'ii, 
gives  a  ^iretty  f-dl  account  of  Mor.iir.is 
proceedings,  and  alludes  to  tlie  map  :i  i 
being  dated  April  23,  1783,  an<l  as  show- 
ing l'Js»';-fe,s-.  Aftei  granting t lie Tuiv.iJe 
lands,  Moraga  went,  apparently,  to  tiie 
west  bank  of  the  livjr,  wlieic  lie  iw^ny- 
urcd  1,!)58  varus  froin  the  dam  down  to 


:'i 


LOCAL  ITEMS. 


351 


A  Vila;    ly,  It, 

L),  Ki,  Aulouid 


Beyond  wliat  has  been  recorded  in  connection  witli 
tlu'  new  establif^linients,  there  is  very  Httle  to  be  said 
of  the  year  1781.  The  natives  were  troublesome  on 
the  frontier  below  San  Diego,  and  Neve  had  planned 
t(»  niai'cli  against  them  with  forty  men,  but  other 
(lutiL's  prevented  the  campaign.^^  Father  Mugartegui 
also  wrote  from  San  Juan  Capistrano  that  there  were 
reasons  to  fear  d  rising  of  the  gentiles  reenf  )reed  from 
the  Colorado,  a-^id  that  two  of  the  six  soldiers  on 
gu;u\]  were  unfit  for  duty.^^  At  Santa  Clara  August 
Vitli  tliL'  festival  of  the  patroness  was  celebrated  with 
the  aid  of  Dumct'c  from  San  Cdrlos  and  Noriega  from 
San  I'^rancisco.  The  latter,  after  accompanying  Serra 
to  San  Anttjiiio,  took  temporarily  the  place  of  Crespi 
at  San  Carlos  while  Crespi  went  with  Serra  to  San 
Francisco  on  his  tour  of  confirmation,  this  being  the 
venerable  friar's  first  visit  to  the  northern  missions, 
and  his  last  journey  on  earth.  Itcturnlng  by  way  of 
Santa  Clara,  they  officiated  with  ^lurguia  and  l*eua 
ell  Xovember  19th  in  laying  the  corner-stone  of  a 
iK'W  church  dedicated  to  "Santa  Clara  de  Asis, 
virgin,  abbess,  and  matriarch  of  her  most  famous  re- 
ligion." The  soldiers  (»f  the  guard  were  present,  and 
Alfcrez  Lasso  de  la  Yega  from  San  Francisco  acted 
as  secular  godfather.  Under  the  stone  were  placed  a 
cross  witli  holy  images  and  pieces  of  money.''"  The 
huilding  was  completed  in  1784. 

The  supply-ship  did  not  arrive  this  year,  because  on 
account  of  trt)ubles  with  England^''  the  Santunjo  was 
ohlig(,d  to  make  a  trip  to  Lima  for  quicksilver.  A 
small  transport  was  laden  at  San  Bias,  but  proved  to 


111 

■'Ml 

Vm 


tliL'  Saiit;i  Clara  boundary,  ilcsiLjnatiiif,'  half  tlio  sjiacc  (no  vitltii  i.s  j^'ivcn)  i\n 
pruihtii  ami  tlio  rust  as  :ya!i  iiijus.  'i'lini  the  njidu.H  1,500  x  TOO  varus  wcro 
lijcitirj  (111  tiic  ciniiicnco  ■whcio  tho  inieblo  Btood. 

"  /'ror.  ,S7.  r,ip.,  MS.,  iii.  KIO-I. 

"'Letters  of  Sept.  '2r>th  and  L'Stli  in  Mimtfri^ij  Co.  Arch.,  IMS.,  vii.  .S,  4. 

"'',^"11/11  <'hn-i,  I'll),  lie  Mls'mii,  MS.,  1(1, 'll;  /•((/(»',  Sol.,  ii.  ;t(i!»-TO; 
Af'-h.  Kill.  Ilih-liiini,  MS.,  xi.  l.'!l  ;  I'afoii,  I'id",  '2'M')-~.  A  .seiap  in  Ln'^N's 
.v/v(^.,./,(,f,/j  ^'ly^  the  site  was  called  liy  the  nati.es  Oergiicn.siii,  or  'valley  of 
theoaks.'       ■ 

'■•  Ordei'.s  fur  a  war  tax  circulated  ))y  Gen.  Croix  and  seat  to  California. 
4f'//.  MisloMii,  MS.,  i.  5U-70. 


Ii 


I'll  I 


«.  1 


852 


COLONISTS  AND  RECRUITS. 


bo  SO  worm-catcii  that  she  could  not  safely  be  trusted 
to  sail.  In  December  the  San  Carlos  tie  Filipiuas 
from  ]\Ianila  touched  at  San  Diego.  The  old  >SVi,; 
Ctuios  had  remained  at  the  Philippines  and  the  now 
vessel  had  been  built  to  take  her  place.  Father  Caiu- 
bon  was  on  board  as  chaplain,  and  being  unwell  was 
alhjwed  to  remain  at  San  Diego.  He  had  some  vest- 
ments and  other  articles  for  San  Francisco  which  lie 
had  boLKdit  with  his  wages,  but  thev  were  invoiced 
for  San  Bias  and  could  not  be  unloaded.'^^  Caml)()u 
brought  by  a  roundabout  course  the  tidings  that  six 
friars  had  been  appointed  for  the  three  Channel  mis- 
sions, at  which  Serra  rejoiced  greatly,  but  about  which 
there  is  more  to  be  said  hereafter. 

**Pulou,  Not.,  ii.  309-73. 


I  :   m 


be  trusted 
FlUpltms 
3  old  Sa:t 
\  the  new 
ther  Caui- 
nwell  was 
jonio  vost- 
wliicli  lie 
3  illvoi(;ed 
Caiul)()ii 
js  that  six 
annel  iiiis- 
lout  which 


CHAPTEK  XVII. 

PUEBLO-MISSIONS  ON  THE  RIO  COLORADO. 

1780-1TS2. 

rKi-MMrNAiiY  Resume— Reports  OF  Gauges  andAnza — Palmain  Mexico — 
Akimcivita'.s  CintoNTt'LE — YrMAS  Clamouot's  roil  Missionahiks — 
OiiDEKs  ofCiEnekal  Ciioix — Padres  Garces  and  Diaz  on  the  Colo- 
KADo— No  Gins  FOR  the  Indians — Disgust  of  tue  Yumas — Mission- 

ITKllLOS    FoiNDED — A    NeW  SvsTKM — I't)\VEUS  OF  FuiARS  ClIITAILKD — 

I'liANcisLAN  Cui ricis.M— A  Danoerous  Experiment — I'VtrNi'iNc  ofL'on- 
CEi'cioN  AND  San  Pedro  y  San  Padlo — Names  of  the  Colonists — 
Spanish  Oppi:ession — Foredodinos  of  Disaster— ^rAssAcuE  of  .Ti'ly 
17, 17S1 — Four  Martyrs— Fifty  Victims — Death  of  Rivi:i!a — Fisuit- 
less  Efforts  TO  PuNisHTiiE  Yumas— Captives  Ransomed — Expeditions 
OF  Fages,  Fueros,  Romeu,  and  Neve. 

TiiK  reader  of  Sonora  history  will  rcineniber  the 
expeditions  of  Father  Kino  and  his  companions  to 
iioitliern  Pinieria  during-  the  Jesuit  period,  their 
tlatteiing  reports  of  prospects  both  s[)i ritual  and 
teni[)t>ral,  and  their  eiforts  oft  repeated  but  always 
unsurcessful  to  establish  missions  in  the  Gila  and 
Colorado  region.  The  natives  were  always  clamorous 
Inr  I'linrs;  but  the  necessary  condjination  of  cireum- 
^taln•cs  could  never  be  effected.  The  requisites  were 
a  favcn'able  dis[)ositionon  the  part  of  the  governuKMit, 
a  favorable  condition  of  European  and  ^lexican  alfairs, 
iDoiiey  to  spare  in  the  royal  treasury,  and  (juiet  among 
tlic  Sonora  tribes.  What  Kino's  zeal  in  time  of  peace 
could  not  do,  was  imj)ossiblo  to  the  comparative  luke- 
warnmess  of  iiis  suc>(  ssors  in  limes  of  constant  rebel- 
lion and  warfare  with  the  Apaches.  The  Franciscans, 
it'  somewhat  less  enthusiastic  than  the  earlier  Jesuits, 
and  notwithstanding  their  greater  difficulties,   never 

niar.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    23  (iSi) 


m 


354 


rUEBLO-MISSiONS  ON  THE  RIO  COLORADO. 


allowed  the  matter  to  drop.  The  record  of  thcii*  efforts, 
as  of  earlier  attempts,  belongs  in  detail  to  another 
part  of  this  work;  but  there  was  little  or  no  actual 
progress  down  to  the  time  of  Anza's  expeditions,  niado 
with  a  view  to  open  communication  by  land  with  Cal- 
ifornia.^ 

With  the  second  of  these  expeditions  in  1775-(j 
Francisco  Garcds  and  Thomas  Eixarch  had  gone  to 
the  Colorado  and  had  been  left  on  the  western  hank 
of  the  river  with  a  few  Indian  attendants  and  under 
the  protection  of  Palma,  a  prominent  Yuma  chioftiuii 
noted  for  his  friendship  for  the  white  men.  Both  friars 
were  Franciscans  from  the  Queretaro  college.  During 
Anza's  absence  in  the  west,  Eixarch  remained  on  the 
river,  at  or  near  the  site  of  the  modern  Fort  Yuma ; 
while  Garces  travelled  extensively  down  and  up  the 
Colorado,  west  and  east  to  San  Gabriel  and  the  ]\rorjiii 
towns,  well  received  by  all  natives  except  the  IMoquIs. 
So  well  were  the  Colorado  Indians  [)leased  with  An>:a's 
treatment  that,  as  Garces  was  led  to  believe,  tlicy 
refused  aid  to  the  hostile  San  Dio^'o  tribes.  The 
onl}^  source  of  possible  danger  was  l)elieved  to  be  in 
Rivera's  tendency  to  ill  treat  those  who  for  one  pur- 
l)ose  or  another  visited  the  coast  establishments.  ]n 
their  explorations  the  two  friars  fixed  upon  the  Puerto, 
or  Portezuelo,  do  la  Concepcion  and  the  Puerto,  or 
Panclieria,  de  San  Pablo  as  the  most  desirable  sites 
for  future  missions.  The  former,  Concepcion,  was,  as 
I  liave  said,  identical  in  site  with  Fort  Yuma,  while 
the  latter,  San  Pablo,  was  eight  or  ten  miles  down 
the  river  on  the  same  side  in  what  is  now  Baja  Cali- 
fornian  territory.^     Eixarch  went  back  to  Sonora  Avith 

'  Sec  rlijiptcrs  x.  and  xii.  of  tin's  volume. 

''I  8ii]iposo  that  Sail  I'aljlo  was  i'lontical  with  the  Ranchcri'a  or  Lac;inia  of 
San  I'alili),  or  ('apt.  I'ablo,  4^  or  5  leagues  lielowl'onoepcion,  visited  liy  An/a 
and  inentionei]  m  lii.s  diary  and  in  that  of  1'.  Font.  Arricivita  gives  the  <lis- 
tance  hetwcen  tlie  two  as  three  leagues.  Taylor,  in  Uroiriir'.-!  A.  (V(/.,  .")!,  71, 
dou))tless  f,)llowing  Arricivita,  says  the  two  were  !)  miles  apart.  1'.  Sales,  in 
liis  A'o'/' (ff.-' (/f  ( Vr/. ,  earta  iii.  (i.VT,  says  that  the  Friineisean  luissioiis  weri^ 
on  terv:tory  coneecled  to  the  Dominicans,  so  that  they  were  even  then  in  a 
Kciiso  considered  to  be  in  Lower  California.     The  author  would  seem  a'lnost 


PLANS  OF  GAUClllS  AXD  AXZA. 


3o5 


An/.a,  and  Garces  followed  a  little  later.  Palma  also 
at'coinpaiiiod  Aiiza  to  Mexico  to  present  in  person  the 
petition  of  his  peo[)le  for  missionaries.  All  the  rc- 
tnrniiig  travellers  were  impressed  with  the  feasibility 
and  great  importance  of  founding  on  the  Colorado 
0110  or  more  missions  under  the  protection  of  a  strong 
presidio.^ 

The  viceroy  favored  the  views  of  Garces  and  Anza. 
Ho  [H'omised  early  in  1777  to  transfer  northward  the 
])r('sidios  of  Horcasitas  and  Buenavista  as  a  protec- 
tion to  the  proposed  missions,  and  recommended  the 
wliolo  matter  to  the  favorable,  consideration  of  Gen- 
eral Croix.*  Palma  in  the  mean  time  was  kindly  en- 
tertained; and  after  being  baptized  as  Don  Salvador, 
lie  was  scut  home  with  promises  of  friars  and  other 
favors  to  his  country  and  people.'' 

Croix  it  is  said  entertained  an  idea  of  D'oins:  in 
pei'.-^on  to  the  Colorado  and  to  IMontcrcy,  but  he  was 
detained  by  illness  in  Chihuahua  and  had,  besides,  a 
broad  territory  to  attend  to.  Colonel  Anza  was  about 
tliis  time  sent  to  Xew  ^Mexico  as  governor,  and  tlius 
the  northern  enterjn'ise  lost  one  of  its  most  effective 
su[)porters.  In  Marcli  1778  Palma,  seeing  no  sign 
that  the  promises  made  him  were  to  bo  fulfilled,  came 
down  to  Altar  to  ascertain  the  reason.  lie  was  more 
or  less  satisfied  with  the  excuses  offered  b}'  the  pre- 

to  ('ntcl•^inn  tlie  idea  that  tlic  Franciscaiisi,  in  tlicir  zeal  to  get  tlio  rcwanln 
('ti'or<'il,  liiuiiglit  u[iou  themselves  the  resiiltUig  misfortunes  by  intruding  on 
])i)iM'nio:i:i  (^Tonnd. 

^(larets  tiu,!,'gested  a  route  by  water  by  way  of  tlio  gulf  and  river,  or  by 
tiie  ( (.'f:!!!  t:)  San  ])i.'L^'i).  lie  also  reonnuncuded  (hat  San  IHcgo  bo  sniiject  to 
tlie  Cii'iiiailo  ]ii-e,-;i<Hi)  instead  of  Monterey,  s;)  as  to  proteet  conimnnieation 
and  invvent  eonilicts  with  the  ( 'alil'orni:!,  aatliorities.  Tims  his  views  in  lie- 
halt  ct  lii.s  college  wen;  .suniowhat  andiitiou:H.  \\'hethcr  they  resulted  in  some 
(li  'ii  •  from  his  own  treatnK-nt  by  Itivera,  or  whether  Rivera's  poliey  wasin- 
tliuiiei'd  by  the  \  iews  of  Ciarees,  tliei'c  is  no  means  of  knowing. 

'  In  ITi'ii  Ci'oix  writes  to  (lalvcz  on  the  iinportanee  of  coneiliating  the  (  ol- 
orad  )  and  (lila  tribes,  and  of  founding  settlements  on  the  route  to  California. 
I  'fJ !r^  DoritiiHntin<,  ^MS.,  a. 

•'  Arriclrita,  Cfiiiiica  Scralica  1/  A/ioxtiillrn  ihl  ('olnfio  (h  Prnjm<i(infl<t  F'"h' 
<!'■  la  iSdiild  I'niz  ilf  (J'H'irtdro,  4"' -oil.  This  important  W(jrk,  the  ollieial 
eliroaide  of  t!iu  Qi'.cr.  taro  ("oUegv.  i.i  the  leading  authority  for  tlu!  eoulcnts 
of  th;,;  ehapter,  iu  fact  tlio  only  eoa'iinuous  narrative  of  the  whole  subject, 
thnii  ,li  as  will  bo  seen  there  are  other  authorities  that  throw  nuieh  light  011 
ecrtalu  parts  of  it. 


m 

■■ill 
I 


v:i 


' 


3.-)G 


rUEBLO-MISSIOXS  ON  THE  RIO  COLORADO. 


,  tiiii 


fiidio  captain  aiul  went  Ijack  to  wait.  Still  no  Span- 
iards came,  and  Palina's  people  began  to  taunt  liim, 
and  to  more  than  hint  that  all  the  stories  he  had 
brought  from  Mexico  were  lies.  Palma  endured  it 
for  a  while  and  then  went  again  to  Altar  and  then  lo 
Horcasitas  to  explain  his  difficulties. 

General  Croix, still  at  Cliihuahua, hearing  of  Pahna's 
visit  and  knowing  that  his  complaints  were  just,  wrote 
in  Fobruar}^  1779  to  the  president  asking  him  to  send 
Garces  and  anotlu;r  friar  to  the  Colorado  to  begin  tlie 
work  of  conversion,  at  the  same  time  ordering  the 
authorities  of  Sonora  to  furnish  supplies  and  soldici's. 
Juan  Diaz  was  selected  to  accomjjany  Garces.  The 
governor  gave  an  order  for  supplies,  but  the  com- 
mandant could  not  furnish  a  proper  guard,  for  his 
force  was  small  and  the  natives  were  unusually  bitter. 
In  obedience  to  orders,  however,  he  told  Garce's  to 
select  the  smallest  number  of  soldiers  that  would  meet 
immediate  necessities.  The  friars  realized  that  in 
establishing  a  distant  mission  under  these  circum- 
stances there  was  danger.  But  delay  was  also  for 
many  reasons  undesirable,  and  the  early  establisli- 
ment  of  a  presidio  was  confidently  hoped  for.  There- 
fore after  much  discussion,  includint;  a  reference  to  the 
viceroy  and  college,  the  two  friars  chose  seventeen 
soldiers  from  Tucson  and  Altar,  thoutjfh  when  they 
started  in  August  for  their  destination  tliey  had  l)ut 
thirteen.  After  passing  Sonoita  in  the  Papago  coun- 
try, they  were  forced  to  turn  back  for  want  of  water; 
but  Garces  with  two  soldiers  soon  continued  and 
reached  the  Colorado  at  the  end  of  August.  He 
found  Palma  and  those  of  his  ranchei  fa  verj-  friendly, 
but  other  Yumas  considerably  disaffected,  the  Jalclie- 
chmes  and  other  tribes  bein<x  also  somewhat  hostile  to 
the  Yumas. 

On  September  3d  tho  two  scddlers  were  sent  bade 
witli  letters  for  Diaz  and  fi^r  Croix, leavino' Garces  alone 
Avitli  the  Yumas.  Rumors  were  rife  of  hostilities  on 
the  part  of  the  Papagos,  and  the  soldiers  at  Sonijita 


A  NEW  SYSTEM. 


3.-.7 


were  disposed  to  abscond.  Fatlior  Diaz  sent  to  Altar 
I'or  aid,  and  received  from  a  new  commandant  a  letter 
advising  the  friars  to  abandon  the  enterprise  fjr  tJie 
pivsL'ut.  Diaz  declined  the  advice.  He  succeeded  in 
i\iiioving  the  soldiers'  fears,  and  joined  Garces'on  the 
■Jil  of  October.  The  two  friars  with  their  guard  of 
twelve  men  and  a  sergeant  now  found  themselves  in 
ail  embarrassing  position.  Promises  had  been  lavishly 
bestowed  on  Pahna  by  the  viceroy  and  by  Croix  in 
^lexico,  promises  which  had  not  lost  color  in  transmis- 
sion, and  which  had  roused  expectations  of  lavish  gifts. 
TjDiig  delay  had  lessened  somewhat  the  native  faitli  in 
raliiia's  tales;  but  even  now  the  contrast  between 
ixpectation  and  reality  was  great,  and  at  sight  of  two 
IViars  bearing  trinkets  hardly  sufficient  to  buy  tlu'ir 
dail}'  food,  the  natives  regarded  themselves  as  victims 
(if  a  swindle.  Nor  did  they  take  pains  to  conceal  their 
disgust.  The  two  padres  could  ])arely  maintain  them- 
scKes  in  Pal  ma's  rancheria,  that  chieftain's  authorit}' 
proving  to  be  limited,  and  his  position  being  hardly 
mure  acjreeable  than  their  own.  Entreaties  for  aid 
wore  sent  south,  but  the  soldiers  so  sent  were  usuallv 
ictained  in  the  Sonora  presidios  on  some  excuse,  thus 
kssL'uino:  the  escort  and  increasiuij:  the  dancjer. 

In  November  Croix  arrived  at  Arizpe,  whither 
Diaz  proceeded  to  report  in  person,  and  Juan  Antonio 
])arreneche  was  sent  as  companion  to  Garces.  The 
gt'iicral  listened  to  the  padre's  report,  and  resolved  on 
tlio  establishment  of  two  mission-})ueblos  on  the  Colo- 
rado, in  accordance  Avith  a  new  system  devised  for  this 
oi-easion,  the  formal  instrm^tions  for  which  were  issued 
!March  20,  1780.  There  was  to  be  no  ])residio,  mission, 
or  [lueblo  proper,  but  the  attributes  of  all  three  were 
to  1)0  in  a  manner  united.  The  soldiers,  under  a  sub- 
lieu'ionant  as  commandant,  were  to  protect  the  settlers, 
Vvlu)  were  to  bo  granted  house-lots  and  fields,  wliile 
the  friars  were  to  act  as  pastors  to  attend  to  the 
spiritual  interests  of  the  colonists,  but  at  the  same 
time  to  be  missionaries.     The  priests  were  to  have 


m 

m 

111! 


Ml 

■  \ 


3oS 


rUEBLO-MlSSIONS  ON  THK  P.IO  COLORADO. 


i.'U 


nothing  to  do  with  tcmporul  nianagoiiicnt,  and  nati\'o 
converts  wore  not  to  be  required  to  hve  in  regular 
mission  communities,  but  might  receive  lands  and  hve 
in  the  pueblos  with  the  Spaniards.  Each  pueblo  was 
to  have  ten  soldiers,  ten  settlers,  and  six  laborers. 

This  was  certainly  a  change  in  the  mission  system. 
Palou  italicizes  it  as  a  nncvo  modo  de  conquistar,  and 
passes  on  without  further  connnent  to  relate  results.'' 
Arricivita  denounces  both  the  system  and  its  authoi', 
charging  Croix  with  having  been  influenced  hy  polUin.ix 
I'.rhitristas  who  knew  nothing  of  the  subject,  and  l)y 
false  notions  of  economy.  And  further  with  having 
paid  no  heed  to  the  advice  of  the  only  men  who  were 
(jualified  to  give  it;  with  giving  instructions  to  the 
friars  in  matters  entirely  beyond  his  jurisdiction;  with 
direct  opposition  to  the  laws  of  Spain,  esi^ecially  in 
uniting  Spaniards  and  Indians  in  the  same  pueblo, 
and  with  having  in  his  stupid  pride  and  ignorance 
exposed  over  fifty  families  to  sure  destruction.  A 
large  part  of  the  bitter  feeling  exhibited  by  Fran- 
ciscans on  the  subject  may  be  fairly  attributed  to  the 
tragedy  that  followed  and  to  the  removal  of  the  tem- 
])oral  management  from  their  hands,  a  matter  on  which 
they  were  very  sensitive;  yet  it  must  be  admitted 
that  Croix  acted  unwisely.  The  time  and  place  were 
not  well  chosen  for  such  an  experiment.  Anza,  a 
warm  advocate  of  the  Colorado  cstal)lishments,  a  man 
of  great  ability  and  experience,  and  one  moreover 
who  had  seen  the  Yumas  and  their  neighbors  at  their 
best,  had  expressed  his  o])inion  that  missions  could 
nut  safely  be  founded  in  this  region  except  under  tlie 
]  protection  of  a  strong  presidio.  At  the  time  of  Anza's 
return  it  would  have  been  hazardous  to  try  tlio  experi- 
ment, but  in  the  light  of  the  friars'  reports  it  was 
a  criminally  stupid  blunder. 

As  soon  as  he  heard  of  the  plan  Garces  sent  in 
lepeated  protests  and  warnings  tluit  the  aspect  of 
atfairs  was  worse  then  ever,  but  all   in  vain.     The 

'^  Palou,  Not.,  ii.  374-S8. 


rURfSIMA  AND  SAN  PEDRO. 


colonists  roacliocl  their  new  liomcs  in  tlio  autumn 
of  1780  under  tlio  coniniand  of  Alfurez  Santiago  tie 
Islas.  The  pueblo  of  La  Purl^sinla  Concepeion  was 
;it  once  founded,  and  the  adjoining  lands  were  dis- 
till )uted,  Garces  and  Barrenechc  being  its  ministers. 
Very  soon  the  second  pueblo,  San  Pedro  y  San  Pal)lo 
do  Bicuner,  was  established  under  the  care  of  Diaz 


The  Colorado  Missions. 

and  Matias  Moreno.    The  names  of  the  twenty  sol- 
tlicrs  and  of  fourteen  settlers  have  been  preserved.^ 

'  Tlicy  fire  as  follows,  those  of  persons  who  escaped  from  the  subsequent 
iimsiunc  being  italicized:  P.  Francisco  Garcds,  P.  Juan  Diaz,  AllVrez  San- 
tiago Islas,  (Jorpoi'al  Pascual  Mivera,  P.  Juan  liaiTencclic,  P.  Matias  Moreno, 
Scr-t.  Josi'  (or  Juan)  de  la  Vega,  Corporal  Juan  Miguel  I'alomino. 

Soldiers:  Cayetano  Mesa,  (iabricl  (or  Javier)  Diaz,  Matias  de  la  Vega,  .lose 
Ignatio  Mai-tinez,  Juan  (Jailardo,  (iabriel  (or  Javier)  Komero,  Pedro  Kunpus, 
i/cwr  /,V//(.s"  I'achcfOyJnan  Martinc^z,  (Jabriel  (or  Javier)  Lu(|ue,  Manuel  Duarte, 
IVnianlo  ^lorales,  Ignacio  Zaniora,  Faustino  Sallalla,  I'cdro  Soldix-f,  M'ujuil 
Ani'iiiio  Jioincro. 

Sctller.s:  ^'anucl  Barragan,  Josf;  Antonio  Romero,  Juan  Ignacio  Roiiu^ro, 
Jose";  Olgin,  Antonio  Mendoza,  Ignacio  Martinez,  Matiafi  de  (.'nnlro,  Carlos 
(l.iUcgo,  JiKin  Romero,  Josu  lOstrvau,  Jnsto  (irijalva,  (Iabriel  Tcbaea,  Nico- 
l;is  X'illalba,  JikuiJosc  Mirumln,  J(Mi'  Iiiii'icio  BoKjarlirn,  servant,  ./o.<(1  Urre", 
interpreter.  Tliese  names  come  cini'ily  from  the  subse([nent  exandnation  of 
survivors  rceoidod  in  Prov.  St.  P<t/>.,  MS.,  iii.  :{l!>-8'2.  So  far  as  soldiers  and 
settlers  are  coneerned  the  list  is  probably  complete.  All,  or  nearly  all,  had 
families. 


f  ■ 


J!  I 


il 


■l 


ii 


i  a' 


y  ;• 


I-! 


( 


liHr 


1)00 


rUEBLO-MISSIONS  OX  THE  RIO  COLORADO. 


Tlic  ooinim^  of  the  colon'sts  luiturally  afforded  tempo 
rary  ivlief  to  tlie  friurs,  for  a  small  stock  of  article; 
suitaMe  for  gifts  bro'.iglit  a  brief  renewal  of  S[)aiii.sl. 
popularity;  but  even  at  the  beginning  Garces  and  his 
companions  seem  to  have  foreseen  disaster,  though  it 
is  hard  to  tell  how  nnich  was  foresight  and  how  much 
may  be  attributed  to  the  despondency  of  the  fiiars 
when  their  privileges  were  curtailed.  In  addition  to 
the  old  causes  of  disaffection  among  the  natives,  new 
and  more  serious  oner  began  to  work.  In  the  dis- 
tribution of  lands  along  the  river  but  little  attention 
was  paid  to  the  rights  of  the  aborigines,  whose  little 
miljxiK,  if  spared  in  the  formal  distribution,  wci-e 
rendered  useless  by  the  live-stock  of  the  Spaniards. 
This  great  wrong,  added  to  the  ordinary  indiffei-eiico 
of  soldiers  and  settlers  to  native  ri-jfhts,  and  their 
petty  acts  of  injustice,  soon  destroyed  any  slight  feel- 
ing of  friendship  previously  existing.  The  friars  with 
ditticulty  and  by  patient  kindness  retained  for  a  time 
a  doLjree  of  inlluence  even  in  the  midst  of  adverse  in- 
flucnces.  They  established  a  kind  of  missionary  sta- 
tion at  some  distance  from  the  pueblo,  where  the 
natives  were  occasionally  assend)led  for  religious  in- 
struction. Some  of  them  were  faithful  uotwitlistand- 
ing  the  unpopularity  brought  upon  themselves  by 
friendship  for  the  friars;  but  their  influence  amounted 
to  nothing  against  the  growing  hatred  among  the 
thousands  of  Yumas  and  nei<>'ld)orini>'  tribes. 

After  the  provisions  brought  from  Sonora  had 
been  exhausted  there  was  much  suffering  among  the 
families,  the  natives  refusing  to  part  with  the  little 
corn  in  their  possession  and  asking  exorbitant  prices 
for  the  wild  ])roducts  gathered.  In  their  great 
need  they  sent  over  to  San  Gabriel  for  succor  and 
were  given  such  articles  of  food  as  the  mission  could 
spare.**    We  have  no  chronological  record  of  events 

Talon,  Not.,  ii.  .'57o,  says  tliat  in  asking  for  this  aid  they  (k-clnrcd  that  if 
it  woi'o  not  sent  they  wouhl  havo  to  ahaiKlon  the  (Jnhn-ailo  cstalplishnients. 
Neve  reports  on  .Juno 'J,'},  17>S1,  having  sent  the  succor  asked  for  Ijy  AlfCrez 
Islas.  I'lvi:  Ji'cc,  MS.,  ii.  85. 


rREMONITIOX.S  OF  DISASTER. 


3G1 


dining''  tlio  wiiitoraiifl  spriii!;^  of  1780-1.  Tlie  .settlers 
lived  iiloiig  in  the  lazy  iinj)r<)vi(Ient  way  peculiar  to 
Spaniards  of  that  class,  attend! iili^  chieily  to  tlieir  live- 
stock. Xeith(  r  they  nor  tlic  soldiers  had  any  I'ears 
(if  inipendin;^^  danger,  and  rarely  had  either  of  the 
jiuchlos  more  than  two  or  three  soldiers  on  iluty. 
TJiey  found  time,  however,  to  administer  an  occa- 
sional floo-ging  or  confinement  in  the  stocl:  ;  to  ofK-nd- 
iiig  natives.  The  friars  went  on  with  llieir  duties, 
aware  that  trouble  was  brewing,  and  perhaps  rleriving 
a  certain  grim  satisfaction  from  their  prospect  of  be- 
ing able  to  prove  by  their  own  death  that  Croix  was 
:vi<)ng  in  interfering  with  missionary  prerogative.'' 
^Foanwliile  a  few  leading  spirits  among  the  Yumas 
were  inciting  their  people  to  active  hostilities,  \\  ith  a 
virw  to  cKtcrminate  the  intruders.  Palma  himself 
was  among  the  nund)er,  as  were  one  or  two  of  his 
brothers  and  several  chieftains  who  had  accompanied 
Iiiiii  to  j\rexico.  Francisco  Javier,  an  interpreter,  is 
also  named  as  having  taken  a  prominent  part.  Ig- 
nacii)  Palma,  Pablo,  and  Javier  were  tlie  leaders. 
With  a  viev.'  to  conciliate  the  disaffected  Aliei'cz  Islas 
made  Ignacio  Palma  governor  of  the  lower  Yumas 
about  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo,  and  a  little  later  ar- 
rested him  and  ]>ut  him  in  the  stocks,  thus  adding 
fuel  to  the  flame  of  the  revolt. 

Late  in  June  Pivera  y  jMoncada  arrived  from 
So'K.ra  with  his  comjiany  of  about  forty  recruits  and 
their  families  bound  for  Los  Angeles  and  the  Santa 
P;ivbara  channel.  From  the  Colorado  he  sent  back 
most  of  liis  Sonoran  escort,  and  after  a  short  delay 
for  rest,  despatched  the  main  c()ni[)any  to  San  Gabriel 
HUiler  the  escort  of  Alferez  Limou  and  nine  men. 
Having  seen  the  company  started  on  its  way,  Pivera 
rc(Tossed  tlie  Colorado  and  with  eleven  or  twelve  men, 

"  Accoviling  to  Arricivita  the  priests  for  uiiiny  days  devoted  almost  their 
mIhiIu  atiL'ntioii  to  liibor  ainoii!^  the  Spanisli  jiojmlation,  striving  to  reawaken 
interest  in  religious  exercise;)  and  thus  to  prepai'o  the  souls  of  tlu;  unsuspecting 
null,  women,  and  children  for  death.  In  these  cll'urts  they  were  also  said  to 
have  Ijeen  remarkably  successful. 


I 


!!■ 


3C2 


rURBLOMISSIONS  OX  THE  RIO  COLORADO. 


iv 


A  ■    -;  ill 


incliuliiiLf  Scriroant  TloMcs  and  five  or  six  men  .sent  <<» 
meet  luiii  lV(»m  the  California  presidios,  encamped 
near  the  eastern  ])ank  ()[)posite  Conct'peion,  wliere  lu' 
j)i«)posed  to  remain  for  .some  weeks  to  reston;  liis 
horses  and  cattle  to  a  proper  condition  for  the  trip  Id 
Sail  Gahriel.  Iliveras  eomin<'  eontri!)iited  nuthiii"- 
to  the  pacification  of  the  natives,  hut  had  rather  tlu; 
contrary  effect,  for  his  large  lutrd  of  liv'e-stock  {V'- 
stfojed  the  mcscpiite  plants,  and  he  was  hy  no  nM>aiis 
liheral  in  the  disti'ihution  of  gifts. "^  From  his  clioicc 
of  a  location  for  his  camp  it  is  clear  that  he  attaclieil 
no  importance  to  the  friars'  ai)prehensions. 

Early  in  July  the  natives  hecamc  somewhat  moris 
insolent  in  their  actions,  often  visiting  tlie  towns  in 
a  quarrelsome  mood.  On  Tuesday,  July  17th,  the 
storm  hiu'st."  Early  in  the  morning  the  lower  vil- 
lage of  San  Pedro  y  San  Pablo  was  attacked  hy  the 
savages,  who,  meetinu:  no  i-esistance,  killed  the  two 
j)riesta,  Diaz  and  jMoreno,  besides  Sergeant  Vega,  and 
most  of  the  soldiers  and  sc;ttlers.  Only  five  men, 
including  two  Indians  more  or  less  in  sympathy  with 
the  .savages,  are  known  to  have  survived.  Tiu^se 
were  made  captive  as  were  all  the  women.  After  the 
Indians  had  taken  everything  tlu.'y  desired  they  burne(l 
the  buildings  antl  destroyed  all  other  property.  Tl it- 
bodies  of  the  victims  were  left  to  lie  where  they  fell, 
except  those  of  the  friars,  which,  as  there  is  some 
reason  to  believe,  were  buried. ^■- 

'"Ncvn  in  a  letter  to  Croix  of  Nov.  18,  1781,  says  that  tho  Jnlclicdiuies 
BCiit  word  in  I'liveru  that  ii.s  no  gifts  were  niado,  they  did  not  wish  to  ivtani 
tlie  l)ad;^'e?  of  olUco  formerly  given  their  eluefd  by  Spaniard:!.  Prov.  Ua-., 
MS.,  ii.  (it). 

"  Arrieivita,  followed  by  other  writei.'-.,  erroneously  states  that  it  was  on 
Sunday.  Tlie  surviving  witnesses  testified  that  it  was  Tuesday,  and  the  17th 
was  certainly  Tuesday. 

'■-Arrieivita,  .■")J9-.')4,  gives  some  details  respiting  the  lives  of  the  mis- 
sionaries. Juan  ^larcelowas  boi-n  in  17;^;)  in  the  city  of  .Vlajar,  Spain,  takiiii^ 
the  name  of  Dia/.  \vh(>n  ho  became  a  Franeisean.  ilQcamo  to  Mexico  in  170;!; 
in  i70S  became  minister  ai  Cai)orca  mission  in  L'ii.ierla  Alta;  and  aec')m]ia- 
nieil  Anza  as  we  liavo  seen  on  his  lirst  expedition  to  California.  .Jose  ^Litias 
Moreno  was  born  in  1744  at  .Mmarza,  Spain;  bccam..^  a  Franciscan  in  170-; 
and  came  to  Mexico  in  1700.  His  first  missionaiy  service,  save  as  superini- 
nicrary,  was  at  the  place  of  his  death.  Francisco  Tomiis  ]Icrmene>;ildo 
Garces  •was  born  in  1738  in  Morata  del  Conde,  Aragon;  came  to  thu  Queretaro 


MASSACRE  OF  niVF^.RAS  MRX.  3fl8 

0(1  f1io  same  day  jind  at  alxnit  the  same  lioiir  wIkmi 
rutlici'  (jraroL's  was  sayinjj^  mass,"  tln>  lowii  <>('  Coiuvp- 
cioii  was  invaded  and  tlu;  coniniandant,  Islas,  and  a 
(Diporal,  the  only  soldiers  tliorc  at  tin;  time,  were 
killed,  as  were  indeed  most  of  the  unarmed  men  scat- 
tered in  tlio  adjoinin.'Lj  fields.  Some  of  tlu)  houses 
wore  sacked,  but  the  fi'iars  were  spai-eil,  and  a  i»;nt  (if 
the  men  were  not  fouiul,  the  ravages  heinL,''  sus[)ende.l 
iiKout  noon.  Next  mcjrniiiLf  the  sava<ges  attacked  the 
(•;iin|)  across  the  river.  Rivera  had  hastily  thrown  up 
seuiesli^ht  intronchments and  his  men  made  a  •^•allant 
<l(it  nee,  hut  the  numbers  aLjainst  them  were  too  L;reat. 
One  bv  one  the  soldiers  fell  under  the  ari'ows  and 
(liihs  of  the  foe  until  not  one  was  left."  Thus  ilied 
Captain  Fernando  Javier  de  Rivera  y  Moncada,  one 
nC  the  most  prominent  characters  in  early  Californiau 
annals,  who  had  come  in  the  first  land  expedition  of 
I7(i',),  had  been  military  conunandant  of  the  Monterey 
cstalilishnients,  and  who  at  the  time  of  his  death  was 
lieutenant-governor  of  Baja  California.  All  that  is 
kn<»\vii  of  his  life  and  character  has  been  recorded  in 
tlu'  preceding  cha|)ters.  lie  was  not  the  equal,  in 
ahilitvand  force,  of  such  men  as  Fa'^'cs  and  Xeve,  l)ut 
lie  was  [)0[)ular  and  left  among  the  old  Calilbrnian 
stjldiers  a  better  reputation  pi'obably  than  any  of  his 
<'()ntemporarics." 

Ciil!(.'i,'o  ill  17('I^;  ami  became  minister  of  Sun  Javier  ilcl  Bac  in  170S.  IIo 
tiiivilh  >t  ('xteiisiv(^ly  among  the  gentile  ti'ibes,  from  his  tirst  eoming  toSouoi'ii, 
down  to  the  time  of  liis  dcatli.  Juan  Antonio  Jjarrcneche  was  lioiii  in  Jjaca- 
/iir,  Navarre,  in  1710,  and  came  ■when  a  child  to  llaliana.  Ue  heeamc  x\, 
IVimcisean  in  1708;  joined  the  Qucrt'taro  ( 'ollege  in  177.'i.  His  first  niission- 
iiiT  Work  was  in  the  Colorado  i)U(,'l>U)a  wiiere  he  died  at  the  early  a;;e  (pf  ,'iJ 
years.  Tlie  author  in  connection  with  these  f:icts  ri'peats  inueli  of  the  liistoiy 
told  in  this  chapter,  and  adds  many  details  of  tlie  lives  and  Christian  viiluea 
of  these  four  martyrs  for  which  1  have  no  space. 

'■'  It  is  not  im[]0.ssiblo  that  Arricivita  draws  on  his  imagination  fur  details 
aliimt  the  religious  services,  supposing  the  day  to  have  been  Sunday. 

^\\\\  Pmv.  Hi.  Pap.,  Ucn.  Mif.,  :MS.,  iii.  1!>,  12:2,  are  ;r»-:s7«.sof  17.'<- f-howing 
the  following  soldiers  of  the  San  Diego  and  Montei-ey  company  who  liud  died 
liesides  Sergt.  lioblcs;  Manuel  Caiiedo,  Tomas  .Malia  Caniacho,  Ital'ael  }ilar- 
i|Uez,  ,loa(ii;in  (JueiTcro,  Josi'  M.  (iuerrcro,  Nieol;i.s  iJeltran,  Ji:an  Angel 
Amarillas,  I'rancisco  I'ena,  Joarjuin  Lope/,  Joarpiin  I'Npinosa,  .Vntonio  l].-^]ii- 
imsa,  and  I'uldo  Victoriano  Cervantes.  Those  12  names  doubtless  include  the 
Colorado  victims. 

''Fatlier  Consag — ZcvaUox,  Vida  dc  Konxaq,  14 — writing  in  17o.>  of  his 
tiiiid  expedition  says  of  Rivera:    'Xo  pcrdouo  ninyuu  trabajo  personal  do 


'■\ 


nu 


H  • 

' 

it 

P. 

V- 

■4-.    ! 

1 

all' 

ll  . 

1^  ■ 

■1  -i 

3C4 


rUEBLO-MISSIONS  OX  THE  RIO  COLORADO. 


The  natives  roturiicd  to  Conocjieion  the  same  al'tcr- 
noon.  The  priests  on  tlieir  approach  escaped  with 
tlio  famihcs  and  took  refuge  with  some  of  their  con- 
vert friends.  The  buildings  were  sacked  and  burned 
as  at  tlio  lower  village,  and  next  day  the  two  priests 
were  killed  notwithstanding  the  efforts  made  by  certain 
Indians  in  their  behalf.  Only  two  men  are  known  io 
have  saved  their  lives  at  Concepcion,  and  the  whole 
number  of  the  slain  at  the  two  pueblos  and  Rivera's 
camp  was  at  least  forty-six,  probably  more.  We  Ik  ar 
of  no  killing  of  women  and  children.  The  captives 
•were  made  to  work,  but  no  further  outrage  is  rc- 
corded.^'^ 

Alferez  Limon  after  cscortinij  the  California  c(  lonv 
to  San  (jabriel  started  back  for  Sonora  by  tlb)  old 
route  with  his  nine  men.  Drawinof  near  the  Colorado 
lie  Avas  informed  by  the  natives  that  there  had  beeo  a 

moilo  que  al  Padre  ya  Ic  faltaban  palabras  y  trazas  paraquc  so  cincsc  A  trali.i- 
jo.s  pi(i|iurci(iiiuilog  a  sii  cariictur. '  Hi.s  wife  was  Teresa  de  Ddvalos.  A  hdii, 
Jiuiii  j;;uili..ia  J'rancisco  .Maiia,  was  baptized  Oct.  5,  ]7')f>,  by  lather  Iji.st'linlf 
at  I.oreto;  another  son,  Juse  Xicohis  Maria.  -May  8,  ]T.')8,  Ity  Fatlicr  A'cii- 
tma;  and  still  aiKjtlier  March  1),  1707.  Lorc'o,  Liliro  lu  Minion,  !MS.,  174, 
177,  I'.T).  Alvarado,  ///VV.  ('«/.,  MS.,  ii.  100-7,  sny.s  that  his  nieuiory  was 
Ion  ,'  honored  by  annivcrsai'y  funeral  masses  at  San  V)icgo,  and  that  Oov. 
Eclieinuha  in  lb'2')  proposed  a  nionnnient  in  his  lio-ior 

"'Tlu!  infonnation  that  the  hostilities  lasted  three  days  comes  from  Arri- 
civita.  ilost  other  arthorites  staij  or  imply  that  the  liloody  work  vas  begun 
aiid  ciuV'd  on  July  T/th;  but  Croix  in  a  note  dated  July  17,  17S"J,  and  in  cor- 
re;\!  in  of  a  re]iort  from  Xcvo  that  I'ivera  dieil  on  July  1st,  states  that  it  was 
oil  Jrdy  bsth,  thus  sustaining  Arrieivita.  Pror.  Sf.  I'ap.,  lien.  Mil.,  ^18.,  iii. 
10.  Xevc  ill  a  h'ttcr  to  Croix  of  March  10,  178-2,  Pmv.  l,W.,  MS.,  ii.  70-S, 
s:iy:j  that  the  savages  attaii^."d  thr  two  villages  and  Rivera's  eainji  siunil- 
tr.neiiusly  and  by  8  o'clock  had  completed  their  work  at  the  former;  tliat  tliey 
fouiii!.  Uivera's  men  scattered  and  at  lirst  entered  the  encampment  as  friends, 
{itiJK'king  beforo  the  soliliers  could  be  gatliered,  aTid  killing  the  last  man  at 
iii'ht  after  ligiitiiig  all  day.  In  another  letter  of  Sejit.  1st,  J<L,  8S-!),  Xcve 
mentions  a  report  brouglit  by  I.imon  that  Corporal  I'ascual  J'ailon  (this 
Ballon  is  mentioiii'd  I'V  others,  but  I  suspect  that  he  ami  I'ascual  Rivera,  an 
the  sanu'  person),  witli  0  soldiers,  one  settler,  and  a  muleteer,  was  killed  while 
bringing  sujiplies  fi  mi  Sonora.  Sales,  Xofiria.-:,  Curfa'n.  (i.")-7,  tells  us  tlic 
ass 'iliMits  were'2(),0l)(Mn  number.  Velascn.  Sou.,  l.")!;  iS'oc.  ^Fe.r.  'iVo;/.,  /lolitiii. 
X.  704,  gives  tlie  nuniSer  of  killed  as  .");?.  Taylor  in  Jjroirnt'\'i  L.  ('(iL,  71,  says 
the  mas;:ici-c  took  place  in  the  fall  of  178-j.  Rartlett,  /'<  r".  Xar..  ii.  l8;!-'4, 
tells  us  that  a  mission  establisiie<l  by  1'.  Kiiio  at  tlu;  mouth  of  the  !  la  was  in 
existence  as  late  as  1770!  also  that  (larees  established  a  inissioi-  among  the 
Mofpiis  which  was  soon  destroyed  !  See  further  foe  brief  mentir.i  of  the  sub- 
ject, ^f(lJhl.^l,  L'.rplor,  i.  '284-(!:  Hi'i-illn-aiiiido,  Iiiformc  ''''  /;  'If  Ahril  /',''.', 
\11;  E.<nidiro,  Xot.,Chih..  'JJI>:  dlnxoii'fillist.  Catli.  <'li.,  ii.  87-1*0;  Taijlor,  \n 
Veil.  Faniur,  iMarcli  7,  180:2;  »y/ttrt',s  Cat/i.  Mii^.i.,  )01  2. 


iry  was 
-tt  Gov. 

An-i- 

ill  cur- 
it  was 

iS.,  iii. 
70-s, 
iiuul- 

ittlu'V 
irmls, 

liiiii  at 

),   X.'VC 

)ii  (this 
•r,i  an 

(1  \vliilo 
lis  tiic 

/lol.tliu 
I,  sav.s 
18:!  4, 
was  in 
tho 

ho  suli- 

;/  7, ';/.', 

i/lur,  ill 


PRErARATIONS  FOR  VENGEANCE. 


365 


massacre;  but,  doubtiiii^  the  report,  he  left  two  men 
in  charge  of  liis  aiiinials  and  went  forward  to  recon- 
111  litre.  Tlic  blackened  ruins  at  Concepcion  nnd  the 
dead  bodies  lying  in  the  i)laza  told  all.  His  own  party 
was  attacked  the  21st  of  August  :u.d  driven  back  by 
the  Yumas,  one  of  whom  wore  the  uni'orni  oi'  the 
(lead  Rivera.  Linion  and  his  son  were  wounded,  the 
two  men  left  behind  had  been  killed,  arc!  the  sui'vi\- 
(irs  hastened  back  to  San  Gabii;  i  with  news  of  the 
disaster.  Governor  Neve  sent  Litnon  and  his  })arty 
to  Sonora  by  waj'  of  Lorcto  with  a  report  to  General 
( Vnix  dated  September  1st.'' 

^leanwhile  the  news  was  carried  by  tliu  Pinias  of 
the  Gila  to  Tucson,  and  by  one  of  the  captives  who 
managed  to  esca})e  to  Altar,  and  thus  reached  the  ears 
nf  Croix  in  August.'^  On  the  2Gth  of  that  month 
Croix  wrote  to  Neve  of  the  reports  that  had  reached 
him,  warning  him  to  take  precautions.  The  9th  of 
Scptonber  a  council  of  war  was  held  at  Arizpe,  ari'l 
decided  that  as  the  Yumas  after  urging  the  estab- 
llslnnent  of  missions  had  risen  without  cause,  they 
must  according  to  the  laws  be  proceeded  against  as 
apostates  and  rebels.  A  sufficient  force  must  bo  sent 
to  tlic  Colorado  to  investigate,  ransom,  and  punish, 
and  peace  be  made  on  condition  tliat  the  nati\'es  vol- 
untarily submit,  and  deliver  the  captives  and  their 
property;  the  riiigleaders  should  then  be  put  to  death 
on  tlie  spot.  If  they  would  do  this,  well;  if  not,  war 
sliordd  follow,  and  the  neighboring  tribes  might  be 
employed  against  the  foe.  The  commander  of  tlio 
I'Xpedi'ion  must  report  to  Neve  on  arrival  at  tlio 
Colorado.'^    In  accordance   with   this   i-esolution   the 


'■  Pro,:  ncr.,  MS.,  ii.,  SS-0;  Pror.  Sf.  Pap.,  IJai.  Mil.,  MS.,  ii.  2?<;  Pnh.n, 
Vi'l'i,  '2i±  Palou,  Xol.,  ii.  .'>77,  say.s  that  Liinoii  waiitcil  ti)  talci'  I'O  men  iiiul 
(.'11  to  chastise  tho  Yiunas,  hut  Xcvc  iliil  not  appiwc  tho  jilan.  The  iiuthoi- 
is  incliiu'il,  npjiarcntly  uiijiistly.  to  lihuin'  tho  piovcrnfir  foi'  hi-;  iiuKtioii.  Tliis 
Limon  was  .a  soldier  iit  Altar  in  1700,  when  hi.s  daughter  %\aa  hajili-a'd  hy 
radrc  Pfe'Terkorn.    S.  I'r.nifisi-o  il  I  Ai'i,  Lih.  Ml.siaii,  y]>>. 

'*.\ri'icivita,  yiiv^o  500,  says  that  at  tirst  the  rc|iiirt  was  not  helievod  and 
tliat  .1  sdldier  ,<ent  ujt  to  the  ('ohn-adu  to  leurii  tho  tru;,li  was  killed. 

■'■'  sf.  Pap.  8<u\ ,  :*is. ,  vi.  1  -jo-sa 


I 


:I::i 


Vt 


m 


i  ^! 


'ki 


rUEBLOOillSSIOXS  ox  THE  RIO  COLOP.ADO. 


;  t:i 


j]fcneral  dcspatcliod  a  force  to  the  Colorado  under 
the  coiniiiaud  of  our  old  fi'ioud  Pedro  Fage.s,  aljout 
whose  life  since  he  sailed  from  San  Die^'o  in  1774  wo 
know  little  bc3"ond  the  fact  that  he  left  California  a 
captain  and  now  returns  a  lieutenant-colonel,  lie 
was  accompanied  by  Captain  Fueros  of  the  Altar 
presidio.-'' 

Fnges  and  Fueros  marched  with  a  hundred  soldiers 
of  their  respective  coni])anies  and  many  friendly  na- 
tives to  the  Colorado,  and  forded  the  river  to  tlio 
ruined  villages.  They  buried  the  bodies  of  tlie  vic- 
tims which  were  found  lying  as  they  fell  in  the  plaza 
and  in  the  fields.  The  Yumas  had  abandoned  the 
vicinity,  but  were  found  some  eight  leagues  down 
the  liver  in  a  densely  wooded  tract  where  it  was 
deemed  unadvisable  to  attack  them.  All  or  nearly 
all  of  the  captives,  however,  were  ransomed,"'  and 
both  they  and  the  natives  stated  that  the  latter  liad 
been  frightened  away  by  a  procession  of  white-robed 
figures  that  with  crosses  and  lighteel  candles  had 
marched  through  the  ruins  chantmg  stran<>'e  dirtjes 
each  night  after  the  massacre.  With  the  rescued 
captives  Fages  retraceel  his  steps  to  Sonoita,  wlioru 
he  arrived  late  in  October. 

Here  '.vere  found  orders  from  the  general,  given  at 
the  petition  of  the  father  president,  to  recover  and 
bring  back  the  bodies  of  the  slain  friars.  These 
orders  had  been  intended  to  reach  Fages  earlier  and 
not  to  necessitate  another  journey;  but  as  he  liad 
made  no  special  se^arch  for  the  bodies,  he  eleemcd  ic 
best  to  return."    Before  setting  out  he  lielel  an  exaui- 


m-'- 


^"Iii  a  vocoi'il  of  certain  California  documents  existing  in  Mexico  in  IT'.''. 
Prof.  ,Sl.  I'ctj).,  MS.,  xiii.  '20.-)-0,  is  nicntioncil  tlio  original  acccuint  of  tin; 
expodition.  JJ'inrio  (Id  vhije  dr  t'tcrrd  /ic-hn  al  J'io  Volorado  <le  op/ai  (Id 
CoDKiiulmitr  U(  ncnil,  El  Calinllcro  dc  Croix,  al  vinndo  thl  Tcnunlt;  ('oruii'l  J>. 
J'cdro  /Vr;/<'f,  etc.,  dateilat  Altar  Sept.  10,  17SI  (it  Khould  probably  bo  Souoita 
l)ec.  'JOtli),  a  dociunent  I  liavo  been  unablo  to  find. 

'-'  I'alou,  Viild,  '247-.')4,  who  saw  the  ori,yinal  narrative,  seems  to  bo  thu 
authority  for  the  finding  of  the  Yumas  down  the  river.  ]Io  is  ([uotcd  by 
Arrieivitii,  who,  liowever,  implies  erroneously  that  the  ca^jtivcs  were  ran- 
Bonird  on  a  s;ubse(|nent  visit. 

^- Arricivita  is  the  only  authority  who  direetlj'  mentions  this  Bccoud  e\pL^ 


re:maixs  of  the  aluityes. 


367 


lll'|.;'cs 

rlioi'o 

u  at 
ami 

ajitl 
l.a.l 
d  it 
jxaiu- 

II  iT'.t.-., 

jf  tlio 
•lit a  (hi 

Suiiuita 

1.0  fhu 
)ti;il  by 
'I'C  raii- 

il  expo 


illation  at  S(jnoita  October  31^t  and  took  the  testi- 
inoDV  of  .six  men  who  luid  survived  the  massacre, 
inairria.l  which  I  have  already  utihzed  in  describing 
that  event."^  At  San  Perlro  y  San  Pablo  on  Decern- 
her  7th  the  bodies  of  Diaz  and  jNIoreno  were  discov- 
ered ill  a  good  state  of  preservation,  thongli  tlie  head 
of  j\L>reno  had  been  cut  off.  At  Concepcion  the 
remains  of  Garces  and  Barrenechc  could  not  bu  found 
at  first  and  some  hope  was  felt  that  they  had  not  been 
killed;  but  in  continuing  their  .search  at  a  distance  the 
soldiers  finally  saw  a  bright  green  spot  in  the  desert, 
ami  there,  marked  by  a  cross,  under  a  bed  of  ^-erduI■o 
and  ilowers,  they  found  the  giave  where  the  tv.'o 
iiiartvrs  had  been  buried  by  some  of  their  converts. 
Respecting  this  miraculous  verdure,  the  su[)ernatural 
jirocession  at  the  ruined  pueblos,  and  the  uttt-r  blame- 
lossness  of  the  fi'iars  before  and  during  the  disaster, 
pro[)erly  attested  certificates  were  drawn  up  and  for- 
warded to  the  Santa  Cruz  College  in  Queretaro  by 
Croix  at  the  request  of  the  Franciscans.  The  remains 
of  the  four  martyrs  were  carried  south  and  buried  in 
one  coffin  in  the  church  at  Tubutama. 

On  September  10th  Croix  had  forwarded  to  Neve 
the  resolutions  of  the  council  of  the  day  before,  to  the 
end  that  he,  as  the  proper  official  to  direct  all  mili- 
tary operations  in  California,  might  on  hearing  of 
Fages'  arrival  at  the  Colorado  send  orders  or  go  in 
]ierson  to  ti\]io  connnand.  Neve  did  prepare  a  force, 
coinposod  chiefly  of  the  men  waiting  to  found  Santa 
Barbara,  v.diich  ho  held  in  rendiness;  and  he  seems 
also  to  have  sent  AlfL'r<v.  Velasquez  with  a  small 
party  to  }nake  inquiries  about  Fages'  coming,  lint 
A  el;is(|uez  brought  Ixiek  nothing  but  an  imintelligible 
ruiiii,]'  iVom  the  natives  about  some  white  and  black 

(litiiiii;  lint  liis  stntonioiit  is  jwrtijilly  coiTol)(ii';)'c'(l  by  ccrtaia  circunistanlial 
eviilcnue  in  oliiciiii  ('onniinnii.'ali(ins  in  tho  arclii\ cs. 

••'  Jitrcstiiiufliiii  sijjri'  la  iiiiK  rh'  df  Ion  ri:li(jiofi--i,  dr.,  ciirUuhi.t  <i  hi  riilxfrinn 
(I'  !"i  iji  )/tl('loi  (Id  Co'unv/o,  17X1.  -MS.  Ono  of  tho  witnc.'-sfs  was  an  Indian 
iiit(r|iiot('r  nanii'd  Unxa.  mIkiui  Anioivita  nai.ios  as  a  traitor  tu  ulioni  tlio 
uiunlur  of  the  padiva  was  largely  due. 


'368 


PUEBLO-MISSIONS  ON  THE  PJO  COLORADO. 


'}' 


n    i 


liorscmcn  who  had  come  four  moons  ago  to  burn 
and  kill."*  Fagcs'  diary  of  liis  expedition  was  dated 
Sonoita,  the  20tli  of  December. 

Another  council  had  been  held  at  Arizpc  the  lotji 
of  November,  on  receipt  of  news  respecting  the  first 
return  of  the  expedition  to  Sonoita.  Fages'  report  of 
October  .3 1st  was  read,  announcinuf  his  intention  to 
retui'ii  to  the  Colorado  on  the  arrival  of  certain  pack- 
mules  with  supplies.  His  action  in  ransoming  the 
captives  and  sending  them  to  Altar  was  aj)proved,  and 
lie  was  instructed  to  march  without  delay  to  attack 
the  Yumas.  He  was  to  announce  his  arrival  to  Xevo, 
and  if  his  first  attack  on  the  foe  were  n(jt  decisively 
successful  in  securing  the  death  of  the  Yuma  leaders 
and  establishing  a  permanent  peace,  the  command  was 
to  be  transferi-ed  to  Neve,  and  military  operations 
were  to  be  continued.  After  the  enemy  was  fully 
conquered  the  governor  must  select  a  proper  site  fir 
a  presidio  on  the  Colorado,  which  would  ail'oid  ade- 
quate protection  to  future  settlements,  and  re[)ort 
in  full  as  to  the  number  of  men  and  other  help  re- 
quired. Government  aid  was  to  be  furnished  to  the 
families  who  had  survived  the  massacre.-'' 

These  resolutions  of  the  council  not  havin-''  1»een 
received  by  Fages  until  he  had  returned  from  his 
second  trip,  or  at  least  until  it  was  too  late  to  carry 
theni  into  execution,  the  same  body  met  again  Jaii- 
uar}^  2,  1782,  and  modified  somewhat  its  past  action. 
Fages  was  to  press  on  as  rapidly  as  possible  witli 
forty  men  to  San  Gabriel,  where  he  would  recei\e 
instructions  and  aid  from  Neve.  Meanwhile  Fuero.s 
with  a  sufficient  force  was  to  arrive  on  the  Colorado 
l)y  A})ril  1st  at  the  latest  and  there  to  await  orders 
from  Neve,  holding  himself  meanwhile  strictly  on  the 
defensive  unless  some  particularly  good  o})portunity 

'■"Croix  to  Ncvc,  Sept.  10,  17S1,  in  Sl.I'ap.,  Sac,  ]MS.,  vi.  120-2;  Novo  to 
Croix,  iSov.  IS,  17S1,  1111(1  M.ir.  10,  1TS2,  in  J'ror.  JUr.,  MS.,  ii.  US,  77-S. 

"  /'we.  -S7.  ]'(ij>..  Sill-.,  MS.,  iv.  21  S;  (luiiliciitc  in  A/.,  xv.  5  10.  "N'cvo 
iicknowlc'd^'cd  the  icccipt  of  the  dociinicuts  of  Nov.  l,")tli,  on  !MarLli  2,  17^-, 
aiao  that  of  tlio  subst'niient  uiiler.s  of  Jan.  2d.  Pruv.  live,  MS.,  ii.  uG. 


FIX;.L  CAMrAIGX. 


869 


the 
and 


1  )Ocn 

II  his 
caviv 

Jaii- 

ti(»n. 

with 

occivu 

iiei'o.s 

orado 

Kjrdei's 

III  the 
unity 

Novo  to 

).      X('V<: 

•J,  17N-', 


should  offer  of  strildng  a  decisive  blow.  The  gov- 
ernor was  instructed  to  take  all  the  available  troojts  lu 
California,  suspendini^  the  Channel  foundations  teni- 
jiorarilv  for  the  purpose,  and  to  begin  the  campaign 
by  the"' 1st  of  April.-" 

]''ages  seems  to  have  arrived  at  San  CJabri^d  late  in 
]\[arch  and  a  messenGfor  soon  brouLiht  Xcve  back  from 
the  Channel,  where  he  had  gone  to  sui)erintend  the 
new  foundations.-'^  Ileceiving  the  desjiatehes  brouglit 
]>y  Fages  the  govei'uor  decided  tliat  it  was  too  ca;-ly 
in  the  season  f(n'  effective  o})erations  on  tlie  Colorado, 
liy  r(\ason  of  high  water,  and  postponed  the  campaign 
until  )September,  when  tlio  river  would  be  Ibrdablo, 
;ind  when  the  Yuma  h.arvest  would  be  desirable  spoils 
I'lir  native  allies.  Faf>'es  was  suiit  to  the  Colorado  to 
give  the  corresponding  instructions  to  Fueros,  who 
was  to  proceed  to  Sonora  and  v/ait,  while  Fages  re- 
turned to  v.'ait  in  California.  C^'oix  seems  to  ha\e 
;ip])i"oved  the  change  of  plan,  and  on  ^lay  KJth  the 
council  met  once  more  at  Arizpe  to  issue  thiiteeu 
I'csolutions  respecting  the  fall  campaign,  the  substance 
ol'  which  was  that  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  men 
wore  to  be  on  the  east  b;ink  (^\'  the  Colorado  on  the 
morning  of  Septend^'r  Ljth  to  meet  the  Calil'ornian 
troops  and  sliow  the  rebellious  i'umas  the  [lowcr  of 
S[!anish  arms."'^ 

The  I'esolutions  were  to  a  certain  extent  carried  into 
eil'cct,  but  about  the  result  there  is  little  to  be  said. 


,■ 


■'■Proi:  St.  Pap.,  MS,,  iii.  '2.%-!). 
.1;ni.  .'1(1  ami  .Jiiii.  (iUi.  /(/.,  'J;!*;,  Is-J-.'?. 
/'/•'/(■.  Her.,  MS.,  ii.  57.  Maicli  ISlli 
iii:iix'li.  l'rot\  Si.  Pup..  Ms.,  ii.  l,s.'). 
lagc's  liad  anivoil  at  San  (lahiicl  a 
cmatiy  and  ictifcil  io  that  'A  tin-  Y 
^l;u-(  li  'J'.lth  Ik'  !ia;l  \vi'itt('ii  in  answrr 
iiii;  a  iiij.^tpouemciit  uf  llio  canipaij;n 
MS.,  ii.  .-si 

■'■  IM.m,  Xof..  ii.  .^"<3,  sav.s  tlmt  th. 
t!i''  -;-  V  (lav  lie  liad  left  Sa'n  (ial.riL'l 

■   'V(-/\  St.  Pnp.,  .MS.,  iii.    l!JS-'3 
IHfW  ci)!iniu»uifa; ing    t'l   Nt'vo    tlio 
ii'K.jicing  Uio   i^'iidiiii:  of  'J(K}  liorsca 

tl'ilDJlJ. 

HXBT.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    24 


Croix  coinniunicatcd  the  jilan  to  Xcvo 
Ncvo  ackn  )\vk'dL'i-'d  rccciiit  .Man-li  "Jd. 
Croix  annouiu'i's  that  Fages  i.s  on  tlic 
.Ajiril  ;S(»lIi  Xcvo  wrote  t.)  Croix  that 
nd  that  the  Ymna.s  had  left  tliiir  <]U,i 
aniajaljs.  /(/.,•_'.'>.'{.  And  still  lar'.iir  on 
to  ( 'mix's  letters  of  .lanuary,  annouie- 
until  September.  /(/.,  I'.tS;  Prvr.  J'lC, 

>  inrssenTer  oveiLiok  X'evo  March  '2(ith, 
to  t'oiind  San  Ihu  iiaventura. 
)',,  ineliidini;  a  letter  of  Croix  of   .May 
jnnta":*  action,   and  another   lettiu'   eii- 
and  40  mulc:'!  to  mount  the  Ctiliforuiau 


;i5 


III 


370 


rUEBLO-MLSSIOXS  OX  THE  RIO  COLORADO. 


Ca[itaiii  Josu  Antonio  Ronioir^  with  a  force  of  mu- 
liiUHlrcd  and  eij^lit  nvjii  rcaclicd  tlu;  ^^cat  of  pro{)n>c,| 
Avar  at  thti  si)ecilic(l  time.  Novo,  having  intrusted  lii> 
adjutant  inspector,  Xico];is  8(,)lcr,  with  the  tcnij)()r;ir\- 
jy^ovornnient  of  Cahfornia,  do[)artod  from  San  Gidjiii  I 
Au<_--ust  21st,""  witli  Fa<;es  and  sixty  men.  Souk.' 
three  days'  journey  before  reacliini^  Concepcion  a  mes- 
senger met  the  party  with  despatches  for  Fages  wliicli 
caused  liim  to  return  and  assume  the  governorsliip  «il' 
Cahfornia/''  while  Neve  proceeded  and  joined  llonuu 
on  the  IGth,  not  returnin!>-  to  San  Gabriel,  but  ji'oiu"" 
to  Sonora  after  the  campaign  to  assume  his  new 
otHce  of  ins[)ector  general  of  the  Provincias  Interiias. 
About  the  campaign  we  know  little  save  that  it  was 
a  failure,  since  the  Yunias  were  not  subdued,  peace 
was  not  made,  and  the  rebel  chiefs  Palnia  and  the 
rest  wei'e  not  captured.  Yet  there  was  some  liglit- 
ing  in  which  a  few  Yumas  were  killed.^-  The  nation 
remained  independent  of  all  Spanish  control,  and  was 
always  more  or  less  hostile.    Neither  presidio,  mission, 

•*Ron)eu,  .iftcrwanls  governor  of  California,  had  been  A\ith  Fueros  on  the 
Colorado  (Milior  in  tilt' year,  and  liad  M-ritten  n  diary  of  that  ex])i;dition,  \\hii.h 
by  re^olntiou  of  the  junta  \v;i.s  sent  to  Xevi^  for  liis  instrnetion. 

""Neve's  iiismietions  to  Soler,  July  1-J,  l7Si2.  I'roc.  S/.  Pup.,  MS.,  iii.  I'JO. 
Ncvo  to  Ci  jix,  Aug.  .'{,  ITSl',  reeeipt  of  letter  aniKninciug  aj^proval  by  llie 
junta  of  tjic  suspension  of  Ynnui  eanipaiLjn.  I'rov.  Iter.,  MS.,  ii.  (J.T  (i.  >,\  ve 
to  Croix,  Aug.  1"J,  178'2,  announeing  nuii'eli  of  troops  on  Aug.  "Jlst,  and  Iiis 
own  di'parturo  on  Aug.  '-'."ith  or  2(itli.   1<I.,  47. 

•''  I'dloii,  Not.,  ii.  .'}90-'2.  More  of  tliis  ehange  of  governors  in  a  later 
ehapter. 

■"-'In  Prnr.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  'lQTi-i\,  there  is  mentioned  as  existing  in 
Mexico  in  170.")  a  l)iai'i»  <}<•  hix  miirflaiK  y  oriirrciic'iux .  .  .dcsdi'  i!l  i/c  Aijusi:) 
i/<s'..',  which  my  seareli  of  the  archives  lias  not  brouglit  to  light.  A  short  let- 
ter of  Xeve  toV'roix  dated  Souoita  Oct.  Wiih—Pmr.  /.'.r,,  MS.,  ii.  ."):1— is  tlic 
only  original  account  extant.  He  lays  he  scut  an  all'crez  with  8  men  to  I't'con- 
noitrc,  heard  tiring,  and  hurried  ui>  to  supjiort  thealfei'ez,  but  tlie  enemy  ilcd. 
Then  liiiuieu  attacivcd  a  ^'unui  raucheria  and  inflicted  some  loss,  ha\ing  l  i-ol- 
dii'  v.'iviudcd  lie  vaguely  states  that  ho  should  have  subibu'd  the  Yuiuus 
anil  left  cninnumieation  by  that  mute  .secure,  had  it  not  been  for  di.-ti'ust 
eau.'cd  partly  by  the  imprudent  actions  of  pi-ei'ediiig  expeditions.  Arrieivita, 
('run.  Si  nif,  ~>\4,  says  lOS natives  «ere  killed,  S.">  taken  prisoners,  10(Jlnisti;iiis 
freeil  from  ca[itivity,  an<l  1.0 IS  horses  recovered,  but  all  without  iiaeii'yiug 
the  foe.  I'alou  states  thataftir  receiving  his  appnintmeid  as  inspector,  Xcm? 
did  not  care  to  march  against  the  ^'iimas.  The  enemy,  howevei',  came  out 
boldly  io  taunt  and  challenge  the  Sj>ania.i(ls  until  one  of  the  Sonoi'a  ca|itnuis 
(Ri'lneu)  could  endure  it  no  longer,  and  obtained  Xevc's  permission  to  puni>li 
the  Viima  insolence,  wiiieh  lie  did  in  three  days'  lighting  in  whieh  man; 
natives  tell. 


THE  FIELD  ABAXDOXED. 


371 


iior  piul)l()  was  ever  ag*ain  established  on  the  Colo- 
i;ul(i;  mid  coimiiunicatioii  l)y  tliis  route  never  ceased 
t(j  1)0  attended  with  danger.  Truly,  as  the  Franciscan 
cliroiiiclcrs  do  not  fail  to  point  out,  tlio  old  way  was 
lest;  the  innovations  of  Croix  had  led  to  nothinu;-  but 
disaster;  the  nuew  modo  de  comj^aistar  was  a  failure. 


,3  ;■ 


Nl 


'I 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

FOUXDIXG    OF  SAX   BUEXAVEXTURA  AXD  SAXTA   BAIIB.UIA 
PRESIDIO— PAGES  GOVERXOR. 

17S2. 

Reahy  to  BEfiix — Missionaries  Expected — Xeve's  Instructions  to  Oi;. 

Ti;<iA —  I'ltECAUTIONS     AGAINST     DiSASTKK — INDIAN     PoLICY  —  RaIUCAL 

(.'iiAN(ii;s  IX  Mission  System— San  Ik'KNAVKNTCiiA  Estauusukd— I'uk- 
siDio  OF  Santa  Barbara — Visit  of  Faoes— Arrival  of  the  Tkans- 
PORTS — X^'ews  I'lioM  Mexico— Xo  ^Iission  Stpplies— X''o  rnii;.sTs— 
Viceroy  and  Gcardian' — Six  Fkiahs  Reitse  to  Skrve— Control  of 
Temporalities — False  Ciiakges  against  Neve — Changes  in  Mission- 
aries— FACiES  appointed  Governor— Xeve  Inspector  General— In- 

STKUCTIONS— Fl'GITIVE    XeOPIIYTES— LoC'AL   EvENTS — DeaTII    OF    ^IaKI- 

ANo  (Iarrillo — Death  ov  Juan  CrespI. 

The  now  cstablislimcnts  of  the  Channel,  of  wliicli 
•so  nnicli  has  been  said,  were  not  yet  founded.  The 
required  force  liad  arrived  late  in  the  sinnnier  of  1781, 
but  it  was  deemed  best  to  delay  until  tlie  rainy  season 
had  passed,  and  moreover  the  disaster  on  the  Colorado 
liad  resulted  in  orders  to  suspend  all  operations  and 
settlements  that  miijht  interfere  with  measures  atjainst 
the  Yumas.  The  forces  had  therefore  remained  in 
camp  at  San  Gabriel,  where  some  sliglit  barracks  Iiad 
been  erected  I'or  their  accommodation,^  under  Ortt\^a 
who  had  been  chosen  to  connnand  the  now  presicHo, 
Lieutenant  Ziinii'-a  takint!^  his  old  command  at  k?an 
Diego. 

'Oct.  20,  IT^il,  Xeve  -writes  to  Croix  that  he  lias  taken  a  corporal  iiml  7 
iiK'ii  tVoiii  MiiiifiTcy  ami  the  f-aiiie  imnilier  from  Sail  ]>ii';'o  to  roiiii  a  hasis  fur 
tlie  Santa  ll.irhara  ciinijiany,  and  also  tiiathe  has  Imilt-lO  small  huts  to  shelter 
the  men  and  their  fiinnlies  (lniin_q  the  rainy  season.  I'ror.  /'ir.,  AIS.,  ii.  8!), 
91.  Iteviews  (hiring  tiio  ^vinter  show  a  lieutenant,  Orteua,  an  aliere/,  ArLtii- 
cllo,  .'{  srr,i,iants,  '_'  eor)ioi'als,  and  4'J  or  oO  suidieis.  I'i'uc.  SI.  I'up.,  MS.,  iii. 
201,  204;  at.  Pai>.,  Miss,  and  Colon,,  MH.,  i.  J04. 


m' 


llU'll 
Tlir 

•ason 
ra(li> 

and 
linst 
ill 

liad 

i»li(), 

Sail 


mill  7 

sis  fill- 

icltir 
ii.  S!», 
Ariiii- 
S.,  iii. 


PRESIDIO  IXSTRUCTIONS. 


373 


III  flic  sjirinj^  of  17S'2  it  siMMUod  t<>  tlio  o-ovt'i'iior 
lliat  liu  might  proceed  in  the  matter  \vit]i()nt  prejudice 
to  (ttlier  iiit(M'est^,  and  accordingly  in  l^V-bruary  lie 
wrote  to  President  Serra,  announcing  his  intention 
and  asl<ing  for  two  friars,  for  San  lluena\-entura  iind 
Santa  Barbara  respectively.  Serra  had  l»ut  two  super- 
iiiiniciary  friars  in  all  California,  one  of  whom  wa^ 
needed  at  San  Curios  during  his  own  occasional 
absence.  ]3ut  lio  was  extremelv  desirous  that  the 
new  inissi(Mis  should  bo  establishetl,  and  he  exj)ei'ted 
six;  new  friars  by  this  year's  transport;  so  he  went 
south  himself,  administering  confirmation  en  route  at 
San  Antonio  and  San  Ijuis,  reaching  Angeles  on 
]\rarcli  ISth,  and  San  Gabriel  the  n(,'xt  day.  Here  lie 
lie  met  Father  Cambon,  who  at  his  order  had  come  U]) 
IVdiu  San  Diego,  and  the  two  aijrocd  to  attend  to  the 
spiritual  needs  of  the  two  now  establishments  till  the 
oeniing  of  tho  six  missionary  recruits." 

Meanwliile  on  ^farch  Gth  Governor  Novo  had  issued 
Ills  instructions  to  Ortega,  indicating  the  lino  of  policy 
to  \h;  followed  at  the  new  presidio  and  the  missions 
under  its  protection  and  jurisdiction.^  Like  all  the 
jii'o(hictions  of  Neve's  mind  these  instructions  were 
models  of  good  sense  in  substance,  though  difluse  as 
usual.  The  first  duty  urged  was  that  t»f  vigilance 
and  precaution.  Late  events  on  the  Colorado  would 
liave  suggested  extraordinarj'  vigilance  anywhere; 
l)ut  tile  comparatively  dense  native  [)opulation  in  the 
( 'liannel  country  rendered  it  especially  necessar}'  there. 
Tlic  erection  of  dtd'ensive  wi)rks  must  be  the  com- 
mandant's first  care,  and  lieyond  a  few  tem])orary 
shelters  of  ])i'Ushwood  for  the  families,  and  a  ware- 
lioust!  for  the  sup[»lies,  no  structures  could  l)e  built 

''I'liUw,  Xot.,  ii.  .380-0;  /'/.,  Vhin,  '24;?-7.  Ftbruiirv  S,  17S-_',  ^riiiistcr 
Halve/,  (■niiiiiuiiiic.'itc'd  Ut  Cn>i.\',  \\\w  fcrwanleil  it  cm  .luly  '1\{\\,  tin;  i-oy;il 
iinlcr  iipprnviii;,'  Xov(.'".s  Jicts  (iiid  pnipDsitioiis  fcspcctiiiji  tlit'  three  new  fdiunla- 
tiuiis  iis  niailc  known  to  him  in  ivttei'aiid  documents  (if  IVbruarv  "J.'i,  17S0.  St. 
/•iij:  S.ir.,  MS.,  iv.  :]0-|. 

■' A' *v',  lii-^ifxi-rioii  qui'  ha  dc  (j.ihrrnnr  ul  (\n)iri}i'frn>fr  ihl  }>rr<'ifl}i)  ih'  Saiihi 
Ik'irhririi,  \~S-1,  MS.  Thi.s  doeunient  was  exaniiiied  liy  l'"a,L,'es  at  Santa  Ilailiaia 
on  U'tulier  l.st,  and  Ortega  was  or<lerud  anew  hy  him  to  obey  its  reiiuirenients. 


■i;  I 


;.  I 


.'!7t 


FOUNDATIONS;  FAGES  GOVERNOR. 


uiiiil  tlio  square  was  safely  enclosed  1»\'  a  line  uf 
eai'tliwoiks  and  palisades.  The  natives  were  net  \n 
l)(!  allowed  within  the  lines  except  in  small  nunihtrs 
and  unarmed.  The  utmost  efforts  were  to  l)e  nmdc 
to  win  and  retain  the  res[)ect  and  friend-hip  of  tlir 
native  chiefs,  and  to  this  end  a  policy  of  kiiKhicss  .ind 
strict  justice  must  be  observed.  Soldiers  must  he 
restrained  by  the  strictest  discipline  from  all  outi'ai,'e, 
o[)pression,  or  even  intermeddliuL^.  They  were  not 
to  visit  the  rancherias  under  severe  penalties,  such 
as  fifteen  consecutive  days  of  guard  duty  wearing  Wnw 
cucras,  unless  sent  with  delinite  orders  to  escort  a 
friar  or  on  other  necessary  duty. 

The  natives  were  to  l)e  interfered  with  in  their 
rancheria  life  and  gf)vernment  as  little  as  was  possi- 
ble. They  were  to  bo  civilized  by  exani[)le  and  pic- 
ce[tt  and  thus  gradually  led  to  become  vassals  of  tlic 
king;  but  they  were  not  to  be  christianized  by  i'ovc(\ 
Any  outrages  they  might  connnit  must  be  ])unisli(d 
firndy  by  imprisonment  and  flogging  with  full  e\- 
})lanation  to  the  chiefs;  but  to  remo\e  the  strongest 
temptation  to  Indian  nature,  the  soldiers  could  at 
the  beginning  own  no  cattle.  Trade  with  tlie  na- 
tives was  to  be  encouraged  by  fair  treatment  and  fair 
prices.  In  a  word  they  were  to  be  treated  as  human 
beings  having  rights  to  be  respected.  In  that  part 
of  Xeve's  instructions  relating  to  the  friars  and  the 
missions,  however,  there  appeared  a  palpable  trace  of 
the  policy  inaugurated  by  Croix,  on  the  Colorado, 
with  the  most  danu'erous  features  omitted.  In  tact 
I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  Colorado  experiment, 
so  far  as  it  affected  the  relations  between  padres  and 
the  temporalities,  was  largely  inspired  by  Xeve,  an 
intimate  friend,  whose  advice  had  great  weight  willi 
the  general.  In  the  Channel  missions  the  priests 
were  to  be  virtually  deprived  of  the  temporal  man- 
agement, because  there  were  to  be  no  temporal  intei- 
ests  to  manage.  They  were  to  attend  exclusivcdy  to 
the  instruction  and  conversion  of  the  natives,  and  tu 


NEW  MISSION  REGULATIONS. 


HTJ 


tliis  did  were  to  bo  iiflordrd  every  nicilily  l)y  tlie  iiiil- 
il;iiv;  but  the  iiativis  iiuist  not  be  tukcii  Iroiii  lliilr 


raiicheria.s  or  re(jiiir(^( 


I  to  li 


\'o  ill  nu.ssioii  eoiiiiiiiinltic 


•\<(|)t  a  lew  at  a  time,  who  might  be  persuaded  to 
live  tein})oi'arily  with  the  missionaries  for  iustruetioii. 
The  reasons  given  I'or  these  regulations  wens  the 
siiudl  area  of  liHable  land  in  pidpoitidii  to  the  ninii- 
hcr  of  inhabitants,  I'cndcring  agrieultural  mission 
(■(iiiiniuuities  iinpracticabK',  and  tho  great  danger  that 
wiiuld  be  ineui-red  b}'  any  attempt  to  break  ii[»  or  re- 
iiirange  the  numerous  and  densely  populati'd  native 
tiiwns  or  raneherias  alon*'-  the  Channel.  Without 
(l(Mil)t  also  another  motive,  (juite  as  powerful,  was  a 
(loiie  on  the  part  of  the  governf)r  to  })Ut  a  curb  on 
iiii>.--i()nary  authority.  The  new  system  whieh  it  was 
iiiiw  jiroposed  to  introduce  was  a  good  ouo  in  many 


]'t'>|»ect? 


aiK 


I  was  at  least  worth  a  trial;  but  it  ^va^ 


nc\ertheleHS  a  complete  overthi'ow  of  tlu;  old  missi(»n 
system  in  one  of  its  most  important  (eaturi'S,  and  the 
Wonder  is  that  it  did  nc/t  jji'ovoke  a  general  and  im- 
iiiediatc  outburst  t)f  Franciscan  indignation  through- 
out the  whole  jiroN'ineo.  No  such  denioiisti'ation, 
liowHiver,  is  I'ecordt'd,  thf)Ugli  much  was  written  on 
tlic  subject  later.  It  is  }>robable  that  the  I'riars,  at- 
tiibuting  the  proposed  innovations  to  the  local  au- 
thorities, strong  in  the  result  of  recent  ex})eriinents 
on  the  Colorado,  and  believing  they  could  intei-pose 
such  obstacles  as  would  prevent  any  very  brilliant 
succi^ss  of  the  new  ex[)eriment,  determined  that  (piiet 
and  j)i'olongcd  effort  would  be  more  effective  than 
open  denunciation,  trusting  to  their  influence  in  ]Mex- 
ico  and  Spain  to  restore  the  old  state  of  affairs.  Their 
practical  success  was  rapid  and  not  very  ditlicult,  as 


\\c 


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*Tlioi'e  iire  throe  copies  of  tlicso  instini'tions,  in  one  of  wliicli  tl\oy  iU'o 
]ii'cc((l(j(l  by  some  jircliiiiiiiary  leliiaiks  of  .-i  guneial  iiatuie  ruspuetiiij,'  past 
i.iti'iviiurso  with  the  Channel  ti  ihes,  thtir  inteitrihal  (luaii'els  wliicli  will 
lavcir  the  Sp.nnish  settlement,  and  the  j^'eneral  poliey  tu  he  followed. 

^I'aloii,   I'idu,  L'45,  says  it 'was  the  largest  expedition  ever  seen  in  Call- 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  873-4503 


/% 


370 


FOUXDATIOXS;  FACES  GOVERXOR. 


■  I  ;  1 


1,  '  M 


'r  'i^'.  -s 


Gal>i-icl  tlio  2Gth  of  March.  At  tlio  first  cncanipmont 
Faj^cs'  oouriur  arrived  with  ordci's  i'or  Novo,  wlio  was 
obh't^ed  to  roturii  witli  his  escort;  but  the  coinpaiiy 
(•ontiniU'<l  and  arrived  on  the  29th  at  the  first  ran- 
cheria  of  the  channel,  named  Asuncion,  or  Asuin[)ta, 
hy  Portola's  party  in  17G9.  Tliis  had  long  aj^o  been 
selected  as  a  suitable  locality  for  one  of  the  three  niis- 
si(^ns.  A  site  was  chosen  near  the  beach  and  adjoin- 
in;^  the  native  town  with  its  neat  conical  huts  of  tule 
and  straw,  and  here  next  day  a  cross  was  raised  with 
t\\v  required  shelter  of  bou^dis  for  tlie  altar.  With 
the  usual  ceremonies,  including  a  sermon  from  Serra, 
on  the  31st  of  ]\Iarch  the  mission  was  finnided  and 
<ledicated  to  the  'seraphic  doctor'  San  Buenaventura," 
in  the  presence  of  a  large  attendance  both  of  Spaniards 
and  of  natives,  the  latter  expressing  much  ))leasure  at 
what  had  been  done,  and  cheerfully  aiding  in  the  work 
of  building. 

About  the  middle  of  A[»ril  Xeve  came  up  from 
San  Gabriel  and  expressed  his  satisfaction  with  the 
progress  made.'  Cambon  remained  in  charge  of  the 
nc;w  mission  until  the  coming  of  ])umetz  and  Santa 
i\[aria,    assigned   tt)    S.-r      '  iuenaventura   as    renular 

fomia,  including  besi'les  oflicera  To  ■  liora  with  their  families,  to  say  notiiing 
of  X eve's  escort  of  10  men  from  Monterey.  The  70  should  however  inchiilu 
tlio  10. 

''Siin  BiiPiiaventiira,  Lib.  ile  Migmi,  MS.  On  the  day  of  foundation  Serra 
writes  to  I.sKsucn  expressing  his  yiy  at  witnessing  the  fonndatiitn.  Ar/i.  Sin. 
Hiirhiirn,  MS.,  ix.  '^88.  Gen.  Croix  congratulates  Sena  in  letter  of  .Inly  '.'■_', 
1 78-*.  /(/.,  i.  'JOI-"_'.  April  li4tli,  Xevc  writes  to  Ooix  tiiat  hy  April  IJtii  tlio 
eiiL'lusure  of  40  liy  .")0  varas,  of  palisades  4  vai'as  high  with  two  ravelins,  a 
gate,  .ind  a  small  warehouse  had  been  completed.  Facilities  were  good  for 
inigalion  and  for  obtaining  building  material.  Pror.  Hn-.,  MS.,  ii.  (Jl. 
<liovauni  di  l'"idanxa  was  burn  at  Bagnarea  i:i  Tuse:.ny  in  \'1'1\.  St  l^'raucii 
of  Assisi,  meeting  liini  one  day  and  foreseeing  his  future  greatness,  e\elaiined 
'<)  buona  venluia ! '  and  the  iianic,  Ihicnavcntm'a  in  Spanish,  clung  to  liini. 
He  became  bishop,  minister-general  of  the  Franciscan  order,  and  caidin:d. 
Mis  title  of  seraphic  doctor  was  founded  on  his  skill  in  mystic  theolngy,  to 
\s  liich  a  large  part  of  his  numerous  writings  was  devoted.  He  dietl  in  I'JTl. 
liisduyis  July  14tli. 

'  I'alou,  Vhla,  •_'.'i4-r),  says  that  the  nusaion  had  been  established  on  the  old 
footing  though  Xeve  luul  entertained  the  idea  and  had  been  instructed,  as 
it  afierward  proved,  to  found  it  on  the  (,'olorado  jilan;  but  late  events  had 
ilianged  his  mind  and  he  nuide  noobjection.  Thisnoui;  's  soniewhat  strange, 
in  connection  with  the  instructions  already  noted.  Possibly  the  nature  nf  tlio 
iusiriictions  was  not  made  public  at  tlrst,  and  tlita  accounts  for  the  (juiet  of 
the  pricata. 


FOUNDING  OF  S.\XTA  BARBARA. 


377 


iiiiiiistcrs  ill  ^r.iy.  Only  two  adults  received  tlio 
ritf  <«r  haptisni  in  1782.'' 

Al>»)iit  the  middle  of  April  the  governor,  pivsident, 
coiuinandant,  and  the  whole  company  of  soldiers, 
(■\(t|it  a  sergeant  and  fourteen  men  left  as  a  guard 
fill-  Ihe  mission  just  founded,  started  up  the  coast  to 
otaltlish  the  presidio  of  Santa  13arbara.  The  site 
clidscn  was  on  the  shore  of  a  small  bay  afibrdinn-  tolrr- 
jihly  secure  anchorage,  at  a  place  said  to  have  been 
ralltd  San  Joaquin  de  la  Laguna  in  the  first  expedi- 
tion of  17G9,"  and  near  a  large  native  town,  which, 
like  its  tciiii,  or  chief,  was  called  Yanonalit.  Xear 
the  lagoon  were  found  springs  of  a  peculiar  water, 
and  an  eminence  suitable  for  the  fort.  The  formal 
otalilishing  was  on  April  21st,  when  Serra  said  mass 
and  clianted  an  alohado.  The  natives  were  more 
IVlciiilly  than  had  been  anticipated,  and  Yanonalit  was 
wilhiig  to  exchange  |)resents.  AV\)rk  was  at  onco 
begun  and  oak  timber  felled  for  the  requisite  shelters, 
and  })articularly  for  the  palisade  enclosure,  sixty  vara;^ 
^(lu;u•e,  which  was  later  to  be  replaced  l)y  a  solid  wall 
t'ucjinsing  an  area  of  i-ighty  yards  scjuare.'*'  The  natives 
were  hired  t(>  work  and  were  paid  in  articles  of  f(M)d 
and  clothing.  Yanon;dit  ha(l  autliority  over  some 
thirteen  ranchcrias,  and  his  friendship  proved  a  great 
aiKaiitage. 

Affairs  }>rogrcssed  favorably,  and  Ortega  even 
I'liuiid  time  to  construct  irrigation  works  and  pre- 
jiai'e  lor  farming  on  a  small  scale.  Seri-a,  on  ascer- 
taining that  there  was  no  immediate  prospect  of 
I'ouuding  another  missit)n,  wrote  to  Fuster  at  San 
.lu;;n  Capistrano  to  come  uj)  for  tenq)orary  service  at 

*  Til  Dcccnilier  17S'2  a  Fi'onchiimii,  I'uti-o  Ri>y,  was  a  mrriciiff  at  tin;  mis- 
fion.  N.  Hill  iiiirr  iihirii,  L'lh.  M'l^idii.  MS., 'J. 

°Tliu  (ifiyinal  diary  {/avc  im  such  naiiii".  Sco  oluip.  vi.  of  tliis  xoluinc. 
lint  tin:  j)lauu  was  callid  I'luljlo  <li'  la  La_'Uiia  iiiul  Coiiccjiciid)  I.a','iiiia. 

'"On  fiiiiuilatioii  of  Santa  IWrliara  lutsiilio  sec  li'ttcr  (if  Ncvi-  (o  Croix 
Aliiil  -.U,  ITS-.',  ill  J'nii:  J,'cr.,  MS.,  ii.  (Il-'J,  (it:  Sena,  A])ril  'Jil.  )7S-.>,  in 
Anh.  Sunlit,  liiu-hdrn,  MS.,  i.\.  •J!)I{-4 ;  liaptisinal  liook  of  jticsidio  in  A/., 
vii.  ."'J  ;!;  Croix  to  Neve,  .luly  '2'2.  \~S-2,  r.i>iirovinj;  fonmlation,  in  I'ror.  >7. 
/'"}>..  MS.,  iii.  •_>:]•_'-;{;  JiL.  iii.  i-_'S-!);  iv.  .'18;  vi.  1  ?-»:{;  Nfvc  to  Fagis  August 
iV),  17,S3,  in  SI.  I'ajK,  Sac,  MS.,  .\v.  IS. 


878 


FOUNDATIONS;  FACES  GOVERNOR. 


Santa  Barbara,"  and  liimsolf  returned  to  ^Monterey. 
During  the  montlis  of  May  and  June  Lieutenant- 
colonel  Pages  made  a  tour  of  unofficial  inspection 
from  San  l)iego  to  San  Francisco,  including  in  his 
route  tlie  new  presidio  of  Santa  Bilrbara.^' 

Just  l)efore  Serra  reached  Monterey  from  the  south, 
May  13th,  the  transports  Favorita  and  Princcsa,  under 
captains  Echeverria  and  Martinez,"  brought  full  ear- 
goes  of  supplies  for  the  three  presidios  and  also  fur 
the  old  missions,  together  with  Cambon's  gift  for  Saii 
Francisco,  purchased  in  China,  as  already  related, 
with  his  earnings  as  chaplain  on  the  San  Cdrlvs. 
There  also  came  by  these  vessels  many  items  interest- 
ing to  the  friars,  with  other  unrecorded  news  d()iil)t- 
less  of  equal  interest  to  other  Californians.  There 
came  tlie  report  that  Antonio  Reyes  of  the  Queretaio 
college  had  been  made  bishop  of  Sonora  and  Cali- 
fornia; tliat  Rafael  Verger,  the  ex-guardian  of  San 
Fernando,  had  been  also  made  a  bishop  in  Spain:'*  and 
that  it  Mas  again  proposed  to  divide  the  Franciscan 
missions  into  lour  independent  cu.stocUas,  a  measure 
that  was  never  carried  out.'" 

What  the  transports  of  1782  did  not  bring,  greatly 


"  Palnii,  r;r/rt,2.M-0.  The  same  author  says,  Nof.,  ii.  388-9,  that  Cainhon 
was  to  come  to  th(!  presidio  while  I'^ister  was  to  take  his  place  at  San  Bueua- 
Veil  Linn.     It  is  not  cii-taiu  that  i'ustcr  ever  came. 

^- I'll  Ion,  Sol  inns,  ii.  .■?!)()•  1. 

'■•Tliti  oliicers  of  tlic  riirorita  were  At^istia  de  Eeheverrfa,  captain;  Jose 
Tobar,  sucoiid;  and  .Io.~:>.''  Villavcrde,  a  clorf,'yman,  as  chaplain.  Those  of  tlio 
Priiiri'Kit  were  Kstevau  Martinez,  captain;  Juan  I'antoja,  second;  and  Miiriu'l 
l>;iviiloM,  also  a  cliriijo,  tv.i  cliaplain.  IJoth  vessels  lia<l  left  San  Bias  tlie  .same 
day,  and,  tliouyli  tliey  anchored  the  same  day  at  Monterey,  had  not  .slmii 
<'aih  other  after  the  I'lrst  few  days  of  the  trip.  /*o/o«,  AV.,  ii.  .SSG-0.  The 
two  ves.sels  were  at  Sta.  Daibarii,  Aug.  4.  Prov.  St.  Piijk ,  Bin.  JUL,  MS. ,  iii.  17. 

"Vcr/.'cr  was  bishop  of  Nuevo  Leon  in  1785-7.  Letters  in  Piitaif,  Cut. 
JJor.    V,.,:,  MS..  1.-);!--). 

'■"' i;i»hop  Itcyes  was  con8rcratc<l  at  Taciibaya  on  Sept.  \!i,  178'2.  lie  ic- 
inaiiK'd  for  some  time  at  tlie  two  colleges,  where  there  was  much  discussina 
about  his  future  plans  and  I'onsiderablo  opposition  on  the  part  of  the  colleges 
to  fiviiig  iij)  the  iiii.-'sions  to  ciisti>ilio.-<.  The  bisiiop  iinally  proceeded  north  to 
establisli  the  cii.stoiHa  of  San  (Viilos  de  Sonora,  and  proposed  later  to  go  over 
and  establish  tiiat  of  San  (Jaljriel  de  California.  In  connection  with  this 
movement  tlie  Dominicans  were  to  give  up  Lower  California.  Siicli  was  tlio 
news  that  came  to  California  in.Iuno  17S;J.  Poloti,  Xol.,  ii.  31)4-5.  Bishop 
licyes  was  vicar  general  of  the  Californian  troops.  Proi\  lite,  MS.,  iii.  1S3; 
Pr'ov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  121. 


COXTROVEnSY  IN  MEXICO. 


370 


to  tlio  surprise  of  all,  was  the  six  oxpocted  friurs,  and 
sui>[>lies  for  the  missions  of  Santa  Barbara  and  l*uris- 
iiiia.  The  reason  of  their  non-arrival  came,  howewr, 
and  that  carries  us  back  to  an  intcrcstinjjf  dispute  and 
corresitondenec  in  ^Mexico.  Viceroy  ^lavoioa  at  the 
re((uest  of  General  Croix,  Decend)er  7,  1780,  called 
on  the  college  of  San  Fernando  for  six  friars  to  serve 
in  the  tlu'ee  Channel  missions  about  to  be  established. 
Four  of  the  number  should  be  sent  to  San  I>las  to  go 
by  sea,  while  two  should  proceed  to  Sonora  to  accom- 
jtany  Kivera  by  the  Colorado  River  route.  The  vice- 
I'oy  announced  his  readiness  to  furnish  such  aid  as 
might  be  required. 

The  guardian,  Francisco  Pangua,  replied  December 
IRth  by  stating  that  the  aid  required  for  the  new 
missions  was  the  same  as  that  fui'uished  the  old  ones, 
tli;it  is,  a  full  complement  of  church  vestments  and 
utensils  including  bells;  a  proper  sup[)ly  of  live-stock 
and  seed  grain;  an  outfit  of  im[>lements  for  house, 
shop,  and  iicld;  and  one  thousand  dollars  to  be  ex- 
])«'nded  in  clothes  and  various  articles  uscfnl  in  attract- 
ing the  good-will  of  the  natives.  A  full  list  of  t)ic 
ai'tides  needed  was  annexed.  A  year's  stij)end  must 
he  paid  in  advance.  The  friars  could  n(jt  walk  eight 
livmdred  leagues,  nor  were  they  accustomed  to  ride 
on  horseback,  and  the  viceroy  was  entreated  to  per- 
mit that  all  mi'''ht  <j:o  by  sea.  It  was  iiho  sULTnested 
that  if  tluM'o  was  any  doubt  about  the  trnnsj)orts  of 
1782  being  able  to  carry  supplies  for  all  the  new 
I  stablisjnnents,  it  would  be  better  to  attend  to  the 
wants  of  the  old  missions  and  let  the  establisjiing  of 
new  ones  be  postponed.  Al'ter  tliese  preliminaries 
the  guardian  named  six  friars  selected  for  duty  in 
California,^"  who  M'ould  be  ready  to  sail  from  San  lilas 
with  the  supplies  asked  for  and  expected. 

Mayorga's  reply  was  dated  April  5th,  and  in  it  he 

""'Tlio  friai'R  were  Antonio  A/nar,  Diego  Nohoa,  .Iii;m  I'iolMio,  Maniu'l 
Ati'viilo,  M:!tf()  I'eavidu,  and  Josii  Estevcs.  Only  the  sucund  und  third  ever 
wiuic  tu  Cuiifuniiii. 


m 


3S0 


FOUNDATIONS ;  FACES  GOVERNOR. 


declines  to  furnisli  either  church  para^jheriuilia  or  tlie 
implements  of  house  and  field  as  requested;  the  f(jrni(  r 
l)ecausc  tlK!y  had  already  been  ordered  as  a  matter  of 
course  for  the  new  missions  b^'  General  Croix,  w  ho  aloiic 
had  control  of  the  matter;  the  latter  because  neither 
jfeneral  nor  governor,  though  well  acquainted  witli 
the  country,  had  indicated  that  any  sucJi  imi.lenients 
were  needed.  If  after  the  friars  have  begun  work 
they  find  that  the  necessity  exists,  they  can  re[)ort, 
and  the  subject  will  receive  due  attention.  The  vice- 
roy not  only  consents  to  an  advance  of  stipends,  but 
authorizes  the  payment  of  two  hundred  dollars  to  eacli 
friar  for  travelling  expenses.  He  urges  the  guardian 
to  act  with  the  least  possible  delay.  The  Franciscan 
authorities  now  saw  clearly  what  they  had  previously 
more  than  suspected,  that  an  attempt  was  to  be  made 
in  California  to  overthrow  the  old  mission  system. 
No  imrilements  of  house  and  field  sionififd  no  agrieult- 
ural  and  mechanical  industries,  no  communities  of 
laboring  neophytes,  no  temporalities  Ibr  the  friars  to 
control.  Pangua  notified  the  viceroy  on  April  7th 
that,  while  the  right  to  the  inq)lements  in  (piestiou 
was  not  relinquislied  but  would  be  pressed  at  a  future 
time,  he  wouhl  despatch  the  missionaries  on  the  terms 
proposed.  This  signified  nothing,  however,  fjr  the 
guardian  was  not  inclined  to  take  ventures;  and  two 
days  later  he  sent  to  Mayorga  a  communication  from 
the  six  friars,  in  which  the}'  tlatly  refused  to  serve  in 
Califoi-nia  on  the  proposed  basis,  Pangua  exjiressing 
his  opinion  that  no  others  could  be  induced  to  go  in 
their  place,  but  promising  to  write  more  fully  after 
easter. 

The  promised  communication  was  dated  the  10th 
of  April.  In  it  the  writer,  after  calling  attention  to 
the  fact  that  under  the  laws  no  friar  could  be  com- 
pelled to  serve  as  a  missionary  against  his  will,  pro- 
ceeds to  justify  the  refusal  of  tlie  six.  The  argument 
is  that  onl}'  by  gifts  can  the  missi<3naries  gain  the 
good-will  of  the  savages  as  shown  by  experience;  that 


C03HPLAINTS  OF  THE  GUARDIAN. 


381 


<n)  ill 
after 

lOtli 
on  to 
ooin- 

pro- 
inoiit 
.  tli'j 

that 


tlic  only  way  to  the  native  heart  is  through  the  na- 
tive stonuK.'h  and  pride  of  personal  adornment;  that 
not  only  are  laborious  habits  essential  to  eivilization, 
l)ut  such  habits  can  be  formed  only  under  the  friar's 
influence  based  on  their  havinjf  the  exclusive  riLjht  to 
distribute  the  fruits  of  neophyte  labor;  and  that  while 
at  best  the  work  of  conversion  is  difficult  a!id  dis- 
courairinc;,  without  the  old  advantaires  of  inateiial 
rewards  to  native  faithfulness  coming  exclusively  from 
the  padres,  permanent  progress  will  be  impos>*ible, 
friars'  efforts  will  amount  to  nothing,  and  their  sup- 
])()rt  will  be  a  useless  expense  to  church  and  crown. 
The  soldiers  are  not  only  fed  and  clothed  but  armed 
and  equipped  for  their  work  of  conquest  and  defence; 
why  should  the  militia  of  Christ  be  denied  arms  and 
aiimumition  for  spiritual  warfare? 

Yet  another  point  de  no  menor  consitlcracion  is 
hrought  forward  in  this  document,  which  is  signed 
not  only  by  Pangua  but  by  the  other  five  members  of 
the  colleije  (h'i<crcton'o.  This  is  the  "irreijular  manner 
in  which  missionaries  arc  regarded  and  treated  in 
those  establishments"  of  California.  So  pronounced 
is  Neve's  aversion  to  the  friars  that  the  soldiers  are 
warned  not  to  become  fmUeros,  not  to  perfoiin  any 
service  for  the  missionaries,  and  not  to  aid  in  briiiLriii''' 
back  fugitive  neoph^^tes.  The  natives  lose  their  re- 
spect for  the  priest  when  they  find  he  is  not  supported 
l>y  the  civil  and  military  authorit}^  and  the  result  is 
of  course  disastrous.  Again,  subaltern  officers  and  the 
soldiers  under  them,  encouraged  to  disregard  alike 
the  teachings  and  chidinjjfs  of  the  ministers,  form  scan- 
(lalous  connections  with  native  and  other  women,  and 
tlius,  with  the  tacit  approval  of  the  governor,  they 
intirely  neutralize  all  missionary  effort  and  teach  the 
natives  to  despise  Christianity.^'  It  is  impossible  to 
arrive  at  any  other  conclusion  than  that  these  charges 

''  Tlic  pricstH  go  so  far  na  to  charge  tlint  on  o:ic  occa.siiin  tlio  gnvoriior  nntl 
his  osciirt  (ju  the  inarch  from  one  iiiistsion  to  aiiotlicr  (lohhi'.nitcly  (^101)1)011  aud 
waitt-il  vliilo  one  of  the  iiuiiibi'r  «e  i<ciiur(i  jmra  ir  d  sun  liviandudis. 


I  = 


n 

-:  i 


FOUNDATIONS;  PAGES  GOVERNOR. 

a«,^alnst  Governor  Ncvc,  resting  on  tlie  bare  assertion 
of  llic  auiliors,  were  in  part  exajxgerated,  and  in  pait 
false.  There  is  nothing  in  Xeve's  j)reserve(,!  writuigs 
or  in  the  annals  of  his  time  to  show  dislike  to  tlie 
friars,  disinclination  to  aid  them  in  their  work  of  con- 
version, or  a  tendency  to  overlook  inunorality  on  the 
part  of  his  subordinates.  He  favored  a  change  in  the 
mission  system  because  he  believed  the  missionaries 
were  inclined  to  abuse  the  powers  given  them  under 
the  old  rejime,  and  this  to  the  prejudice  of  the  royal 
authority  which  ho  represented  in  Callfornia.^'^ 

The  viceroy  allowed  the  matter  to  rest  here  but 
reported  to  the  king  for  instructions.  Such  were  the 
facts  that  came  to  the  knowledge  of  Junipero  Serra 
at  IVIonterey  in  May  1782.  Clearly  the  proposed 
foundations  nmst  be  postponed;  in  fact,  instructions 
soon  came  from  the  college  that  neither  Santa  Barbara 
nor  any  other  mission  must  be  established  excejit 
in  accordance  with  the  laws,  that  is,  under  the  old 
system.^'  San  Buenaxentura,  however,  need  not  be 
disturbed,  for  it  had  been  provided  for  long  ago,  and 
the  supplies  of  different  kinds  had  been  in  readiness. 
Neither  Xcvc  nor  Images  seems  to  have  made  any 
special  eftbit  to  enforce  the  new  regulations  here. 
Like  the  viceroy,  they  were  content  to  await  the 
decision  of  the  king.  Fathers  Dumetz  and  Santa 
Maria  w^ere  appointed  to  the  new  mission;  Canibon 
returned  to  San  Francisco;  Fuster  went  back  to  San 
Juan,  or  possibly  had  never  left  that  mission;  there 
were  now  just  eighteen  padres  for  the  nine  missions; 
and  Santa  Barbara  presidio  had  no  chaplain.-*^ 


'"The  preceding  correspondence  is  found  in  Arch.  Santa  Bdrhara,  MS.,  i. 
2.']l-4(i;  vi.  200-71.  It  is  a  fact  worthy  of  notice  that  Palou,  j^'o^,  ii.  ;{S8, 
does  not  argiio  the  case,  and  that  while  opposed  to  Xevc'.s  poV  y  ho  niakis 
no  charpo  a^'ainst  him  cither  of  immorality  or  of  bitter  fecliiij^  a'rainst  tlic 
friars.  Glccson,  Hid.  Cath.  Ch.,  ii.  93-4,  tells  us  that  Governo'  C"oi.\  of 
California  wanted  to  found  missions  on  the  Colorado  plan,  but  I'lo  priests 
refuscil  to  serve. 

'"Guardian  to  Serra,  Jan.  8,  1783,  in  Arch.  Sla.  Durham,  ?*IS.,  x  i.  158-0. 

'■"'July  '21,  1782,  (icnoral  Croix  refers  to  Serra '.s  request  for  Ii  'e-.stoik, 
Bervants,  and  other  aid  for  the  San  Buenaventura  padres,  and  sceuis  to  favor 
giantiny  the  rerjuest,  although  contrary  to  the  reglamento.  Prov.  A".  Pap., 


END  OF  NEVE'S  RULE. 


3S3 


Oil  leaving  San  Gabriel  for  the  Yuma  canipaij^jn, 
Xtve  left  Captain  8i)ler,  his  a<Ijutant-ins|»ect(>r,  in 
coiiniiand.  Ills  instructions  to  Solor  as  teni|)orary 
ruler  were  attached  toothers  of  July  12th  relating  to 
liis  duties  in  connection  with  the  presidial  ins[)eetions, 
and  tl ley  contained  but  little  beyond  the  teelmiealities 
nf  loutinc  duty.  They  enjoined  care  and  kindness 
ill  dealing  with  gentiles,  but  discouraged  the  use  of 
force  in  bringing  back  runaway  neophytes.'*'^  Neve  and 
Fages,  as  wc  have  seen,  marched  together  from  Sau 
Gabriel  on  or  about  August  2 1st  for  the  Colorado. 
Whctlier  either  of  them  anticipated  an  early  change 
ill  his  official  position  I  have  no  means  of  knowing; 
hut  shortly  before  their  arrival  at  the  river  in  the  iirst 
<lays  of  September  they  were  met  by  a  courier,  who 
uiiiong  his  despatches  bore  a  promotion  for  both,  from 
Croix,  who  had  appointed  Neve  inspector  general 
of  the  Provincias  Internas,  and  Fages  governor  of 
Caliibrnia."'"  At  the  camp  of  Saucito  September  10th 
the  office  was  formallv  turned  over  to  Faues,  whoso 
governorship  dates  from  that  day."^    Neve's  instruc- 

MS.,  iii.  231.  December  30tli  he  writes  to  Seira  that  beyond  the  six  sailor 
sirviciitca  allowed  Ijyliim  to  the  Channel  nuayions  and  the  £<1,0;;0  uUowod  by 
tlie  junta  for  live-stoelc  and  implements,  no  furtlicr  aid  can  be  granted— not 
even  raLions  to  the  padres.  The  s;tipead  i.i  Hulileient  and  older  missions  eau 
help  llic  new.  Arrh.  Santa  /Idrharn,  MS.,  i.  "JTT-S. 

'-'  jV'  re,  Jnstriiccioii  id  Ayudanti-  Iiixjwvtor  Nh-olun  Solir,  1,1  ili'  JtiHo  17S,1, 
MS.  At  the  Ijcginning  of  the  year  Soler  had  been  in  Lower  (Jalifoi'ni:i  as  sliowii 
by  letters  of  Ncvo  in  fd.,  '2-'J0.  Anj-f.  7,  IT'i-,  Xevo  announces  to  Croix  that 
biilcr  will  come  to  >San  Gabriel  and  take  his  [ilaee.  J'ror.  lice,  MS.,  ii.  oO  I. 

-'-'Tiic  appointments,  both  provisional  or  rc(|iiirin,','  confirmation  from  the 
kin;,',  were  dated  July  12,  17>S2.  Pror.  Her.,  MS.,  i.  179;  ii.  4S.  Neve  an- 
nuu.icrs  tlienews  of  the  appointments  Sept.  4th,  v>hich  was  perliai)s  the  date 
tlicy  v.eie  received.  Pror.  St..  P(i/>.,  .MS.,  xxii.  20-1.  Also  in  Sept.  Croix 
aiiniiunced  tliat  by  a  royal  order  Nevo  had  been  rewarded  with  the  cross  of  tiio 
Older  (f  San  C.irlos.  Pror.  l!cc.,  MS.,  ii.  4'>-;);  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  224. 

'-'  Xevcto  Gonzalez  Sept.  10,  17;i2,  in  /'/•(//•.  Si.  Ptiji.,  MS.,  iii.  ^^-(j.  Faijis 
to  r.  liidalvjo  Dec.  0,  17'S2,  in  Pror.  lar.,  MS.,  iii.  (ii),  72,  nnnouneii;','  his 
takiiiv;  jiosscHoion,  and  his  salary  of  ?,^2,."0;),  which  he  thinks  will  be  .V  1,000 
\vli(  n  it  i:i  eouiinned.  Sec  also  Pror.  J'ir.,  ^IS.,  ii.  92,  an<l  Id.,  iii.  227,  in  the 
licUer  <>i  which  Faj^'cs  seems  to  Hay  that  he  took  poysession  on  Sept.  12tli. 
lib.  2  ith  F;;;;c3  thanks  Xevo  for  hi  -i  inlluence  in  ;jetting  his  pa.y  inerea^ud  to 
f  1,000,  and  also  thanks  Gov.  Corbalan  of  Sonora  for  his  inlkunc;'  in  his  favoi'. 
Pror.  I'ir.,  MS.,  iii.  f>~>.  The  royal  conlirniation  of  I'a  ;es' ap'xiiatnu  nt  was 
•laud  .luIyO,  17S3.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  v.  247.  Aug.  19,  17:i;{,  i'ages  is 
grunted  by  royal  order  the  subdc legation  of  the  r'rc  cf'/w  jiatroiniln.  Id.,  xxii. 
").  IV'b.  1(),  17^.,'],  Fa'jen  orders  Xevo  to  be  proclaimed  aa  Luspector-gencral  of 
all  troops  in  California.  /(/.,  iv.  3'J. 


■Hi 


I  -1 . 


1: 


3S4 


FOUNDATIONS;  FACES  GOVERNOR. 


tions,  or  memoranda,  for  the  guidance  of  his  successor 
liad  hceii  dated  at  Saucito  three  days  earher;  l»iit 
there  is  very  httle  in  tlie  document  that  recjuires  notici', 
save  that  lie  repeats  the  advice  ahvady  <,nveM  to  Solcr 
respectliiL^  the  necessity  of  taking  every  precaution  to 
mamtain  friendly  relations  with  the  gentiles,  and  dis- 
n[)proves  the  use  of  soldiers  to  bring  hack  fugitixc 
converts,  who  should  rather  be  persuaded  to  retuiii  \>y 
the  friars  and  by  Christian  Indians.  In  this  last  of 
his  official  papers  Neve  shows  more  opposition  to  the 
friars  than  ever  before,  for  he  implies  that  they  are 
•wont  to  ask  for  escorts  on  frivolous  pretexts.  Ife 
thinks  that  a  priest  actually  going  to  administer  sac- 
raments should  have  a  guard  oi'  two  soldiers,  who 
should,  however,  never  pass  the  night  away  from  the 
mission,  and  no  friar  should  be  allowed  to  acconqiany 
tlio  soldiers  on  their  expeditions  to  the  rancher  fas. 
jMoreover,  care  should  be  taken  to  enforce  the  laws 
forbidding  missionaries  to  board  the  galleon,  slKjwiuL,' 
that  even  at  this  early  day  they  were  suspected  of  a 
willingness  to  indulge  in  clandestine  trade.  If  tlie 
governor  was  somewhat  severe  at  the  last,  it  must  he 
admitted  that  his  j)atience  had  been  sorely  tried.  All 
the  varied  interests  of  presidio,  mission,  and  pueMo 
are  commended  to  the  watchful  care  of  his  successor.'' 
Governor  Faeces  returned  westward  to  San  DicLjo, 
and  during  the  month  of  October  made  another  tour 
from  south  to  north,  visithig  and  studying  the  inter- 
ests and  needs  of  each  mission,  personally  exhorting 
the  neoj)]iytes  to  good  behavior,  promising  pardon  to 
such  runaways  as  would  voluntarily  return  to  duty, 
but  threatening  severe  punishment  to  those  who 
might  refuse.  His  eftbrts  in  tliis  direction,  as  Palou 
asserts,  were  successful,  most  of  the  fugitives  return- 
ing. At  the  end  of  October  the  governor  reached 
San  Francisco,  whence  he  turned  back  to  Monterey, 

'^*  ycrc,  Instniccion  que  da  sohre  (fohierno  inferino  de  la  pciilnsrda ,  7  dr  Si  t. 
li'fii,  MS.  Neve  speaks  of  the  instructions  as  secret  in  I'rov.  li<'<'.,  MS.,  ii. 
4;i  Solcr  wa.s  still  to  beayudante  inspector  and  coniandante  de  annas.  I'ror. 
auPitp.,  M«.,  iii.  20. 


'I 


y-i  I 


CHURCH  AT  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


3So 


flic  cMpital.  Tt  must  Imvc  Imhmi  a  scvorc  Mow  to  Scrra 
til  stv  liis  old  eiHsinv,  whom  lie  had  worked  so  hiird  to 
iiinove  from  tlio  command  whtii  ho  was  hut  a  sim|)lo 
liiiitt-nant,  ivturniii^  as  hcutenant-colonul  to  assume 
the  iLfoveniorsliij)  of  the  [H'ovuico.  ^lucli  as  tho  friars 
hated  Neve,  a  change  in  favor  of  Fages  can  liardly 
liave  l)een  weleomc;  hut  their  feelings  on  the  suhjcct 
iit  this  time  are  not  on  record.  So  far  as  Faiji's  was 
(itMcerned  his  pohcy  respecting  runaway  iu-oi»hyles 
>Ii(»wed  a  disposition  on  his  part  to  let  the  old  (|uarreU 
(Imp. 

Oh  tlic  25th  of  April  there  was  laid  at  San  Fran- 
cisco mission  the  corner-stone  of  a  new  church,  with 
all  the  ceremonies  [H'escrihed  for  such  occasions  hy  tho 
Koman  ritual.  Murguiaofiiciated  as  })rester,  assi.sted 
liy  Palou  and  Santa  Maria  and  in  the  presence  of 
lieutenant  ^[oraga,  his  son  Gahriel,  Alferez  Lasso  do 
la  Vtga,  Surgeon  Davila,  the  mission  guard,  and  a 
hddy  of  troops  from  the  presidio.  "There  was  enclosed 
ill  tlie  cavity  of  said  corner-stone  the  image  of  our 
holy  father  St  Francis,  some  relics  in  'he  form  of 
hones  of  St  Pius  and  other  holy  martyrs,  five  medals 
of  various  saints,  and  a  goodly  [)ortion  of  silver  coin."  "' 

In  May  of  this  year  the  old  presidio  church  at  San 
Biego  washurned;  and  in  Novemher  fire  destroyed  a 
laig(>  part  of  the  mission  huildings  at  San  Luis  ()bis[)o 
with  some  six.  hundred  bushels  of  maize.-"  At  ^lon- 
ti  ley  in  January  there  occurred  the  death  of  two 
pi'oiiiinent  men.  One  was  ]\Iariano  Carrillo,  a  picmeer 
soldier  of  17G0,  who  from  the  first  had  been  Ortegas 
most  elficient  aid  as  corporal  and  sergeant,  in  the  miii- 
taiy  service  required  for  the  jjrotocticni  of  Spanish 
interests  in  the  south,  and  who  had  latelv  been  trans- 
Iriied  to  tho  north  and  had  been  given  tho  commis- 
sion of  alferez."'     The  other  death  was  that  of  tho 

".•?.  Francisco,  Lib.  ih  MUwn,  MS.,  10,  17.  There  is  no  evidence  that  this 
oonuT-.stone  Ii.-is  ever  hecu  disturbed. 

■'■  Mnii/<-iri/  Co.  Arch.,  MS.,  vii.  11;  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  iii.  lJS-9;  Pror.  St. 
/'-//'..  MS.,  iv.  l»a-l. 

-'  Cunillo  w.is  a.  native  of  Lorcto  and  entered  the  service  oa  a  private  in 
Hist.  Cal.,  Vol..  I.    US 


886 


FOUNDATIONS ;  FACES  GOVERNOR. 


I  * 


'!** 


vonor;il)l(;  niissioiiMiy  Fatlicr  Juan  Crcspf,  whose  jicn 
Ijhs  kit  oii^'inal  records  of  the  first  exjilorations  liy 
land  of  (Vdil'ornla  IVoni  the  peninsnlar  Irontiei'  to  the; 
Strait  of  ( 'arqiiines.  It  is  as  the  chronicler  of  thosu 
iirst  exixiditions  that  his  memory  will  live;  ot'hissiiK- 
fscfjuent  lile  as  a  missionary,  chiefly  at  ^rontoicy,  wo 
know  hut  littlo  save  that  ho  'vas  a  faithful  worki  r, 
beloved  hy  his  neophyte  flock  and  by  his  conii)aiiinu 
friars.  ]  n  the  disputes  between  secular  and  missi( )ii;iiy 
authorities  his  name  never  appears.  He  died  at  Sun 
Carlos  Januaiy  1st  at  the  age  of  not  quite  .sixty-ono 


as  (I 
llo 


years.'*^ 

the  i^rcsiilio  company  on  July  20,  1750.  He  camo  to  San  Dic^o  in  IT'!!) 
coriKiral;  wns  iri;;<lo  ticr^funt  in  Aju'il  1771;  and  alftTc/  in  IVb.  17J0. 
was  «il;'o  li;il)ilityilo  of  tlic  Monterey  company  at  the  tinii'  of  ills  dcatli,  wlii.li 
occurred  on  .I;in.  'J7tli,  litin^'  Imricd  liy  1*.  Scrra  on  .Jan.  'JStli.  ll\-i  linj.i  ,li> 
mrvhlo,  ,'!/.  J'(!j>.  <V(/\,  M.S.,  i.  lOS-9,  represents  him  as  of  'medium' valur, 
upplic:;ii()n,  and  capacity,  of  good  conduct,  and  unmarried. 

'-".)  u:;n  ( 'rcHi;l~lhcrc  i.i  a  uluidow  of  doubt  wliether  it  shoidil  be  so  w  rittcn 
and  prjuor.uccd,  or  without  the  accent — was  born  in  17-1  on  llie  i.^hiiiil  of 
MallorcM,  v.-'icrc  lie  \va  ;  alio  educated,  bcinji.'i  sdiool-matc  cf  Fr.UK'if^c  )  I'alnii. 
Ho  Wiia  di  iliu',r.i.;lied  iVom  the  Iirst  lor  humility  and  piety,  if  such  expns.-^icii.H 
from  a  i).ic.;Jy  biu^^'nijilier  and  eulogist  mean  anythini;,  iiml  >\as  .sipiiictiiiics 
calkd  Ijy  fe'low-rtiid'iily  1]1  IVato  or  El  Mistico.  Flo  came  t"  San  I'trumulo 
do  Me:.iL'  >  in  1711)  and  was  sent  two  years  later  to  the  I'ame  missi(in:i  ui  the 
(Sierra  ( lorda,  where  he  licrved  over  sixteen  years,  particidarly  ilislin'^uisliin^' 
himself  l,y  llio  erection  of  a  large  .stone  church  iu  the  Vallc  del  Tilac.i,  tlio 
nunal  decor;'.'. ions  of  vliich  he  paid  for  out  of  his  own  scanty  salary,  lie 
arrived  in  li.ija  C'.diforuia  in  April  17(>S,  ami  served  on  tlie  peninsula  at  l.a 
I'uri  iina.  ]Iuaccom;ianicd  the  lir  t  land  expedition  which  i-ea(  hcd  Sail  llie;_'o 
in  May  IIC'J,  r.ud  a  lii^tlo  latia-  wa..  no  of  tlu;  ))arty  that  searched  lor  Muntiny 
and  di..e,)Vored  San  rn:neiico  L!a ^  .  His  diaries  of  both  these  trips  are  o.lant 
and  Ik'.vo  be:  n  utilized  in  my  narrative.  Jieturiiiujr  from  San  l)ie;to  to  Mna- 
tcrcyiii  lV7^Jlie;w rioted  i iifuiindin,^ the  missionof, San  Carlo  ;  in. June, and  served 
there  !M  i.iiiujter  until  M;irch  177-.  Then  he  went  with  J>ieutenant  l'a;L,'es  to 
tho  {■•an  .Jo;;fir.ia  lliver,  of  which  exploration  his  diary  i.s  the  only  record.  He 
was  novi'  uen  i  tiJUtli  to  :  erve  with  Jainne  at  San  l)ieL;o  from  May  to  .Septembi  r. 
and  r<.  '..uni:r,'  re  uiiied  lii.j  duties  at  San  (Virlos,  where  M'ith  tlie  exception  of 
two  I'-iort  p;  ri,)d.j  (,f  a!)  enee,  he  toiled  until  his  death.  l''i'om.June  to -Vu  ti^t 
l"7i  lie  ryrveil  a;;  clu'.plain  on  board  the  Sunlhvjo  in  northern  waters,  writing 
a  diary  of  t'.ie  voy;!;.fc;  au'l  in  the  autunni  of  17>Sl  he  aecomjianied  Serra  to 
iSaal  ra!!el.:co  and  Santa  Clara.  On  his  return  from  this  last  journey  lie  v.as 
attached  by  a  fatal  illness.  It  was  from  his  ohl  fiiend,  com]rani(ai,  and 
snpcri  r  T  lilier  .Ju.iipcro,  that  Crespi  I'cceived  the  last  consolatory  rites  of 
Ilia  rcli'^ion,  and  hia  body  was  interred  in  tlie  missi(jn  clnueli  within  tlai 
presbya'vy  on  t'le  {gospel  side,  with  tho  assistance  of  commandant  and  garri- 
son, ;,n  1  amid  tears  from  his  flock  of  neophytes,  who  lost  a  true  friend  iu 
IVlie  Juan. 


t  ■■  1 


IliT 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

RULE  OF  FACES— (iENERAL  RECORD. 

1783-1790. 

Av  UxEVF.NTFni,  Decake— Statistics  op  Pkooress — .Mi  ^^roNs,  Presidios, 

AM)     rUEULOS— Poi'ULATlON,    PAMIES,    AND   XeOPIIVK..      -PeDIK)   FaOES 

DuiNGS  HIS  Family  TO  Camfounia  -DoSa  Eulalia — A  Jealoi-s  Cata- 
lan—A   MoNTEKEY    CorUT  ScANDAI.— F.yCES    Avn    iSOLIU — InsI'EC^IOS 

cir  PJiEsiDios — SdLEu's   pKoroHEi)   Refokms-   !'  ijriiLES  with  ?    aiii.i- 

TAIiUS— (JoVEUNOKAXO  FRANCISCANS— A  NeVEU  ExUIN(i  ('oMKOVEKSY — 
!;•  ,EU\L  llEl'dUTS  OK  PALOU  AND  I4ASIEN — CUAIIi,E>  AND  Coi'NTER- 
CIlAIUiES  — FllANKIXCi  PniVII.EdE  —  CuiELTi'  TO  I\\T1VES  —  CllAI'I.AIV 
Si:i;VH'E— PATIIONATO-PIIICES  Foil    MISSION    PuoKICTS — In VENTOItlES — 

License  to  Retire — Natives  on  IIouseback — Mission  Escorts- 
Native  Convicts  and  Laborers. 


The  rulo  of  Pedro  Fa^ros  as  governor  (if  Calii'oriiia 
cxttiuk'd  from  1782  to  1 71)0.  It  was  an  uneventful 
jitiiod,  the  annals  of  \\liic-li  include  little  beyond  }H'tty 
jncal  ]iiii)[)enings;  yet  it  was  u  period  not  of  stagnation 
liiit  rather  of  silent  unfolding,  as  may  be  seen  from  the 
filhjwing  statistical  view.  The  nine  missions*  were 
increased  to  eleven  before  the  close  of  Pages'  rule  by 
the  founding  of  Santa  Barbara  and  Purisima.  In 
round  numbers  tlu^  neophyte  ]iopulation  under  mis- 
^i()nary  care  and  living  in  mission  eonnuunities  grew 
fi(.ui  4,00(3  in  1783  to  7,500  in  1790,  this  being  an 
average  gain  per  year  of  .')00.  In  the  mean  time 
2, HOG  had  died,  0,700  liad  been  bn])tize(l;  while  about 
400  liad  a[)ostatized  and  iled  to  the  old  delights  of 
savagism.  In  temporal  mattei's  jirogress  had  been 
yet  more  pronounced.     The  mission  herds  of  hoi-ses, 

'  Tlitso  were  in  tlioir  onlir  from  south  to  north:  San  Picgo,  San .Tuan,  Sjin 
Oahiitl,  S;iii  IkiLniivcutura,  Sua  Lnis,  San  Antonio,  S<- a  Curios,  Santa  Clara, 
San  Francidco. 

(387) 


.  l\  : 


388 


RULE  OF  FAGES-GENERAL  RECORD. 


imiles,  and  hornod  cattlo  multiplied  in  the  sevi  ii 
years  from  4,900  to  2'2,000  head,  while  sheep,  goats, 
and  swine  inereased  from  7,000  to  2G,000.  Agri- 
cultural ])roduets,  chiefly  wheat,  maize,  and  barK  v, 
amounted  in  1783  to  22,500  bushels;  in  1790  tluiv 
M'erc  37,r)00  bushels,  though  these  flgures  give  no 
accurate  idea  of  progress,  since  the  harvest  of  several 
intermediate  years  had  been  larger  than  in  1790. 
Improvement  in  buildings,  corrals,  fences,  and  irrigat- 
ing works  was  constant,  tliough  not  to  be  so  briclly 
indicated  in  figures.  Several  new  churches  were 
erected,  few  of  which,  however,  were  the  permanent 
structures  still  to  be  seen  in  different  stages  of  ruin. 
In  1782  tliere  were  nineteen  friars  in  charge  of  the 
nine  missions — the  full  complement  of  two  to  each 
establishment,  besides  the  president.  Before  171M) 
sixteen  new  padres  came,  five  retired,  and  four  died  at 
their  ])osts,  leaving  twenty-six  .still  on  duty.^ 

Xo  new  pueblos  were  founded,  nor  did  any  new 
immigration  of  settlers  take  place.  A  few  pobladores 
left  the  country;  a  few  soldiers  became  pobladores, 
and  a  few  boys  growing  up  adopted  an  agricultural 
in  i)reference  to  a  military  life.  Hence  the  united 
poitulation  of  San  Jose  anil  Angeles  varied  from  18.') 
to  220,  men,  women,  and  children  of  scvcalled  gente 
do  razon.  The  pueblo  herds  increased  from  750  to 
4,000  head  of  cattle  and  horses,  while  the  small  stock 
remained  at  about  1,000  head.  Agricultural  products 
were  3,750  bushels  in  1783,  and  over  0,750  in  1790, 

'  The  10  serving  in  178.3  were:  (vambon,  Cav.allcr,  Crcapf,  Cnizado,  Dumetz, 
Figuur,  Fuster,  Lasiien,  Mufrartegui,  Murguia,  Noriega,  Talou,  I'at.'iiia, 
IViia,  I'icras,  Sanchez,  Santa  Maria,  Sirra,  and  Sitjur.  The  I(i  new-cimioiM 
>vei'e:  Arroita,  Arcnaza,  Calzaila,  Danti,  Oarci;',  (liribet,  Maiinei',  Noliiia, 
Oniinas,  Kiuhoo,  llnbf,  Santiago,  .Sefian,  Sola,  Tajjis,  and  Torrente.  J.ctt 
< 'alifoniia;  Mugartegui,  Pahjn,  Xoi'iega,  Sohi,  and  Rioboo.  Pied:  Cavallir, 
Fignor,  Mnrguia,  Sei'ra,  and  Crespi.  In  ITS."),  Ang.  2()th,  Father  Saneho,  the 
guardian,  made  a  full  report  to  the  viceroy  on  the  Californian  missions.  iSdiiclm, 
lii/nnm',  I'lSo,  MS.  It  was  largclj-  devoted  to  a  description  of  tlie  sy-tciu 
and  routine  to  be  ntilized  elsewhere ;  it  predicts  that  'many  years'  will  ela])se 
l)oi'ore  the  Indians  will  be  fit  for  any  oflier  sy.stem ;  enters  somewhat  into 
the  controversies  to  be  noted  presently;  and  stiites  that  up  to  date  there  had 
been  "),S08  baptisms,  .5, .'JOT  eonlirmations,  and  1,1'J'J  marriages.  Iliere  were 
I2,'JS2  head  of  livu-stock,  ui>d  I'J, ll'J  funegas  of  grain  ut  the  loat  harvest. 


\\.m   'Si 


II,:  I  1  •  .... 
illii'lifli 


STATISTICAL  VIEW. 


880 


more  than  the  average  at  the  missions;  while  in  1790 
Aiijjjiles  produced  more  grain  tlian  any  mission  except 
San  Oabriel.  But  the  puehlos  were  not  yet  on  the 
wliolo  a  sueeess.  They  were  far  from  fullilhng  tlio 
liiL,di  expectations  with  which  they  had  been  foundtnl; 
tluy  liad  l)y  no  means  repaid  tlic  government  i'or 
tlicir  cost.  At  the  four  presidios  there  was  no  change 
lliat  can  be  statistically  expressed.  The  regulation 
allowed  a  military  force  of  205  men  for  garrisons  and 
mission  guards,  and  the  ranks  were  generally  full, 
never  lacking  more  than  ten  men.  The  places  t»f  such 
jis  (lit'd  or  served  out  their  term,  were  fdled  for  the 
most  part  from  boys  who  became  of  age  in  California, 
iuid  thoui»h  individuals  were  doubtless  recruited  from 
other  ))rovinces  and  from  the  transport  vessels,  theie 
is  no  record  that  any  body  of  recruits  was  i>ver  sent 
to  rej)lenish  the  ranks.  INfost  of  the  soldiers  Mere 
UMirried  men,  and  their  families,  added  to  the  j)Ueblo 
inliahitants,  the  priests,  and  the  sirvientes  from  other 
[irovinces,  made  the  total  population  of  gente  de  razon 
ill  round  numbers  one  thousand  souls.^ 

]  laving  thus  presented  a  statistical  view  of  the 
jieiiod  under  consideration,  I  })ass  on  to  a  study  <>f 
eeitain  events  connected  with  the  provincial  govern- 
ment and  its  officials,  which  have  something  more 
than  a  strictly  local  signification. 

]"\igcs  came  to  jMonterey  as  we  have  seen  late  in  the 
antmun  of  1782;  but  in  the  spring  of  1783  he  went 
south  again  to  Loreto  to  meet  his  wife  Dona  ]']ulalia 
(lt>  Callis  and  his  little  son  Pinlrito  whom  he  liad 
left  heliind  in  Sonora.  The  ladv  ha.d  consented  at  the 
solicitation  of  General  Neve  and  Captain  ]iomeu,  and 
on  theii  assurance  that  (California  was  not  altogether 
a  land  of  barbarism,  to  live  at  Monterey.*     ]je'aving 

'  Aceordinp  to  .a  Itrxfimrn  ih'  Pvlilnnon  for  1700,  in  St.  Pdj),,  MiiK.,  MS., 
i.  T-,  llic  iii(i])liyti's  Moi'c  7.3.".'?,  im<l  tlio  {^'rntt-  tk'  liizoii  !'7(^. 

'  l>(i'.  !>,  17S-.  Fiigt'.s  Miitrs  to  liis  iiiiitlicr-iii-ltiw  l)iiiia  Itusii  CiiUis,  (li.at 
Neve  li:!M  iindcituktn  to  attend  to  liis  wii'c'.s  dtjiiirtiirc;  iiiid  nii  l>oi".  "Jlut  lio 
asks  Kumuii  to  use  his  uiUuuiicu  to  induce  Dona  Lulalia  to  come.   I'rov.  Jkc, 


\m 


I       I     M 


ll 


-If! 


r  '! 


f  If 


390 


RULE  OF  FACES— GENERAL  RECORD. 


Monterey  in  March  the  Governor  reached  Loreto  Iii 
May.  He  set  out  on  his  return  in  July,  and  on  Xovt-in- 
ber  13th  was  congratulated  by  Palou  on  his  safe  ar- 
il val  with  wife  and  son  at  San  Diego/  and  by  tlio 
middle  of  January  was  back  at  Monterey.  The  jour- 
ney was  delightful.  Everywhere  along  the  rout^', 
writes  the  governor  to  his  wife's  mother  Rosa,  padics, 
Dominicos  and  Fernandinos,  troops,  settlers,  and  ovcii 
Indians  vied  with  each  other  in  showering  attentions 
upon  the  travellers.  "The  Senora  Gobernadora  is 
the  Benjamin  of  all  who  know  her;  she  is  gettiiiL,' 
on  famously,  and  Pedrito  is  like  an  angel;  so  rest  as- 
sured, for  we  live  here  like  princes."*  Dona  Eulalia, 
a  native  of  Catalonia,  like  her  husband,'^  belonged 
apparently  to  a  family  of  considerable  position  and 
influence,  a  fact  which  I  suspect  had  something  to  do 
with  Don  Pedro's  rapid  promotion  and  invariable 
good-fortune  at  court.  She  was  perhaps  the  iiist 
woman  of  her  quality  who  ever  honored  California 
with  a  visit.  It  is  related  that  on  arrival  she  was 
shocked,  and  at  the  same  time  touched  with  pity,  at 
the  sight  of  so  many  naked  Indians,  and  forthwith 
began  to  distribute  with  free  hand  her  own  garments 
and  those  of  her  husband.  She  was  induced  to  sus- 
pend temporarily  her  benevolence  in  this  direction  l)y 
a  warning  that  she  might  have  to  go  naked  herself 
since  ladies'  clothing  could  not  be  obtained  in  the 
country.  Nevertheless  after  a  long  residence  at  ^len- 
terey  she  left  a  reputation  for  her  charities  and  kind- 
ness to  the  poor  and  sick.* 

MS. ,  iii.  72.  For  further  correspondence  on  tliia  pnljject  sec  Id.,  SO-0,  flO,  10". 
It  seems  that  Captain  C'afietc  was  sent  over  from  Loreto  to  escort  the  luily, 
MJio,  as  the  fond  husband  atiirmed,  was  to  have  in  California  a  reception  belit- 
ting  a  (|ucen. 

^  Palou  writes  from  Sun  Francisco  Nov.  13.  Arch.  Arzoh.,  MS.,  i.  7.  There 
are  however  some  documents  to  show  that  Fages  was  at  t>'an  Ferr.an<U)  ile 
^'elicat:i  in  Deeemlwr,  the  lady  being  delayed  by  a  niiscamac,'c  at  ^IuIcl'o. 
See  also  Fages'  trip.  Prov.  live,  MS.,  iii  loi,  108,  111,  I'l'l,  1S8, 200-2o,  •J4'J; 
Proi'.  St.  /'<!],,  MS.,  iv.  04;  Pulou,  Xvi.,  ii.  392. 

«iVoc.  Per.,  MS.,  iii.  \'27. 

'  San  Fmiicinro,  Lili.  dc  Mishn,  MS.,  ^0. 

*  VatU'Jo,  lliat.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  DO-L 


A  JEALOUS  CATALAN. 


891 


It  would  be  pleasing  to  record  a  continuance  of 
tranquillity  in  domestic  life  at  the  gubernatorial  nian- 
hlon;  but  the  archives  contain  records  revealing  the 
presence  of  a  skeleton  in  the  household,  a  court  scan- 
dal at  Monterey  which  cannot  be  passed  over  without 
notice.  At  the  end  of  a  year's  lll'u  in  Califoi'iila  the 
'seuora  gobernadora,'  having  in  the  mean  time  borno  to 
Ikt  husband  a  dauijhter,  whose  birth  is  recorded  in  the 
luisslon  register  of  San  Francisco  under  date  of  Aug. 
o,  1784,  expressed  herself  satiated  with  California, 
and  wished  to  leave  the  country.  Don  Pedro  was  by 
no  means  disposed  to  give  up  his  lucrative  and  hon- 
orable position  for  a  woman's  whim,  and  a  quarrel 
ensued,  during  which  for  three  months  the  governor 
was  exiled  by  his  spouse  to  a  separate  bed.  Finding 
tliis  treatment,  however,  less  effective  than  she  had 
anticipated  in  ov^ercoming  the  executive  obstinacy, 
Dona  Eulalia  set  herself  to  work  to  learn  the  cause 
of  Ills  lonely  contentment,  and  found  it  as  she  sus- 
pected in  the  person  of  an  Indian  servant-girl  wlioni 
her  husband  had  rescued  from  barbarism  on  the  Colo- 
rado and  brought  to  the  capital.  On  the  morning  of 
February  3, 1785,  the  irate  gobernadora  followed  Don 
Pedio  when  he  went  to  call  the  servant,  accused  him 
of  sinful  intent,  heaped  on  his  head  all  the  abusive 
c[)itliets  in  the  vocabulary  of  an  angry  and  jealous 
Catalan,  and  left  the  house  vowing  divorce,  and  ring- 
ing out  upon  the  wind  her  wrongs. 

The  governor  went  over  to  San  Cdrlos  and  en- 
listed the  services  of  the  friars  to  briuijf  his  wife  to 
reason,  but  she  was  not  to  be  moved.  All  tlie  more 
she  scandalized  their  reverences  by  ikitly  declaring 
that  the  devil  might  carry  her  off  before  she  woukl 
live  again  with  her  husband.  The  padres  examined 
witnesses  and  decided,  so  says  Fages,  that  there  was 
no  ground  for  divorce;  but  sent  the  case  to  the  bishop 
and  ordered  the  ladv  to  remain  meanwhile  in  the  re- 
tu'ement  of  her  own  apartments,  separated  from  the 
gubernatorial  bed  and  board,  and  not  at  liberty  to 


802 


RULE  OF  FACES -GENERAL  RECORD. 


repeat  her  charges  througliout  the  capital.  Tilings 
remained  in  this  state  for  a  week,  when  the  govcrnoi-, 
obliged  to  go  south  on  business  and  unwilling  to  Iviiw 
his  wife  alone  in  the  casus  realcs,  wrote  to  rather 
Noriega,  who  had  acted  as  ecclesiastical  judge  in  thi; 
{)ast  investigations,  asking  him  to  remove  the  lady  to 
tlie  mission  where  she  might  be  kept  in  the  seclusion 
customary  in  such  cases.  Noriega  sent  an  alferez  on 
the  12tli  of  February  with  the  proper  documents  to 
effect  the  removal;  but  this  caused  a  new  outbreak, 
for  Dona  Eulalia  not  only  refused  to  go,  but  shut 
herself  up  with  Pedrito  in  her  private  apartments. 
The  door  was  forced  open  by  the  husband,  who  after 
threats  to  have  the  lady  tied,  carried  her  to  San 
Cilrlos.  At  the  end  of  the  month  he  set  out  for 
the  south  taking  his  son  with  him  to  be  left  at  San 
Antonio." 

During  the  governor's  absence  Captain  Soler  was 
applied  to  by  both  parties,  by  the  wife  to  defend  hei- 
honor  and  innocence  from  outrage;  by  the  husband 
to  effect  a  reconciliation.  Soler's  letters  are  not  alto- 
gether intelligible,  but  they  show  that  tlie  priests  had 
found  the  lady  by  no  means  an  easy  subject  to  nian- 
ai^-e.  There  had  been  new  outbursts  of  furv  and  food 
for  scandal,  occurring  apparently  in  church,  and  the 
prisoner  was  threatened  with  flogging  and  chains.  He 
warns  Dona  Eulalia  that  she  nuist  moderate  her 
actions  and  restrain  her  wrath;  while  he  urges  Don 
Pedrt)  to  return  as  soon  as  possible,  and  claims  that 
the  lady  wliether  guilty  or  not  should  not,  in  consid- 
eration of  her  position  and  breeding,  be  subjected  to 
sucli  indignities.  Fages  writes  from  San  Gabriel  in 
Ma}-  that,  while  he  admits  the  superior  station  and 
birth  of  his  wife,  he  cannot  forget  the  outrage  and 
contumely  slie  has  publicly  heaped  upon  him.  Sub- 
sequent links  in  this  chain  of  family  discord  are  miss- 

*  I'nrTs  to  liosa  Cnllia,  Fd).  8,  178.');  to  Gov.  Corlialan  of  Sonora,  saiiio 
•lato;  U>  r.  Koii(gu,  Feb.  lltli;  to  V.  I'ulou,  Feb.  'Jlst,  iu  J'lvv.  Jkc,  MS.,  ii. 
lOJ-0. 


GOVERNOR  AXD  INSPECTOR. 


393 


inn';  l»ut  on  Se[»tcniber  Lst  Fagcs  M'vites  to  Bishop 
]ioyos  that  his  wife  has  rcturnod  to  liini,  satisfied  that 
the  charges  against  liini  wore  unfounded.  It  must 
IK  it  be  supposed,  however,  that  Doila  Eulaha  gave 
up  lior  original  scheme  of  quitting  California  and 
Inking  the  governor  with  her,  for  in  October  he  wi'ites 
that  she  has  sent  to  the  audiencia  a  petition  asking 
Ills  removal  on  the  plea  that  the  climate  was  injurious 
to  his  liealth.  He  begs  a  friend  to  interfere  and  jire- 
■vent  the  document  from  being  forwarded  to  S[)ain."* 
We  know  n'»thing  further  of  Don  Pedro's  domestic 
affairs;  let  us  hope  that  all  quarrels  ended  with  the 
year  1785. 

There  were,  however,  other  difficulties  in  the  ruler's 
jiatli,  though  none  of  them  assumed  serious  pro})or- 
tions.  Among  these  minor  troubles  were  the  actions 
ot'Soler,  the  inspector  of  presidios.  When  Xeve  de- 
jtartcd  from  San  Gabriel  for  the  Colorado  he  left  Soler 
as  temporary  governor  and  inspector,  and  a  little  later, 
(111  Fages  talking  the  governorship, Neve  wrote  to  Soler 
that  lie  was  still  to  retain  the  military  command.  Wliy 
it  was  tliat  Fages,  especially  when  his  a})pointment  had 
leceived  the  royal  confirmation,  did  not  become,  as  })re- 
scribed  l)y  the  regulation,  conmiandant  inspector,  I 
Jim  unable  to  explain;  yet  he  frequently  admits  that 
he  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  military  comman<l," 
(iiily  claiming  a  kind  of  civil  jurisdiction  over  Soler  as 
a  fitizijn  of  the  province  which  he  ruled.  Tlie  two 
■were  personal  friends  and  compadres;  and,  so  long  as 
their  jurisdict'ms  were  separate,  seem  to  have  made 
an  earnest  eftbrt  to  avoid  an  open  quarrel;  yet  all  the 


SM 


RULE  OF  FAGES-GEXERAL  RECORD. 


Im 


same  neither  was  ever  entirel}'  satisfied  that  tlio  oilier 
was  not  eneroacliing  on  his  prerogatives.  Xo  one  of 
the  petty  disagreements  is  of  sufficient  importance  to 
be  noticed  here. 

At  last  the  respective  powers  of  the  two  dignita- 
ries were  fixed  by  an  order  of  the  connnandant  gen- 
eral, dated  February  12,  178G,  whicli  arrived  August 
8th,  making  Fages  commandant  inspector  as  pn- 
scribed  by  the  reglamento.  Late  in  the  year  Soler 
accordingly  turned  over  the  office  to  his  chief  and  re- 
sumed his  old  position  as  ayudanto  inspector,  in  which 
sub»)rdinate  ca})acity  he  still  ventured  to  disagree 
with  his  compadre  to  such  an  extent  that  on  one  oc- 
casion he  was  jjut  under  arrest  at  jNIontero}'  with 
orders  to  go  on  with  his  duties,  but  to  enter  the 
presidio  always  by  the  little  door,  and  to  pass  back 
of  the  church  to  liis  office!^'' 

In  November  1787  Soler  made  a  long  report  to  the 
general  in  reply  to  a  request  of  that  officer  for  Lis 
views  on  needed  reforms  in  the  administration  of  Cali- 
fornian  affairs.''*  The  author  was  not  a  man  overbur- 
dened with  ideas,  and  such  as  he  had  were  pretty 
eftectually  suftbcated  in  a  mass  of  unintelligiblu  verbi- 
age, but  the  leading  points  in  his  proposed  reform 
were  as  follows:  The  presidio  of  San  Francisco  should 
be  abandoned  and  its  company  transferred  to  Santa 
Barbara,  whicli,  as  well  as  San  Diego,  should  be  imder 
a  ca[)tain  instead  of  a  lieutenant.  The  missions  should 
furnish  supplies  to  the  presidios  at  fixed  prices,  and 
thus  the  expense  of  the  San  Bias  transports  be  avoided, 
since  articles  necessarily  imported  could  be  furnished 
at  prices  to  include  freight,  the  missions  and  presidios 
being  equalh'  benefited  by  the  change.  Garrison 
soldiers  should  be  relieved  of  the  care  of  live-stock, 

"  Proi'.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  21-2, 136,  138, 154, 189-93;  xxii.  31;  Prov.  lice, 
MS.,i.  30-1,  'JOO-'i,  ii.  137. 

'^  Sulir,  Iiifoi-inc  ill  Comandante  General  nohre  Policla  y  Gohhriio,  3  tie  Xov. 
1787,  MS.  At  tlio  l)e}2;inning  tlio  author  says,  'I  cotifcss,  Sefior,  tlmt  I  havo 
Lail  no  head  to  pre.-eiit  any  project  or  circumstantial  ]ilau,'  which  may  bo 
taken  as  a  resume  of  the  whole  document  with  its  'Jo  articles. 


!, 


f!  m 


*P 


CAPTAIN  SOLER'S  PLAX. 


/.V 


nnd  thus  be  loft  free  to  master  the  duties  of  their 
iir(>})c'r  service;  and  to  this  end  the  presidio  stock 
Mh<iuld  be  greatly  reduced  in  numbers, and  the  [)ractice 
dj"  sui)j)lying  cattle  to  the  southern  frontier  should  bo 
st()i)i)cd.  Some  adequate  provision  must  be  made  for 
the  (K'scendants  of  the  present  population.  The  gov- 
trmncnt  can  furnish  no  increase  of  military  force,  anil 
it  is  useless  to  found  new  missions  which  cannot  be 
])rotccted.  The  ]>rohibition  of  killing  cattle  by  private 
individuals,  established  by  church  influence  in  the 
iutcrestof  the  tithe  revenue,  ought  not  to  be  enforced. 
It  would  also  be  better  to  grant  grazing-lands,  recjuir- 
iiig  the  grantee,  if  necessary,  to  pay  the  natives  for 
daiiinge  to  their  food  supply;  since  under  the  present 
system  soldiers  who  have  served  out  their  term  leave 
the  country  for  want  of  facilities  to  establish  tliem- 
si'lves  in  California.  The  natives  have  been  neophytes 
long  enough;  they  are  fitted  for  civilized  life,  and  the 
government  has  spent  all  the  money  on  them  that 
can  be  afforded.  The  pobladores  have  more  land  than 
tlioy  can  cultivate;  the  ])Ueblo  rcaleugas'  should  be 
gantcdto  nativ'e  families;  Spaniards  should  be  granted 
lands  at  the  missions,  and  the  military  escorts  should 
he  withdrawn  from  both  missions  and  pueblos.  Then 
tlic  gentiles  will  be  attracted  by  the  good  fortune  of 
tlio  old  converts  to  follow  their  example,  the  v^ork 
of  the  priests  being  thus  simplified  and  promoted. 

To  Soler  therefore  must  be  accorded  the  authorship 
of  the  first  direct  proposition  to  secularize  the  Cali- 
fornia missions,  although  some  of  Neve's  propositions 
had  tended  more  or  less  in  the  same  direction.  Soler 's 
l)lan  involved  a  complete  overthrow  of  the  old  mission 
system,  putting  Spaniards  and  natives  on  the  same 
footing  as  citizens,  dependence  on  persuasion  and  good 
example  for  future  conversions,  dependence  for  sup- 
]»lies  on  home  products,  and  restriction  of  the  soldiers 
to  garrison  duty  proper  and  the  keeping  in  check  such 
gentiles  as  might  fail  to  appreciate  the  advantages  of 
civilized  life.    Whether  under  his  plan  the  new  con- 


806 


RULE  OF  FAGES— GEXER.YL  RECORD. 


i  !■:  '  i 


verts  were  to  undergo  a  preliminary  training  as  neo- 
phytes under  the  friars'  care,  or  were  to  pass  dii-ectly 
to  the  state  of  citizens  and  hmd-owners,  does  not 
clearly  appear. 

This  scries  of  recommendations  was  sent  to  tlic 
general  through  the  governor,  who  witli  them  for- 
warded also  his  own  comments.  I  have  no  need  to 
say  that  Fages  opposed  any  plan  suggested  by  liis 
compadre."  There  is  no  record  respecting  the  fato 
of  the  propositions  as  annotated  after  they  left  Cali- 
fornia; but  they  at  any  rate  were  not  adopted  as  tliu 
law  of  the  province. 

Soler  had  other  troubles  besides  those  with  the 
governor,  especially  with  the  habilitados,  few  of  whom 
escaped  his  criticism  and  few  deserved  to  escnpo  it. 
It  was  very  hard  to  find  officers  with  sufficient  (piali- 
tications  for  keei)ing  the  not  very  complicated  presidial 
accounts,  and  it  took  time  and  patience  to  distribute 
the  abler  ones,  Ziiniga,  Sal,  Goycoechea,  and  Argucllo 
in  the  four  presidios,  especially  as  Argucllo  was  the 
only  one  in  whose  ability  Soler  had  confidence,  and  as 
it  was  well  nigh  impossible  for  him  and  Fages  to 
agree  respecting  the  merits  of  any  one.  Though  l)y 
the  regulation  the  soldiers  had  a  vote  in  choosinLir  th(! 
habilitado,  for  whose  deficits  they  were  responsible, 
yet  practically  the  governor  and  inspector  gave  the 

"  FmjfK,  Comoitarios  sobre  Informe  dd  Capitan  Solev,  S  de  Nov.  17S7,  MS. 
While  fipproving  Soler's  views  respecting  tlic  cxistciico  of  certain  minor  evils 
in  tlic  present  sjstcm,  and  claiming  to  have  .already  suggested  measures  for 
the  removal  of  those  evils — for  instance,  annual  slaughters  and  exportation  of 
meats  to  San  Was  to  reduce  the  exccsRivc  number  of  presidio  cattle— he  de- 
clares that  it  would  bo  folly  to  abandon  Sau  Francisco  and  leave  the  northern 
missions  unprotected;  that  there  is  no  reason  for  transferring  the  Loreto  cap- 
tain to  San  Diego  in  order  to  get  rid  of  Ziiiiiga,  wJio  cannot  bo  spared;  that 
tlic  soldiera'  work  in  earing  for  cattle,  though  considerable,  is  exaggerated  hy 
tlic  adjutant,  and  the  existence  of  wild  cattle  would  be  a  great  evil  to  the 
iountry;  that  the  cattle  of  settlers  as  yet  do  no  h.arm  to  the  natives;  that 
iiiducemcnts  to  remain  in  the  country  are  good,  and  more  discharged  soldiers 
n'uiain  than  go  away;  that  the  natives  arc  kept  in  order  as  neophytes  only  by 
the  unremitting  cfi'orts  of  the  friars,  and  are  as  yet  wholly  unfit  to  become 
eiti/cny;  th.at  the  pobladores  can  and  do  cultivate  all  thelanda  given  them  and 
(il'lcn  more;  and  finally  that  the  introduction  of  Spanish  settlers  into  the 
iiii.^.sions  would  interfere  with  the  laws  of  the  Indies  providijig  that  the  mis- 
Bion  lands  are  to  belong  to  the  natives  eventually  when  they  shall  be  fitted  to 
profit  by  their  possession. 


FINANCIAL  TROUBLES. 


39? 


apjioiiitmcnt  to  cither  tlic  Heii tenant  or  alfercz  of  tlio 
i(iiii[)aiiy  accorclini^  to  tlio  relative  fitness  of  tliosc 
otlicers.  They  divided  all  the  officers  into  two  classes, 
til.'  intelligent  and  stupid,  according  to  ability  as 
accountants,  for  as  a  rule  there  was  no  question  of  in- 
t('L,nity,  and  were  careful  not  to  assign  to  any  presidio 
two  iVoin  the  same  class.  With  all  j)OS3ible  pr-ecau- 
tioiis  deficits  occurred  frequently,  as  we  .shall  see  in 
local  annals,  and  Soler  was  always  ready  to  suspect  and 
cl large  irregularities,  sometimes  where  none  existed. 
At  last  the  inspector  and  his  aid  could  no  longer  get 
alcii''"  tofTcther;  Fajj^es  asked  for  Soler's  removal,  and 
Sdltr  demanded  a  court-martial  and  a  full  mvestiga- 
tion,  being  unable  to  discharge  propei'ly  his  duties 
under  the  govei-nor's  onlers.  The  result  was  that  the 
office  was  abolished,  Soler  was  summoned  to  Arizpc 
ill  1788,  and  was  made  commandant  of  Tucson,  dying 
about  1790.  Strangely  enough  after  all  his  fault- 
iinding  and  his  constant  search  for  defalcations  on  tho 
part  of  others,  he  left  California  with  a  deficit  of 
about  $7,000  in  his  own  accounts;  that  is,  ho  owed 
that  amount^^  to  the  presidios,  and  it  is  difficult  to 

'^Oii  troubles  with  litibilitadus'  iiccounts  see  chapter  xxi.  of  thia  vohiinc ; 
jilso  l'ii>r.  St.  I'tq).,  MS.,  vii.  114-1().  Fages  Miitcd  to  .Sokr  that  lio  waiitd 
111)  lli^;^'ns.sion  to  embitter  friendly  intercourse,  but  prcfera  to  leave  all  (jiics- 
tions  to  superior  authorities.  Jd.,  vii.  14;{-,").  July  M,  1787,  Soler,  who  has 
liLcii  accuseil  by  Fages  uf  earelessuesa,  del'euda  himself  with  uiiintelligiblo 
virliiagc  made  worse  by  Latin.  Iil.,  vii.  i'il.  Ijeforc  coming  to  Cali."orni;i 
Suhr  had  served  aa  lieuteuant-governcr  at  El  Paso,  Chihuahua.  I'ror.  liir., 
-MS.,  ii.  7.").  lie  was  only  lirevet  captain,  for  the  general  roconimenda  Juno 
•Jl,  1 7S7,  that  he  take  connnand  of  a  presidio  in  ease  of  a  vacancy  if  he  ranks  tho 
iillicr  lieutenants.  I'rov.  iSl.  I'd/).,  MS.,  vii.  5(i.  Being  sick  in  17bG  he  induced 
t'le  captain  of  the  Piiiinsii  to  leave  his  surgeon,  Carbajal,  for  his  eon\  rniencc, 
at  which  the  Mexican  antlioritiea  lind  fault  and  order  the  surgeon  back  to 
San  i!!as.  Jil.,  vii.  2,  108.  llis  private  troubles  with  Sal  arose  from  thu 
jealousy  of  the  latter  who  suspected  hiui  of  an  intrigue  with  his  v,  ile,  and 
threatened  to  kill  him.  Soler  w;ui  arretted  by  Fa';es  to  protect  him  from  Sal'a 
v.ratii.  /(/. ,  vii.  l'J4-r).  About  his  relations  M'itii  tho  padres  we  have  only 
Ids  own  remark,  '  suelcn  (lo:;  jiadres)  criar  nuiy  nial  huiiior  y  mi  naturalei-a 
cs  nuiy  propensa  al  conta';io. '  Jd.,  vii.  l.Ti.  A[)ril  17,  1788,  ho  writes  to  tho 
general  demanding  a  court-martial,  ilay  '2()th  he  aclinowledgca  rcceij)t  t;f 
t'lder  to  proceed  to  Arizpe.  August  Dilth  he  writes  to  Fagcs  announcing  his 
il(]>arturo  and  tlie  end  of  the  inspectorship,  and  referring  t.i  slurs  ca^it  upon 
liis  character.  Id.,  viii.  50,  oG-Ol.  June  IS,  17!'0,  (ien.  Ugarte  writes  to 
I'age.s  that  the  king  has  approved  the  suspension  of  tho  ins].cctoral!i]i;  that 
Soler  is  to  be  eai)tain  of  Tucson;  and  that  the  governor  is  hereafter  to  inspect 
tiie  troops,  going  down  to  Loreto  once  iu  two  years  for  that  purpose.  J  J.,  ix. 


i 


.  •., 

i  ,  • 

Vj  ;*• 

v'Ib 

;,vr  ii 

pi 

-;    1  1       (■ 

}  ■  i 

■  ,;,;  1 

t'l 

ti 

Ijip.l 

RULE  OF  FACES-GENERAL  RECORD. 

account  for  sucli  a  debt  except  on  the  theory  tlmt  lio 
took  improper  advantage  of  his  official  position.  The 
debt  had  to  bo  paid  out  of  his  half-pay  after  hia  death. 

The  controversies  between  church  and  state  were 
never  ending,  and  though  not  particularly  bitter  dur- 
ing this  period,  ever  require  attention  as  a  leading 
feature  in  early  Californian  history.  The  regulation 
of  1781,  it  will  be  remembered,  provided  for  founding 
the  Channel  missions  on  a  new  basis  very  unfavorable 
tt)  tlie  fiiars'  plans;  but  by  refusing  to  serve  in  Cali- 
fornia the  Franciscans  carried  their  point  and  the  new 
missions  were  put  on  the  same  footing  as  the  others. 
The  number  of  priests  was  to  be  gradually  reduced 
to  one  for  each  mission  with  certain  exceptions;  but 
after  several  emphatic  protests  this  regulation  was 
also  rendered  of  no  effect.^" 

Thus  the  features  most  objectionable  to  the  priests 
were  eliminated  practically  from  the  law,  but  there 

S'll-S.  Faqos  alludes  to  Solcr's  death  in  letter  of  Feb.  20,  and  Gen.  Nava  on 
June  '2')th.  Id.,  x.  115,  1G4-5.  Kis  debt  caused  some  trouble  before  ho  loft 
("iiliforiiia,  niid  tlio  matter  Wix"  not  settled  until  long  after  his  death.  Three 
tlioUKand  live  lumdrod  dollar3  of  his  pay  Mas  bj'  order  of  the  viceroy  on  Jniio 
8,  I7f''7,  socnrod  for  the  btncllt  of  hi:?  wife  Dona  .Josefa  Rodriguez  (fo  Vargas". 
Jil.,  vii.  ((,  10.  A  large  part  of  his  debt  ivas  owing  to  the  presidios  and  mis- 
pioiirs.  /^Kiv.  St.  I'ap.,  Pirsiil/ijx,  ^IS.,  ii.  51-.'l.  March  4,  1797,  the  governor 
rociivcd  83,Ci);)  on  the  dobt.  J'rov.  Her.,  MS.,  iv.  209.  Nov.  7,  1797,  tlio 
liabi'.itado  general  pronounces  the  decision  in  favor  of  Solcr's  widow  unjust, 
but  xays  an  ap;  c:  1  to  tlie  king  would  be  very  costly.  /(/.,  iv.  103.  Finally  in 
lM-.;0  ('apt.  Ziiiiiga  of  Tucson  i-i  ordered  to  pay. SI, 002  of  Solcr's  debt  to  the 
San  T)i;'g()  eo!!ip:',ny.  J'ror.  >S/.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  l.'iO,  l.")3. 

''Jan.  i\  \~t.'3,  the  guardian  writes  to  Serra  complaining  that  the  govern- 
ment in  the  i;(v/  roglamonto  seems  to  aim  at  the  destruction  rather  than  sup- 
pert  of  the  mi.  sioua.  Xo  more  missions  will  be  founded  till  the  regulation  is 
inndiliod.  It  i.i  bettor  to  abandon  a  mission  than  leave  it  in  charge  of  one 
priest,  and  any  priest  left  alone  may  refu.se  to  serve  without  fear  of  conse- 
f|ucncerj.  Arrh.  iSaiitu  liiirham,  ^IS.,  xii.  I.'m-S.  I  have  an  original  letter  of 
]/;suen  to  the  gnartlian,  apparently  written  in  1784,  in  which  he  prot"sts  mo;:t 
carnchitly  against  tlic  reduction,  explaining  tlie  difficulties  involved,  and 
declaring  hi.!  intention  to  rcyign  his  position^quit  California,  and  if  necessary 
sever  his  connection  with  the  college  rather  than  serve  alone;  for  nothing  save 
tlie  commir-^inu  of  sin  could  lie  so  tcrril)le.  The  author  of  the  project  must 
h;ive  misunderstood  the  king's  intentions.  La>ii:eii,  Carla  de  17\^.'i.  MS.  In 
hi  i  report  of  Oct.  I7S7  he  says  'no  one  can  convince  me  that  I  am  bound  to 
icni;,iii  solitary  in  the  ministry.'  Arrh.  Saiit't  liiU-hara,  MS.  viii.  01.  Aug. 
10,  17!'!),  the  guarilian  writes  t'>  the  president  that  he  has  reliable  iuformatidri 
that  the  oljectien.'.ble  clause  in  the  reglaniento  is  aboli.-lied.  [d.,  xii.  ;.7-t". 
I'alou,  ill  Id..  \\\.  40,  .says  tii'  clause  was  annulled  by  ilie  king'.s  order  of  May 
20,  1762,  providing  that  cuch  mission  nmst  have  t\vo  priests. 


CHURCH  VERSUS  statr. 


899 


were  left  .still  some  f^rouiuls  on  which  to  hase  a  qiiar- 
iv\.  Fages  on  assuming  connnand  anil  during  his 
whole  term  of  oftico  .seems  to  have  made  an  earnest 
liJort  to  conciliate  the  priests  and  prevent  a  I'eopiMiing 
of  the  old  troubles.  Considering  his  rather  irritahio 
nature  and  the  bitterness  of  the  old  feud  with  Serra, 
he  was  not  altogether  unsuccessful;  still  he  was  tho 
successor  of  the  hated  Neve,  the  originator  of  tho 
nylamcnto,  largely  committed  to  Neve's  policy,  and 
icsponsible  to  the  king  for  the  execution  of  the  laws. 
IVil'ect accord  was  impossible,  and  causes  of  conjplaint 
on  one  side  or  the  other  were  not  infrequent.'^ 

l*ostal  charges  and  especially  the  franking  privilege 
<)['  tlie  friars  furnished  occasional  matter  for  dispute. 

'•  'Es  ya  (loclrtrnda  la  opof-icion  tlcl  1'.  .SciTa  il  tod;i  providcncia  {jubcnia- 
tiva,  si.'jiiiiicuila  no  snlo  <•!>  ]);ilabi'aH  sino  con  Dbras  y  por  CL-crito,'  Mys  r;i;'c:i  to 
the  in.  pL'ctor  general  on  Mui'uli  1,  17S.1.  Ho  cliai'yc:i  the  (resilient  witii  too 
great  fjeverity  not' only  toward  Indiana  but  the  pailres.  J',oi'.  I'a:.  MS.,  iii., 
87.  On  Sept.  1"),  /(/.  I'Jl  5,  he  siiys  that  Serra  'traniph  m  Tipoii  tho  uieaMii-cs 
of  the  government  and  bears  liiniscU'  with  much  drKji.t'rj'KZ  and  total  indif- 
ference.' Tlie  padrea  eommir  many  abuses  in  oppouti(j;i  to  tlio  jiivcnmicnt. 
Id.,  ii.  lli.S.  Sept.  "JO,  I7S,">,  Fages  writes  to  tho  bi.sh(i|>  cu  the  [ludre.",'  neglect 
of  eliMplain  service,  and  avers  that  they  cannot  be  ipolan  to  on  the  most 
trivia!  matters  wit'  lut  .showini.,'  disdain.  /(/.,  ii.  109.  (!u  the  ramc  d;py  to 
till'  viceroy  ho  protests  a;,'ainst;  the  fatal  eonsoipicnecci  (  f  the  mis.-,ionai'y  policy, 
vliicli  i;'  (li:inietric;dly  o])pos(  d  to  the  rcglaniento.  Ji/.,  ii.  {).").  l-'ee.  7,  i7'">» 
IVigcs  complains  to  (.'ambon  of  Palou's  sullen  and  cold  l)eh,:v!(jr,  and  of  tho 
jadrcy  at  Sisn  l ';';r!os  u ho  have  tv.ice  received  him  (Iho  ;over:ior)  Avilh  dis- 
re^•;lcctfr,l  cries  and  stanipin,'^;  of  feet.  Yet  ho  Ikis  I)c  n  so  devoted  to  tho 
]i:ulrcs  as  to  have  drawn  upon  liini'^elf  the  name  of  ^/'/c'/cro.  Several  friars 
liave  (old  him  to  his  face  tliiit  they  doubted  liis  word,  TjiYjotting  tho  respeet 
(hie  him  (IS  /governor.  Letters  are  written  him  wi.hout  ]!ro;)er  polit"nes.s. 
]io  will  no  longer  endun^  this,  even  if  he  be  termed  a  jx-r/ccitor  (  f  friars; 
yet  he  V.  ill  novcree.nse  to  vonc  r;it(!  them.  A/., iii.  <!!)-;].  Jr.l;/  'JlIumki  Iflth,  Fages 
jjives  iinlrrs  forbidding  public  murmurs  against  the  p^.dres  jnd  i  rders  tlio  ar- 
icj't  of  .soldiers  who  make  public  comments  on  their  eonilnct.  Pior.  .'.7.  Pap., 
JIS.,  vi.  ]*;■>;  x;;ii.  '1\.  Aug'.  10,  I7;i(>,  the  guardian  iniuniis  tho  presiilcnt 
IIkiL  projects  for  tlio  weal  of  (.'alit'druia  have  been  pi'ts;  nlcd  to  thc^  vicii'oy, 
find  the  opinion  of  tho  liseal  and  his  agent  is  that  the  proposals  .'Iionld  bo 
tarried  out  and  the  govei-nor  restrained.  I'agcs  is  warned  tlir.t  he  must  havo 
a  ciire  and  that  on  the  lear-t  complaint  of  tho  ]  adres  lie  v.ill  lo;;u  his  position 
find  honors.  Arrlt.  Santa  Hih-hara,  MS.,  xii.  ;i7— b',  Aug.  1^.3,  I7H7.  ]''age3  to 
I.asiien,  regrets  that  he  can  m.iho  no  ]>rovision  without  being  HUsiicetcd.  '([ue 
i!o  se  haga  niistcriosa.'  Proi\  l'<'<\,  MS.,  iii.  CA-'t.  Nov.  10,  17:K»,  L;isi:en 
to  the  padres,  a  secret  letter  referring  vaguely  to  a  hi'ido  v.hicli  I'lo  p.a.'.rcs 
must  obey  because  they  can't  help  themselves,  iho'igh  b.o  Ikis  n  jiresontaii)  on 
the  subject.  Arch.  Ar::il''s/iailo,'Sl:-':,i.  I."),  iii.  ^lay'J'!,  17')l,  lag';  i  recounts 
the  trnnbles  to  liis  suecessoi'.  He  ,says  quarrels  with  tin;  I'ernandinos  have 
been  frecpient,  since  tlu'y  are  very  much  opposed — ajiin  f^.'i.^iiiiv-' — to  the  max- 
ims of  the  reglamento,  wishing  t'>  be  wholly  indepemient.  At  .San  lluciia- 
VMitura  it  even  came  to  blows  with  I'adre  Santa  Jlaria.  J'roi\  S(.  Pap.,  MS., 
X.  14U-oO. 


f  I 


I 


J  t  .; 


,'Wm. 


,11    , 

Pi 


400 


RULE  OF  FACJES-GEXERAL  RECORD. 


Oiu'  of  tlio  i)ri\  ilriTfs  (>l)tiiiiio<l  1)V  Seiiii  for  Uk;  ini'^- 
Hioiiaiit-'s  i;i  ]77;i  wuh  that  of  Hcmliiij^  IctUr.s  to  tliu 
collo*,^'  flic  of  cost,  and  certain  otluir  letters  to  and 
from  the  }>iesident  were  also  exempt  froni  [lostuj^fe  as 
official  coniniunications.  The  friars  were  iiulined  to 
include  much  jtrivate  correspondence  in  the  jtrivile^fd 
mail  mattei",  and  not  much  attention  was  given  to  the 
subject  ordinarily.  In  these  later  years,  howevci-, 
officials  hy  the  <j^overnor'8  orders  became  more  strict, 
imposing  on  the  missionaries  what  was  deemed  by 
them  a  heavy  and  unjust  burden.  Hence  much  dis- 
cussion without  i)raetical  result,  since  the  law  was 
clear  enough,  aiul  was  not  changed,  the  strictness  of 
its  enforcement  depending  on  the  dis[)osiiion  of  the 
local  offici.vds.  As  a  rule  the  friars  gained  nothing  by 
agitating  the  subject,  though  in  some  instances  they 
obtained  a  decision  in  their  favor  from  ^Fexlco  or 
Arizpe.'''  In  real  or  affected  ])ity  for  the  natives,  the 
governor  complained  of  ext-essive  severity  on  the  [)art 
of  the  missionaries  toward  their  neophytes.  lJ;»u1)t- 
less  there  were  instances  of  cruelty,  but  not  many 
could  be  cited  in  these  early  years.' 


10 


'"  Jauuary  \2,  17S3,  FiiTCa  writes  to  Sal  that  Serra's  claim  for  free  scn(liii,f» 
of  lii«i  k'tti'ivi  to  co1!cl;o  anil  to  tlio  padres  cuuuot  Ijo  granteil,  i\  icn  iuy  to  iM\al 
t'L'tlula  of  October  '_'.'>,  1777,  and  viceroy's  instniciious  of  Ai)rii  l';)  17^1*. 
Serra  picailcd  [loverty  aiicl  told  Sal  to  keep  his  letter.-)  if  hu  would  not  lurward 
tluiii  free.  Snlitieijiieutly,  ho\ve\er,  I'ages  conaeuted  to  liavo  the  Icili^j  for- 
Vardeil,  and  an  acconnt  kept  of  them  until  KU})e'.ior  insiruetlon;*  e  aid  lio 
received.  'J'lio  expense  seeuia  to  have  been  iiually  ehai'Hcd  to  the  /government. 
J'ror.  /.','•..  ,MS.,  iii.  SO-I,  88,  lii'.i;  .^^  I'd,".  -S'-fc,  MS.,  i.  l-JS-l),  1;;!;  I'nu: 
(SV.  /'((/'.,  MS.,  iv.  .*)_',  \'22-'.\.  Augu.st  1(1,  17S(i,  the  guardian  iuiya  the  junta 
real  has  alicnved  letters  between  padres  nd  the  college  to  pa:  .<  free.  'J  liey 
must  be  in  a  ;  jiaiato  i)acka<,'C  and  dii'ectcd  'Contador  (Icneral  de  Curreus. ' 
Arr!i.  SdiiUi  Bi  -/irni,  MS.,  xii.  ,'}7.  July '2:2,  17!M,  rrcsident  La..uen  i  :sue:i 
a  circular  sstatii  that  last  year  the  formalities  were  not  obs^rvud,  and  tlio 
result  wa.s  a  e(  of  ^.'!S  for  postage.  Jd.,  ix.  oM.  October  '2.2,  ]~'.,o,  ho  issues 
onother  eircnl;!  >  the  cllect  that  private  letters  had  been  sent  in  the  padres' 
package,  aud  Ih  must  be  stu]  ped,  for  there  is  a  danger  of  losiiig  tlio  franking 
jirivilege.  /(/.,  i  o'Jo-G.  See  also  y«/.,  ^i.  104;  xii.  ID- -1;  J'uloii,  yol.,  i. 
f)3-_'. 

'Tutting  nei  -hytcs  in  irons  and  forced  labor  very  frequent  in  all  the 
missions,  and  p;  iciilarly  at  San  Carlos.  Fagcs,  17S.3,  in  J'lOr.  ]'(<■.,  MS., 
iii.  87.  June  II,  I7.S,">,  lagcs  writes  to  Noriega  that  the  natives  accuse  him 
of  beating  tlicm  with  chains  for  trilling  faults,  charges  which  ho  has  investi- 
gated and  found  to  be  true.  Implores  him  in  the  name  of  Innnanily  i'.ud  of 
the  king  to  change  his  course.  /(/.,  iii.  T)!.  Lieutenant  Zuuig.'K-omi.lained  in 
1788  that  the  natives  of  Sau  Diego  were  overworked  and  too  severely  pun- 


ro\Tr,>)vr:n';Y  with  tut  rniAiis. 


401 


Fiij^i'f^  Ht'iit  ft  (locniiK-ni  to  tlio  vio(M-<»y  tlio  2C,i]\  of 
Sipti'MilxT  178'),  ill  wliicli  he  lundo  a  iuniiiil  cniintlaiiit 
im-'iiiist  <li(^  ])ri('stM  for  llicir  opposition  to  the  law,  an 


wo 


(iiipoNiiioii  wliirli  was   injiiiious  to  tlio    I'oyal   sciv 
nnd  to  tlio  spiritual  n'ooil  of  tlio  troops,      lie  oiiuinoi'' 
ntofi  li^o  ;4roniuls  of  complaint  wliicli  T  shall   noti 


itivsfiitly."""  ]>y  tli(^  govornnii-nt  tho  niattor  was  ir- 
forrod  to  tho  colloii;o  of  San  l'\'rnan(lo,  and  a  i-onoit 
was  iiiado  l»y  (Juanliaii  l*alou,  who  (Icniod  all  tho 
allo'-ations  and  pri'scntod   conntor-charLifos  in  holialf 


of  tho  niisHionarios 


21 


Tl 


10  audioncia  was  iiiiz/ 


dod  I) 


cuntradif'tory  ovidoiK^.  A  fow  roconiniondatioiis  woru 
iiiado  on  dilforont  points,  and  on  Jaimniy  1-,  1787, 
tlio  ( .  pcdlc nt(.'  was  sent  to  Coniniandant  (loiioral 
V<'arto  y  Loyola  Avith  iiistrnetions  to  niako  I'urthcr 
iiivc^stigations  and  pacify  tho  ooiitondin.ij^  partios  as 
best  ho  could.-"  (jloncral  Uj^arto  wroto  t»n  April  2"Jd 
to  Prosidc'ut  Lasuon,  ordering   coniplianco  with  tho 


sn""'es 


tions  of  the  andicMU'ia  and  oalliii'':  for  a  full  r< 


port  on  the  disputed  points,  which  was  rondorod  oii 
tho  2Jth  of  October.-' 


23 

From  Iho  documents  just  mentioned  wo  learn  tho 
foU)  dation  of  tho  controver.'^y.  Fages'  first  chargo 
was  that  the  ])residio  of  San  J^Vancisco  had  been  de- 
prived of  mass  for  three  j'oars  notwithstanding  tho 
obligation  of  tho  friars  to  servo  as  chaplains.  Palou's 
rc[)ly  was  a  denial  that  the  i'riai's  were  required  to 
serve  gratuitously  as  chaplains;  a  claim  that  such 
service  if  I'liidorod  was  to  be  voluntary;  and  that  tho 
article  treating  this  point,  also  reducing  the  number 

i'ihcil.  /(/.,  iii.  07.  Fiiljcs  lifis  soon  P.  Perm  draw  1)lootl  l>y  pulling;  a  l)oy's 
car,  iiiiil  the  natives  accuse  liiiii  ot  liiiviiit,'  killed  one  of  tlicir  miiiilicr.  J'n>i\ 
Kt.  /'(ip.,  MS.,  <.  J(17.  An  <iiisiL'iH'(l  scrap  of  17S."i  .sjicaks  of  irreyiilar  coii- 
tliict  of  ii  padre  and  ohject;*  to  mode  of  cliastiseiiieiit.   /'/.,  v.  '2.T. 

-''  F'l'jiM,  Hvjifi « iitiicioii  miifm  Ion  Frai/is,  JO  dr  Sit.  J'!S.',  MS.;  alluded  to 
villi  miieral  stiiteineiit  of  its  purpoi't  ill  /'/■()('.  I'cr.,  MS.,  ii.  t)."). 

'•'  I'dloii,  liifnritif  Kohrr  (Jiirjiis  il<  I  Otjhi  niaihir,  J7S(j',  MS. 

•-  A'.i-pi'iiii'iifc  nfihrc  rccijifociin  (/ni jn-i  ihl  (liilnrDdilor  dc  ('njijbriiri'^  y  ni'H'.l- 
ioxox  ii/iahiirrns,  /7S7,  MS.  Addressed  to  (!eii.  Ugaiio  on  Jun.  I'J,  17^7,  l»y 
Jose  Antonio  de  Urizar  and  other  oidores. 

^''  L'i<iii->i,  Jiifiirnu-  y  siiiixi'mrion  id  .S'/'.  Comnitdank  Gevcralsohre  qnejan  del 
Goix nittilnr,  ..',j  ilr  (Jrf'.  i:s7,  MS. 
Uisi.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    20 


402 


RULE  OF  FAGES-GEXERAL  RECORD. 


of  priests,  liacl  been  annulled  by  royal  ordei.  l^nsiinn 
.states  that  the  padres  have  never  refused  oi-  hesitated 
to  attend  to  the  spiritual  welfare  of  the  sohHers;  that 
ho  personally  served  the  presidio  of  San  ])iego  wluii 
a  minister  of  that  mission,  tliough  six  miles  distant; 
that  at  Santa  Barbara  the  missionaries  of  San  Bncna- 
ventura  served  though  eight  leagues  distant;  and  that 
the  laek  of  service  at  San  Francisco  was  becauso 
there  was  until  recently  no  decent  place  for  it,  nnd  the 
mission  was  so  near  that  the  soldiers  c(nild  easily  go 
there  for  spiritual  care.  The  friars,  h<jwever,  w»'iu 
offended  because  the  soldiers  insolently  claimed  their 
service  as  regular  cliaplains,  when  it  was  really  a  mat- 
ter of  voluntary  charity.  The  viceroy's  order  on  this 
subject  Avas  that  a  proper  allowance  bo  made  to  the 
friars  for  their  services  at  presidios.-* 

The  governor's  second  charge  was  that  the  padres 
refused  to  recognize  the  govei'nment  in  n)atters  per- 
taining to  pi'operty  and  the  patronaio.  Lasuen  states 
that  th.o  friars  manage  the  mission  tem})orali^'es  by 
order  of  the  kino-  thoucjli  the  manaLi-ement  v.as  at 
first  reluctantly  assumed;  that  the  vice  r('(]iop<-tri>iifito 
has  little  or  no  ap[)lication  in  a  country  like  CVilireniia, 
but  that  they  will  gladly  observe  any  rules  that  may 
bo  prescribed.  Palou  charged  the  govei-nor  vitli  a 
disposition  to  interfere  illegally  and  despotically  in 
the  management  of  tempoi'alitics,  and  declared  that 


{■■■I  .1 


*'Iii  a  corrcspnirlonro  lietwccn  Gen.  Ucr^rh;  ami  I.asiuii  in  Marcli  ITSH, 
tlio  latttr  makes  tlio  same  rejily  on  the  S:in  Fran-isco  matter  ai  in  his 
infonue.  Arch.  S'lifii  BdrJiura,  .\|S.,  i.  'JS.') -7.  Maivli .'),  IT'%'',  t!ie  patlrcs  of 
Sau  J"'i'aneisco  to  l'"a;,'cs  excuse  themselves  lur  failure  to  say  nuisM  o.i  the  plea 
that  ti;e  jdaee  is  iinliealtiiy,  there  are  no  proper  impleinents,  the  solilicrs  have 
IV)  i-eu:aril  I'^ir  the  missioiiarits,  ami  stitrniati/.o  tiicir  trier'<li  ixi^fnu'vfti.x.  The 
corporal  liiiil  eveii  ordered  that  no  soldier  must  ajiproaeli  the  pa:lre  i' honsc. 
Fages  (lire(.'tn  the  connnaiidant  to  Ije  indiliercnt  uuiil  oider.s  como  fiom  the 
general.  /'/'•'■;'.  /.'ic,  MS.,  iii  \)\-l.  Several  communications  resjiocting  fail- 
ure to  say  mass  at  San  Francisco  in  Pfuv.  Jtrr,,  MS.,  i.  lll'J;  iii.  "Jl,  1('(),  '2'M, 
nil  written  liy  Fa'_;es.  Orders  from  commandant  that  the  re;j:lar.u  nto  r.iuut  ho 
enforced.  Pn.r.  ,v/.  P(ij>.,  MS.,  vi.  Uo;  Arch.  S/ct.  ]l>nh  ■m,  M.S.,  viii.  l.TJ; 
xl.  ',\~,')-l).  In  these  orders  it  is  eha%'ed  that  fees  are  ))eiiiy  collected  liy  tlio 
friars;  and  Fages  makes  the  same  stitement.  Proi:  lire..  y['A.,  iii.  i\~.  The 
governor  also  com])lains  on  several  occisions  that  the  other  jiresidios  aro 
iicglefted,  and  the  jiueMo  (tf  San  .losi'',  wheri?  1*.  I'eua  lia.s  rofuscil  confession. 
Id.,  ii.  lOU;  iii.  171;  <V.  Piqi.  ''^^(c.,  MS.,  ix.  S3-4. 


:!!" 


CHARGES  A\D  COUXTKRCIIARGES. 


403 


]k'  luul  no  pi'opor  uiulorstaiulinix  f>f  tlio  jxtfroiiafo, 
tlaiiiiin^'  the  right  to  require  or  permit  work  on  days 
of  Irstival. 

Thirdly  the  padres  were  accused  of  refusing  to  sell 
mission  produce  at  the  prices  fixed  by  the  gove'i'n- 
lucnt.  Palou  claims  that  there  is  no  j)ro()f'  that  tlio 
ti>iill'  rates  have  ever  been  aj)proved  by  the  kinn' ; 
that  those  itrices  ouu'ht  to  be  reofulated  bv  scarcitv 
(ii  abundance;  and  that  the  president  should  have  a 
vc'icc  in  the  matter.  Lasuen,  however,  knows  of  no 
instance  where  the  missionaries  have  refused  to  sell 
at  tlio  prescribed  prices  when  they  had  orain  to  sell 
at  all;  tliouL>'h  durinj^  several  years  of  scarcity-  the 
|)ii((s  have  been  ke[)t  down  to  a  figure  barely  endiir- 
ahlc  in  years  ,of  plentiful  harvests."  Tiie  next  causi* 
(if  complaint  was  the  refusal  of  the  friars  to  furnish 
inventories  (^f  jiropeity,  yearly  increase,  and  the  dis- 
position made  of  mission  products.  Lasuen  in  re})ly 
says  that  the  reports  furnished  to  the  governor  are 
exactly  the  same  as  those  rendered  by  the  padres  to 
the  president,  and  by  the  latter  to  the  c(»llege;  that 
until  now  these  reports  have  been  satisfictory  to  all; 
and  linally  that  there  are  no  laws  recpiiring  tlie  mis- 
t^ioraries,  who  are  not  mere  treasury  oilicials,  to  render 
itemized  accounts  of  what  has  been  dime  with  each 
bLushel  of  uiaize,'^'' 

■-'L.T-nea  ndiiiits  that  P.  IVn.-i  sncrgcstctl  an  increase  in  price,  forAvliicli  lio 
Mils  (Iiil>  rcinovcil;  and  lie  says  that  tlic  ■ovcinor  himself  increased  the  price  of 
cnin,  wliiuli  is  shown  to  bo  true  hy  a  letter  of  Fa;,'es  in  I'lr,!:  ,S7.  J'a/).,  MS., 
vi.  10,>-1,  in  whicl)  Sal  is  ordereil  to  pay  two  reah's  extra  for  ni;ii/,e  from  S. 
(Vii'lo.-,,  Sta.  Clara,  and  r-'an  Jos  .  Ah-n  ."lan.  -J,  17S7,  Fai.'es  niodiiies  l!ie  tarilf 
prices.  /</.,  vii.  KiS-'i;  and  July  '2U,  17S7,  lie  ask.s  l.asiien  for  harvest  retm'ns 
tliat  he  may  regulate  jirices.  Ai-i'h.  Sta.  Li. rharci,  :\IS.,  vi.  1!».  J'a;;es  eoni- 
li!;:iiis  of  IViia't!  refusal  to  furnish  grain  on  Xovendier  S,  17S,"),  and  .Mareli  T,, 
17M!.  Arch.  St<i.  liiirh'irii,  MS.,  x.  •-'.'>-.'!'.».  ],asuen"s  r.pli-s  l)ein>;  that  lie  is 
^■■^yjlnd  has  I'eproved  1'.  I'ena  or  will  v.  rite  to  him.  Fa-es  alo  siiy.-uiii  Si'pt. 
-<>,  I7>>"),  that  a  mule  train  was  sent  back  from  San  Carlos  uithout  mai/e. 
Vi-i,.:  lki\,  .MS.,  ii.  l-..'S-!». 

-''.May  "J,  17^<i,  I'ai.'es  eomplains  to  tlie  ;.'(<neral  that  the  ]>ailrcs  are  I'cluc- 
tant  to  siiow  theii-  inventories,  do  not  nia!;e  tlieni  out  aeeordiuL:  to  ruk',  ami 
omit  liie  register  of  iiihahitauts.  I'rm:  ];,,•.,  MS.,  ii.  l;!(i.  Feb.  7th  he  eoni- 
I'lains  to  tiie  iire-ident  that  1'.  I'ena  ri'fnsed  his  aid  .•iiid  (he  nnssion  lioohs  for 
aeciiiu.s.  'J'lie  president  eNplains  tiiat  the  ennimandant  had  ii<jt  aske.l  in  a 
piejicr  nnniier.  ]{e  has  reipiesled  all  iiudres  to  give  the  re<piired  aid.  Anh. 
Hill.  Ikiihuru,  MS.,  .\i. 


404 


RULE  OF  FAGES-GEXERAL  RECORD. 


Finally  it  Avas  alleged  that  in  defiance  of  the  law 
tile  FraiK'iseans  insisted  on  retiring  to  their  eollego 
Avithoiit  obtaining  permission  from  the  governor. 
Palou  replies  that  by  an  (»rder  of  the  viceroy  dated 
jMarch  2!),  1780,  afi'iarhad  only  to  sliow  the  govei-imi' 
a  license  I'roni  his  prelate.  Lasuen  goes  more  fully 
into  the  snbject.  In  Xeve's  time,  he  sa3's,  a  pric-t 
I'etired  with  his  prelate's  license  and  the  viceroy  de- 
cided that  there  ^\•as  no  law  to  })i"event  it.  Palui 
dei)arted  in  the  i)resencc  of  Fages,  who  is  I'esjxinsi'  ' 


d 


P 


uc 


f  >r  any  irregularity  in  the  })roceeding.  The  next  year 
I'ao'cs  on  being  considted  made  no  (jbiection  to  the 
(le})arture  of  liioboo;  but  tinally  there  came  adecrci' 
of  Viceroy  Galvez,  forbidding  the  entry  or  depart ui< 
of  any  friar  Avitltout  his  li 


ceijse. 


Tills  order  has  1 


X'cll 


obeyed  in  the  case  of  A'^oricLj'a,  and  it  M'ill  be  obeved; 
l)ut  tlic  president  goes  on  to  argue  earnestly  against 
the  justice  and  ])or!cy  of  such  a  requirement,  sub- 
jt'cted  to  v.diicli  the  friars  %vill  serve  only  with  reluc- 
tan 


•27 


I'^igcs  had  also  found  fault,  though  ajiparently  not 
in  his  f  )rmal  comjilaint, because^  neopliyteswerc  allowed 
t)  ]'ide  too  nnich,  the  ])oli(y  of  tlie  g(jvei'nment  being 
opposed  to  this,  in  fear  that  like  the  Apaches  the  (';d- 
ifornians  miu'ht  become  skill'ul  warriors.  The  friar.s 
admitted  the  danger,  declared  that  their  interest  Mas 
ideiitit-al  with  that  of  the  government,  but  claimed 

'-■'Tlin  viceroy's  communiv-ationa  of  ^lar.  20,  17S0,  wliicli  aropvcn  in.l/v7/. 
Sid.  jHfrlicrii,  ^IS.,  vi.  -7--'i,  ."i.  'J.VCi,  aie  nut  coiroctly  fiti'il  hy  I'alnu,  'J  he 
viecniy,  \\  liilo  fipprovin",'  tlio  claims  of  tlio  coIIcl'c.  turns;  tli<>  iiialtcr  over  to 
ll'.o  co!iiin;m<laiit  general.  ■\vlu)  lie  f<ay.i  inay  liave  liad  yooil  i'ea,;(ms  for  liis 
orders.  ']'\\v  drcrec  reiniiriiitr  tlie  viceroy "s  perniis.'siou  for  any  ji.idrc!  to  come 
or  go  WIS  dated  Dec.  7,  17Sli.  I'n^i:  ,S7.  VVf/i.,  MS.,  vi.  •JO'J:!.  In  April  17s7 
the  lisc'd  of  tlie  roj'al  treasni'V  explained  that  as  the  movements  of  the  jiadrcs 
vere  ji.aid  from  the  missionary  fund,  their  .troing  toCalifoiiua  if  not  needed  or 
ij.irint,'  for  a.  mere  whim  would  euns(^  useless  I'Npense;  tliei-ofore,  the  go\erH- 
imnt  had  a  ri;;ht  to  kmav  the  reasnns.  April  'J:!d  the  audiemia  decreed  in 
eonfornnty  to  the  liscal's  opininn;  May  '21st  the  arcldiislwip  ■■omnninicated  tlio 
d"cision  to  1'alon  ;  and  .liine  '2'2i\  and  'JSd  Fai,'es  isiixo  correspondin^'  orders, 
tlioiij;h  tlie  president  of  lia  ja.  ( 'aiifornia,  prote.ited  that  tills  was  eniitrary  to 
loyal  orders.  Jrrli.  Arrjihi^/ifi'/n,  ^IS..  i.  S, !(;  Anh.  Sfn.  Jli'a-h.u-it,  .MS.,  \i.  5,^. 
.luly  !'.  nSS,  the  viceroy  infoi'in.s  the  ;ioveriior  that  the  viceri-Ljal  authorities 
J  lid  not  the  .Lfcueral  \y\\\  determine  tli  ■  sending  and  recalling  of  friars  eei  n  if 
the  eonuiiiiiKl  becumey  independent  of  Mexico.  I'loc.  St.  I'l'p.,  MS.,  viii.  l-o. 


yiTTX^  OF  FATHER  LASUEN. 


405 


't)^ 


lliat  tlicro  wore  none  l>nt  native's  to  serve  as  vaqiiei 
;i;i([  that  the  woric  could  only  1k'  done  on  liorseback. 
]Iaving  re])lle(l  to  tlie  governor's  s[)eeitle  charges, 
Lasucn  proceeds  to  hiy  before  the  governni(Mit  certain 
C()ni[>laints  on  tlie  part  of  tlic  niissi()nari(\s,  namely: 
tliat  the  soldiers,  being  occu])ied  largely  witli  matters 
(lutside  of  their  projjcr  duty — that  of  aflbrding  jiro- 
te^  tinn  to  the  Iriai's  in  their  work  of  christianizing 
the  natives — neglected  that  duty;  that  in  consequence 
dl"  a  long  peace  they  were  1)ecoming  careless  and  neg- 
lecting precautions  against  disaster;  that  an  insuili- 
cient  guard  was  given  to  the  missions,  the  most  useless 
;ni<l  the  worst  e(|uipped  soldiers  being  detailed  ibr  that 
(hity,and  only  one  soldier  lacing  allowed  to  escort  the 
friars  on  Ion'.;;  journevs;""'  that  the  soldiers  of  the 
guards  kept  much  live-stock  to  the  ])rejudice  of  missi;'; 
interests;   that  Indians  were  condenuied  to  work  as 


'J'liis  suliji'ct  (if  mission 


''u.'inls  ;iii( 


I  til 


.lut 


ics  ^\■nH  n'allv  oiu;  ^i 


if  til 


most  serious  in  tiic  wliolo  eontrovi'i'sy.  I'lii'  pfi(ircs  wisiiod  I'utiro  coiitidl  of 
tiio  soldiers  to  uso  as  tlioy  ik'snied  lust,  and  |iaiticidarl\  in  puisuiii!,'  runaway 
cuiivorts.  Ntivo  iiail  opjiosvd  the  cnijiIoymLiit  of  suldiors  to  linnt  lugitivos  in 
(ji'diiiary  cases,  bi'L'ausi;  lie  dicnii'd  otiicr  iiiwiiis  liottcT  iitttil  foi'  tin'  iiuriiosc, 
and  lici'uuso  incii  cnougli  could  not  lie  .spared  foi'  etlectivo  and  safe  service, 
I'li/i:  Sf.  /'»'//.,  MS.,  iii.  rj;i-4.  'J'lie  Frencli  voy.i.;er  La,  I'ei-onse  pr;iises 
Neve  lii;;ldy  tor  Ids  jiosition  on  tliis  ]ioint.  Ld  Prr^iiKi',  Veil.,  ii.  t.".)7-'S.  In  liis 
instruetions  to  Fa^'t's,  Sejit.  7,  17S"_',  Neve  advised  that  not  more  tlian  two 
s(il<liers  should  ineoin|>aiiy  a  jiadie  to  eoid'ess,  etc.,  at  a  I'ancheria,  anil  th.it 
tlit  V  .should  not  lie  alisent  ov(  rni','lit.     'J'lie  Inilians  must  not  learn  to  lijht 

.SV. /',//,..  MS.,  iii.  i:!S  !).    Vet  Fa-is  did  not  rely 

fii;^i lives,  lint  lavoii'd  a  I'csort  to  amis 

1  us  ]it  rsujisions  hy  jiadres,  seiidiii;,' 


V.  itii  Jind  kill. soldiers.  /' 


iiiiiiely  on  ]le^sua.■^ioll  to  biiiig  ha 
eiily  alter  all  other  means  had  failt 
•  if  lienjihytes,  ai)|ieal  to  eliiet's,  (jller  of  Jiresents  to  gentiles,  etc.      .Sec  F,l-t 


iii<tiueiions  to  soldiers  sent  aftt'r  runawavs  in 


lt> 


MS.,  iii.  l.-)l-'_'.  "Ii 


17s4Fam 


s  reliea 


its  tl 


i(!  on 


ler  f<irl>id! 


in 


III  escort  of  nioi'c  tl 


t\V( 


I)  sohliers. 


st  not  lie  aliseiit  over  niulit.     'J' 


rty  of  the  mission  di'inands  th 


]iixsencu  ( 


if  all. 


and  the  kin 


■h 


as  eoiilirniecl  oiiler 


to  tiiat  ell'eet.    /' 


-MS.,  iii.  47-S.     'J'lie  latest  orders  do  not  jn  riiiit  him  to  let  the  troojis  ])iirsuo 


eiiininoiii  I  exeejit  in  extreme  eases. 

/.Vc,  MS.,  ii.  KKi-i   Oct.  r 


,S.>. 


to  I)unietz.  .Ian.  .">,  \~,S7\,  in  /' 


to.S.ii 


X 


o  eseo 


ii  t  to  lie  L' 


iveii  to 


]':idi-es  except  uhen  they  go  to  say  in;: 


!i'.  I' 
iilii 


it  )) 


lios.  or  to  coiifos  or  li.-iiiti/c, 


'iji..  line,  MS.,ii.  .")1.     ]'!scoltas  refusi'd,  exeept  as  aliove.  at  San  Antonio 


.'Santa  IJiirli 


/• 


.v.  /' 


'/' 


MS.,  V.    1  !•_'.    I(i7.     ]'.   Pumetz  at  San 


]!aeua\entura  Ik  in^  refused  an  escort  to  go  to  .S.m  ( Jaliiicl  s  ivs,  I'eli.  4,  17Sd 


m  su 


list, 


mice: 


I  er\ 


well, 


'  are  to  lie  thus  ri'strietei'  tooin-i 


y 


'■/'■ 


t  th 
.MS.':  vi.  4.'>-(l. 


can  no  lomicr  visi 


iiicsidio,  which  is  In 


cvonil 


our   .iirisi 


licti 


Mi 


.'(,   I7S(),  however,  I'.ige.s  orders 


iiissioiis  \',e 

/'/•«/■.  SI. 

cort  til  lie 


fiiniislied  wlieiitli"  jadresof  San  riiU'navcntuia  wish  to  visit  San  (laliriel  and 
Santa  Ikirliar.-i.  /'/.,  vi.  7-.  Aug.  I(i,  17SS.  i'.  .a  long  letter  to  F<asmn  Fagea 
e\i.l.uiis  the  policy  of  the  gov(  rnment  respr.'ling  isnn'ts.  and  the  forcilile  cap- 
tuiu  of  cinianones.  Airh.  Sic.  Ui'irliant,  M.S.,  i.  l(J7-7«i. 


|:l# 


0t 

'I  1   ; 


400 


RULE  OF  FxVGES— GENERAL  RECORD. 


l)t'on,s  at  tlio  presidios  for  stealing  cattle  and  for  otJK  r 
offences,  the  punishment  of  which  should  rest  c^xdu- 
sively  with  the  friars,  tlie  sole  ohject  being  to  get  fiv.- 
laborers;'"'  that  the  settlers  of  San  Jose  employed 
jtagans  to  do  their  work,  demoralized  them  by  b;,d 
example,  and  even  persuaded  them  to  avoid  Chris- 
tianity and  its  attendant  slavery;  tliat  the  disposition 
to  make  mission  alcaldes  independent  of  the  I'riars  in 
jumishing  offences  greatly  impaired  their  usefulness, 
tliL'  law  having  been  intended  only  for  curates  and  not 
for  missionaries;  that  illegal  and  unequal  measure-; 
were  used  for  mission  produce;  that  the  raising  (;(' 
Ccittle  by  the  presidios  and  the  jnvfereiice  given  to  tlio 
pueblos  in  buying  supplies  would  soon  deprive  tlie 
missions  of  all  means  to  j»rocure  needed  articles  inr 
the  neojihytes,  especially  as  i\\o  articles  most  needed 
wei'e  ol'ten  refused  by  tlie  habilitados,  or  prices  made 
too  high  in  pro})ortion  to  those  of  mission  pnxlucts, 
and  yet  the  [)adres  would  submit  humbly  to  the  deci- 
sions of  the  connuandant  general. 

Palou  in  addition  to  the  preceding  charges,  declares 
that  the  regulation  was  never  proclaimed  in  Calif  )rii!a 
until  September  1784,  and  was  not  really  in  force. 
that  of  Echeveste  being  nuich  better  ada})ted  to  llie 
needs  of  the  countr}'.  He  says  that  the  regulatimi 
was  not  carried  out,  the  articles  on  the  inspection  <>(' 
presidios  and  on  pueblo  management  being  notably 
disregarded,  and  that  not  only  were  the  [)Ueblos  iu  a 
sad  state  of  decadence,  but  that  San  Jose,  on  tlie  rapid 
I'oad  to  ruin,  was  by  its  a<>'<>'ressions  under  tlie  li(i\- 

'  t'  0  0  " 

eiiior's  i)olicy  draLrLiiii'>'  the  mission  of  Santa  Clara  to 
luiii  with  it.  Finally,  the  governor,  instead  of  obey- 
ing the  law,  had  not  given  the  missions  the  slightest 

"'•'Tlic  sfoular  iuitlioiitk'.s,  in  tin-  liglit  of  pnst  cxpr'tiencc  in  dtlicr  provinros, 
PCM  in  to  liiivr  tTi;<U(liMl  tlio  stcjilintr  of  c:ittU'  a.s  a  iiincli  inot(!  serious  oHi'iici", 
iiiiil  one  much  more  dangerous  to  S|iaiii.>li  tloiiiinatioii  in  Califoiiiia,  tlian  did 
till'  ])adres.  It  was  liy  no  means  one  of  the  trivial  faults  in  wliieh  the  friars 
h::d  exelnsive  jurisdietion.  Fai^es  has  sonietliiiiir  to  say  on  this  siihjeet  in  llic 
li'Uer  last  iilhidi<l  to.  Still  tliero  is  no  duuht  the  military  authorities  ilid 
uliuse  their  pow  er  in  this  diieelioii  w  ith  ti  view  to  yet  workmen  free  of  cost. 


GEXERAL  REPORTS. 


407 


ciioonragomciit  or  aid  eithci^  in  spiritual  or  temporal 
atliiirs. 

The  reader  wlio  has  followed  this  and   precedinj^ 
quarrels  between  the  political  and  missionary  aiithor- 


PALoa's  Map,  1TS7. 

itic;-;  iu  California,  will  have  noted  that  they  were 
ul'tni  petty  in  all  their  pliases,  and  such  as  mi^'lit 
easily  have  been  avoi(K."d  by  slight  mutual  ('one(^ssi(ins 
and  ellorts  to  ])romote  harmony.  It  is  not  neeessary 
In  decide  on  the  mei'its  of  the  rt'spective  }>arties  in 
eacli  dis[)ute,  even  if  it  wei'e  possible;  yet  it  is  apjiar- 
«iit  (hat  the  friars  were  (U'termined  not  to  \\v\d  a 
single  point  of  their  claimeil  jirerogatives  until  I'orced 
to  do  so,  and  tiien  to  yield  onlv  to  the  highest  auth(»r- 
itics,  to  the  king  if  possible,  or  to  the  viceroy,  but 


k 


408 


RULE  OF  PAGES— GENERAL  RECORD. 


never  to  no  iusiijfiii^.eant  an  official  as  llie  i^ovcrnor. 
whoso  presence  they  regarded  as  an  oiiti'age  it"  lie  liad 
a  will  of  his  own,  and  whose  authority  they  practically 
disregarded  in  a  way  very  hard  to  bear.  Yet  in  his 
general  report  on  missions  rendered  in  1787;"'^  (Jon- 
ernor  l^'ages  speaks  in  the  highest  t(,'i-nis  of  the  zeal 
and  eiliciency  t)f  the  missionaries,  and  his  personal  re- 
lations with  them  were  for  the  most  })art  i)leasant. 
It  was  only  as  governor  and  president,  as  re})resenta- 
tives  of  Carlos  III.  and  St  Francis,  that  the}'  (piar- 
relled,  save  in  the  case  of  a  few  individuals  or  in  the 
ruler's  irritable  moods.  One  of  the  friars,  however, 
in  an  interesting  report  on  the  missit)ns  in  1789  cunld 
not  deny  himself  the  satisfaction  of  stating  that  while 
the  kiuLc's  i)rovisions  had  been  all  that  they  could 
desire,  there  had  been  great  and  cveri  ulpable  remiss- 
ness on  the  ])art  of  the  royal  i-epi'esentatives,  or 
agents,  in  California.^^ 

3«  /'rtr/r.-!,  htformr  Oanrol  dc  ^nsioiic",  J7S7,  ^IS.  This  is  nn  c::'jclleiit 
r^'suiiu''  (if  the  i)iist  progress  and  present  ('(iiiditioii  of  the  ("aliforiiiau  cstahli.-h- 
nients,  fontaiiiiiiL.'  a  sejiaiato  notice  of  eaoli  mission  and  some  general  su',;- 
gestions  of  needs,  hut  with  no  referenee  to  eurrent  eontroversies.  A  statistical 
jiresentation  of  the  sulijeet  seems  to  have  aeeonijianied  the  original,  \\hii:ii 
^^as  iiiatle  in  answer  to  an  order  of  the  general  of  Deeendier  1,  ITSIi.  The  date 
ill  17^7  is  not  given,  and  it  may  hav»!  Keen  aft  i' the  receipt  of  the  king's  order 
of  Mai-eh'_'l,  re(juiring  governors  to  render  such  rejiorts  every  two  or  tiireo 
years.  Of  this  ee(lnhi  I  have  an  original  in  print  with  autograph  siirnaturcs 
in  J)or.  J/isl.  Oil.,  MS.,  iv.  .SI- 3. 

^^  liij'itnnc  lie  lo  5/;«.'i  jxriifiar  ilr  hi  ^Tiirrri  Cnl'iforu'ifi,  J7S9,  MS.  This 
report  was  prohahly  ilireeted  to  the  bislioj)  or  archbishop,  lint  there  is  noth- 
ing, in  my  copy  at  least,  to  indicate  the  author.  The  document  contain'; 
general  information  ahout  the  Indians  and  thu  mission  system,  without  much 
of  chronological  auuals. 


CHAPTER  XX. 

RULE  OF  FAGES,  DEATH  OF  SERRA,  AND  MISSION  PIIOCJRESS. 

1783-1790. 
riiKsrDJ'.NTSF.nrv.v'.s  Last  Toms — Ti,lnf.ssandDkati[ — ■Bi'iiiALANiiFrNKKAL 

]I(,iN()HS~niS  Lll'K  AM)  ClIAKACTKR— SrcC'llSSION  HP  1'aI.OU  AM>  l.ASIKV 

— MtJGAUTE«ui  AS  Vice- PRESIDENT — Confirmation-  —Notre  of  I'ai.oi's 
Htstokicae  Works— Viua  he  JrxirEuo— Xuticfas  de  C'ai.ifouma — 
^Iap— I'uorosELi  Erection'  of  the  Missions  into  a  Cfstohia — Xi:\v 
Missions— FouNDiNd  of  Santa  Darkara — Innovations  Defeated — 
Five  Years'  Progress — Mission  of  La  rcRisiiiA  Concefcion  FonNDED 
— Early  Annals. 


Ix  1784  tlio  Californian  missionaries  wore  called 
U]»()u  to  lose  tlioir  well  beloved  master.  l*i'esi(K'iit 
-luiiipero  Serra  died  at  San  Ciirlos  on  tiie  iZHlh 
fit'  Au^'List.  In  January  he  had  returned  from  his 
last  tour  of  coniirmation  in  the  south,  during  whidi 
lie  visited  every  mission  from  San  Diego  to  San 
.\iitonio.  In  June  he  came  home  I'roni  a  last  visit  to 
the  northern  missions  of  San  Francisco  and  Santa 
Clara.  He  left  jNEontercy  by  sea  for  the  south  so  ill 
tliat  all,  including  himself,  deemed  his  return  doubtful. 
He  was  near  death  at  San  (labriel,  and  when  he  left 
Santa  Clara  it  was  with,  the  avowed  intention  to  pre- 
])are  for  the  final  change.  He  had  long  been  a  suf- 
I'frer  from  an  affection  of  the  chest  and  ulcers  on  the 
li'i'-s,  both  a'Ji'lxravated  if  not  caused  b.y  self-iiiilicted 
liardshi[)  and  a  pious  neglect  of  his  body.  The  slcalh 
of  his  old  companion  Cres[)i  had  been  a  heavy  blow; 
his  sorrow  had  been  dee[)  at  p;  rtial  failure  in  his 
elforts  to  ])lace  California  cxclusi/ely  under  mission- 
ary control,  and  to  revive  under  better  auspices  the 
Jesuit  epoch  of  the  peninsula.     1  he  return  of  Fages 

(  WU  ) 


.1.1 


410 


DEATH  OF  SERKA;  MISSIOX  rROGRESS. 


to  [)owcr  was  not  oncouraging  to  liis  plans  nnJ  liopes;. 
His  license!  to  confiiiu,  unckT  wliicli  ho  had  achuinis- 
tered  the  sacrament  to  over  live  thousand  persons, 
cx[)ired  in  July,  and  discouraging  news  cnnie  at  tlie 
same  time  from  jMexico  aljout  the  prospect  of  obtain- 
ing new  friars.  The  death  of  Father  Murguia  broke 
another  link  that  bound  him  to  this  world,  and  the 
venerable  apostle  felt  that  his  work  v/as  doae,  his 
reward  was  near  at  hand.  To  all  the  Franciscans  was 
despatched  a  letter  of  eternal  forewcll,  in  every  word 
of  which  seemed  distilled,  drop  by  drop,  the  very  soul 
of  the  dying  man,  while  from  each  of  the  nearer  mis- 
sions a  padre  was  summoned  to  take  leave  in  person. 
Palou  from  San  Francisco,  the  only  one  wli(3  arri\ed 
before  Father  Juni[)ero's  death,  was  obliged  to  say  on 
August  19th  the  regular  monthly  mass  in  honor  of 
St  Joseph,  California's  great  patron,  but  in  other 
religious  services  the  saintly  sufferer  insisted  on  taking 
liis  usual  ])art.  Irritants  were  ap])lied  to  his  chest  by 
the  presi.lial  surgeon  on  the  2;3d  without  any  bene- 
ticial  effect.  On  the  2Gth  he  made  a  general  confes- 
sion, and  next  day  walked  to  church  to  receive  the  last 
sacrament  in  the  presence  of  friars,  officers,  troo[is, 
and  natives,  having  ordered  the  carpenter  to  make  his 
cotHn.  The  night  was  passed  by  the  dj^ing  man  on  his 
knees,  or  a  i)art  of  the  time  reclining  in  the  arms  u\' 
his  neophytes.  Having  been  anointed,  and  I'ecitcil 
with  tlie  others  the  litan}',  toward  morning  he  re- 
ceived absolution  and  the  plenary  indulgenc(^  of  his 
order.  In  the  morning  of  the  28tli  he  was  visited  l)v 
Ca[)taiu  Cahizares  and  other  oflicers  of  the  vessel  in 
port,  and  he  asked  that  the  bells  might  be  tolled  in 
honor  of  their  \isit.  Then  he  conversed  with  his  old 
frieml  Palou,  requested  to  be  buried  in  the  churcli 
near  Crcspi,  and  promised  to  pray  for  California  when 
he  should  come  into  the  presence  of  the  trinity.  At 
one  moment  a  fear  seemed  to  oppress  his  mind,  but 
soon  all  was  calm,  and  he  went.Oi;t  of  doors  to  gaze 
for  tlie  last  time  upon  the  face  of  nature.     Iveturning 


w 

mi 


LURIAL  OF  FATHER  JU^'iPERO. 


411 


at  one  p.  >[.  lie  lay  down  after  prayci-s  to  rest,  and  was 
tliouu'lit  to  be  sleeping,  but  within  an  hour  Palou 
fdund  tliat  he  was  dead.  The  bells  announced  tho 
iiKiurul'ul  inteili<4-eneo.  Clad  in  the  iriar's  simple  robi.- 
in  whieh  he  died  and  wliich  was  the  only  ganiKMit  lio 
over  wore,  save  when  travelling,  the  body  was  ])la<'(,'d 
in  the  coffin,  with  six  candles  beside  it,  and  tlie  weep- 
ing neophytes  came  to  cover  tlie  remains  of  tlieir 
beloved  master  with  flowers,  and  touch  with  tlieir 
iiiedals  and  rosaries  the  lifeless  form.  Every  article 
of  cluthing  save  the  one  that  served  as  a  shroud  was 
distributed  in  small  fragments  as  i)recious  relies amoiiLr 
the  pople,  and  notwithstanding  all  vigilance  a  part 
of  the  robe  was  taken  also.  On  Sunday,  the  2'Jth, 
the  body  was  buried  in  the  mission  chnn.'h  by  Palou  in 


th 


pr 


es(. 


ince  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  jMonterev,  and 


with  all  possible  ceremonial  display,  including  military 
honors  and  the  boominu'  of  o-uns  from  the  fort  and 


anizares  vesse 


lat 


ancnor  m 


the  bi 


^y- 


The  life  of  Father  Junipero  Serra  is  so  closely 


'  A  full  account  of  Scrrn's  sickness,  tloatli,  and  burial,  much  lon';;rr  ami 
more  (lotailc.'tl  than  I  Lave  space  to  icprotluco,  is  given  in  P<ilo>i,  I'itla,  '2l)\~ 
',]'Xt.  Anitl'cr  qoixl  autlioritj-,  incluiliii;,'  a  sketch  of  Sci'ra'.s  life  i.-i  Pdhm, 
])i  ni)ir!':ii  (hi  n.  P.  /';•.  Jiniijxro  Srrra,  ilS. ;  translation  in  ^\rch,  Mi.-i'ioiii's.  i. 
";>-().  There  arc  some  slight  <lili'erences  in  the  two  accounts  not  woi  ;li  noticing 
here,  except  p('rlia):.s  the  statement  in  tlie  latter  that  Scri'a  ilicil  just  lieforo 
4  r.  M.  (lov.  Fa','cs  was  not  present  at  the  funeral,  lieiuL;  ahsent  from  Mon- 
terey. Capt.  Soler  \v:!s  the  hi^^iiest  ollicial  wlio  took  jiart  in  tlse  ceri'monies. 
I'almi  was  aided  by  I'l*.  Sitjar  and  \(jrie;_fa,  and  by  Dia.';  the  chaplain  <  f  tho 
S/iii  I  'diioii.  On  Se|it.  4th  tlu.'rc  was  a  renewal  of  funeral  honor,!  with  tho 
sanie  crowded  altencUince  as  before,  and  with  the  a(Mition;d  assi^itancc  of  1', 
I'aterna  (^f  San  Luis.  Now  the  relics  were  blessed.  The  crew  of  the  ptiijiwhiit 
see\n-ed  Serra 's  tunic  which  was  made  into  sciipularics;  the  small  clothes  were 
di:-h  i!i',:tcd  by  lilt  among  the  troops  aM<l  others;  and  the  surgeon  oiitaincd  :k 
lianukei'chief,  which  cured  a  sailor  of  a  headaclie,  as  <lid  a  girdle  cure  I'. 
I'aterna  of  tiiecnljc.  1'.  Serra's  boily  was  buried  in  the  )n'esliytery  of  the 
church  on  the  epistle  side  befdi'e  the  altar  of  our  huly  of  Dolores.  \Vheii  llio 
new  church  was  built  tlie  remains  of  bc^tli  Serr.i  and  ('respi  were  probably 
transferred,  but  so  far  as  1  know  there  is  no  i-ecord  of  such  transfer  or  of  tho 
]ilace  when'  they  finally  ivniidned.  Taylor,  in  Ifnff/ihiy.-i''  M<i<f.,  ^lay  ISiiO, 
ami  in  f  V(/.  Farmer,  Xov.  "JS,  ISii'J,  ;-ays  that  the  body  lies  near  tho  altar 
covered  by  the  debris  of  the  roof,  wliich  fell  in  ISo'i.    The  pari.h  priest  made 

-ii., 


II'- 


an  unsuccessful  search  for  it  in  bs.'i.").  Visclicr,  Jl!<.-<iniis  (•/  ('a 
saysthe  remains  are  su])posed  to  have  been  taki  n  to  Spain,  shortly  iificr  17'  I; 
and  that  t!ie  priest  in  his  'anti(iuariau  mania'  found  tin-  remains  of  anotlicr 
fri.ir  which  believers  sei/cd  upon  as  precious  relics.  'J'here  is  no  doubt  tl'.o 
bodies  still  rest  at  S:in  (Virlos,  and  in  ISS'J  they  were  identilied  to  the  satis- 
luction  of  the  parish  curate. 


i\  i 


412 


PEATII  OF  fERKA;  MISSION  PROCKESS. 


Ui'ii(k';l  witli  tlio  first  (irtucii  years  of  Calif" )niiii  mis- 
sion history  that  any  attempt  to  [Ji'esi'nt  it  ho-c  would 
result  in  au  iiniieeessai'V  rcsunuj  of  tlie  pi-eeedln;^^ 
chii[<ters.     I  suhjoiu  however  in  a  note"  for  convenient 

'-Mi;,'iul  .Fos('  Sfi'in,  son  of  Antoiiii)  Scrra  mid  Miii'u'ai'ita  Ferrer,  vas  Ijurn 
iit  Fctra  (;ii  tliu  i.-^lauil  (if  Mallmca  Nov.  '21,  ITI.'t,  tuck  tin;  I'raiici.si'aii  Italjit 
at  l'ali!;a  Scjit.  1 1,  I7.'>(),  ami  iii:hU'  lii.s  luolcssioii  Si]it.  l.">,  ITiil,  on  ^^  liii  !i 
(nL'asioii  he  assiniicil  tlio  iiaiiic  .)iiiii|icr(j.  Jn  early  IiovImjoiI  lio  mcivuI  a.s 
chorister  ami  aeojytu  in  tin;  ]iarish  ehureli  ^'reatly  to  the  ileli^'ht  of  his  ]':ireMts, 
a  ( lod-feaiiiig  ooii])lo  of  lowly  .station.  The  li\es  of  the  .saints  were  his  favorite 
ieadiii;4,  and  his  fondest  and)ilion  was  to  devote  hi.s  lifi^  to  reli,L;ious  work. 
He  \v;is  an  cirnest  and  wonderfully  jiiolieient  .student,  and  tan;^hl  iiliilosMpliy 
for  a  j'oar  Ixfore  his  ordination  in  the  ehic  f  convent  of  I'alinn,  then  olit:iiiiini.; 
a  deirree  of  S.  T.  ]).  from  the  fanio\is  i..ulliau  University  with  un  apixiintnient 
to  tiieJohn  Seotn.s  chiiirof  jihilu.sojihy  which  hi;  held  with  great  sneees-i  until 
he  left  Sp.dn.  Ho  was  also  noted  for  iiis  <loctrinal  Icarnin;,'  and  still  more  ."^'i 
as  a  .sensational  preacher,  lie  was  wont  to  imitate  San  Francisco  Solano  mid 
(iften  hand  his  .shoulders  and  .scoui';;ed  Ii'iuself  with  an  ii'ou  chain,  extin- 
gnishe<l  li'.,'hteil  candles  on  his  llesli,  or  |)i;unded  his  breast  with  a  lai'.ice  stniio 
a.s  he  exhorted  hi.s  hearers  to  peniteneo.  Thus  he  is  represented  in  the 
engraving.,'  which  I'alou  has  attached  to  hi.s  life,  but  which  lui.s  probably  little 
or  no  merit  as  a  portrait. 

March  .'>!),  ITii),  after  repeated  apiilications  he  obtained  his  patcntf:  to  juiii 
the  college  of  San  Fernando  and  devote  himself  to  mis.sionary  work  in 
Anierii'a.  With  Palou  he  left  his  convent  April  l.'lth  ancl  sailed  v'ni  M;il;i',M 
to  ( ';idiz  where  In;  ariivcd  May  7th.  On  the  way  to  M;ila;;a  he  maint.iir'd 
a  continuous  disputation  on  doj^matic  thcoloiiy  with  the  hei'etie  master  <if  the 
ves.scl  and  would  not  yii  Id  even  to  the  somewhat  forcililo  tlioULih  heteroilux 
ai'guments  cf  a  da'.'ger  at  his  throat  and  repeated  threats  to  throw  him  o\  i  r- 
board.  Sailin;.;  from  (':idi/  Au,^'.  -Sth,  he  touched  at  I'uerto  Piico  where  ho 
sjient  1.")  days  in  preachiuL',  anehoi'ed  at  Vera  Cm/.  ])ec.  Otli,  and  walked  to 
.M'xioo,  rcjiehing  the  college  .(an.  1,  17")0.  Assij.'ned  the  same  year  to  the 
Sierra  ( !orda  missions  of  (Jnerctaro  ami  Sau  Luis  I'otosi,  he  made  tin;  journey 
(in  foot.'ind  reached  Santiago  de.lalpaii  on  June  Kith.  l'\)r  nine  yeai-s  he  served 
here,  ]  .-irt  of  the  time  as  president,  devoting  himself  most  earnestly  and  sue- 
oe.ssfnlly  to  the  conversion  and  instruction  of  the  P.uncs.  In  17"i'.>  or  ITiiH  he 
\\ns  recalled  tmil  appointed  to  the  so-called  Apache  missions  of  the  IJio  S:iU 
Sab.i  in  'iVxiis;  but  the  plans  being  ihanged  he  was  ri'tain"d  by  the  coIU  .o 
and  employed  for  seven  years  in  jircaching  in  ^Mexico  and  the  surnuiuiling 
bishoprics,  in  college  service,  and  in  jierforming  the  duties  of  hi.-'  oliicc  of 
coiiii.sario  of  the  inquisition  held  since;  17.">-. 

.Tidy  11,  17117,  Scrra  was  named  president  of  the  Pi.nja  ralifoniian  missions, 
arrived  at  'i'epie  Aug.  'Jlst,  sidled  from  Sau  lilas  March  VI,  170''^,  iind  ivaclud 
Loreto  .V[iril  1st.  March  'JS,  1700,  he  started — alway.s  on  foot — for  t!ic 
north,  founded  Sau  Fe;'iiando  de  Velicita  on  May  14th,  reached  San  ])iegi) 
duly  ist,  and  foundcil  the  lirst  California  mission  .July  Kith.  Ajiril  \C),  1771', 
he  saile<l  for  I'le  north,  leached  Monterey  May  .'Jlst,  and  founded  Sau  Carlos 
Juno  .'id.  .Tilly  14,  1771,  he  founded  Sau  Antonio.  Aug,  '20,  177-,  he 
starti/d  south  by  lan<l,  founded  Sau  Luis  Sejit.  Ist,  and  reached  Sau  ]>iego 
Se])t.  KUh.  On'Oet.  'JOth  he  .sailed  from  San  l>iego,  reached  San  ISlas  Nov.  4, 
and  M'xieo  I'eli.  (i,  177.'{.  Leaving  ^Mexico  in  September,  he  sailed  from  S.iii 
Jilas  .Ian.  "24,  1774,  ariivcd  at  Sau  l)iego  ^larch  Kith,  and  went  ii[i  to  ;\Ioii- 
teiey  by  land,  arriving  !May  llth.  I'rom  .Tune  X),  I77l>,  to  .Tnii.  I,  1777,  he 
v.as  ab.jei't  from  San  (Virlos,  going  down  to  San  l>iego  by  water,  retnrniii;,'  by 
land,  and  founding  S:in  .Tuan  C,i[iistrauo  on  Xov.  1st.  In  September  and 
O-tidier  1777  he  visited  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Clara.  I'k.iii  Sejit.  1  ">, 
1778,  to  .Jan.  .">,  1770,  he  made  another  trip  south,  eouhvming  at  all  the  mis- 


LIFK  ()F  .TUXil  .•IKO  SKRRA. 


413 


rffrrcn^c  nn  outline  of  dntis  witli  some  iti'iiis  Illus- 
t);itiv(!  of  his    cliiUMcU'i'  and   liaiiits  taken   iVoiu   liis 


niisnii  Iris  wiiy  liJH'k:  ami  in  ( tctulior  mid  Xdvciiilit  r  Ihm  isitcil  Siiiita  ('l.iuk 
il  San  I'laniisiM)  nu  the  .siiiii:  ii 


'nil 


Ant 


iinii).  San 


]' 


In  Sijiliiulicr  iiml  Octulur  IT^^^l  !■ 

(1,  and  Santa  ( 'lain.     In  . March    17^- 

lii'Wciit  ti)  Los  Anu"'U'.s  and  San  Oiiliiicl,  fdimdcd  Sun  lincnuvrnturii  Miiiili 

id 


nil 

iiLfaiii  visiter 


IJlst.  «as  iirr.st.iit  lit   tlit!  luundilu,'  of  Santa  Jlarl  ara   iiii 


rtiiint'(l  to  San  ( Virl 


Ai, 


.uis  and  San  Antonio  aliont  tlif  niidi 


.liinc.  Ju  Aiij.'iist  \'s:\  lie  saiii'd  for  San  J)iL';,'o.  arii\  inj,'  in  Scjiti'mlit  r.  rotuiii- 
in.;  Iiy  land,  xisitini;  all  the  istaMishnR'nts,  and  ai'iivin^'at  lionii'  in  .'annaiy. 
I'.ctwicn  till'  end  of  Api'll  and  the  early  part  of  June  1784  he  visitt'd  Sail 
I'liimiHco  and  Saiitii  I'laia. 

Ill  tlic  last  ihaotir  of  liis  Mo;.'ia]!liy  I'alon  icH'apitiilatcH  '  tlio  virtues*  ulii'h 
vei'' es]ie(ially  lirilliant  in  tlie  seivant  of  (lod,  l'"r.  .lunijiero,' declaiini,'  that 


'his 


IS  ialiiiiion.s  and  exeiniiiaiy  luo  i^  nutliin 


ev(  I  V  c'ass  ot  llowers  ot  I'xcc 


■Hint  virl 


liut  a  heautitul  Held  tlei'lied  w  itli 
l'"iist  ill  the  list  was  his  |irofonnd 
hniiiility,  as  shown  by  his  use  of  sandals  and  hisalaieuationof  self.  We.  always 
(Icniiid  liiinself  a  useless  servant;  deemed  other  missionaries  more  sueeessfiil 
than  himself;  and  rejoii'i  d  ill  their  sueee;-s.  Ife  av(.ided  all  honors  not  arliially 
fonrd  uiion  him,  shniiiied  liotiee  and  ]iraise,  sou;,dit  the  lowest  tasks,  kisse<l 


the  leet  of  ill!  even  to  the  lowtot 


jli   1 


ea\in^'  >^|iain  am 


I  ^1. 


Xlro,  I'aii 


liw.iy  tVom  the  ollice  of  ^Miardian,  and  was  in  eoiistant  fear  of  honors  from  his 
oiiKr  or  from  the  elinreh  or  kin^'.  Then  er.me  the  cardinal  virtues  of  piti- 
liee,  justice,  fortitude,  and  tem|ierui;ee,  resting  like  eoluiiins  <in  his  liumil- 


itv  as  a 
Il'i 


id 


'|ioitii 


th 
1 


iimptuous  fahi'ic  of  Christian  perfcetion.' 


til 


]'indenee  was  shown  in  his  )>iana.u'ement  as  jn-esident  of  the  missions, 


i()UL:ii  he  was  always  mmU 


st  and 


dy  to 


lit  with   the  1( 


st  alioiit 


liiiii;  iiis  jiistieo  was  shown  liy  his  kindness  and  charity  to  all,  his  exact  oliedi 


totl 


le  commands  of  sujicrior; 


tied  i^artieiilarly  in  his  \iri;ii 
only  I'lur  days  liefore  liis  dea 


lett 


d  liis  iiatience  \\  itli  enemies 


er  in  fa\dr  i 


•f  J" 


I'Xem]) 


1  to  the  yicero\  ;  and 


he  {rave  a  blanket  to  an  old  Woman  wiio  at  tlie 
fouiidiiijl,'  of  iSaii  Carlos  hail  induced  a,  lioy  to  kill  tiie  friar's  only  eiiicki'ns. 
His  liii  titudi!  apjiearcil  in  his  re-istance  to  phy,' ical  pain  and  constant  reiusal 
of  medical  trciitmcnt,  in  his  self-restraint,  in  his  steadfast  adhercncp  to  his 
purposes,  in  liia  resolution  to  remain  at  San  ])ie^'o  alone  if  need  he  when  it 


■•  propose! 


lit- 


;don  tl 


le  I'oiHiuest,  in  his  eon 


illict  %\itli  tli(!  indiirereiicc  or 


oi'jiosition  of  the  military  authorities,  and  in  his  conra.u'e  in  the  presence  of 


hostile  Indians— for  he  only  feared  death  or  ran  from  dan''er  liocausc  o 


f  th 


vtn^'cance  that  would  be  taken  on  the  jioor  Indians;  and  linally  his  tem]ier- 
niie;  was  such  that  he  had  no  other  ])assion  than  that  for  the  pnipa^jation  of 
the  faith,  and  constantly  mortilied  the  lic.sli  by  fasting',  vi,L;ils,  and  scoin'/.'in^u'. 
On  t in  sc  eolunnis  rested  a  iuperstrueture  of  theological  virtues,  faith,  chai-ity, 


iion,  of  Mhich  a  nieiiti 


>illjt 


'J'hc  author,  how  ev(  r. 


I  not 


claim  foi-  his  hero  the  gifts  of  contemplation,  of  tongues,  I'cvelation,  ]'roiiliec_\ 


miracles  'and  all  that  a|i]iaratus  of  the  ;//•(■"■/./,■,■;//• 
aiile  and  stiikiuLr  the  saintlin 


r((Hs  (/rf/c/.;  which  1 


iiiaUe  iKlnnv 


if  some  servants  of  Cod,'  but  Avhich  are  not 


essen'.ial  to  holi 


Di 


h 


itiate  I'adre  Jim 


was  small  ami  sickly,  but  he 


'wiih  the  profesi-ion  1  gaimd    heaUh  and   streni;th  and  gritw  t 
statuie.'     Of  onc^  of  his  sermons  an  able  critic  said:    'It  is  worthy 


says, 
o  nu'diuni 


ininted  in  I'.itcry  of  jrold.'     A  MoUian  lul 


«  shouted  duiin''  tine  of 


;;e;inons. 
v.as  excetdint 


'th. 


halt  not  lini.-h  tiie  lenten  season,'  auil  then  the  jiadre 


f 


or  or  courte 


the  fa 


ilher  ot  lies  could  insj 


truth 


Sullering  from  want  of  water  on  the  voyaue  to  Mexico  he  said  to  eoliiplaincrs, 
'the  best  way  to  jiieveiit  thirst  is  to  eat  little  and  talk  less  so  as  not  to  w.-istc! 
the  saliva.'  In  a  mutiny  and  a  stoiin  thieuteuiiiLt  death  to  all  he  was  jicrfcetly 
calm,  and  the  storm  ceased  instantly  when  a  saint  chosen  by  lot  hail  b<  en  ad- 
dressed in  prayer.     On  the  way  from  Veia  Crux  to  ^fexieo  Kuveral  miruelea 


;  f 
(V 


U\ 


DKATIT  OF  SKRRA;  MISSION  PROflRESS. 


lti()UfriH»liy  l)y  Padru    Palou,  juid    lils  k'ttcrs  in   tin- 
mission  mvliivt's.'' 

Sori'ii  (I()ul)tK'ss  owes  imicli  of  liis  faiiio  to  liis  posi- 
tion as  (ii'st  jti'i'sidcnt  of  the  ("alilornia  missions  and 
to  tlic  puMication  of  a  hio!j;rapliy  l>y  a  warm  personal 
iVit'iid.     ]]ut  it  did  not  rcv^  lire  Palou's  eidogistic  pen 

vxTo  «  rouglit  ill  his  favor.     Contiiig  to  a  swiilk'ti  stream  by  a  town  in  a  ilin  1; 


iiiirlit  tlitrc  \\;in  a  inim  <in  tlic  ntli 


ik  t. 


til. 


(1  iinil  , 


ill 


liiiii  t< 


Inil'.'iiii,'.     A  ni.'in,   jicrliiips  tin'  same,  nut  .Innfjiero  ami  liis  t'oiiiiiaiiidti  next 


iliiy  mill  j^iivu  till  111  a  i)iiiii(';,'iiiiiat(! 


•ll   llilil  a  ruflutillill;,'  i'irci:t, 


SllU 


1  ill  r  11  ni.'ui  1,'iivi'  tlicni  ii  Mt  of  inin-bivad  of  cxcelli'iit  Havni'.     It  wim  ini  tii 

jimnn'y  tliat  liis  le;'H  iirst  1 ami!  swollen,  fioiu  tin;  itl'uits  of  iii()si|iiitii-liitrs) 

(IS  Man  ;uiiiii()sc(l,  nsultiny  in  ulcers  that  lasted  all  liis  life.      'Oil,  fur  a  fmest 


■f  .1 


UllIlM 


eM'laimed  a  liiar 


at  th 


.11, 


wlieii  Sena  ariived.     In  one  of 


Ids  revival  nicetiiij.'s  in  lliiasteea  lie  was  beating  liiinself  witli  a  chain,  wlnii 


man  took  the  ehain  from  hit 


d  with  it  beat  himself  to  ileatli  as  a  in 


.'  tile  thinner  in  inesinee  of  tiieerowd.  Sixty  jiersons  who  ne^rleeted  to  atti'Uil 
Ids  meeting's  were  killed  by  an  epiili'iuie  which  diil  not  cease  until  ielii;iiius 
duties  Were  ^^eiierally  atteiidid  to.  (Jii  his  way  back  frem  lliiasteea  he  v.as 
well  Icid  ,i'd  and  entertained  in  a  eottaLie  by  the  way;  but  later  he  leariieil 
tiiat  there  was  no  sinli  cottai,'e  on  the  road;  and  of  course  coneliideil  that  liis 
( ;itiitaiiurs  were  .losiph,  Mary,  and  Jesus — in  fact  he  had  noticed  an  extia- 
nrdiiiary  air  of  neatness  about  the  ]ilace.  Poisoned  oiico  in  takiii;:,'  the  eoiu- 
)imiii<iii  he  refused  the  antidote  and  was  cured  by  a  simjile  dose  of  oil,  jieihaiis 
isly  as  he  thought.      It  was  at  V'elicata  in  May  1701)  that  he  lirst 


nuiaeii'm 


saw  and  baiitized  pagans. 

Si  I  ra,  ( 'ornsjjdiii/i  iichi,  1777-^-,  MS.,  is  a  collcctifjn  if  his  Ictter.s  to  dif- 


L'i'ent  mis.  ioiiaries  and  ollieiab 


It 


is    llJlllOSSlll 


le  1 


IV  means  o 


f  e.xt 


racts  to 


m 


j.'ive  any  ]iroper  idea  of  these  lol'g,  ramliliiig,  and  ])eciiliar  epistles.  I'al 
has  selected  the  very  best  of  his  letters  for  publication,  if  indeed  he  lias  not 
cli.iii'eil  and  im]>roved  them.  I.arge  jiortions  of  some  of  them  are  utterly 
U!iiiitelli';iblu  and  were  ap])arcntly  intended  to  be  so  for  the  ordinary  reailer, 


/-„/(> 


/""' 


jj; 


whether  the  sub 


nut  siuiuar  pious  ixpiessioiis  are  useil  m  gi 


lea 


tl 


irotusinu 


iiii])ortant  or  trivial.     To  Picras  he  gives  the  most 


niiiititc  directions  how  to  answer  the  governor's  letter  and  how  to  make  out 


nianuer  or  matter  to  tin 


lui.sion  rc]iorts  and  inventories,  leaving  nothing  in 
padre's  judgment.  JIc  wishes  all  made  ready  for  signatures  because  tlie 
most  serious  part  of  it  is  to  feed  the  governor's  agents  while  doing  the  business, 
deep  pity  for  some  condenined  criminals,  and  directs  a  padre  to 
itual  need'-.      'It  w.ll  be  some  work,  but  very  holy  and 


III 

Jitteiii 


e  expresse: 


to  tl 


leir  spill 


liici  itoru.us. 


I'l 
'J'o  1, 


iMiiii,  iini'ouu-  lu''  .lie 


cort,  he  .«ays 


g'> 


•'s  refusal  to  iiicrca 


d  thi;-  till   I'.siil'.  of  all  niv  eilbrts  and  all  a  vi 


loei'oy  s  rec- 


om.nieiiilations,  and  in  response  to. ■> a  alTcctionatc  and  humble  suggestion  made 


wTi.i  a 


II  til 


c  iioney  my  mou 


til 


aid  hold.     IJelievo  me,  of  all  the  drau;'lits 


I  have  to  swallow  none  is  so  iiil'.er.'  'I  and  your  Reverences — for  this  once 
I  naim;  myself  tirst.'  In  the  matter  of  rsriiZ/nx,  however,  he  directs  the  padres 
to  'go  on  as  if  they  had  a  legion  of  soldiers;  punish  whoever  merits  ehas- 
tisinient;  and  if  in  the  exact  performance  of  the  holy  minis  ry  troulile 
all  cs  not  to  be  reiiressed  with  the  force  at  hand,  then  retire  to  tie  piisi<li 


wn 


te  me  the  facts  in  detail;  then  iH 


niii  !i  (/iri'iiiox 


He  writes  a  long  letter 


to  induce  I'lguer  to  give  u]i  his  intention  of  retiring,  reminding  hiiu  that 


r 


h 


ilieiice  and  suH'eriiig  are  the  inheritance  of  the  elect,  the  coin  with  whicli 
bought.'     fie  begins  by  an  anecdote   of   a  friar  at  matins  who 


ishcd  to  retire  to  his  cell  not  feeling  in  a 
replied  that  if  such  an  excuse  wen 


good -humor,  ami  to  whoai  th 
imitted  all  would  retire,  'and  I 


among  the  lirst.'    Then  he  compares  Sa.a  Diego  life  with  that  at  other  mii 


SKRRA'S  CHARACTER. 


415 


to  j)rovo  Iilin  a  <4r<';it  iiiid  a  ri'iiiaikaMi"  man.  Yvw 
\\\\n  caiiit'  ti)  C'alilnriiia  <liiriii_!jf  tliu  inissioiiary  re^iiiiu 
\\t'ii'  liis  v(i\\a\  ill  (luvotiou  to  ami  hucccss  in  his  woi'k. 
All  liis  i>nt'i<4'V  and  iMitlnisiasm  wci-o  dircctiMl  to  tlio 
|u'itorma!ico  of  lii.s  missionary  duties  as  outlined  in 
the  regulations  of  his  f»rder  and  tho  instructions  of  his 
superiors.  Lim[)ing  from  mission  to  mission  with  ;i 
liuno  foot  that  must  never  l)e  cured,  fasting  nnieh  and 
jKissing  sleepless  nights,  depriving  liimself  of  eomfort- 
iihle  clotliing  and  nutritious  food,  ]io  felt  that  he  was 
imitating  the  saints  and  martvrs  who  were  the  ideals 
(if  Ills  sickly  hoyhood,  and  in  the  recompense  of  ahsti- 
iiciice  was  happy.  ]  It;  was  kijid-liearted  and  chaiitahlo 
t  )  .ill,  hut  most  sti'iet  in  his  enforcement  of  i-eligious 
It  never  occuried  to  liim  to  douht  his  ahso- 


(liit 


le.- 


luteri^'ht  toiloo'his  neophvti'sfornny  sliu'ht  neu'riL''eneo 
ill  matters  of  the  faith.  His  holy  desires  tromhled 
within  him  like  cartlujuake  throbs;  in  his  eyes  tliere 
was  hut  one  object  woith  living  for,  the  performance 
(if  I'eligious  duty,  and  hut  one  way  of  accomi)Iishing 


that  object,  a  strict  and  literal  com[)lianco  with  Fran- 
ciscan rules;   he  could  never  understand   that  there 


•tl 


w.is  ;uivtnuig  hevont 


d  his  narroN','  field,  of  vision.     1 


u 


an  eminent  degree  he  possessed  tho  faculty  of  apjily- 
iiig  spiritual  enthusiasm  to  the  [)ractical  affairs  of  life. 


Tn'cause  h 


e  was  so  irrand  a  nus.sionar 


,'] 


10  was  none  tlio 


th 


lc>s  money-maker  and  civilizer,  yet  monov-making  and 
ciNJlizing  must  ever  bo  subordinate  to  missionary 
wcik,  and  all  not  for  his  glory,  but  the  glory  of  (Jod. 
A  St  Aii'.>ustine  in  his  relinioii,  he  was  a  Juvenal  in  his 
])liil()sophy.  "He  manag(,'d  wisely  the  mission  interests 
hntli  spiritual  and  tciujioral;  and  his  greatest  sorrow 
was  that  the  military  and  iwlitical  autlioritie 


.>s  Were 


sinns,  sliouiiig  that  cacli  liris  its  iiihant.ngcs  niul  disailvantagcs.     lie  suggests 
K'  <nu'.-;ti(iii  vliicli  is  wiiisu  'to  l)o  liuiiuiy  aiul  liavf  udtliiiig  tn  cat  or  iilfiily 


tl: 


'  lat  anil 


no  a]ii:('tito. 


Wli 


icn  Sail  FraiKisco  ami  SiiiitaClar 


ll    llDtlllllg 


it  tlii'y  attiilmtcil  to  this  Mant 'cl  no  liattT  j)i 


)i'uili';uis  tlo  coiivc.sioML's; 


liut  now  that  thuic  is  food  there  is  iioliody  to  eat  it.      'Tliereforu,  my  bi  uiiicr, 
ht  us  go  oil  with  otir  matins  to  the  ■■^luiifo  siiii'-toir.''     'Adondu  iia  el  Kney 


my 


ijur  iM.>  are?  sino  va  ;i  C'anipechc?'    Soino  who  have  gone  away  would  j^terliaps 
gladly  take  \\hiit  they  left. 


41G 


DEATH  OF  SERRA;  MISSION  PROGRESS. 


II  III! 


not  BO  easily  managed  as  padres  and  neophytes.  In 
liis  controversies  M'itli  the  governors  he  sometimes 
]uished  diplomacy  to  the  very  verge  of  inconsistency, 
but  all  apparently  without  any  intention  of  injuring 
them,  though  he  knevv'  he  was  dealinij:  witli  men  who 
cast  obstacles  in  the  way  of  his  great  work.  His  let- 
ters wore  long,  verbose,  and  rambling,  but  left  no 
minute  detail  of  the  subject  untouched.  The  loss  of 
a  sheep  from  a  mission  iiock  evoked  a  communication 
of  the  same  stylo  and  length,  with  the  same  ex])res- 
sions  of  trust  in  heaven,  as  the  conversion  or  destruc- 
tion of  a  whole  tribe;  and  it  is  to  be  noted  that  in 
Avriting  to  his  friars,  especially  about  his  political 
quarrels,  he  adopted  a  peculiar  and  niystcrious  stylo 
wholl_y  unintelligible,  as  it  was  doubtless  intended  to 
be,  to  all  but  the  initiated.  On  the  whole  the  pr<> 
ceding  remarks  fail  to  do  him  justice;  for  ho  was 
a  well  meaning,  industricnis,  cntlinsiastic,  and  kind- 
hearted  old  man;  his  faults  were  those  of  his  cloth, 
and  ho  was  not  nmch  more  fanatical  than  others  of 
his  time,  being  like  most  of  his  Californian  compan- 
ions a  biilliant  exception  in  j^oint  of  morality  to  friais 
of  some  other  lands  and  times.* 


Ill 


At  the  death  of  Serra  the  presidency  of  the  mis- 
sions naturally  fell  temporarily  to  Palou  as  the  senior 
friar  in  California,  who  had  also  held  the  position 


hf.L 


^  Xcavly  all  tlio  books  tint  have  been  Mritteu  .about  C.ilifornia  have  some- 
tliiiig  to  stiy  of  Jtinipcro  Sori.i,  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  ruf or  to  tlio  loii;^ 
li.^t.  It  in  KonicAvIiat  I'eniarkaJjlc,  liowc'vcr,  that  there  are  very  few  .if  any 
oliieial  eonnniinieations  respecting;  his  death  preserved  in  the  arcliives  either 
secular  or  missionary.  Hittell,  7//  ,'.  S.  /'.,  ;{;i-',),  gives  a  very  good  account  of 
the  jiadro'.s  life,  coneludin;,'  tiiat  'his  cowl  covered  neither  cried,  guile, 
hyjiocrisy,  iicjr  ])ride.  He  iiad  no  ([uarrels  and  made  no  enouies.  lie  sought 
toheas;m|ile  friar,  and  lie;  v.as  one  in  sincerity.  I'loljab'.y  few  have  ap- 
proaciicd  nearer  to  tlie  iileal  pcrfecti)n  of  a  monkish  life  than  he.'  I  liavo 
his  autogr.iph  signatures  in  N.  Aiilouio,  Ihjc.  Sial/u--^,  !),  VA,  17.  See  a  poem  by 
M.  A.  Fitzgerahl  on  hi.s  death  in  J/(nii n'  Mi.i^.  lUiok,  l.">2.  I'alouV.  V'tdii  i->'\\- 
tains  a  portrait  more  likely  to  Ite  like  the  original  than  any  other  extant, 
(fleeson,  ///-7.  Cd^h.  Cli.,  ii.  fi-ontisp.,  lias  one  copied  from  a  painting  in  tli'J 
library  of  the  California  pioneers,  aborit  the  authenticity  of  which  nothing  is 
known.  Dr  1'aylor,  ])iKri>r.  and  Foinider/i,  ii.  41,  claims  to  have  olitained  in 
ISoI}  a  photograph  from  an  original  painting  at  tlie  college  of  Sau  Fernando, 
of  which  a  caricature  was  published  in  Jlutrhliiyti'  Muij.  in  I8G0. 


I  'k1i\ 


PRESIDENTS  PALOU  AXD  LASUEN. 


417 


avc  some- 
tlio  loii:j; 

l;\v  .if  any 
cH  cither 

ICUOUlll  lit' 

m1,  K'lii'^' 

losoULii.t 

Ikivo  iqi- 

1  Iwno 

I  ))<)ciii  I'.V 

1-    CXtilllt. 

iiig  in  til'! 
urtbin.i:  i-^ 
taiiiL'il  ill 
'"crnamlo, 


Ixforc  in  Serra's  absoneo.  Palou  at  first  declined  to 
iu't  as  president,  partly  from  real  or  afl'ectod  modesty, 
l)iit  chiefly  because  lie  desired  to  leave  the  country  as 
soon  as  possible.  lie  had,  however,  to  yield  to  the 
unanimous  wish  of  his  companions,  who  claimed  that 
a  vacancy  would  prove  injurious  to  mission  interests, 
and  reluctantly  assumed  the  duties  until  a  successcjr 
could  be  appointed.^  The  choice  of  the  college  fell 
on  Fermin  Francisco  Lasuen  of  San  Diego;  his  pat- 
ent was  forwarded  February  G,  1785;  and  he  took 
possession  of  the  office  probably  in  September.  Fa- 
ther Mugartcgui  was  named  to  succeed  Lasuen  in 
case  of  accident,  and  August  IG,  178G,  was  appointed 
vice-president  of  the  southern  missions."  By  a  later 
patent  of  March  13,  1787,  issued  in  accordance  with 
a  decree  of  the  sacred  congregation  at  Home,  March 

4,  1785,  which  extended  the  i)Owcr  to  administer  the 
rito  of  conlh'mation  for  ten  years,  Lasuen  received  the 
same  powers  that  Serra  had  held;  but  he  did  not  ob- 
tain the  document  until  July  10,  17U0,  and  had  con- 
sequently less  than  five  years  for  the  exercise  of  his 
privilege.  During  that  time,  however,  he  confirmed 
10,13!)  persons.' 

Ill  connection  with  the  departure  of  Palou,  the 
com})letioii  of  his  historical  writings  on  California 
deserves  notice  as  a  prominent  and  important  event 
ill  the  country's  annals.  The  notice  however  need 
not  be  long,  because  tlio  reader  of  the  preceding  chap- 
ters is  already  tiiniiliar  bv  constant  reference  with  tlie 

•''Tluj  rocovds  arc  very  mcaL'ro  on  Palou's  term  nnd  I  find  no  official  act  by 
liini  iis  president,  rayeras,  writini,' in  IMIS,  j^dves  sulistantially  tiiu  vei'siou 
of  luv  ti'xt.   Arr/i.   Sfii.   Ji'iirlinra,  ^la.,  xn.  4^i:i.      Mng:irti'i,'ui  m  rites  Maieli 

5,  l7S,"i,  tliat  Palou  deelined  to  serve.  J)or.  IIU.  rV(/.,"'MS.;  iv.  'J'.t.  May  -JK. 
ITS'i.  raises  urges  I'alou  to  aecejit  fur  the  f,'uod  of  tiio  conntiy,  r(.'L;rettinL; 
Ills  illdiealth.  Prov.  L'cc,  MS.,  iii.  ."iO.  See  liiograpliy  of  Tulou  in  next 
cliaptt.'r. 

*'Arrli.  .S7(7.  lidrharn,  MS.,  ix.  HOO-O;  xii.  .Vi-O,  eontnining  the  patents  of 
I.a'^nen  and  Mng:irtc;;ui.  l.asuen's  Tn^t  record  as  ]ii-e>ident  was  .liin.  "27, 
ITMi;  Imt  he  seems  to  liave  serveil  froui  I'alou'.s  depai  t'.u'e,  wliieh  was  proh- 
alily  .11  Septeniljcr  or  a  little  later.   Prov.  y.Vc.'MS.,  -.  IM)   ii.  1-J8  !l. 

'•'S.  rW/ Ai.v,  /,;/).  Mish'ii.  MS.,  (iO-8;  .S'.  /A'(</o,  Uh.  .¥/«;■(.».  -MS.,  4J.  March 
-,  17!<(),  (len.  Ugartc  orders  Fagcs  to  interpose  no  ol»:taclos,  Proc.  Ht.  Pap., 
Ms.,  ix.  ;i5(t. 

UisT.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    27 


418 


DEATH  OF  SERRA;  MISSION  PROGRESS. 


.lit!. 


scope  and  contents  of  tliis  author's  literary  works. 
There  was  no  man  so  wc'i  qualilied  by  o])portunities 
and  al)ilit3'-  to  write  the  early  history  of  California  as 
Palou,  and  he  made  excellent  use  of  his  advantai^cs. 
As  early  as  1773,  and  probably  before  that  date,  lio 
began  the  accumulation  of  material  by  copying  oriuf- 
inal  documents  and  recording  current  events,  without 
any  definite  idea,  as  it  would  seem,  of  publication. 
He  continued  this  labor  of  preparing  careful  historical 
notes  down  to  1783,  devoting  to  it  such  time  as  could 
be  spared  fi'om  his  missionary  duties  at  San  Fran- 
cisco.    During  the  years  1784-5,  having  apparently 
suspended  work  on  his  notes, he  gave  his  attention  t(. 
the  preparation  of  a  life  of  Serra,  his  prelate,  foi'ia'  v 
instructor,  and  life-long  friend.     This  work  he  com- 
pleted  in  February  1785  and  carried  it  to    Mexico 
later  in  the  same  year,  where  it  was   published   in 
1787.     It  was  extensively  circulated  for  a  book  of 
that  epoch,  though  since  considered  rare,  and  it  has 
been  practically  the  source  of  all  that  has  ever  been 
written  on  California  mission  history  down  to  1784. 
Very  few  of  modern  writers  have,  however,  consulted 
the  oriu:inal,  most  contenting  themselves  with  a  weak 
solution  of  its  contents  at  second  hand;   hence   the 
numerous  errors  extant  in  books,  pamphlets,  and  iiows- 
papers.     The  manuscript  of  the  historical  notes  after 
lying  for  some  years  in  the  college  vaults,  was  copied 
into  the  ]\Texican  archives  and  finally  printed  in  1  8r)7, 
though  it  was  utterly  unknown  to  writers  on  Caliior- 
nia  until   1874,  since  which  date  it  has  been  as  care- 
lessly and  superficially  used  as  was  the  life  of  Padic 
Junipero  belbre.    The  Noticiu.-i  is  far  the  more  exten- 
sive and  complete  work  of  the  two,^  though  both  cover 

^  Pa/on,  Jichirinn  Ilhttirlra  dc  la  V'ula  y  AposUiVirnx  Terras  <lrl  Vnicmhlc 
Padre  Frail  .Jinifpi  o  Serra  y  dc  laa  Jlisioiirs  (/iie  j'luidd  in  la  California  St'p- 
trntririiiid,  ;/  ninro-i  ('ulrdilichiiiiii/on  de  Mmifi  riii.  LWri/a  por  fl  If.  /*.  /'.  /''. 
I'ranc'iACO  Pidoii,  (Jnard'ian  nrtnal  del  Coli'i/io  Aprmfoliri)  ile  S.  Fernaiulo  <h' 
iMi'.rifo,  ij  ])<Mijiiil<)  d<l  VvncraliU'.  Finidadnr:  diriijif'ad  sn  Santa  I'ror'niria  d<; 
la  Iteijnlar  Olfirranrlade  Xro.  S.  J'.  S.  Franrlsro  d,-  la  l.-la  de  Mallorra.  A 
erprn^an  de  hail  Miiiticl  Oiinzidi n  (Jalderim,  Sin<liei>  dc  diehn  Apoxldl'ieo  ('oh'- 
yio.   Mexico,  1787,  Svo  14  I.  344  pa^L's,  with  mup  uml  [loi  trait.    TLo  uuthur'd 


PALOU'S  HISTORICAL  WORKS. 


419 


substantially  the  same  ground.  While  my  researches 
anioiij^  original  manuscript  authorities  have  brought 
to  light  a  largo  amount  of  material  not  given  by  Pa- 
le )ii,  yet  his  writings  contain  a  few  diaries  which  I 
liavo  not  found  elsewhere.     I  have  sometimes  been 


(Itdiratory  letter  nnd  protesta  is  dated  San  Francisco,  Feb.  28,  17S5.  Tlie 
liiciiso  of  the  audicnciu  to  print  is  dated  Dec.  7,  173U;  and  the  latest  of  tiio 
v;:rii)ii.s  apiirovals  of  Franciscan  autliorities  on  March  12,  17S7.  In  his  j)r(i- 
liiLruc  tht!  author,  afti  r  exjilainiiig  tliat  the  work,  written  for  the  province  of 
^Malliiica,  is  published  at  the  urgent  request  of  certain  friends  of  Serra  who 
l)c:ir  the  expense,  goes  on  to  say:  'I  well  know  that  some  who  read  new 
thing's  expect  the  historian  to  indulge  in  theories  and  to  clear  up  all  difli- 
culJcs.  'liiis  method  although  tolerated  .and  even  applauded  in  profane  his- 
tories, ill  those  of  saints  and  servants  of  (!od  written  for  edification  .'ind  to  ex- 
cite imitation,  is  deemed  by  the  best  historians  a  fault,  the  which  .^  '..:vu 
aimed  to  avoid.  As  the  soul  of  history  is  simple  truth,  thou  canst  have  tho 
.listinincc  that  almost  all  I  relate  I  liavc  witnessed,  and  the  rest  lias  Ijcen  told 
me  liy  otlicr  padres  worthy  of  faith.'  On  Aug.  IG,  1780,  I'alou  Avrites  to 
Lui-iHu,  AriJi.  Sla.  B<tvhuru,  M.S.,  .\ii.  41-2,  that  everything  is  going  well  with 
the  book,  which  ho  is  told  will  circulate  all  over  Europe,  where  all  are  curious 
ti>  Icain  about  California.  He  tliinks  it  has  been  heard  of  at  court,  will  send 
some  copies  to  California,  nnd  asks  Lasucn  to  pray  for  its  success.  It  was 
Pint  to  California,  wJiei'c  each  mission  library  bad  a  copy.  The  work  has  be- 
loiiic  less  rare  and  costly  of  late  years  than  formerly.  I  have  three  copies, 
till' iiio.-t  expensive  of  which  co:t  less  than  .?2o,  I  have  also  the  editi.iu  nf 
Mixiei),  IS.VJ,  in  which  it  was  published  with  Clavigero's  history  of  Lower 
Caht'iiniia  in  a  vdlunic  of  the  JJililiofeca  Nuciomd  ij  E-itmiujcra.  It  was  also 
np; lilted  in  a  newspaper  of  southern  California  and  in  the  form  of  scrai)s  is 
fotiiid  ill  Ilni/e-i'  MixtJon  Booh,  i. 

/'i  luK,  Aotk'ias  da  Iti  (Aiiliijiia  y)  Niiera  C<diJornia.  Escritas  por  cl  li.  V. 
Fr.  F  J'alnit  (torn.  i.  ii.l,  in  Dor.  Jli-t.  jl/c'.r. ,  i;cric  iv.  tom.  vi.-vii.  ]Mexico, 
1S,".7,  Xvo,  088,  liWi  pp.  Tho  latest  date  mentioned  is  in  .July  178;t,  about  which 
time  it  was  doubtless  concluded.  A  passage  in  tom.  i.  2li!),  shows  that  chap. 
V.  of  |iait  ii.  was  written  as  early  as  1773  at  Monterey.  It  is  evident  that 
the  autlior  collected  material  from  his  first  arrival,  and  wrote  up  the  rccipnl 
to  date  at  intervals  as  allowed  l)y  his  duties.  The  original  manuscript  in  tho 
CI  l!o!:o  of  San  Fernando  has  disappeared;  but  by  royal  order  of  ]7!IOuc(ipy 
was  made  under  tho  direction  of  1'.  Francisco  Carcia  Figueroa,  who  certilicil 
to  its  accuracy  Decenibcr  K  and  4,  1702.  This  copy,  a  duplicate  of  which  Ma.j 
scnc  to  S|>ain,  has  .since  been  preserved  in  Mexico  with  otiier  ducunicnts 
i'f"i(icd  unc  r  the  h.iwa  order,  whicli  form  the  lirst  .'52  volumes  of  the  Aixliiri) 
U'riic  -ril,  an  iiivabuib'i!  collection,  all  tiie  volumes  of  whicli  (except  tom.  i., 
v.hich  has  liecn  lost  from  the  archives)  are  in  my  Library,  sonx'  in  print, 
otliers  copied  for  the  ^laximilian  Imperial  Library,  and  the  rest  copied 
f  •qii'cs;;ly  for  my  collection.  I'alou's  work  formed  tomes  xxii.-iii.  of  the  col- 
li'ilioii.  In  18.")7  (not  i84(i  as  Doyle  says),  it  was  jirinted  in  the  form  of  ii 
j'o'h'iii  of  the  I)iai!()  Ojiciid,  forming  the  last  two  of  a  set  of  20  Noliinus  of 
lAx'ur.K'uts  for  the  History  of  Mexico  printed  in  the  same  way  and  selected 
largely  from  the  same  source.  This  collection,  thougli  badly  printed,  is  tho 
most  iiunortant  source  of  information  extant  on  tiic  history  of  Soiiora,  Clii- 
iiu:'.!;i;a,  and  Xt'W  Mexico,  as  will  as  California;  but  it  is  very  rarely  to  bo 
foiinil  complete,  find  has  been  utterl.v  unknown  to  modern  v.'riters  on  histoiy. 
I'alou'N  M(jrk  i.i  divided  intti  four  parts.  I'art  I.  includes  the  annals  of  llaja 
I'alifornia,  under  tiie  Fninciacans  froni  1708  to  \~1'.\,  and  extends  over  24.5 
pa'jcsof  the  llrst  volume  in  40  eiiapters;  I'art  II.  descriljes  tlie  expi'diti<ins  to 
Jlonterey  and  the  foundation  of  the  lirst  live  missions,  extending  from  pago 


420 


DEATH  OF  SERRA;  MPSION  PROGRESS. 


tempted  to  entertain  a  selfish  regret  that  Palou  wroti\ 
or  that  his  writings  were  ever  printed,  yet  all  the 
same  he  must  be  regarded  as  the  best  original  au- 
thority for  the  earliest  period  of  niission  histor\'. 
I  have  copied  his  map  of  Upper  California." 

The  missions  had  a  narrow  escape  from  ruin  or  from 
v.diat  the  I'riars  believed  would  result  in  ruin,  in  the 
form  of  their  erection  into  a  custody.  Sonora  and  tliu 
Californias  had  been  formed  into  a  bishopric  in  177'J, 
and  Bishop  Reyes  came  in  1783,  with  full  authority 

2-17  t'>  il' 8,  in  59  chapters,  an<l  covering  the  period  from  1709  to  177;^;  T.rt 
III.  is    ,  un  of  original  documents  ou  events  of  177;}-':,  not  arrangeil  in 

ehaptciv  'ling  21 1  pii'^es  of  toni.  ii.;  and  Part  IV.  continues  the  narra- 

tive in  41  ■^rs.  pages  '2l3-."!1(i,  from  177."»  to  17S3.     At  tlie  lieginning  of 

torn.  i.  the  u..ch-jr  gives  tlic  following  prefatory  notice:  'Jesus,  Mary,  and 
.Tosepli.  Summary  (of  tlio  aniial-;)  of  Old  California  dui'ing  the  time  th;it 
those  missions  were  a  Imiuistered  by  tlio  missionaries  of  tlie  Regular  Olisci  v- 
ii lice  of  Our  Seraphic  Fafher  San  Francisco  of  the  Apostolic  College  of  San 
Fcruiindo  in  Mexico — and  of  the  new  missions  Avhich  the  said  niissionarii's 
founded  in  the  new  estahli.slnneuta  of  San  Diego  and  Monterey,  written  Ijy 
l!ic  least  (the  jnost  unwortliy)  of  said  missionai'i's,  wlio  worketl  in  Old  ( 'aH- 
fornia  from  the  time  it  was  intrusted  to  said  Colle^'o  down  to  its  delivery  to 
the  reverend  fatliers  of  the  sacred  religion  of  Our  '•  Clierubie"  Father  Santo 
])(iiningo,  and  who  later  with  other  missionaries  of  the  same  C'ol'e;;e  of  San 
Fernando  went  up  to  Monterey,  having  no  other  aim  in  this  material  work 
v.  hich  I  undertake  tha!i  that  alUnvcd  mo  by  the  apostolic  ministry,  wliieli  is 
t>  leave  on  record  all  that  has  hapiicned  and  nny  happen  while  (jod  gives  mo 
life  and  health  to  work  in  this  new  vineyard  of  the  Lord,  so  that  when  tlio 
ehronieler  of  ov.v  a^>ositoUc  colleges  may  demand  from  that  of  San  I'ernundo 
nutes  of  its  apostolic  labors  I  may  have  them  e!inl])iled  in  a  volume,  (U-  moio 
Biiould  there  be  'Miough  to  note,  leaving  it  to  the  skill  of  the  ehronieler  to  put 
them  in  the  style  for  publication,  and  to  his  prudciiec  and  "  religiosity"'  to 
leave  to  the  secrecy  of  the  archives  those  whieli  arc  written  only  because  tlity 
jiiay  be  needed  to  shut  the  mouth  of  those  rivals  in  the  apostolic  ministry  wlio 
are  never  lacking  in  new  conversions,  so  that  if  tliey  should  talk  some  day  of 
DU.'isionary  achievements  there  may  be  had  in  readiness  all  th>!  events  as  tiny 
really  oceiu-re  J  in  ('alifornia,  both  old  and  new  ,  all  of  whiv'))  with  all  siueeiity 
and  truth  I  will  narrate  in  this  sunnnary.  di\  ided  into  four  parts,'  etc.  Tiiis 
j;ives  an  idea  of  the  authoi''s  purpose,  but  hanlly  of  his  style,  which  was  ti^l- 
erably  good.  The  book  has  many  typographical  defects,  but  few  or  noiio 
wUieh  may  not  be  corrected  in  substance  from  the  archives.  I  have  refcrnd 
constantly  to  this  original  edition,  using  for  convenience  torn.  i.  andii.,  instcan 
the  torn,  vi.-vii.  of  the  (  ollcetion.  In  lK74-r),  Mr.lohn'J'.  Doyle  issued  in 
San  J''raneisco  a  reprint  of  I'alou's  XoHi'iun  in  four  8vo  volumes,  one  vo'.ume 
to  each  jiart,  well  ]irinted  on  good  paper,  and  with  a  few  corrections  of  typo- 
;4raphical  irrors.  The  prefatory  notice  just  (pioted  is  omitted  in  ilie  reprint; 
there  is  a  transfer  of  a  diary  from  one  jiait  to  another;  some  ])liotograiihs  ni 
mi.ision  liuildiiigs  and  other  Californian  scenes  arc  adde'l;  aiul  the  whole  is 
jjiui'aeed  by  a  long  and  a'dy  written  note  by  Mr  Doyle  on  I'alou's  life,  the  niis- 
liion  ;  ystem,  the  jiious  fund,  etc. 

^('ali/iiriiuis.  AiitiipiuiiNvcvA  .  .  .Longitmle  reckoned  from  San  I'las.  Diego 
Fraiiciseo,  sc.,  JI"xieo,  1787.  Many  strangu  inaccuracies  will  be  notiecd, 
e^  jieeially  in  the  location  of  Santa  Clara,  San  Antonio,  and  tlie  Colorado 
luitebions.     For  map  see  p.  408,  this  vol. 


CUSTODIES  PROPOSED. 


421 


froir  tlio  king  and  the  Franciscan  coniniissary  general 
to  make  the  clianu'c,  Avliicli  tlunio-li  it  was  to  leave  the 
iiiars  in  control  and  give  the  l)islu)[)  but  little  if  any 
incrrased  authority,  was  doubtless  iiitended  as  a  step 
toward  secularization.  By  it  the  connection  Ix'tween 
missions  and  the  colleges  was  to  cease;  the  missions 
were  to  become  hospices  and  puehlos  de  visitd,  tbe 
president  would  bo  replaced  by  a  custodinn,  who  with 
liis  eouncil  oi  dcfuudores  took  the  place  also,  in  a  cer- 
tain sense,  of  the  college  guardian  and  r/(i'.vcr(Vf)r/o;  and 
the  system  was  to  be  suj^poi'ted  largely  by  the  beg- 
uiiiLT  <^f  all.  ,s.  The  colleq;es  naturally  i)rotested  acjainst 
the  ehani^c,  e.aimini;  that  new  friars  would  have  to  bo 
brought  from  Spain  at  great  expense,  since  the  old 
luissienaries  would  not  sever  their  comrection  with  their 
colleges;  that  the  new  system  made  no  provision  f  >r 
new  conversions;  that,  in  California  particularly,  there 
were  none  to  p-ive  alms;  and  that  there  were  manv 
of'tlie  custody  regulations  which  it  would  be  absolutely 
iin})Ossible  to  enforce  in  these  provinces.  These  pro- 
tests were  of  no  avail  so  far  as  Sonora  was  con- 
cerned, where  the  custody  of  San  Curios  was  formed 
ill  Octtiber  1783;  but  the  collenre  of  San  Fernando 
.succeeded  in  posti)oning  acti(Mi  in  the  erection  of  San 
Gabriel  do  California  until  the  practical  result  else- 
where could  be  known.  As  the  system  proved  to  work 
very  l.)adly  in  Sonora,  Calif  )rnia  escapeil  the  experi- 
iiieut  which  would  almost  certainly  have  provecf  de- 
structive of  mission  prosperit}'.  I  hear  nothing  of 
the  scheme  in  California  after  1787.^" 

'"For  a  full  account  of  tlio  experiment  in  Sonora  sco  Arrir'vUa,  f'ron. 
{■'"i-i'ij. ,  .";i)4-7'>.  The  royal  order  in  f;ivor  of  custoiV's  was  dutod  -May  "JO,  I T'-"-. 
Aug.  17,  179-,  aftor  numerous  petitions,  Die  kin;/,  on  advice  of  genciai,  jrov- 
tranr,  liislK)p,  and  audiencia,  issued  an  order  which  rcstoreil  the  old  sysu  :ii. 
•hui.  S,  ly.Sli,  theguardian  sends  t')  S"ri-a  the  Init  f  ami  liiw.i  for  custndie.H  wi.h 
t!ic'  remark  that  iiicy  contain  many  falsehoods  and  iiujiossihilities,  Raying,  'v.o 
Work  iierc  with  ;ill  our  might  to  ovcrthrovi- these  projeil..iu  thelii";inniiiL',  re;'l- 
'y-''nvj,  that  merely  to  attempt  them  will  cause  ;^'rcat  niiscliief.'  The  l)iihr,:(\  iil 
try  the  experiment  in  Sonora,  and  ^^  e  Khali  he  Irl't  in  peace  foraw  liilu  at  ;;:,y 
late.  If  yon  got  orders  from  the  lji.-'h"p  you  nnist  rep!y  that  yor.r  i;ii[!erior  i  Tio 
he  consulted.  Arrh.  Sl<(.  liurhar".  MS.,  .\ii.  l,")(i-  S.  Fcli,  ;i,  '\'i':,\  the  g:'arili;ili 
of  San  Fernand;)  and  a;;(nit.s  ff  Santa  (.'ruz  and  (luad:'.!:ii,e  eiil!eg(-s  n'.iit(!  iu  a 
prutchit  to  the  viceroy,  hi,  .\ii.  21'2-i;i.     Jan.  1-1,   17S4,  (ialvez  informs  tlic 


422 


DEATH  OF  SERRA;  MISSION  PROGRESS. 


!    i:.' 


Xot  011I3'  did  tlic  missions  escape  separation  from 
the  control  of  San  Fernando,  but  their  number  was 
increased  by  the  foundin*^  of  two  new  establislmients, 
Santa  Barbara  and  Purisima,  the  long-talked  of  mis- 
sions of  the  Channel.  In  1782  these  establishnionts 
had  been  suspended  as  will  be  remembered  because  df 
a  plan  of  the  secular  authorities  to  break  up  the  old 
system  and  take  from  the  friars  the  management  of 
temporalities,  and  the  consequent  refusal  of  the  friars 
to  serve.  The  matter  was  referred  to  the  king,  but 
I  Ihid  no  record  of  definite  action  thereon.  The  guai- 
dian  instructed  President  Serra  and  his  successor 
Lasuen  not  to  allow  any  new  establishments  excejtt 
on  the  old  basis;"  a  good  excuse  was  accordingly  ready 
Avhenever  any  suggestion  w^as  made  by  goNernor  or 
general;  and  finally  by  the  tacit  agreement  of  their 
opponents  the  friars  were  allowed  to  have  their  own 
way.  In  April  1786  the  guardian  informed  the  pres- 
ident that  friars  will  come  to  California  this  year,  and 
Santa  Bdrbara  may  be  founded,  if  the  old  system  bo 
allowed,  but  not  otherwise.^" 

viceroy  that  notwithstanding  the  opposition  it  is  the  king's  -(^ill  that  tlic  cus- 
todius  b(  ^iromotcd.  April  12,  178.3,  gnardiau  informs  Lasuen  that  there  is 
nothing  for  it  but  to  be  silent  and  cautious.  /(/.,  214-15.  It  seems  tliat  gen- 
eral Neve  had  favored  the  eustody  in  California.  Pfov.  St.  Pup.,  M.S.,  vii. 
1;>-11.  March  21, 1787,  the  kingordered  that  if  there  were  not  enough  friar.s  of 
Sau  Fernando  for  the  California  missions,  others  might  be  taken  from  Michuii- 
can.  Airh.  Sin.  Burbara,  MS.,  x.  287;  Poc.  Hid.  Ccd.,  MS.,  iv.  32. 

"April  1,  1784,  the  general  Avrotc  to  Fages  authorizing  tlio  founding  of  a 
mission  at  Montecito  near  tlie  presidio  of  Santa  Barbara.  The  governor  noliiicd 
]'re3.  Seriu  on  July  27tli  from  San  Francisco.  Arch.  S/a.  Hiirhura,  ^IS.,  vi. 
1!)4,  xi.  T).  Is'o  notice  seems  to  have  been  taken  of  this.  March  9,  178.'),  ( leii. 
lieiigel,  presuming  tliat  the  padres  sent  for  have  arrived,  orders  Fages  to  jno- 
cced  at  once  to  found  a  mission  at  ^lontccito.  Instructions  have  been  f.';iv  eii 
tu  jiay  tlie  $1,000  allowed  each  new  mission.  <S7.  Put).,  Sac.,  ^IS.,  iv.  ;i4-."i. 
S-']it.  IiOth  Fages  notifies  Lasuen  that  in  company  with  1*.  .Santa  Maria  he  lias 
o.plored  the  Montecito  site  tliree  fourths  of  a  league  from  tlic  presidio  ainl 
fountl  it  suitable  for  a  mission.  He  has  informed  tlic  general  wlio  orders  :iii 
inuiiediate  foundation.  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  iii.  oo.  Tlie  same  day  Fages  al.so 
writes  to  Lasuen  tliat  as  tlie  two  padres  (Noboa  and  Kioboo)  have  arrived,  lie 
hopes  he  will  proceed  atonce  to  found  the  mission.  Arch.  Stn..  Burbara.  .M.S., 
xi.  ;KSli-7.  Lasuen  replies  that  the  padres  are  destined  elsewhere  and  there 
can  be  no  foundation  yet.  Id.,  389-90.  Pi*.  Mariner  and  Giribet  came  in  178."), 
but  still  nothing  wa ;  done. 

'-'Guardian  to  Lf  suen  April  1,  1780,  mArch.  Sta.  Burhnrn,  MS.,  viii.  Kl.'i- 
4;  xi.  214.  thi  the  same  date  he  forwarded  instructions,  not  extant,  and  directs 
Lasuen  to  show  them  to  the  governor  if  necessary,  but  on  no  account  to  allow 


FOUNDING  OF  SANTA  BARBARA. 


423 


Prosicleiit  Lasuen  went  down  to  the  presidio  at  the 
end  of  October  with  two  of  the  newly  arrived  friars, 
and  suporlntended  active  preparations  for  the  new 
iiii.s.sion  wdiich  was  to  be  formally  dedicated  the  4tli 
of  Doccniber.^^  On  that  day  the  cross  was  raiscxl  and 
l)li'>,sed,  and  that  day,  the  festival  of  Santa  l^arbara 
Virion  y  Martyi',*^  is  regarded  as  the  day  of  the  niis- 
bioii's  reLTular  foundation,  thouijh  the  ceremonies  were 
not  comj)leted  on  account  of  the  governor's  absence 
and  his  order  to  suspend  operations  until  his  arrival. 
Possibly  Fages  had  some  thought  of  insisting  on  the 
innovations  which  had  caused  so  much  controversy, 
but  if  so  lie  cbanged  his  mind,  for  after  his  arrival  on 
Dcccuibcr  1-ith  the  friars  were  allowed  to  go  on  in 
their  own  way.  On  the  IGth  the  first  mass  was  said 
by  Father  Paterna,  a  sermon  was  preached  by  La- 
suen, and  thus  the  foundation  was  completed.'' 

Fatliers  Antonio  Patenia  from  San  Luis,  and  Cris- 
tobal Oramas,  one  of  the  new-comers,  were  tlie  miais- 
trus  faudadores,  the  latter  being  replaced  in  1790  by 
Jose  de  IMiguel.^*'     The  rainy  season  did  not  permit 

niiy  i'.ifrinr;cnicut  on  the  old  systom,  or  any  experiments  like  those  on  the 
('ij1(ii;k1i)  liivei',  which  ho  fears  iire  still  intcndcil.  Id.,  xii.  24-.").  April  Utli 
he  Lduiiuiiuicates  the  royal  orders  that  older  missions  arc  to  cuntrilmto  stock 
;nid  </.vinn  for  8;inta  ]>;'irl)ara.  /(/. ,  xi.  (i.  The  new  padres,  six  in  niiuihcr,  were 
Arciiaxa,  Arroita,  Ordmas,  Santiago,  Sola,  and  Toirente. 

"  Oct.  '27,  178(1,  the  connnandant  writes  to  Fages  asking  him  to  he  present 
!i(  the  ceremony,  an<l  stating  that  the  president  and  j)adres  arc  a))out  to  arrive. 
Nov.  loth,  he  writes  that  timher  has  becu  cut  and  prejjarations  have  been 
riadt!  for  sowing.   Prov.  St.  Pu/i.,  MS.,  vi.  .51,  58. 

"  Santa  B/irbara,  the  virgin  and  martyr,  is  a  saint  whose  existence  is  tivi- 
ilitionary  and  very  doubtfully  authenticated.  She  was  the  diiu;;hter  of  one 
lUoscoro  who  lived  once  ujion  a  time  in  Asia  Minor,  a  cruel  idolater  who  gave 
his  daughter  to  be  tortured  for  her  adherence  to  Christianity,  and  cut  oil  her 
licail  witli  his  own  hand  after  she  had  borne  unflinchingly  tlie  most  cruel  tor- 
ments. Slie  was  and  still  is  the  patron  saint  of  artillerymen  in  tlie  Spanish 
army,  and  the  powder-magazine  on  men-of-A^-ar  often  liears  her  name. 

''Title-pages  of  nii<sion-books  signed  by  Lasuen  in  Mf(.  Ilnrliani,  L'lh.  de 
Mis'ioi},  MS.,  4.1;  Arch.  Sla.  Jldrhcmt,  MS.,  xii.  .'1,  4,  1.V17.  In  the  (ir.st 
annual  report  of  the  nii.ssion  tlio  date  of  tlie  first  mass  is  given  as  l)ec.  ITith, 
mid  the  site  is  called  Peilragoso,  one  fourth  of  a  league  from  the  presidio.  Jd., 
V.  ,'{,  4.  Dee.  lltli  Lasuen  writes  to  the  general  aiiout  tlie  governor's  order 
siis[;cndiiig  the  foundation.  Jd.,  xi.  7.  April  lltli  the  giueral  aekiUAvledges 
receipt  of  news  of  founding,  and  in  June  of  progress.  I'lVC.  St.  I'ciji.,  MS., 
vii.  4:1,  r.8-9. 

'''See  lists  of  padres  at  Santa  Bdi'bara  from  the  beginning,  conipikil  from 
the  records  by  E.  F.  Murray,  in  Arch.  Sta.  JJiirlara,  MS.,  vii.  8-10,  'Jj-'J, 
oU-4:3,  08-70,  7^7. 


424 


DEATH  OF  SERRA;  MISSION  TROGRESS. 


fr      <" 


w     t 


the  erection  of  buildings  at  first,  and  the  first  bap- 
tism on  December  31st  was  administered  at  the  pie- 
sidio.  On  account  of  the  proximity  of  the  pi'esi(ri(» 
only  the  ordinary  guard  of  six  men  was  allowed.'' 
By  the  end  of  1787  there  had  been  188  ba])tisms, 
which  number  was  increased  to  520  in  1790,  wilh  102 
deaths,  leaving  438  existing  neophytes.  At  this  time 
large  stock  numbered  296  and  small  stock  503  head, 
while  products  of  the  soil  amounted  to  about  1,500 
bushels.  A  church  18  by  90  feet  was  com])letcd  in 
1789,  and  by  the  end  of  1790  other  mission  buildings 
of  adobes  with  tile  roofs  were  sufficiently  numerous 
and  in  good  condition.^** 

Respecting  the  founding  of  the  third  Channel  mis- 
sion little  material  is  preserved  in  the  archives.  As 
early  as  1779-80  it  had  been  determined  to  locate  the 
mission  at  the  western  extremity  of  the  Santa  Bar- 
bara clianncl  in  the  region  of  Point  Concepcion,  and 
that,  not  improbably  with  some  reference  to  the  name 
of  the  cape,  it  should  be  dedicated  to  La  Burisima 
Concepcion,  tliat  is,  "to  the  singular  and  most  pure 
m^-story  of  the  immaculate  conception  of  the  UKJst 
holy  virgin  INIary,  mother  of  God,  queen  of  heaven, 
(jueen  of  angels,  and  Our  Lady."  The  foundation  was 
suspended  like  that  of  Santa  Bilrbara,  and  operations 
were  resumed  when  certain  restrictions  obnoxious  to 
the  friars  were  removed.  In  June  1785  Governor 
Pages  recommended  a  site  on  the  Santa  Bosa  Biver, 
now  called  the  Santa  Ines;  and  in  March  178G  General 
Bengel  instructed  the  governor  to  proceed  with  the 
establishment.'"    At  last  Bresident  Lasuen,  doubtless 

"  Fancii,  fii/oniio  (h  MisioncK,  MS.,  ]3")-G. 

'*"  Full  sUitistics  of  b.'iptisma,  deaf  lis,  etc.,  with  inventories  of  mission  prop- 
erty, aiid  lists  of  l>uil(liii;j;.s  n.s  completed  from  year  to  year  ill  J'a'crmi,  fii- 
j'iiriti<.-<  (If  1 1  Misioa  til'  Santa  BuHiuni,  17S7-9,J,  ilS.  Want  of  water  ii  great 
(li:\\vl)ack  in  ayiiciiltural  ojieratioiis.  I'lf/i'K.  Infonnc  dc  2J  iaiuio  i,  l.JJ-7.  !•  ir.it 
sowing' of  wheat  did  not  eoino  up.  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  vii.  (io.  Owing  to 
lack  of  mcaiLS  to  support  Indiana  only  voluntary  converts  were  admitiod  at 
iirst.   /(('.,  vii.  Til). 

''•'Fa-cs  to  Rcn,!,'cl  June  2,  178.'),  in  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  i.  1 1)2-0.  Rengel  to 
Fagcri  March  24,  1780,  in  Prov.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  vi.  112-13.     lie  calls  the  site 


FOUNDING  OF  TURlSIMA. 


425 


accompanied  by  a  military  guard,  went  up  fnim  tlio 
i)rcsidio  of  Santa  Barbara  to  tliu  site  sselected,  called 
1»y  tliu  natives  Alg!>acupi,  where  on  December  H,  1787, 
he  blessed  the  spot,  raised  the  cross,  celebrated  mass, 
and  preached  a  sermon.  Thus  the  mission  was  nomi- 
nally ibundcd,  and  the  day  was  afterward  given  iu 
mission  reports  as  the  anniversary  date;  but  there 
Avas  in  reality  no  beginning  of  the  mission  worh  proper 
jit  this  time.  The  day  was  that  of  La  Purisima  Con- 
ccix'ion  and  was  therefore  selected  for  the  ceremony ; 
Ijut  the  spot  was  subsequently  abandoned  for  several 
months,  all  returning  to  the  presidio  on  account  of 
the  rainy  season,  as  had  doubtless  been  the  intention. 
In  the  middle  of  ]\Iarch  1788  the  mission  escort, 
probably  under  Sergeant  Pablo  Antonio  Cota,  with 
a  band  of  laborers  and  servants,  went  up  to  pre|)are 
the  necessary  buildings,  and  early  in  April  President 
Lasuen  returned  wdth  the  two  Qiilnistros  fundadores, 
Vicente  Fustcr  from  San  Juan  and  Josd  Arroita  a 
new-comer  of  1780.-°  The  former  was  succeeded  late 
iu  178D  by  Cristobal  Orauius  from  Santa  Barbara. 
As  early  as  August  1788  seventy-nine  neophytes 
were  enrolled.  In  September  Corporal  Jose  M.  Or- 
tega took  command  of  the  mission  guard.'*  The  site 
we  shall  see  was  changed  in  later  years.^^ 


iis 


S(  Ipctcd  Santa  Rosa  dc  la  Gaviota,  and  says  ho  will  apply  for  the  $1 ,0(H) 
allowed  each  new  mission. 

■^'TiUc-pngo  of  l);tptismal  register  signed  by  Lusiien,  in  Piirinimn,  I.'ih.  ilt>. 
2Mi.-:i"ii,  ^IS.,  1-3.  Fiii^cs'  instruction  to  tiio  sergeant  in  conimnnd  are  datcil 
at  S;m  Gubiicl  on  April  Ttli.  They  arc  very  complete  and  carefully  prcpareil, 
cujoiniii';  j_'re;it  caution,  kind  treatment  to  the  natives,  and  hanuoiiiouji 
r('hiiioii.<  with  the  missionaries,  the  conversion  of  gentiles  being  thoeiiicf  aim 
of  tlie  e(in(ju(  st.  J'aijrK,  Orilciia  (jenvruhft  que  thhc  oh'^frvar  cl  San/cnlo  oirar- 
ij(i'l()  (If  la  E.irolta  di'  In  Xvcni  Mi.tion  tie  la  Puria'nrta  Coucrprloii,  //Xs',  MS, 
'i'lic  scr'_'«int  is  ordered  to  explore  for  the  shortest  way  and  best  road  lo  tlio 
Lji;;  iiiii  Larga. 

■'  frni:  Sf.  rap.,  MS.,  viii.  87,  110.  Ey  the  end  of  1790,  .301  natives  1-id 
lic'^ii  l)iiptized,  2'.\  had  dieil,  and  the  number  exi.-.tirii;  was  "J.'M.  Small  sv.  k 
li;i(l  iiuM'ea.'ed  to  731  and  large  to  2o7  head.  Th^  mission  crops  in  1790  wero 
!,7<t()  bushels. 

--List  of  over  50  rancherias  in  Purisima  district,  in  Puris'ima,  1/ih.  M'tnioii, 
:MS.,  10, 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

RtrUE  OF  FAGES;  FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  COMMERCE. 

1783-1790. 

No  Fears  of  Foreigners — Isolation  of  California — War  Contributiosh 
AGAINST  England — Visit  of  the  French  Voyager  La  rEitorsE— His 
Instiicotions — An  HosriTAisLE  Reception — The  Strangers  at  .San 
Carlos — Fate  of  the  Expedition — Orservations  on  the  Country 
and  the  Mission  System — Commerce — The  Salt-trade — Tiu;  Yin- 

TRADE— VaSADRE'S     PROJECT — A     FaILCRE— ThE     MaNILA    GaLLKON  — 

Current  Prices — Arrival  of  Transport  Vesskls — Xorthi.rn  Xhy- 
ages  of  Martinez  and  Elisa — General  Washington's  Ship  tuk 
'  Coi.rMBiA ' — The  Chigoes — Ex-governor  Neve  and  the  Provinci.vs 
Internas. 


yi 


.a.^■ 


Although  fears  of  foreign  encroachments  had  been 
a  principal  motive  for  the  Spanii^h  occupation  of  Cal- 
ifornia, and  these  fears  were  still  entertained  in  Spain 
and  Mexico  respecting  the  far  north,  there  was  littlu 
anxiety  on  the  subject  in  California.  I'ruc,  ordcis 
had  been  received  occasionally  from  the  king  rocpiir- 
iiig  precautions  in  view  of  special  dangers  real  oi- 
imaginary,^  and  such  orders  had  been  made  public  with 

'July  2G,  1778,  Croix  to  Neve,  strict  neutrality  to  be  (il).scrvcil  in  tlic 
Anglo-Freiich'Wiir  by  royal  order  of  March  "22.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  ;MM.,  ii.  "Js. 
Aug.  G,  1771),  Gen.  Croix  forwards  to  Gov.  Neve  royal  orders  for  dcfouci'  uiid 
reprisals  against  the  English  with  whom  Spain  was  at  war.  Pror.  Sf.  Pii/'-, 
MS.,  ii.  49.  Feb.  11th  and  ISth,  Croix  to  Neve  forwarding  ordei'S  for  n<iii- 
intereourse,  reprisals,  etc.,  /(/.,  ii.  102,  108.  Aug.  2,"),  17SI),  Croix  to  Xevt.' 
warning  him  of  Admiral  Hughes'  departure  from  England  in  March  177!)  with 
n  fleet  to  operate  on  west  coast  of  America.  /(/.,  ii.  112-13.  Sept.  22,  17'S<), 
Croix  expresses  to  Neve  the  remarkable,  not  to  say  idiotic,  opinion  that  to 
stop  the  breeding  of  horses  in  California  and  otlicr  frontier  provinces  would 
keep  foreigners  away  'pues  dificilmcntc  lo  emprcnderan  (intcniar.se)  faltaiido 
los  au.silios  principales  para  transitar  los  desiertos  ijue  promedian.'  Pror.  SI. 
Pnp.,  Pen.  Mil.,  MS.,  iv.  14.  March  22,  1781,  Neve  orders  CarriHo  to  drive 
away  the  live-stock  incase  the  English  Occt  should  appear,  inon'er  to  be  free 

(420J 


wm 


WARLIKE  PRECAUTIONS. 


427 


fill  due  formality,  but  always  without  producing  tlio 
^linhtcst  ri})|)lo  of  cxcitenicut.  There  was  not  even 
tliL'  oocaHional  a|)i)earanc«.!  of  a  strange  sail  off  the 
coast  which  ])rochiccd  such  a  ttanpest  in  a  teapot  at 
the  south.  No  foroijjfncr  was  sccmi  in  California  dur- 
iiig  the  first  sixteen  years  of  her  history.  Knowledgo 
of  curient  events  was  limited  a})parently  to  the  names 
of  ruling  king  in  Spain  and  pope  at  Home.  If  they 
knew  more  the  records  do  not  show  it,  and  there  is 
no  evidence  that  the  great  conflict  on  the  Atlantic 
side  of  their  own  continent  was  beard  of  until  long 
after  it  was  over. 

Yet  iu  the  war  between  Spain  and  England,  lasting, 
so  far  as  knowlcd<xc  of  it  in  this  far  north-west  was 
I'onccrned,  from  1780  to  1784,  the  Californians  were 
called  upon  to  aid  their  sovereign  with  their  money 
and  their  prayers,  antl  they  responded  very  freely  to 
tlio  call.  In  1780  Carlos  III.  called  upon  his  American 
subjects  for  a  donation,  fixing  the  contribution  of  each 
Spaniard  at  two  dollars  and  of  each  Indian  vassal  at 
one  dollar.  A  year  later  General  Cr  'x  forwarded 
this  order  to  California  with  instructicus  for  its  pub- 
lication and  enforcement.'^  Nominally  the  contribution 
was  to  be  voluntary,  but  in  reality  was  so  managed  as 
to  leave  no  convenient  method  of  escape.  All  pci'sons 
under  eighteen  years  of  age  were  exempt.  Neophytes 
niiglit  contribute  produce  which  was  to  be  sold  at 
tarilf  [)rices;  but  it  was  of  course  a  mission  contribu- 
tion made  by  the  friar  in  charge  from  the  connuunity 
property  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  male  neo- 
phytes. Places  that  had  suffered  from  epidemic  or 
other  special  disaster  might  be  declared  exerinn  ;  but 

to  (Icfiiid  Monterey.  Pror.  Sf.  Pap.,  ISIS.,  iii.  .SO,"),  llardi  17,  ITSi,  treaty 
of  ]ieucf  lietween  Si)ai!i  and  J]n'jlai;(l  sent  tu  California.  J'r(,i'.  St.  Pup.,  .MS., 
V.  .'id.  Nov.  ]."),  17M4,  Fages  to  coininandant  general,  lias  learned  that  a  for- 
ei!,'ii  power  intends  to  send  dis;^nised  eniiHsaries  to  Mexico;  v.ill  ane  ;t  any 
.sueli  who  may  eoinc  to  California.  Pror.  llci'.,  MS.,  i.  IH'i.  Xov.  lotli,  Id.  to 
id.  tuideistands  that  no  foreigner."?  nui.st  be  allowed  in  the  country,  ci-.^jecialiy 
at  the  ports.     There  arc  none  here  now.  liL,  i.  181. 

^lioyal  order  of  Aup.  17,  17S0.  Forwarded  by  Gen.  Croix  Aug.  \'2,  17S1. 
AitJi.  St:i.  B(r-liaro,  JIS.,  xii.  'J"2:?-0;  vii.  147-'^3;  Cfo'j:,  Inntruccioa  sobre 
Donativo  en  L'alij'ontia  imra  la  ijutrra  con  Liijlalerru,  1781,  MS. 


428 


FOKEION  RELATIONS  AND  COMMERCE. 


ifl'  i 


I  ,:* 


full  lists  and  records  of  the  contributors  in  each  cstal)- 
lisluncnt  were  to  hv  niadu  Jind  forwarded  to  Sjtaiii. 
It  was  the  o[)inion  of  (Joncral  Croix  that  the  soldiiirs 
should  not  bo  required  to  aid  in  the  donation,  hut 
might  do  so  if  tlujy  wished.  The  missions  of  Saa 
Diego  and  San  Juan  Capistrano  [)l(iade(l  poverty  at 
Hrst,'"'  but  seem  to  have  borne  their  part  of  the  burden 
at  last,  since  for  any  missionary  to  refuse  was  to  i>ut 
his  mission  in  an  unfavorable  light  for  the  future. 
The  whole  amount  raised  was  over  four  thousand 
dollars,  of  which  the  governor  personally  contributed 
two  thousand.* 

The  first  intercourse  of  the  Californians  with  sub- 
jects of  a  foreign  power  was  with  Ihc  French  under 
Jean  Francois  Galaup  de  La  Perousc  in  the  autunni 
of  1780.  Tliis  distinguished  navigator  had  sailed 
from  Brest  in  Auijust  1785  on  the  fricfate  Jioiissole 
with  the  Astrolabe  under  M.  de  Langle,  on  a  scient"'^ 
cxploi-ing  expedition  round  the  workl,  fitted  out 
despatelied  by  the  French  government.  A  full  Cw.  ^  o 
of  scientific  specialists  accompanied  the  expedition; 
Uiinute  and  carefully  prepared  instructions  were  given, 
accompanied  by  reports  and  charts  of  all  that  had  been 
acconn)lished  by  the  explorers  of  different  nations;  tiio 
connnanders  were  carefully  selected  for  their  ability 
and  experience;  and  in  fact  every  possible  precaution 
was  taken  to  make  the  trip  a  success.  In  the  king's 
general   instructions  dated  June  26,  178o,  occurred 

3  A  rrh.  S/a.  Burharn,  MS. ,  i.  2o9-G0;  xii.  230-2.  President  Scrr.a  approval 
the  plea  of  San  Diego.  According  to  I'rov.  lice,  MS.,  iii.  132-3,  several  mis- 
eiona  .sought  exemption. 

■■The  sums  paid  by  each  CF,tab)ishment  were  as  follows:  San  Francisco 
presidio  and  two  missions,  .?373;  Monterey,  $833;  San  Carlos,  $10lj;  S.iii 
Antonio,  $ll'2;  San  Luis,  §107;  Sta.  Barbara  presidio,  §249;  Los  Angeles,  .*l"i; 
San  (iabrid,  81.'i4;  San  Jnan  and  San  Diego,  §229;  San  Diego  I'r.,  $.')l."i; 
toLal,  !i:-,()S3,  but  tlicrc  is  some  variation  in  tlic  records.  Dee.  7,  17''i2,  (Sin. 
Croix  names  tliu  total  amount  as  !?4,21G.  Besides  Gov.  Neve,  Ignacio  Valleji), 
ir.ajo.  dun'.o  at  Sun  Ciirlos,  is  tlic  only  contributor  named.  He  gave  i  10.  San 
Jotii  would  seem  to  have  done  nothing.  Sec  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS., 
ii.  5,  iii.  11,  27-9;  viii.  4;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  70;  Pror.  L'ec,  MS.,  ii. 
70.  74-5.  In  accordance  with  a  cijdula  of  June  15,  1779,  received  in  Cali- 
fornia June  13,  17S0,  ^irayers  both  public  and  private  were  ordered  by  the 
padre  presidcnte  on  June  24tli.  Arch.  Slu.  Barbara,  MS.,  ix.  277-80;  x.  273. 


¥ 


VISIT  OF  LA  PitROUSE. 


429 


I'ancisco 
Olj;  Siui 
lcs.)?l.'); 

.,  r-i"-; 

i2,  {Irii. 

Viilkjo, 
0.    Siiu 

/.,MS., 

M.S.,  ii. 

ill  Cali- 
liy  tliu 
x."  273. 


soino  passages  relating  inoro  or  less  directly  to  Cali- 
toniia.'' 

La  Perousc  brought  with  him,  besides  the  historical 
\\(»rk  of  Venegas,  a  printed  account  of  the  Spanish 
(■\j)e(litions  of  1709-70,"  and  other  narratives  in  nianu- 
Miipt  or  print  of  subsequent  Spanish  voyages  u|»  the 
coast,  several  (jf  which  are  ti'anslated  and  published 
with  the  journal  of  this  expedition. 

Having  doubled  Cape  Horn,  visited  Easter  Island 
and  the  Hawaiian  group,  the  Boussole  and  Astru/ahe 
crossed  to  the  American  coast,  anchoring  July  4,  1780, 
ill  the  Port  des  Francais  in  58"  37'.'  The  naviii'ator's 
instructions  had  been  to  visit  Monterey  first  and  tlienco 
to  explore  the  coast  up  to  the  Aleutian  Isles;  but  a 
knowledge  of  the  j)rovaiIing  wind  had  led  him  to  a 
liigher  latitude;  delays  at  Port  des  Franyais  left  no 
time  for  a  northern  vo^-age;  and  it  .\as  decided  to  run 
down  the  coast  without  stopping,  ()l)tain  supplies  at 
^lonterey,  and  hasten  back  to  the  China  coast,  where 
the  expedition  was  thie  in  the  early  spring.  On  the 
vova<»e  southward  no  observations  were  made  on  the 
California  coast  ou  account  of  tlie  dense  fogs,  save 
tliat  one  night  there  was  seen  what  seemed  to  be  a 

'•' '  If  in  the  survey  wliidi  lie  is  to  make  of  tlie  nortli-wcst  coast  of  Americii 
lie  t'aiils  at  iiny  points  of  that  coast  forts  or  tradinu'-posts  l)eloiiginy  to  ^i^^ 
Ciitiioliu  Majesty  h(!  will  scrupnlonsly  avoid  cvorytiiing  which  might  givo 
(illiiico  to  the  coinmandants  or  diiefs  of  tlio.se  estaldishnients;  hut  he  will  u.so 
with  thcni  the  ties  of  l)looil  and  friendslii[)  which  so  clo.sely  unite  the  two 
sdViii  igiis  in  order  to  obtain  hy  means  thereof  all  the  aid  and  refre.-shnuMit 
which  he  may  need  and  which  the  counti'y  may  l)e  aide  to  furnish. .  .So  far 
as  it  is  jiossilde  to  judge  from  the  relations  of  those  countries  which  liavo 
reached  Franco,  the  actual  possession  cf  Spain  docs  not  extend  above  the  porta 
(if  San  Diego  and  Montciey,  where  she  has  built  small  forts  garrisoned  by 
(litiichmcnts  !'rom  California  or  from  Xew  Mexico.  The  Sieur  do  J^a  IVrouse 
will  try  to  learn  the  condition,  force,  and  aim  of  these  eshdilishments ;  and 
to  infoim  hiuLself  if  they  are  tlie  only  ones  which  Spain  has  fnunded  on  those 
coasts.  lie  will  likewise  ascei  tain  at  w  hat  latitude  ii  beginning  may  be  made 
of  ]irocin-ing  peltries;  what  (piaiitity  the  Americans  (Indians)  can  furnish; 
what  articles  would  be  be>t  adapted  to  the  fnr-trade;'  what  facilities  there 
might  be  for  a  French  establisinnent,  all  this  relating  of  eouiso  chielly  to  the 
noilliern  coast.  La  J'troiiKC,  Vdijajc  ib'  (Jean  Fr.iiK^thn  G'lilnuii)  dc  la  l'<  rouse 
tiiitoiir  (ill  maudc,  puhlir  coiij'ormi'iiii'nt  au  <t'rt /(/'  da  J^  A  rrU  I'l'Jj ,  it  /■«//';/.'  fmr 
M.  L.  A.  Md('t-Mur<au. .  .Paris,  170S,  8vo,  4  vol.  with  atlas  in  folio,  tom.  i. 
'JS-il.  It  does  not  seem  desirable  to  mention  here  the  various  translations 
and  abridgments  of  this  narrative  and  its  accompanying  documents. 

''  !>oiibtIcss  the  Moi.li  ir;/,  Ei/rnr/u  di-  Xoti(ia<,  or  dcildiisii,  Ijiavio  Hint. 

'  On  the  northern  explorations  sec  Uht.  Xorthwe/it  Coast,  i.  17-1-7. 


! 


i   1 


W 


r 


430 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  COMMERCE. 


volcano  in  active  operation  below  41",  until  tlioy 
entered  Monterey  Hkiy  September  14tli,  aneliorino- 
next  day  among  the  whales  which  came  boldly  witliiu 
pistol-shot  to  spout  vile-smelling  water  round  about 
the  vessels. 

The  French  navigators  had  been  expected.  The 
authorities  had  received  orders  to  accord  to  the  foreign 
ileet  the  same  welcome  as  to  vessels  of  their  own  nation, 
so  that  La  Perouse  had  little  need  to  show  his  open 
letter  from  the  minister  of  Spain.  The  transports  of 
this  3''-'ar,  the  Princcsa,  Captain  Estevan  Martinez,  and 
the  Favorita,  Captain  Jose  Tobar,  were  now  in  port, 
and  their  boats  were  promptly  takim  out  by  their  ca[i- 
tains  to  pilot  the  visitors  into  the  harl)or,  seven  guns 
fron\  till  fort  saluting  them  as  they  dropped  anchor. 
Don  Pedro  Pages  not  only  carried  out  the  orelers  of 
his  superiors,  but  says  La  Perouse  "he  put  into  their 
execution  a  graciousness  mid  air  of  interest  which 
merit  from  us  the  liveliest  acknowledgment.  He  did 
not  confine  himself  to  obliijfinij:  words;  cattle,  vege- 
tables,  and  milk  were  sent  on  boa'xl  in  abundance. 
The  <lesire  to  serve  us  well  nigh  caused  a  disturbance 
of  the  harmony  between  the  commandants  of  fort  and 
corvettes;  for  each  wished  the  exclusive  right  to  sup- 
pi}'  our  needs;  and  wlnni  it  came  to  settling  the  score, 
we  liad  to  insist  on  their  receiving  our  mo'iey.  Vege- 
tables, milk,  poultry,  all  the  garrison's  labor  in  helping 
U;i  to  wood  and  water  were  free;  and  cattle,  sheep, 
and  grain  were  priced  at  so  low  a  figure  that  it  was 
evident  an  account  was  furnished  only  because  we  had 
I'igorously  insisted  on  it.  Isl.  Pages  joined  to  his  gen- 
erosit^'tlie  most  gentlemanly  demeanor;  his  house  was 
ours,  and  we  might  dispose  of  all  his  servants." 

"The  jiadres  of  San  Carlos  mission  two  leagues 
from  i\[oiiter(>3'  soon  came  to  the  presidio;  as  kind  to 
us  as  tlie  officers  of  fort  and  frigates  they  insisted  on 
our  going  to  dine  with  them,  and  promised  to  ac- 
quaint us  in  detail  with  the  management  of  their 
mission,  the  Indian  manner  of  living,  their  arts  and 


RECEPTIOX  OF  THE  FREXCmiEX. 


431 


tliov 


11' 


ciistoins,  ill  fact  all  that  might  interest  travellers.  We 
accepted  with  eagerness.  .  .]\1.  Fages  wished  to  ae- 
foinpanyns.  .  .After  having  crossed  a  little  plain  cov- 
ered with  herds  of  cattle.  .  .we  asccudod  the  hills  and 
heard  the  sound  of  bells  announcing  our  coming.  We 
were  received  like  lords  of  a  parish  visiting  their  es- 
tates for  the  first  time.  The  president  of  the  mis- 
sions, clad  in  cope,  his  holy-water  sprinlder  in  hand, 
received  us  at  the  door  of  the  church  illuminated  as 
on  the  grandest  festivals;  led  us  to  the  foot  of  tlic 
altar;  and  chanted  a  to  deum  of  thanks!.>ivin!»'  for 
tlic  happy  issue  of  our  voyage.  Before  entering  the 
eliiirch  we  had  crossed  a  plaza  where  Indians  of  both 
sexes  were  ranged  in  line;  their  faces  showed  no  sur- 
prise and  l(>ft  room  to  doubt  if  we  should  be  the  sub- 
ject of  their  conversation  for  the  rest  of  the  day."*^ 
After  leaving  the  church  the  visitors  spen!:  a  short 
time  in  examining  the  mission  and  in  making  a  careful, 
tliough  necessarily  brief  study  of  the  Franciscan 
rcgiiiie  and  its  effects  on  the  natives.  They  probably 
visited  San  (*arios  more  than  once. 

"As  the  scddiers  had  rendered  us  a  thousand  little 
services,  I  as!ced  leave  to  present  them  a  piece  of  blue 
cl'ith:  and  I  sent  to  the  mission  some  blankets,  stntls, 
beads,  tools,  etc.  The  president  announced  to  all  the 
villa'jce  that  it  was  a  uift  from  their  faitliful  and  an- 
cieiit  allies  who  professed  the  same  faith  as  the  S[>an- 
iards;  whicli  announcement  so  aroused  their  kind 
feeling  tov/ard  us  that  each  one  brought  us  the  next 
day  a  bundle  of  hay  or  straw  for  the  cattle  and  sheep. 
Oui'  gardener  gave  to  the  missionaries  some  potatoes 
iVoiii  Chili,  perfectly  sound;  I  believe  this  is  not 
one  of  the  least  of  our  gifts  and  tliat  this  root  \,'.\\. 
Mir-ceed  peri'ectly  aro;ind  ]\Ionterey."  j\I.  de  Langlo 
also  presented  San  Carlos  with  a  han<lmill  for  gi-ind- 
iiig  grain  which  would  enable  ibiir  of  the  neophyte 
women  to  do  the  work  of  a  hunth-ed  in  the  old  wav.'' 


"All  Pcrv.tixi\  Vdi/aijf,  ii.  291-4. 
"/(/,,  ii.  -Mo,  'JUl). 


432 


FOREir.N  RELATIONS  AXD  COMMERCE. 


!  i- 


!-.f 


I  ; 


l|i 


,j. ,.. 


Durincj  the  brief  stav  of  ten  days  the  crew  were  liiisv 

O  V  t.'  », 

in  obtaining  wood  and  water;  while  tlie  botanists, 
geologists,  and  olher  specialists  pursued  their  studies, 
made  drawings, and  gathered  specimens.  Three  shoit 
letters  were  written  by  La  Perouse  and  one  by  !M.  dc 
Langle,  to  be  sent  to  France  by  way  of  ]Mexico,'"  On 
the  22(1  all  was  ready  for  departure,  and  fai'ewcU  wns 
said  to  fifovernor  and  missionaries.  Next  dav  tlio 
winds  were  contrary,  but  early  on  the  24th  tlie  navi- 
gators parted  from  INIartinez,  who  came  oil'  in  his  loiiir- 
boat,  and  set  sail  for  the  far  west.  Then  Calilbrnia's 
relations  with  the  outside  world  were  for  a  time  sus- 
pended." 

'" /f?.,  iv.  17G-S6.  In  a  note  of  Sept.  14th  (?)  the  commander  says:  'Xns 
vaissiaux  out  Otc  rcciis  pnr  los  l''S|.agiiols  coinincj  ol-ux  do  lour  propro  nation  ; 
tous  les  scoours  possibles  nous  out  etc  pro(liijru(''.s;  los  )-eli;;lc;i.\  L■llal•^L•s  di's 
missions  noua  out  cuvoyc'  uno  (piantit6  tros-eousidcralilo  ilu  provisions  do  tui'te 
espi'cc,  et  jc!  lenr  ai  fait  prosont,  pour  leuis  ludion-.,  d'uuo  iuliuito  de  poLius 
aitioles  q\ii  avaieiit  eti'' ('inl)nn|U(''S  h  Brest  ])our  ect  objv. t,  et  qui  leur  sennit 
de  la,  jilus  ;;raiulo  utiliti'.'  Again  Sept.  lOtli:  'Xous  soir.iues  arrives  a  .Mon- 
terey le,  1.")  septoinhre;  les  onlres  du  roi  d'Esjiayuc  nous  y  avaieut  pr;  ciMks, 
et  il  eCit  <^\.'i  impossible,  dans  nos  jiroprea  eoio-.iies,  de  recevoir  un  uieillrur 
uecueil.'  JI.  do  Lauglo  .says  on  Sept.  "JiJd,  of  ('apt.  ^lartinez:  'II  a  pruvenu 
nos  besoius  avec  uu  zMo  iufati'^able,'  et  niuis  a  rendu  tous  les  .services  qui 
dt'pendaient  de  lui.  11  m'a  ebarj;6  do  vous  .supplier  do  lo  recoi.imauder  a  sun 
miuiitre.  .  ..Je  pais  d'iei  saiis  avoir  uu  uialade.'  A.;o'i  from  .Maeao  .Ian  ;M,  7'/., 
iv.  'J.'!.'),  La  I'erousc  writes  :  'I  semi  the  ebart  of  Monterey  made  by  ourselves ; 
I  have  met  at  Monterey  oliiecrs  of  the  little  San  Lias  establishuu'ut  w  iio  cei-- 
taiidy  are  not  without  ability  iind  who  seemed  to  me  very  capable  of  making 
charts  with  exaetitude.' 

"  La  I'liouse's  visit  left  but  a  slitjht  record  in  the  Ciliforniau  arehives,  yet 
it  is  alluded  to  ii;  several  ollicial  eommuuieations.  Sec  Pi-ow  St,  /'"/».,  JJ'ii. 
Mil..  .MS.,  viii.  IL  Piov.  St.  Pap..  ISIS.,  vii.  (!,  42,  l:i."i;  letter  of  (iovernor 
I'nges  of  Septendter'iSth.in^i'c'V'aiA'  .)/(./■.,  ii.'JSO-S,  Sei)temberbStli,  I.',  ij.'isuea 
writes  to  l,a,  Lc'rou-ie  seudin;.,'  him  three  jiici'cs  of  reed  and  a  sfiiue  worked  by 
tho  Santa,  l>arl)ara  Lnliaus.  Will  serid  7<*  fane'.'as  of  frr.-dn.  Arch.S'd.  Iliir- 
fiKft,  MS.,  xii.  ."liiL  'I'aylor.  hi^foi'.  (tiid  /■'-/'//(/.,  No  .SLii.  )!).'!,  tells  us  that 
il,  pietui'e  of  La,  I'ei'ouse's  vessels  by  one  of  Ins  ollieers  was  preserved  for  many 
yeai'S  at  Sa.n  ( Virlos,  but  dis;i]ipeared  after  is;!,'},  having  lieeu  eai'riecl  away  as 
the  old  si^ttlei'i  isay  by  I'ctit-'I'lioiiars.  This  writer  is  very  liki'ly  wroiii,'  about 
the  sidijectof  the  ]iieturc.  An  anonymous  S[ianish  \xriti'r  in  l.SI.'i,  ('.  S.,  Ih- 
gfri/ici(jii.  T<ifi<iijn'(i!i'fi  <lr  hi^  Mixhiiic!*,  Pn<hl<:.<,  ij  /'ri.<hli'>-<  il< i  Xortc  i/  ih-  hi 
Kuvrn-l'ulij'dri.'iii,  iu  A'cc/V/rt  Cirnfnica  ;/  L'l/.,  i.  .'{'JT-!*,  F=:i.ys  that  (Uie  of  l.a 
I'erouse's  ollieers  made  a  sketch  of  his  reception  at  San  ( '.irlos  by  I'alnu  (La 
suen)  and  two  pailres,  which  was  kept  iu  the  missior  l-iriilorio.  Caplain 
r>(-ecliey  wished  to  )iuy  it,  but  P.  AbeUa  refused  to  ]iai  with  it.  When  I'etit- 
Tliouai's  came  it  iiad  disniipeared,  1"!.^;  m  riter  made  every  ellbrt  t)  llud  it, 
olVeriu','  as  hi.-h  as  .Sl.OOO,  but  iu  vain,  it  was  thoULjlit  to  have  been  sloKii. 
'J'he  writer  found  at  San  (Viilos  (no  date)  two  Lxlians  who  remcndieied  all 
about  I,,a  I'erouse'.s  visit,  l-'inally  Mrs  Ord,  Oci'm  iiri'ix  rn  ('uUfdrnUi,  .MS., 
fiT-O,  says  that  P.  Nbireuo,  soon  after  his  arrivjil  (IS.');!),  ;;ave  the  paintin.j;  t  i 
her  brothel-,  Juaa  tic  la  ( iuerra,  who  on  his  death-bed  presented  it  to  her.    in 


OBSERVATIONS  OX  THE  COUXTRY. 


403 


Crossino^  the  Pacific  the  Frenchmen  visited  tlie 
Phili|)[)iiio  Islands  in  February  1787;  then  tliey  coasted 
Japan  and  China,  and  reached  Kamchatka  in  Septeni- 
Itor;  at  the  Navigator  Islands  in  December,  ^l.  do 
LaiiLrlc,  with  eleven  of  his  men,  was  killed  bv  the 
Indians;  and  the  last  that  was  ever  known  of  vessels, 
c;)nnnander,  or  crew,  they  wx>re  at  Botany  Bay  on  tlie 
coast  of  New  Zealand,  where  La  Perousu'.s  jouinal 
vAuh  witli  January  24,  1788,  a  subsequent  letter  being 
dated  Ft.'bruary  8th,  at  the  same  jJace. 

Tliough  the  stay  of  the  ill-fated  navigators  at 
]\[()nteiey  was  brief  and  uneventful,  I  have  deemed  it 
worthv  of  somewliat  extended  notice,  not  onlv  as  the 
iirst  visit  of  a  foreigner  to  California,  but  on  account 
of  tlic  remarkable  accuracy,  comprehensiveness,  and 
kindly  fairness  of  La  Perouse's  observations  on  tlic 
province  and  its  instituticjus,  "His  account  of  the 
natural  resources  of  the  country  and  its  character- 
istics," sa^'s  a  modern  writer  of  scientific  attainments,'' 
''  was  never  surpassed  in  fidelity  by  his  successors. 
His  ol)servations  on  the  adnnnistration  of  the  missions 
especially  arrest  our  attention  as  tiie  testimony  of  a 
Catholic  concerning  people  of  his  own  faitli." 

The  navigator's  observations  can  be  only  very  briefly 
alhhlcd  to  here,  since  they  are  in  part  scientific  and 
beyond  the  province  of  history,  and  because  many  of 
thc^  institutions  mentioned  have  been  or  will  be  fully 
treated  elscwliere  in  this  work  by  the  aid  of  this  and 
(•tlier  original  testimon}' ;  yet  a  general  glance  at  those 
impressions  of  an  enlightened  traveller  seems  appro- 
priate, l^a  Perouse's  geograpliical  explorations  on 
the  Californian  coast  tiniount  to  nothing.  His  atla  ; 
contains  the  whole  coast  laid  down  ironi  S[)anl>!i 
sources  in  his  general  maps,  showing  little  detail  and 


IS^S  or  IS.'ID  it  wna  atoKii  from  Ikt  trnii!i.  !iiicl  in  spite  'pf  all  her  efToi'ts  lias 
never  lieen  reeovcreil.  She  desei  ilies  the  jtaiiiliiiL;  as  showing  I'.  Norie.L'ii  ami 
two  other  friars  at  the  iloor  of  the  eliui'eli,  naked  Jn<liaiis  riuL'iii.L,'  the  l)v'l!s 
anil  lookiiii,'  on  as  .sjieetators,  and  J^a  I'eroiise,  u  tall,  thiu  guutlenian,  willi 
loni;  ^vny  hair  in  a  uneiie,  \vi>h  some  ollieers  of  iiitj  suite. 
'^iS'/ ;//;;(,/,/,  in  >)n  rinii'l  Monlhli/,  n.'2o'-S. 
Hiur.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    'Jtj 


434 


FOREKiX  RELATIONS  AND  COMMERCE. 


■*i 


:■ 


not  I'oquiriuuf  notico,  yet  copied  hero  bocauso  of  its 
date,  being  the  first  to  show  certain  parts  of  the  sea- 
board. Additional  charts  are  given  of  San  Diego, 
]\roiiterev,  and  San  Francisco,  that  of  Monterey  oul)- 
pai'lially  fi'oni  original  surveys,  the  first  from  Si)anish 
sources  and  accui'ate,  and  the  last  a  rude  sketch  which 
is  )'e[)roduced  in  the  following  chapter.     The  featur(,'s 


('C.Rond 


3. 


C  Pcrpetua 


C.BIano 


J  Port  Trinite 


l4o:. 


Cfhiniovhio" 


\Pte.  Dcluadu 

)  ''  Pt.  St.Frangoii 


'-'  MON 


^-..V...      \. 


TEREY 


■  ''\K^Pte.  Conception 


l,s^E.c»-Hc^l^l:'^    oP(.  SM.D/caa 


La  I'liKousE's  ]\Lvp. 

of  the  country  round  ^lonterey  with  its  plants  and 
animals,  aie  liowever  fully  described,  and  a  page  in 
the  atlas  is  devoted  fo  an  excellent  engraving  of  a 
pair  of  California,  quails. 

Of  tlie  countiT  anil  its  resources  La  Perouse  speaks 
in  tlie  most  tiattering  terms,  as  also  of  its  ultimate 
prospects,  though  he  believes  that  under  Spanish  con- 
trol its  progress  will  be  slow,  the  fur-trade  being  the 


ri 


To  the 


most  promising  interest  in  the  near  futuic 

'^  '  TIio  siihiliiilv  of  tlic  (lir,  tlio  fertility  of  ;li(>  soil,  tiio  nlmiiiliiiice  of  sill 
kindi^  (if  iicltiit'S  give  tliis  jiiirt  of  Anieriea  iiiliiiite  jKlvjiiifaLiis  nver  tlic  old 
Ciilifoujiii.'  'IS'o  eoinitry  is  more  nVmmliiiit  in  (isli  iiiul  giiiue  of  all  Kiiuls.' 
'I'liis  land  is  also  of  an  iuex^ncssiblc  Icrtilitj  ;  vegetablea  ol  every  kind  sue- 


LA  PEROUSE  ON  THE  MISSIONS. 


435 


alt  »i'iuinal  i  nimbi  tan 'j'<  he  mvcs  much  attention  and 
iiiids  in  them  physically,  mentally,  or  morally  hut 
little  to  praise.  The  author  is  in  error  when  he  state.-^ 
that  these  Indians  cultivated  a  little  maize  before  the 
Si)anish  settlement.  A  vocabulary  of  the  IVEontercy 
laii'-uaii^es  is  included  in  the  iourn.al.'*  A  brief  but 
accurate  account  is  presented  of  the  military  and 
political  government  with  some  items  of  history  and 
general  statistics;  and  in  fact  the  only  element  in  the 
Californian  system  that  this  writer  failed  to  notice 
was  that  of  the  pueblos.  He  evidently  did  not  hear 
oi"  San  Jose  and  Angeles,  for  he  states  that  there 
were  absolutely  no  Spanish  inhabitants  but  the  sol- 
diers. 

But  what  more  than  all  else  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  Frenchman  was  the  mission  system,  respecting 
which  he  made  a  wonderfully  exhaustive  and  accurate 


s  and 
e  in 
of  a 


cccd  perfc>.tly.  Crops  of  maize,  biirloy,  wheat,  an.l  peas  can  be  comparcil 
only  to  those  of  Cliili,  wheatyiekliiigouan  avcrago  70  to  80  fold.  Tlie  Llimato 
(liilers  little  from  that  of  our  soiitlioni  provinces  in  France,  hut  the  lieat  of 
siiniiiior  is  much  more  moderate  on  account  of  the  constant  fogs  which  will 
give  this  land  a  moisture  very  favorable  to  vegetation.'  California  '  wouh'  be 
iu  no  wise  beliind  Virginia,  which  is  opposite,  if  it  were  nearer  Europe,  out 
its  pioxindty  to  Asia  might  iiulemnify  it,  and  I  )>elieve  that  gooil  laws,  .-.imI 
especially  free  trade,  would  soon  bring  it  some  inhabitants;  th(JUgli  tlie  p(i>;- 
scssioiis  of  Spain  nw  so  broad  that  it  is  inij)osyib!e  to  think  that  for  a  lung 
time  jiopulatiou  will  increase  in  any  of  her  colonies.  1'he  large  number  of 
celibates  of  both  sexes  who  as  Ji  princi[ile  of  jn  rfection  have  divoted  theia- 
sclves  to  this  condition,  with  the  constant  jiolicy  (jf  the  government  to  admit 
hut  one  religion  and  to  employ  the  most  violent  means  to  maintain  ii,  \\  ill 
ever  oppose  a  new  obstacle  to  increase.  M.  Monneron,  iu  a  note  on  Monterey, 
toui.  iv.  1"J2-I{,  says:  '  A  century  will  probably  pass,  and  ]]erliaps  two,  before 
file  Spanish  establishments  situiited  to  the  north  of  the  Californian  peninsula 
Clin  attract  the  attention  of  the  great  maritime  powers.  That  which  is  in 
]>osscssion  will  not  think  perlia])s  for  a  long  time  of  I'stablisliiiig  colonies  sns- 
ci'ptilile  of  great  progress.  Yet  its  zeal  for  the  spread  of  the  faith  has  already 
founded  there  several  missions;  but  it  is  to  be  believed  that  not  even  the 
)iii:i'Lcs  will  interfere  with  the  friars.' 

"'i'lie  nund)er  of  natives  in  both  Californias  is  estimated  at  r)0,000. 
''i'hcse  Indians  are  small,  feeble,  and  do  not  show  the  love  of  inde]Kndenie 
which  characterizes  the  northern  nations,  of  which  they  have  neither  the  .-irts 
nor  the  industry;  their  color  is  very  similar  to  that  of  negioes,  with  stiaiglit 
li;iir.'  The  governor  said  the  Iiid'ans  plucked  out  tlie  hair  on  face  and  body; 
while  the  j)resident  thought  it  was  naturally  laiking.  They  are  very  skilful 
hunters.  M.  de  Lamanon  obtained  the  vocabuhiries  chielly  from  two  Indians 
who  spoke  S|ianish.  M.  lloUin.  surgcon-in-chit'f  of  tlu^  cNpedition,  wrote  a 
Ml  iiliiirc  j/hl/s/(il(iillqiiril  ii(tt/i(i!oilii/llc,  .-•■(/;• /^sy  I //)(■;';>«  (;/,s,  joined  to  La  1 '('rouse's 
journal,  tom.  iv.  oU-TT,  which  relates  largely  to  the  natives  of  California  and 
is  of  great  importance. 


ft 


43G 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  COMMERCE. 


stiuly,  considering  the  brief  time  at  liis  disposal.  Doiiln- 
less  the  fact  that  he  represented  a  CatlioHc  nation  ditl 
niucli  to  open  the  hearts  and  mouths  of  the  friars,  wlio 
seem  to  have  held  nothing  back.  The  author  not  oul y 
presents  a  general  view  of  the  system,  and  of  the  mis- 
sions in  tlieir  material  aspects  with  statistics  of  the 
condition  of  each  establishment,  but  he  gives  an  excel- 
lent i)icture  of  the  neophytes  and  their  routine  of 
daily  life.  Of  the  missionaries  personally,  of  their 
character  and  tlieir  zeal  and  their  motives,  he  speal^s 
in  terms  of  the  highest  praise;^^  but  their  efforts  for 
the  civilization  of  the  natives  did  not  seem  likely  to 
succeed.  The  neophyte  was  too  much  a  child,  too 
much  a  slave,  too  little  a  man.  The  mission  regime 
was  not  fitted  to  dispel  ignorance,  missionary  eii'orts 
were  directed  exclusively  to  the  recompenses  (jf  anotlirr 
life,  the  present  being  disregarded.  The  community 
system  based  on  tlie  prejudices  and  ambition  of  the 
Jesuits  was  too  servilely  imitated.  "The  government 
is  a  veritable  theocracy  for  the  Indians;  they  l)cliovo 
that  their  superiors  are  in  immediate  and  continual 
connnunication  with  God."  "  The  friars,  more  occupied 
with  heavenly  than  temporal  interests,  hare  neglected 
the  introduction  of  the  most  common  arts."  La  Pe- 
rouse  saw  in  the  tout  ensemble  of  the  Franciscan 
establishments  an  unhappy  resemblance  to  the  sla\o 
plantations  of  Santo  Domingo.     "With  pain  we  say 

'^  'La  piC^to  espagnolo  avait  entreteim  jusqn'an  present,  et  h  gi-anda  fnii:;, 
ces  missions  ct  ccs  ]nvsi(lios,  duus  ruui(|Uo  viie  ili;  coiivcrtir  ct  du  ci\  iliscr  ic-i 
Indiciis  do  cuH  cimtrucs;  f-y.stC'ino  Lieu  plus  diijuo  dVloffc  (jue  ooiui  do  oe.i 
hoimuos  avidos  ()iii  .scmblaieut  iiV'lro  rcvctus  do  rautoiito  natioufilo  i^uo  pour 
commottro  iiiipuiioiiu'nt  lus  ]ilus  cnioUos  atrocitos.'  'It  is  witli  tlio  swoitost 
satisfiiction  that  I  shall  luako  known  tlio  pious  and  wise  ooiiihii't  of  those  trials 
who  fulhl  so  poifoctly  tho  olijoct  of  thoii'  institution;  I  shall  not  conooal  \vh;it 
has  soourmI  to  mo,  ropi'ohonsililo  in  thoir  intorior  ri'ginie;  but  I  shall  aniiouiR'o 
tJKit  iudividujilly  good  and  hunuuio,  they  tonipor  ))y  their  gcntlonoss  ai;d 
oharity  tho  harshness  of  the  rules  that  have  been  laid  ilown  by  their  superiors. ' 
'I  have  ali'oady  made  known  freely  my  opinion  on  tlio  monks  of  (Jliili,  whoso 
irrou;ulai-ity  soeniod  to  mc  generally  scandalous.  It  is  with  the  same  trutli 
that  I  shall  paint  those  men,  truly  apostolic,  wlio  have  abandoned  the  idle 
life  of  a  cloister  to  give  thomsolvoa  u])  to  fatigues,  cari'S,  and  anxieties  of  os  cry 
kind.'  'Thoy  are  so  sti'ict  toward  thoniselvostliat  they  have  not  a  single  rouiu 
with  fire  though  tlie  winter  is  somotinios  risorous;  ami  tho  greatest  anchorites 
have  never  led  a  more  etlifying  life.' 


THE  MISSION  SYSTEM  CRITICISED. 


437 


it,  tlic  rcsciiiblancc  is  so  i»oi'focttliut.  \vo  liavosoeii  iiuii 
aii'l  vroiMcn  in  irons  or  in  tlic  stocks;  and  v\\:\\  lliu 
si'imd  of  the  lush  nii^'lit  liave  sti'uek  our  cars,  tliat 
punishment  hcing  also  admitted,  tliough  practised  witli 
little  severity."  Like  (Governor  Xex'e,  s[)eakinn'  of  llie 
custom  of  liuutiiig  neo[)liytes  with  soldiers, he"thou::;lit 
tliat  the  progress  of  tlio  faith  would  be  more  ia})id, 
and  the  prayers  of  the  Indians  more  agreeal)le  to  the 
supreme  being  if  they  were  not  under  constraint." 

'•  1  confess,"  to  give  a  final  (juotation  from  the 
I'lvnch  navigatoi',  "that,  i'riend  of  the  rights  of  man 
rather  than  theologian,  I  should  have  desii'ed  that  to 
pi'inciples  of  Christianity  there  might  be  joined  a  leg- 
islation which  little  by  little  would  have  made  citiziiis 
of  men  whose  condition  hardly  ditfei's  now  from  that 
of  the  negroes  of  our  most  humanely  governcvl  colo- 
nies. I  understand  |)erfectly  the  extreme  difficulty 
of  this  new  ]»lan;  I  know^  that  these  men  have  feu- 
ideas,  and  still  less  constancv,  and  that  if  thev  arc 
not  regarded  as  children  they  escape  those  who  have 
taken  the  trouble  to  instruct  them.  I  know  also  that 
reasonino-s  have  almost  no  weight  with  them,  that  it 
is  absolutely  necessary  to  strike  their  senses,  and  that 
corporal  punishment  with  rcH.'ompcmse  of  double  I'a- 
tions  has  been  so  far  the  only  means  ado[>te(l  l)y  their 
legislators;  but  to  ardent  zi'al  and  extreme  patitincu 
\\'oul<l  it,  be  impossible  to  make  known  to  a  few  fam- 
ilit  s  the  advantages  of  a  society  based  on  nnitual 
rights,  to  establish  among  them  a  right  of  propeity 
so  attractive  to  all  men;  and  by  this  new  oider  of 
tilings  to  induce  each  one  to  (,'ultivate  his  field  with 
enndation,  or  to  devotee  himself  io  some  other  class 
of  work?  I  admit  that  the  progress  of  this  new 
('i\ilix;ation  would  be  very  slow;  the  pains  whieli  it 
v.oidd  bo  nccessaiy  to  take,  \ery  hard  and  tii'esome; 
the  theati'es  in  which  it  would  be  necessaiy  to  act 
very  distant,  so  that  a|>plause  would  never  make  itself 
heard  by  him  who  might  consecr'ate  his  life  to  being 
woithy  of  it;  and  therel'ore  I  do  not  hesitate  to  de- 


4ns 


FOREIGN  RELATIONS  AND  COMMERCE. 


clarc  that  human  motives  are  insufficient  for  such  a 
ministry,  and  tliat  only  the  enthusiasm  of  rehgion 
with  its  i)romise(l  rewards  can  compensate  the  suci  i- 
liees,  the  ennui,  the  risks  of  such  a  life.  I  have  only 
to  desire  a  little  more  philosophy  on  the  part  of  tlio 
men,  austere,  cliaritable,  and  reliL^ious,  whom  I  have 
met  in  these  missions."  M.  de  La  Perouse  lonj^id 
for  the  existence  of  qualities  and  views  that  liavc 
rarely  been  possessed  by  missionaries  in  California  or 
elsewhere. 


,i  U 


Previous  to  178G  California,  beyond  furnishini( 
occasional  supplies  to  the  Philippine  galleon,  and 
sending  to  San  ]il;is  by  the  returning  transports  now 
and  then  a  cargo  of  salt,^"  exported  nothing;  and  little 
or  no  advantage  was  taken  of  a  royal  order  of  this 
year  by  which  trade  with  San  Bias  was  made  free  for 
eiglit  years,  and  duties  were  reduced  one  half  for  live 
years  more." 

The  publication  of  Cook's  voyage  of  1778-9  on  the 
Northwest  Coast  first  opened  the  eyes  of  Spain  to 
the  importance  of  the  fur-trade  and  led  to  some  feeble 
attempts  on  her  part  to  prevent  so  rich  a  treasure 
from  passing  into  the  hands  of  foreign  nations  and  to 
utilize  it  for  lier.self  A  scheme  was  projected  by  the 
government  in  1785  for  tlio  opening  of  a  trade  be- 
tween California  and  China,  the  intention  being  to 
exchange  peltries  for  quicksilver,  and  to  make  the 
fur-trade  a  government  monopoly  as  that  in  quick- 
silver had  always  been.     With  this  view  Vicente  13a- 

'•^  The  records  .ni'c  meagre  about  this  salt  supply.  There  are  sevei'al  orders 
ill  the  archives  rc(|uiriiig  that  salt  be  shipped  irom  Monterey,  and  some  indi- 
cations: that  it  was  so  ship])ed.  Sept.  1,  17S4,  Capt.  Cafiizai'es  at  ^lontcny 
informs  (iov.  Fages  tliat  he  has  orders  to  load  with  salt.  Prnc.  St.  Pap.,  ^IS., 
iv.  lol.  Order  of  the  commissary  at  San  JJlas  to  same  eflcet.  Id.,  l.'ri.  July 
2,  (rcu.  Neve  onlers  Fages  to  liavo'the  salt  ready  so  that  no  detention  nny 
occur.  /(/.,  V.  i'vl.  Order  given  by  Mexican  government  March  8,  17^4,  and 
repeatetl  .Ian.  11,  17^7.  /'^,  vii.  II,  \'l.  Nov.  Id,  17S4,  governor  undeistauds 
that  salt  must  be  collected  at  Montiu'ey.  /Vor.  /.'cc,  MS.,  i.  IS'J.  Sept.  11, 
Fages  tells  Canizares  that  as  sailors  are  refused  to  get  the  salt  none  can  be 
furni  lied.  Id.,\\.  M'l.  As  early  as  1770  the  .*>«»  .h/Co/fw  was  ordered  to  load 
with  salt  in  California.   I'fov.  ^^  /'«/'.,  MS.,  i.  71. 

" /bwACCrt  and  Urrutia,  lUxt.  Goi.,  ii.  84. 


\'  ,1 


BASADRE'S  PROJECT. 


430 


sadro  y  Vega  was  sent  as  a  commissioner  to  California 
to  investigate  the  matter  and  to  make  a  beginning  of 
collecting  otter  and  seal  skins.^*^ 

])on  A'iccnte  came  up  on  one  of  tlic  transports  of 
1780  which  left  San  Bias  in  June,  bringing  with  him 
his  ercdentials  and  instructions  to  Fages  from  Viceroy 
Galvez,  which  were  made  public  in  the  governor's  proc- 
lamation of  the  29tli  of  August.''^  The  skins  were  to 
1)0  collected  from  the  natives  by  the  missionaries,  who 
were  to  deliver  them  to  Basadre  at  the  taritf  [)rices 
ranging  from  $2.50  to  $10,  accordino-  to  size  and  color. 
NcDphytes  must  relinquish  to  the  friars  all  the  skins 
ill  tlieir  possession;  skins  obtained  from  neophytes 
by  soldiei-s  or  settlers  were  liable  to  contiscation,  the 
informer  receiving  one  third  of  their  value;  tlioso 
legitimately  obtained  from  gentiles  nuist  l)e  sent  at 
once  to  the  nearest  authorities;  all  trade  by  private 
persons  was  prohibited;  and  any  skins  reaching  Sau 
]^las  throuti'h  other  than  the  reixular  channel  woukl 
bo  confiscated.  The  aim  was  to  make  the  government 
through  the  commissioner  the  sole  purchaser,  though 
peltries  were  to  be  received  and  forwarded  by  com- 
uunnlers  of  presidios  after  Basadrc's  departure.  The 
friars  favored  the  scheme  since  it  put  into  their  hands 
a  new  branch  of  mission  temporalities.-^ 


'^Agooil  account  of  tlie  project  and  its  results  is  givci)  in  FouKtca  and 
Umiihi,  lli.it.  (_,'c:i.  Rial  Jluciciu/a,  i.  37--81. 

'^Tlie  r(jyal  ccJula  was  dated  June  (July  ?)  2,  \'S'>;  the  v  cci\jy's  letter an- 
lioiuu'iu^  Jiasadre's  eoiiiiny  to  Fages,  Jan.  '2'i,  ]7S(i;  vice;  oy's  'cttcrto  J.a.sui  n 
on  saiiie  .suliject  Mareli  1,  17S(i;  Fages'  |)r»clainati()u  Auj,'.  'J!),  17f>ii,  including 
VLgulutiuns  fcir  the  collectiou  of  skins.  J'roi'.  Sf.  I'uji.,  MS.,  vi.  .'^S  !),  ;">_',  I  10-- 
5,  ■JO-l-(i;  Arch.  St(t.  Burliar<(,  MS.,  i.  2^3-4,  x.  !S-IO.  (.'uriously  tliu  earliest 
dcKUiiient  in  the  archives  relating  to  the  otter  is  dated  Oct.  'l-\,  \~f>'i,  after 
tlio  king's  order  was  is.siied  but  hefore  it  eoulil  have  reached  Caliiornia.  It  ia 
an  order  from  Fages  to  Jgnaeio  Vallejo  at  Sau  Jo.se  that  if  any  one  goes  out  (o 
trade  wiih  the  Indians  for  otter-skiu.s  ho  is  to  be  punished.  iMjil.  St.  I'up.  S. 
Jvsc,  MS.,  i.  (J,  7. 

-"^iarcli  8,  17S7,  the  aiidicueia  eomjilained  that  the  prices  were  too  higli, 
siiU'«;  i^kins  could  fonnei'ly  be  bought  for  from  one  r"il  to  .SI  each;  besides 
oltii',  iitlierskius  .sjiuuld  beeollec'.ed.  Ari-Ji.  S/(i.  Jhirhuvu,  ^IS.,  x.  1.  '_'.  Sept. 
-llli,  J..a:-'ueu  leiilies  tlmt  the  former  cheapue.-^s  resulted  from  givat  abundance 
and  no  demand;  eomjie'daon  ( !)  reiluced  the  t)tters  and  tailed  [nice-^;  if  the 
niissiims  Mere  allowed  to  tiade  with  China  the  prices  .-ould  be  ^'jll  hi  ^her;  hp 
intimates  that  the  missions  slamld  have  ."i  ;ii;;:!opoly  of  the  catch;  i^Kl  states 
that  there  are  no  bcaversor  martens.  /(/.,  x.  3-7,  ^3-10.     Sept.  1  jth  and  liOtli, 


440 


FOREIGN  KELATIOXS  AXD  COMMERCE. 


s  = 


f:  •■' 


rv-i 


AVc  liavo  scon  that  La  Peroiiso  had  Ix'oii  insciMiftiMl 
\)y  tlu'  l''r<,'U{'li  <j;-()Vc'i'nnK'iit,  |)r<)iui)t('(l  like  the  Spiiiiish 
])y  (Jook's  nari'atl\'i',  to  make  a  special  iiiNcstii^'aiiim 
ot'  the  fur-trade  and  its  |)t)s.sil)ilitic.s.  When  lie  ar 
i-ivcd  at  Monterey  ho  found  Basa(h'c  ah'cady  there 
and  tlie  country  considorahly  interi'stod  in  the  suhjuct 
of  liis  coininission,  Don  ViecJiite  is  spoken  of  as  "a 
young  man  of  intolHgonco  and  merit,  who  is  to  depait 
soon  for  China  for  the  purpose  of  making  there  a 
treaty  of  connnerco  in  otter-skins."  La  l*erouse  l)e- 
heved  that  tlie  now  branch  of  trade  niiglit  prove  to 
the  Sj)a!iiar(ls  more  protital.)lo  tlian  the  richest  gold- 
mine of  ^lexico.  Fages  told  him  he  could  furnish 
20,000  skins  each  year,  or  by  moans  of  now  establisli- 
ments  nortli  of  San  j^'rancisco  many  more.''  Yet 
notwithstanding  the  tenijxjrary  cntlmsiasm  of  all  eon- 
cerned,  this  attem])t  of  Spain  to  buihl  up  a  proiltable 
peltry  trade  in  California  was  a  failure. 

])asadre,  though  complaining  of  obstacles  thrown 
in  his  way  by  Fages,  obtained  1,G00  otter-skins,  wi'h 

FaiifCH  issued  a  decree  f>roliibitiii<{  gentc  do  razon  from  acquiring  otter-skins, 
giving  t!ic  right  cxclu-iively  to  tlio  Indiiiiis  and  missions.  LI.,  xii.  li;  Pic>\ 
J'c^.,  ^IS.,  i.  ;i.")-(j.  .luly  ."JO,  ]7<SS,  Liisuou  coinjilaias  to  tlic  viceroy  tliut 
priocH  are  too  low,  and  on  Sept.  7ih  Eages  seems  to  have  issued  a  new  t;iri(I'. 
Air/i.  Sill.  JJdrhiini,  :MS.,  i.  liSU-JiJ,  ii.  'l.  Maroli  IS  (or  iKissil.ly  M:iy  IS), 
17.)0,  a  new  pviee-li  it  Vv"itli  reguLilions  in  detail  was  issued  in  Mexico.  Tlu: 
pvieef*  were  to  r;ingo  fro:ii  i;''2  to  .S7;  ;ind  neither  soldiers  nor  settlers  wi'vo  pro- 
l:i')itL'il  from  jjatlieiingiikins  provided  they  dispose  of  them  pr(j[ierly;  Imt  tliese 
l'e''-ulatious  prohaldv  had  no  (;li'cet  iu  Califonda.   /(/.,  ii.  4-S;  Ilcjif.  St.  I'Ltp. 

;■.•;./„>.!,  MS.,  i. ;!]-.-). 

-'  'We  e;'.nnot  fail  to  he  a'tonished  that  the  Spaniards,  liaving  so  eloso 
and  freijueiit  intereourse  -with  C'una  through  ^Manila,  should  liavo  lieen  i'.rno- 
r.int  uuLil  now  ol'  the  value  of  this  p'.eeions  fur.  ]]efore  this  yt.ai'  au  otter-;  kia 
\va.3  worth  no  more  than  two  I'aiilnt-skins;  the  Spaniai'ds  did  not  suspeet 
tlicir  value;  they  had  never  sent  any  to  ]']unjpe;  and  Mexico  was  so  hot  a 
cor.ntrv  it  was  supposed  that  there  could  lie  no  niaiket  tliere.  I  tliink  th(,'re 
v.ull  he  ia  a  few  years  a  great  revolution  in  the  Russian  trade  at  Iviatcha  from 
the  diliicilty  tln'3'  wid  have  to  liear  this  competition.  The  skins  in  the  south 
arc  Ui  liLile  inferior  in  quality,  bat  the  ilill'erenee  is. .  .imt  nion:  than  ten  per 
CLiit  in  the  sale  price.  It  is  almost  certain  tliat  the  new  ^lanila  (Ainipnny 
will  try  to  get  po.«scssion  of  this  trade,  ■which  will  he  ii  lucky  thing  for  the 
Rus.jian3,  hccause  't  is  the  nature  (;f  exclusive  privileges  to  carry  ih'atli  or 
sluggishness  into  all  hi'.anches  of  commerce  and  industry.'  La  J'iroii.'<r,  ]';/., 
ii.  .'Ju',)-ll.  The  Spaniards  'do  not  cease  to  keep  tlieii-  ej'cs  open  to  this  im- 
portant hranch,  in  which  the  king  has  rescrvecl  to  himself  the  I'ight  of  pur- 
chase in  the  presidios  <jf  ( 'alifornia.  Tlie  most  northern  Spanish  estahlisinuent 
fr.rni:dies  each  year  10,000  otter-skins(?);  and  if  they  contimio  to  lie  sold 
advantageously  to  (,'hina,  it  wid  he  easy  for  Spain  to  obtain  even  ."0,!iOO,  and 
thus  to  destroy  the  conuuercc  of  the  Russians  at  Canton.'  Jd.,  iv.  177-S. 


THE  SPANISH  FUR-TRADE. 


441 


AVi; 


aiH 


:;li  lu'  ivtunicd  to  ^Mexico  at  tlic  nid  of  tlic  year 
I  ;)rocoi!(k'(l  to  Manila  early  in  l7iS7.  Jn't'oic  171>0 
tlu'  whole  ninabor  of  ottt'i'-skins  IVoiu  hotli  ( 'alilornia.s 
.sunl  to]Manilaon  account  of  tlie  I'oyal  treasury  under 
llisadre's  system  \va8  1),721),  the  total  cost  at  Manila, 
i;!cludiii,n"  ]>asadre's  salary,  beiny;  .':<.S7, '!'.)'.).'"""  In  I7S() 
lh(,'  l*hilii)[)ino  C()nij)any  liad  u[)])lied  thi-ouu'li  the 
huiist;  t)t'  Cosio  for  an  cxchisivc  jtrivilei^e  of  tlu'  I'ur- 
tiadi;;  and  the  j^'overnnient  had  been  willinn'  to  n'l'ant 
it  (in  condition  of  ])ast  exixMiditnres  hein<j;'  reiinhuised; 
hut,  the  conijiany  did  not  aci-e[)t  the  terms.  JJasadru 
relumed  to  S[>ain,  and  the  Lfovernment  iinally  de- 
(i'kd  in  171)0  to  drop  the  project  and  pay  money  lor 
(iiii'-ksilver,   leaving'   the   fur-trade    to   i)ri\'ate   enter- 


1> 


il'ise 


"-'  Fiiii~i'cii  .and  Urrut'in.  ll'i-^t.  f!i 


Tlr 


■(l^^  of  tin.'  fikiiH  ciillectcil  .nro 


l!U':i'.;rc'  iui<l  i:Hi,iii[>lotc.     (M.  ,,\, 


IVMI,  J-itiit.  / 


iini'^ii  < 


■  t  Sii 


!  iii'i;( 


iUn  of 


liiMili,'  sonic  lime  in  the  ]i;ist  shipiied  .'r'_',OUO-\vi>rtli  to  .Fosi'  .Mmihi,  Arcc.  I'riii, 
SI  :l.  I''l]>.,  ^I'^.,  vi.  ;iS.  Sipt.  !•"),  I7S7,  -iosc'^  Soliel.ilicn  rli:il';ci|  iyCt  foi'  dlVSS- 
in,' !)."»  oiteixikius.  I'rov.  Si.  J'tip.,  Jim.  Mil..  MS.,  i\.  (i.  Oct.  <i.  IT.sT.  thero 
\Vi  r!'.-!ii;ii)eil  (111  tlu;  <SV<//  '  Vo'/os- iiud  /•uro/vVa '_'o7,  of  wliich  !t7  In  lou'^cil  to 
ji  I  iilio  of  Moiiterej',  O'J  lo  Lieut.  ()iteg:i,  ."i()  to  Smi  Cdrlo.s,  iuid  ."rj  to  Siiil 
.\ir..)iii.).  111.,  i.\".  14.    .Inly  ol),  17"^)^,  I.MSiieii  .'^iiys  tt)  viceroy  tluit  I'liis.idri-  col- 


ii'o'.u  tiie  missio: 


(M  otter-^fkiiis  worth  .^10,").    Arch,  iil'i.  Hurl" 


-MS. 


■J  :i.    X( 


!),  17«!». 


e(  iiiiMiiiuliiiit  of  .Santa  IJarliara  to  j 


(ovenior. 


lie 


r.l- 


(l  tle'ivercil  to  ( 'afiizaies  of  the  J 


;Yor.fC.7  ( 


1  ottel•-^^kins  from  i' 


.1  iVoiii  ."-^aiitii  Jj.ir'oa 


SI   h\ 


'Mil    line 


naveiitnra,  besiiKs  ;{i2 


to.K-skms. 


Pr>.r.  St.  P<(j>.,  MS.,  ix.  no.     AiiL,'.  K),  17!>1),  t!ie  I'rociira'' 


i])el.iyi 


il  for  t)tter-skiii.s  remittetl  17S(i-!»,  .^l.-fT^  on  Iti!)  .skins  t(j  kin'';  ^\', 


IS  to  l!;is:iihi'.  Arrh.  Sla.  Jliirli( 


i; 


^hircli  -JiJtli,  Prov.  Sf.  /' 


•7' 


MS.,  .\ii.  4,  ."). 
-MS.,  ix.   144.    Tin;  following'  note.s 


ini  I'.se  an  hives  are  all  I  have  fcjund  for  the  ])erioil  of  17!>;)-lM)!t,  and  sonuj 

t!i<:n  inilicale  that  notwithstanding,'  the  royal   onler  of  17110  some  skins 

1  re  ;  ;iil  Ijiiu.'.'ht  ou  goveinnient  account.     Auj,'.  J!,  17!H,  Sal  to  Itomcu  asking 


l.ir<.>7 


Me 


/' 


.SV.  ] 


ti/' 


MS. 


1711-'.  1 


reasury 


■\< 


i'J  for  .".!)  skins  from  .Santa  15:irhara  Company.  /(/. ,  xxi.  .SO.     Dei 
lieeroy  to  court  of  Spnin  says  some  otter  and  s'al  skins  are  sold  to 


itin; 


111. 


l" 


,S7.  J\ 


7' 


Mi 


(ir 


MS. 


i.  i: 


1m 


17:u, 


V  orH.tr  o 
^■:ii.   141 


f  viceroy  <ii,ter-skins  may  he  ex|iortcil  free  of  duty.    I'rov.  live,  .MS. 


■rov 


SI.  J 


('/'•• 


M.S. .  xi.,  l."i!t.     .InneS,  17!'."),  ;.;overnor  tf)  eomman- 


(kint.     Ivinu  allows  Nicoh'is  ,N":an/anili    of   Sau  IJl.is  to  take  otter-skins  to 


China  from>  California 


d  trade  f. 


ds.   J'r,r.  It: 


^\r 


IV 


i:i4.    l\ 


17!!."),  the  governor  ex|)lains  that  the  jirivilege  of  t.akinjj;  <jt(eralon'4  the 


is  to  nothi 


they 


fiiast  amonii 
■  moi 
■'eously  take  uu  the   fur-trade.      It  is  kn 


t  l)uy  (,'hina  uo(jds  at  Canti 


pnvi;e,L; 
aiivanta 
ii:(ri;;uii 
t!'.< 


'polk^cd  liy  the  I'hilipiiine  Company ;  yet  that  ef)mpany  miuht 

that  the  Jhi'^lish  arc 


:,'  for  it.    ]'>y  the  treaty  of  Oct.  '-'S,  17!l(>,  iMtween  Sp.-dn  and  K 
ir  power  was  prohiliittd  froni  takin.i;  otter  within  ten  lea;.^ues 
]  a:  1:  i.'f  the  coast  occupied  hy  the  former — that  is,  all  of  ('alifornia  In 


.-•1:, 


ea;.^ues  of  ;iny 


1' 


id  from  cn,L.'a,uin,i.'  in  illicit  trade  with  the  .Spanish  cstahii.sh- 


iiiculs.  C'aloo,  litcutil  compkt  lUs  TruiUs,  iii.  ;]oG-U. 


442 


FOP.KIflX  RELATIONS  AXD  COMMF.RCR. 


^m/I^' 


The  causes  of  fiiiliirc,  without  .i^^f'in^j;  into  )»cHy  (K'- 
tails,  WL'iv  uiaiuly  as  follows:  the  I'urs  ()l)taiiH.'(l  in  (jili- 
foriiia  wei'u  less  iiuiiierous  th;u»  had  liccn  cxjiccti'd,  tiit; 
iiatlNcs  lackiiii^  hoth  skill  and  iuiiilcnicnts  for  ottcr- 
iiuntiii'L;-;  thu  ((uality  was  not  cM|ual  to  that  of  tlie  furs 
hronn'ht  to  China  from  the  Northwest  Coast;  tlio 
tarilf  of  prici's  lixcd  hy  l^asadrc  at  first  was  thou^lit 
too  hiiuli;  the  I'oyal  fur-traders  were  not  content  with 
a  fair  pi'olit;  Hie  Soaniards  hud  no  experience  or  skill 
in  [)re[)arin'L,^  assortinn",  and  selliiiiL^the  I'urs;  and  there 
wore  some  diplomatic  (obstacles  to  ho  overcome  in 
China.  No  private  company  ventured  to  engage  in 
the  trade  thus  abandoned  by  the  crown;  but  skins 
in  small  quantities  continued  for  many  ycais  to  he 
collected  by  natives  for  the  friars,  who  sent  them  by 
the  transports  to  San  Bias,  whence  they  found  their 
way  to  the  I'hilippines.  Later  the  American  smug- 
glers afforded  the  Calilbrnia  traders  a  better  market. 

In  other  branches  of  connnerce  there  was  no  develop- 
ment whatever.  Tlie  Philii)pine  galleon  was  retpiired 
to  touch  at  j\[outerey  on  ea  .h  eastward  trip,  and  was 
furnished  with  needed  supplies  on  account  of  the 
royal  treasury;  but  the  conunanders  often  did  not 
stop,  preferring  to  pay  the  fine  imposed;""*  but  all  trade 
with  this  vessel  by  the  missions  or  by  private  persons 
was  strictly  forbidden  and,  except  hi  the  form  of 
occasional  smuggling,  prevented.""  Governor  Neve 
when  he  left  California  had  in  mind  a  project  fa- 
trade  with  the  u'alleons,  which  was  further  auitated 
by  his  successors;  but  after  unfavorable  reports  had 

'-' '  Dims  la  viic.  r;iiis  doute,  do  favorisor  Ic  ]M'<!siilo  do  MontiToy,  on  oblige 
depuia  plu.-:it'ur.s  jiiiinV's,  lo  j,falion  I'evi'iiaiit  do  .Manillo  ;\  AcajiuKM,  do  i  il,i>ln  r 
dans  CO  port;  iiiais  cvtto  I'oiuclio  ot  cot  attcrra'/o  no  sont  pas  >  i  nooo.~iiiios, 
que,  nunio  oi  tonips  do  paix,  oc  vainsoati  no  protoro  ipulijuoiois  do  contin'.nr 
8:l  I'onto,  ot  d,'  payor  uno  oortaino  sonnno,  par  fornio  do  di'donnuaj^iinoiit  c!u 
bien  (|u'il  aur.-.it  lait  on  y  ■■(  laohant. '  Munui  rati,  in  J,n  /'('■/•'■ii.-<c,  I  i//.,  iv.  I'J-. 

-'i'ur  ordors  a,i,'ainst  trado  witli  tlio  galloon  in  1777,  17^1*,  17'''."!,  and  17.'i7, 
8ve  Prni:  L'n-.,  VlS.,  i.  0t~5;  /'/v<c.  .s/.  i'.;<.,  MS.,  iii.  loM);  iv.  D',)  KO; 
vii.  liS-!).  \(jv.  I."),  17SI,  tlio  govoraor  asks  lor  int'onnatioii  on  tlio  oliai';o 
that  a  i)adro  and  other  persons  wont  on  hoanl  tlio  j.^dloon  and  hidu.'lit  oil' 
four  halos  of  yoods.  J'rov.  J'er.  ]\;s.,  i.  JM,'.  in  lioiiid)oi'  I7'"i.")  I'.  Noiio'.'a 
denies  that  thovo  lias  been  any  trading  betweeu  ini.5sioi)s  and  j^alleoii.  Jio.f- 
tciTi/,  Parroiju'iU,  MS.,  'I'i. 


PRICES  crRRRNT. 


44S 


Ix'i'ii  received  fi'om  ln.iU  Soler  juid  Fnj^es,  tlie  iifeiHM'.il 
ilecidi'd  to  coiitimie  llie  j)r<>hil)iti(>n.^"  1  annex  in  tlio 
loiiii  of  a  iioto  ji  list  of  tliL'  piiees  ciiiTent  in  Culi- 
1'  uiiia  at  this  epoch. -^ 

■•'"  Sol^r,  /'(iriri  )•  Kiilirr  rnmirrlo  rail  1 1  /liitjuc  dc  C'hlnn,  1 '/  f/i-  IJnrro  17,^'T,  MS. 
/'(;/'.-■,  Iiifiiiiiif  siihre  ('oiiicn-iii  run.  I'l  jinn  ilr  C/iiiiri,  IS  dr  I'rhii ro  J!'!!',  MS. 
Till'  iciisoiiM  iir;,'eil  a;:aiiist  I'reo  tiailo  were,  that  n)  far  as  (lu?  wnlilicivs  wrvu 
iniucriH'd  lit  ttcr  gonda  wi'io  ivrcivcd  with  f,'rt'ati'r  rcj;iilai  it  y  aiiil  at  ilkho 
iitiil'iiiii  iniccs  liy  tho  iircsciit  Hvstciii ;  aa  tho  gallcini  tdiilil  ii'it  tipiich  at 
all  till'  j>ri'.'iilioH,  11  iiiniiiiiiiily  and  iiici(iiality  vould  liu  caiuscd;  tin;  suldicrs 
lii'cuiiiin;,'  tiadciH  Would  liu  distiacU'd  fitjiii  their  li'^'ular  diairs  ;  a\ai  icn  aiiil 
|iiidi)  Would  \)v  I'li'/cndi'ivd  in  California;  CIdnii  goods  wcro  not  littid  for  tho 
i'ldiioiniii  tradf;  and  there  wan  no  money  to  pay  for  them,  ^t■t  Soler 
fiivnriil  till!  trade  it  the  barter  of  peltrii  s  could  l)u  inehlded;  ami  FagfM  \\i\n 
(lisiiosLcl  to  favor  takin;,'  no  noii>;eof  the  l)arter  of  ti'illin;^  artielcs  hy  indi- 
viduals, duly  14,  17'S(>,  Cen  Uy.irto  asks  Fagcs  for  hu  views  on  the  matter. 
J'lof.  Si,  J'(I/i.,  MS.,  vi.  l.'M-,'.  June'J.'J,  17^7,  having  received  tiie  reiiorts,  ho 
renews  the  •Ad  jirohihition.  ft/.,  \ii.  ;tS-!). 

■Man.  1,  i7iSl,  <<ov.  Nevo  lormed  :i  new  (irniirtl  in  nccordanee  with  royal 
onlirof  M  irch  '_'!,  I77">,  and  deereo  of  andiencia  of  Jan.  II.  I77IJ.  I'rov.  ■'  t, 
I'd/I.,  MS.,  \  i.  11,  I,");  niinouneed  to  Cen.  Croix  March  4tli.  /'/■")•.  Jlir.,  MS., 
ii.  41  ■_';  apinoved  by  Croix  Jidv -7,  I7'SI,  and  by  king  I'eb.  'J'J,  I7'-'-,  anil 
loyal  approval  published  by  Fages  tian.  I'J,  1784.  I'l-w:  S/.  J'a/>.,  MS.,  iv, 
|.")i;-S.  'iliis  a'':uieel  given  in  full  uniler  date  of  Aug.  I'J,  17''i-,  in  Artinrd  de 
J'lVfio.-i,  \~S'2,  .MS.  Jannai-y  '..',  1788,  Cov.  Fagea  issued  a  new  ara^ircl  which, 
li(j\vevei',  oidy  included  live-stock  and  agricultural  iiroducts,  or  articles  likely 
to  bo  purchased  by  the  government.  AnuirrI  dc  I'rcridn,  17SS,  ^IS.  Manu- 
.script  copy  eortilicd  by  Gov.  l>orica,  in  L'stiidilh,  /Joe.  IJist.  ( 'at.,  i.  7;  Sai-ni/o, 
Iiiy.  Jli.il.  Cid.,  MS.,  2;  Pror.  St.  I'fip.,  MS.,  viii.  ."JU-H.  Li  tlie  followi'n;; 
list  the  prices  of  1788  are  given  in  parentheses — nalri  expressed  in  'cents': 
Horses,  .SI)  (-S-'i-yOl;  asses  (iii(i-.S7);  calves  (iJb.jO);  bulls  (.S4);  sheep  (7r)C. -?_'); 
swiu(!  (.Sl-Sl);  cocks  (l'_'e.-'_'.")c. );  quail,  per  doz.  (•2.')e.);  hares  (1-V.);  mnlcM, 
.S|ii-.SJO  (;?14-S'20);  horses  (unbroken,  colt.s,  mares,  fi'.i);  cows  (sl);  oxen  (6">); 
g  lilts  (7oc.-.Sr,;  hens  (•J.")e.-;i7e.)';  ipigcons,  per  p;iir  (^.-ic);  ralibiti  (l-c.) 
1!  ■(  f,  j'rkcd,  per  ■_',■)  Ujs.'(7r)e.);  I^ccf,  fresh,  perl'.')  Itis.  ^l.^"le.):  e;.";f,  p:.rdoz.  'Jlc; 
hides,  untaniii'd  (.■I7e.);  hides,  tauned,  ^2.7'>  (•'?-.-">);  wool,  jicr  'J.i  Win.  (.si. •_',")- 
>•_');  tallow,  ])or  "i.')  lbs.  (.'i?l.'J.'5-8-.'>0);  candles,  per  "Jo  Uis.,  .s;{  (SJ,.")!));  lard, 
per  "J.")  llis.  .S;i  (•>{);  shecp-skin,  r>Oc.;  ileer-skin  (J.'ic);  dog-skin,  7'c.;  luuk- 
sl;in,  or  antelope,  tanned  (.sl.'J.l-Jl.aO) ;  cheese,  per  lb.,  0[c.  Win  at,  per 
fanega  (S'J);  barley,  per  fan.  (.^1);  lentils,  ])cr  fan.,  !ir-.50;  mai/c,  per  fan., 
SI. .")();  bean.'*,  per  fan.  (§•_'. 50);  peas,  per  fan.  (.iiil.-'iO-ii?;!);  llour,  ]m  r  '_'.')  lbs. 
(sl.il")-.^!'J);  .s-J  per  'J.'t  Itis.  to  .S(}  per  fanega.  Sugar,  lb.,  'J,")C. ;  iianochu,  lb.,  — ; 
biauily,  pt.,  7"ic. ;  sallron,  oz.,  oOc. ;  olive-oil,  jar,  !r''4..'i7;  ligs,  lij.,  Il'c;  gun- 
powder, lb.,i?l;  soap,  lb.,  ISc. ;  chocolate,  lb.,  ;i7c.-r)(ic. ;  cloves,  oz.,  0'_V'. ; 
ciimamon,  oz.,  02e. ;  cumin,  oz.,  .'ic. ;  red  pepper,  lb.,  18e. ;  pcp;ier,  o/..,  Oi'.; 
t^ibacco,  ill.,  .Sl.L'.j.  Anrpicra,  .sl..")0;  awl,  l-'c. ;  shield,  .s_' ;  kettle.!  (calde- 
retn),  SI;  stirrups,  woodei^  81 ;  gun-caso,  .'i<i  ."JO;  saddle-iron?i,  SI  ;  lance,  f-.7c.; 
penknife,  'J.jc;  earthen  pot.,  iL'c.-lSe.;  jilatcs,  4c.-1;h;.  ;  comb,  (;c.-5;)c. ; 
rosary,  .'le.;  ear-rings,  pr.,75c.;  saddle,  .sl'J-.s|0;  punch,  *J,")o.;  cnp,  IKc; 
dagger,  '2'Je. ;  anqucra  tra]ipiiigs,  ^'J.TiO;  earthen  p::n,  ISc;  wooden  spoon, 
(Jc;  spurs,  ])r,  .SI  ;  rnvord,  .V4..')0;  gun,  ^J.uO-JsKj;  bridle,  li,d  ;  lior.;e:i!ioes, ;  et, 
^'1;  jiocket-knifo,  ."lOc. ;  rax  ir,  lijc, ;  coppijr  pot,  C\i.."0;  paper,  '[uire,  'I'lC.; 
needles,  paper,  .sl. "28;  needles,  per'Jl,  Il'c;  bridle-lines,  ,") 'c.  ;  Ib.ly  Clu'iji', 
^M-"");  chisel,  I'Jc;  seis.sors,  ;i7c.-l)2o.;  screw  (jf  gi'.n,  "ioc. ;  y.'.j,  I'Jc.  13:;i;:e, 
yd.,."Oc. ;  CO.:  rso  linen  (CoteiLSe),  yd.,  .'>7e.-7"'C. ;  gold-luc,  oz.,  vl. (.■!;;  lilve;'- 
1  ice,  oz.,  .S|.()2;  ribbon,  yil.,  I'Jc.-T.'^c. ;  cotton  clot!),  yil.,  •J';c.-;'7c. ;  yiirA  1  v.i  i, 
10c. ;  linen  (I'lutilla),  yd.,  t)2e.;  Uritanuia  (liiieuj,  yd.,  U-Jc.-§l.'ir);  Lrainaut 


444 


FvORrJON  RELATIONS  AND  COMMERCE. 


m  ; 


E;i'']i  yviw  two  of  tiK'  four  transports  arrived  from 
Sail  l>las  with  Hunitlics  for  proyidios  and  missions,  one 
iisuallj  visiting'  San  Dicg'o  and  Santa  Inirbarn,  and 
the  otiier  San  Francisco  and  I\[ontcrcv.      TJie  Jamr- 


h( 


f  fi'oiu    17^;!  to  1700  made  tivo  trij)s;  tlic    Pi 


'IIIA-CS<t 


and  Sen  Carlos,  or  Flit  pi  no,  each  four  trips;  and  the 
Araii'jcii  tln-ee.  The  commanders  Avero  Martinez, 
Aguirre,  Camacho,  Tobar,  and  Cahizare.^i.  These  an- 
imal voyages  present  nothing  re(]uiring  attimtiou, 
save  that  in  17S4  alter  tlie  luicoiita  had  sailed  from 
San  Francisco  rumors  weiv  current  of  a  wreck  and 
four  or  live  men  killed  at  tlie  n,K)U"h  (jf  the  JMjaio 
River,  rumors  Avliich  ]»roved  unfounded.  The  Manila 
o-alleon  tom-lied  at  ]\ionten'V  in  l/8i  and  178.");  and 
in  1784  the  Pn'iicc.^a  arrived  from  the  Philipiiines 
under  Ca'pt.  ^Nfaurelle.-'^ 

In  1788  Martinez  with  the  Pn'itcesa  and  the  San 
Carlos  made  a  voyage  to  the  Alaska  coust  and  on 
his  return  touched  at  ^Monterey,  where  he  remained 
M-ith  one  vessel  from  September  17th  to  October 
14t]i,  the  S(()i  Carlos  having  gone  back  to  San 
Bias  without  stopping.-''  In  his  northern  voyage  to 
Nootkpv  the  next  yeni',  in  Vvhich  ho  captured  several 
I'higlish  vessels  and  vi-ry  nearly  provoked  a  ]Miro- 
pean  war,  ^Martinez  did  not  toueh  on  the  (.'allfoi'nia 
coasts;  but    in    17U0   ^iie   S((ii   Cdrlos  and    Priiicisa, 


u 


nder  Fidalgo   and   (juimi)ei-,  touched   at  MontiM'cy 


on 


theii-    return    from    Xootka    i 


n 


."1 


•tend 


)er, 


ant 


1' 


)erlu!ps   brought   the   Calilbrnian    ;/ 


wniortas   by  iii 


by  til 


(linen),  yd.,  S2t'.;  I'nc'.e  (jcrtrn),  yd.,  ."7i'.;  silvcr-tlirciul,  oz.,  f-.-.'i;  liii  ii, 
d'jnir.siic,  yd.,  (iL'e. ;  liiicii  (vlii/tdj,  yd.,  .'iTc  ;  idolh  (ordiuiiry  wonUcn),  yd., 
$1."J.");  ijilk  Iwifit,  8'_V'. ;  wiclulotli,  yd.,  'J.le.  Slnit  (oroa),  .S'$.7o:  ;  Iiiit  (Ihun), 
S'li.OO;  Mimkot.s  (pji.><t()i'iis)  i,<\  ;  liljinkct.s  (canicr;;!-),  Ji^-J;  incdul.s,  ov.. ,  I'Jc. ;  isilk 
shawl,  ^-(i;  hat,  !*l.  I'J;  hanidvcifhirfs.  silk,  SI. ,",(».  stuckings  (thread.),  ftii. Till ; 
slockiiigy  (wodlk'ii),  T-"'!'.;  htuckiu-H  (.'^ilU),  Jj-l-^H-"!'';  ssIkic.'*,  7'ie. 

''^''' I'm' r('co\ils  uf  arrival  imd  dej  artiive  of  tliu  Ycsscl.s  each  year  si'c  /';•"'•. 
.SV.  /',(/..,  MS.,  iv.  (ii),  i;i;!-4;  V.  Kit-."),  1(H,  ICi);  vi.  f)(),  .-),•};  vii.  4,  70;  Mii. 
li^,  «!),!)  1-1  \!0;  ix.  lOO,  -4;!-4  ;  //or.  /,'<--,,  IMS.,!.  )77-S;  ii.  !)."■>;  iii.  I- I, 
•JOi);  Pror  U.  Piii>.,  Ihii.  Mil.,  :S1S  ,  iv.  '.1  ;  S!.  /•<•/:.  So':.  M,~'...  i.  .VJ,  ii. 
1(1,  17  ;  iS'.  Jlitivdit'iiluru,  Lib.  J/i.-ii^n,  .^iS.,  4;  (n.a/i;  ilc  JJi.r.,  i.  ii.;  I'<iliiii, 

^'ol.,  ii.  ;hkm;. 

'•'"See  //ii^f.  JS'orlhti(.<t  CdiuI,  i.;  i  ;.d  JJi.-l.  AiutLi.  r  i.e  ;.!.-u  rei'eienees  of 
^ireceding  note. 


WARXING  AGAIXST  THE  'COLUMBIA.' 


443 


I'om 


iitori'V 

•,    and 

y  tliis 

.■;    lili    11, 

Inn    yil., 

1     MilU'lM, 

!■_',•.;  Kilk 

'),  ?<l..'>li; 

scv  /"/•../;. 

7</;  viii. 

;  iii.    I--I, 

i.   ;.-'.    ii. 

.;   full  III, 

1  ;i  luis  of 

somowlint  rouiiflabout  coiirso.""  The  Nootka  voyages 
\\\\\  (U'liu'iid  our  attention  in  a  subsequent  volume 
of  north- western  annals. 

As  a  continuation  of  Californian  maritime  history 
for  this  period  the  following  order  issued  by  Governor 
Fiiges  to  Connnandant  Jose  Arguello  of  San  I'rau- 
cisco  ]\lay  13,  1789,  ex])lains  itself,  chronicles  Cali- 
foniia's  iiist  knowledge  of  the  United  States,  alludes 
,i)  wliat  n  ight  have  been,  but  was  not,  a  conflict  be- 
tween the  Pacific  province  and  the  infant  republic  of 
tJK'  Allnrtic,  and  indicates  the  foreign  policy  of  S[>ain. 
"Should  +bere  ariive  at  the  ]tort  of  San  Francisco  a 
ship  named  CofuivJ)ia,  which  they  say  belongs  to  (jlen- 
cral  ^^ 'ishington  of  the  American  states,  and  v.'hich 
under  tlie  connnand  of  John  Kendi'ick  sailed  from 
])(iNton  in  Septend)er  1787  with  the  design  of  making 
(Ijscovories  and  ins[>ecting  the  establishments  which 
the  Ivussians  have  on  the  northern  coasts  of  this  pen- 
insula;— yon  will  take  measui-es  to  secure  this  vessel 
and  all  the  [)eople  on  board,  with  discretion,  tact, 
cleverness,  and  caution,  doing  the  same  with  a  small 
cvatt  which  she  has  with  hei'  as  a  tender,  and  with 
every  other  susjiicious  foreign  vessel,  giving  me 
]irom]>t  notice  in  such  cases  in  order  that  1  may  take 
such  action  as  shall  bo  expedient."^' 

But  Kendrick,  in  the  (J<>hiinJ)i(i,  had  sought  a  more 
iiorthei'n  port  than  San  Fi'ancisco,  and  no  narrative  of 
a  naval  conilict  has  place  in  this  chapter.  Kendriek's 
associate',  (»ray,  in  the  L<uhj  U^ts/i/'in/foii,  however,  had 
si'>iited  C'alilbi'nia  in  latitude  41    'Jts'  in  Auu'ust  1788, 

•'"IPs'.  XorlI,ir,'<t  Cons/,  i.  '2?,<),  ct.'.;  Fidnfi/n,  Vin<ip,  17!I0,  .MS.;  1,1., 
Tiih',1,  ^IS. ;  (Jul III /n  r,Si'(/iiiii!ii  Ii\<:nii,,  MS.;  yiirarnlc,  in  iSiilit  1/  Mi  .c,  I'iioii', 
Iiili-fiil.,  cNii. 

^'('iiliy  oi'i'l'llcd  l)y  Aruiii'llo  .filly  It,  ITs!),  iiiW,  /'n/i.,  Jfi^x,  nml  Cnloii., 
Ms.,  i.  ,">;<-4.  Also  |irintcil  ti';iiisliitiniis  in  /.'rn.i/n'/ili's  Onilinii;  Hiilvliimjn'' 
JA'I/.,  V.  ;U(»;  Klliut,  in  (h-irluml  Mmiilihi.  iv.  'XV, ;  S.  /■'.  /■.'n  tii,i;i  /'<..</,  .Tilly 
'Jl,  ls77.  A  tiiuislaticjn  in  tlii'  J-ilir;iry  of  the  ('iiliforniii,  I'ldnccrs  himmiis  to 
Iwivi!  liven  t'ollowid  Ky  nil  uriliTs,  who  hiivc  cojiicil  tlu'  I'l'i'oi'  liy  which  tlie 
Vi'liihili'u'n  tenili'i'  is  t.'ikin  tor  the  lni.it  of  the  luisiilio  hy  the  iiiil  ot'  whirh 
.\i'4i'R'llo  was  to  I'lroct  the  riiiitiire!  Siveriil  writers,  iiiehidiiiLr  Kaniliiljili, 
Tui!ii',l,  //;,s/,  <'iil.,  117,  and  J''ii;:net,  i'ulil'uniic,  Wl,  have  also  Kut'teiied  the 
gii\enior'.s  tern  deeiee  in(o  an  oiiKr  merely  to  'examine  delioutcly '  or  'le- 
ccivu  with  great  reserve'  the  sus|iieious  iialt. 


446 


FOREIGN  RELATIOXS  AXD  COMMERCE, 


and  passing  nortliward  had  strangely  identified  a  cape 
in  43^  with  Mendocino.^^ 

Similarly  ineffective  though  well  meant  was  an  or- 
der that  came  all  the  way  from  the  court  of  S[)aiii  in 
1787,  to  be  published  in  all  parts  of  California,  piv- 
scribing  an  application  of  cool  olive-oil  as  a  remedy 
for  nifjuas,  or  chigoes,  sometimes  less  elegantly  tcruied 
'jiggers,'  a  troublesome  insect  of  tro[)ical  Americn; 
but  the  chigoes,  like  the  Yankees,  avoided  Calilbinia, 
and  the  order  of  Cdrlos  III.  remained  a  nullity  in  this 
pait  of  his  possessions.^^ 

A  birth,  marriaijc,  or  death  in  the  royal  family  was 
usually  announced  with  all  due  formality  in  this  re- 
mote corner  of  the  world;  and  on  one  occasion  a  de- 
serter at  Monterey,  whose  descendants  still  live  in 
California,  took  advantage  of  the  general  pardon  ac- 
companying the  news  of  the  happy  delivery  of  the 
princess.^* 

The  death  of  Carlos  III.  was  announced  in  Febru- 
ary 17S!),  and  orders  were  issued  for  tho  salca  fi'iaehr'' 
and  other  lites  at  the  presidios,  with  prayers  by  all 
the  padres.^^ 

Felipe  do  Novo,  ex-governor,  went  to  Sonora  in 
the  autunm  of  1782,  as  we  have  seen,  to  take  tho  posi- 
tion of  inspector  general  with  the  rank  of  brigaiUer. 
Early  in  1788  he  succeeded  Don  Teodoro  do  Croix  as 
conunandiint  general  of  the  Provincias  Internas,  a 
jiosition  second  only  to  that  of  viceroy  among  Spanisli 
officialts  in  America,  though    Neve,  like   his    prede- 

^'  rfnsin!/'.-!  Voyarfe,  J 787-9,  MS.;  /fhf.  Xorf/urest  Coai^t,  i.  \^7. 

"A  luvul  (  rdrf  of  Nov.  ;2(),  17S(j,  forwardtd  by  coiimiuudiuit  goncral, 
Apr.  -i'-',  rs7.  ,V.  /',(/*.,  .)/;,s•^•.  ami  ('<ihii.,  MS.,  i.  51-2. 

'■''*  Priiv.  /icr.,  Ms.,  i.  1.")!!.  In  17S4  tlio  I'riinrn'i.  vrna  illumiiiatoil  ;it 
liowa  that  rosal  t\\  ins  iiad  lucu  born;  and  tlie  iircsidcnt  wan  ordered  to  an- 
noiuKi!  till!  birth  and  give  thank.s  therefor.  I'nji'.  iS'/.  I'a/i.,  MS.,  v.  117; 
Ai'  h,  Sfji,  I'.iirliinui,  .MS.,  .\i.  .'is.').  Aui;.  1st,  Faycs  notilios  eouunand  nt.s  tliiit 
(•iiiii;ratnlations  ni.;y  bo  .si'nt  in.  I'ror.  SI.  J'(i/>.,  MS.,  iv.  Id.").  Oct  14, 
17S."»,  the  kinj;  order.s  thanks;.'iving  cverywliero  for  bhth  of  I'l  ine<!  I'cinando 
Maria.  .S7.  /'"}>.,  Siir.,  MS.,  .\v.  '2(i.  Nov.  ',  17>>(),  Santa  liarlKua  ordeied  to 
lire  21  gnus  w'tli  'J.*?  lbs.  of  powder  on  San  ( Virlo.s  d«y.  /'rm:  iSi.  /'«/>.,  MS., 
viii.  8!(.  Oet.  l.'i,  17>S"),  ;.;cneral  ]iardou  pubUslied  in  California  on  aeeoiuit  uf 
birth  of  twins  Don  Ciiilos  and  l>on  l''elipc.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  iv.  ."). 

'''Arch.  tiia.  Uurbura,  MS.,  xii.  300. 


DEATH  OF  EX-GOVERNOR  NEVE. 


447 


a  capo 


rossor,  was  indepoiKloiit  of  viceregal  autliority.^'^  The 
clioicc  was  a  ineritecl  recognition  ot'Xeve's  abilities,  but 
liis  I'ule  was  cut  short  by  death  at  the  end  of  1784."'  All 
that  is  known  of  Xe"*  c'  -  life  has  been  told  in  the  pre- 
ci'ding  chapters,  and  tue  reader  is  already  aware  of 
what  manner  of  man  he  was,  able,  patriotic,  and  dig- 
iiilled.  Devoted  to  the  royal  service  and  to  the  true 
interests  of  California,  he  formed  and  followed  a  well 
dctined  policy,  rising  above  the  petty  obstacles  thrown 
ill  liis  wav  by  the  friars.  The  dislike  of  the  latter 
was  caused  almost  wholly  by  Neve's  ureat  influence 
ill  ^lexico  and  Spain,  and  by  his  op})osition  to  their 
far-reaching  schemes  of  unlimited  contrt)l.  Personally 
he  \\  as  courteous  and  agreeable,  more  so  than  many 
other  oHicials;  but  while  others  followed  more  or  less 
faith I'ully  the  policy  laid  down  in  superior  instruc- 
tions, he  largely  dictated  that  policy.  Finding  that 
the  iriars  would  not  submit  to  amicable  recoLjnition  of 
the  secular  autliorities  he  proposed  to  restrict  their 
control  of  the  mission  tem])oralities  and  of  the  natives 
ill  tlio  interests  of  colonization,  of  real  civilization, 
and  the  riglits  of  man.     Whether  his  system  or  any 

^'■Oii  np])oi)itmcntas  i inspector  see  cliiq).  xviii.  yiiulv  coiniu.'iiul.int  u'ciu  nil 
Fc'l).  ]."),  17.".;i.  AeUii<)\vIeil;;i's  l'aj,'esi' eoiiLrnitiilutioii.s  I'vh.  (I,  1784.  April."), 
I7>'''4,  I'iiges  lenriis  ilmt  Xcvu  lias  lioun  giuiitt'<l  !:-S,(X)l)  s^jilary  as  coiiiiiKiiiilaiit 
int;pi.ctor.  .July  IJ,  17«i^,  royal  ei'ilula  fiinlirniini,' Xevi's  .".i))")iiituieiit  dituil 
Julv  1'-',  178;).  Sec  Pfov.  J.'a:,  x\]S.,  i.  liKi,  188;  iii.  18-2;  St.  Pup.,  Sue,  MS., 
XV.' 18;  Pi-'.r.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  iv.  (;_'-4;  v.  12.'),  SS. 

"•'Ho  dicdproliably  o'l  Ncnciiibor  Dil,  amllii.s  death  Avas  aiuiomiced  to  Gov. 
Facjes  on  Nov.  ;X;tli.  Pri>V.  si.  P<i/i.,  ^IS.,  v.  ti:5-4.  la-es  spv,aU.s  of  his 
deiTlh  on  IV.,.  1,  anil  April  'J-J,  178.").  /'/■(;(•.  Ihc,  .MS.,  i.  2!)!,  ii.  'Xi.  Don 
Felipe  de  Neve  waM  a  major  of  the  (^hieri'taro  leL'imeiit  '  f  provincial  <avalry 
i'loiii  it.s  ()r;:aiii/;ition  in  I7ii'i  until  yepternher  1774,  vlieu  he  was  ki  lected  liy 
Viceroy  Ducareli  to  Hucieed  ( lov.  llari  i  in  tlie  California^,  lie  nssnnied  tlio 
titlico  at  J.oii'to  on  .March  4,  177">.  W'Ikii  tl'c  capital  Mas  chaii:;ed  ho  cain;! 
to  Monterey,  arriving,'  on  Fcl>.  .'{,  1777.  He  made  a  lie;ciniiin'C  of  coloiii/alio'.i 
ill  1777;  oiicred  his  resignation,  and  was  made  colonel  in  1778;  jnepared  in 
I77llhii  new  re.<j;lamento;  and  had  his  c|uarrel  with  Serra  in  17''().  Sulise- 
(liuiitly  he  sjicnt  most  nt  his  time  at  San  t  lahriel  t^u]H  rintiiidin;,'  the  founda- 
tion (f  I.os  Anjicles  ami  midciiij,' picjiarations  for  tliu  ( 'liaiiiicl  missions,  (hi 
All;,'.  121,  1782,  ho  .startttl  for  tlie  Colorado  River  on  a  cainjai.L'ii  a'.:ainst  tlin 
mui<lercr.s  of  River.i.  hut  on  the  way,  unexiicct<}dly  as  it  woidd  scciii,  he  ic- 
eci\cd  notice  of  his  ]  loniotion  ilaled  .luly  I'Jlli  to  he  inspector  j.'eiiri;il.  Jn 
Septcniher  he  received  tlie  cross  of  the  order  of  San  Carlos  and  at  the  sjiiiio 
time  or  ii  little  later  the  rank  of  liri;.^adier  jreneial.  lie  was  made  coimnand- 
iuit  geiKial  l"el).  15,  178;i,  probably;  «as  confirmed  .Inly  1-.  I7''.">:  and  dicil 
Kuv.  3d  of  the  ucxt  year. 


448 


rOREIGX  RELATIONS  AXD  COMMEPvCE. 


■\     U:. 


..  \  V. 


possible  system  could  have  been  successful,  considerinn^ 
the  class  of  colonists  obtainable,  the  character  of  tlic 
natives,  the  isolation  of  California,  and  the  general  cui- 
rent  of  Hispano- American  affairs,  I  seriously  doubt; 
but  unlike  some  Mexican  governors  who  affected  a  likcj 
position  in  later  times.  Neve  was  honest  in  his  views 
and  worked  cahnly  and  intelligently  for  their  realiza- 
tion. Such  men  would  have  tlone  all  that  it  was])0,s- 
sibleto  do  with  half-breed  colonists,  stupid  aborigines, 
and  opposing  priests. 

At  Neve's  deatji  Jose  Antonio  I-iengel  M'as  aj)- 
pointed  by  the  audiencia  of  Guadalajara  to  the  teni- 
pt)rai'y  comn)and;  and  by  royal  order  of  October  (!, 
irSf),  General  Jacobo  Ugarte  y  Loyola  was  phiced  in 
comniand,^^  wliere  he  remained  until  171)0.  lytn-in;;- 
this  period  there  were  several  subdivisions  of  the  ii!- 
ternal  provinces,  but  Ugarte  always  possessed  power 
over  those  of  the  west,  includino-  California.  ]Jurii!>' 
the  term  of  Viceroy  Galvez,  1785-7,  he  had  authority 
over  the  commamh^nt  general,  who  had  before  been 
in(le|iendent;  and  after  his  death  tlie  de[)enden('e  c(i!\- 
tinued,  though  not  very  clearly  defined,  until  1788. 
In  171)0  Ugarte  was  succeeded  by  Pedro  de  Nnva 
undei'  whose  rule  all  subordination  of  the  command 
was  I'enioved,  and  in  171)2  or  171)3  all  the  ]>rovinces 
were  reiuiited  in  one  inde[)endent  command.'"' 

Vieerov  Flores  in  his  instructions  to  liis  successor 

^iPror.  S/.  P<ip.,  MS.,  iv.  l.")4-r);  v.  Ca-4 ;  vi.  lOG;  On/rez,  Itistrucdoit 
formiida  il<  rml  unloi,  j;S'!,  jip.  1 -.■)(!. 

•''■' I'giii'ti'  cDiuiiiaiiilcd  ill  ]iL'i>iiiii  ill  Sonora  iind  California;  liiul  a  siilionli 
nati^  in  N.\  izciiya  and  Now  .Mexico,  and  aiiotlu  r  in  (Aialiuila  and  'IVxas;  v.a:) 
subiii'dinalc  ti)  \'ici-'i'(iy(  lalvi'z;  lait  bccniiu;  indejicniluiit  at  ins  dcatli.  Iiis/riir. 
cidiii'i  </('  IV/v.'/'N,  ]'J4-.");  Midjcr  MSS.,  No.  ,S,  Fubniary  10,  i7'S7,  I'vaito  in- 
forms  l'"a,'.(  s  lliat  liy  diatliof  ( lalvi'z  his  command  au'ain  liocomcs  indrjitiidcut. 
Pror.St.  /V/i.,  MS.,  vil.  4;i-.").  MaivleJ,  ITS",  r{)yal<irikTja;iviii.i,'Vie''r()yl'l<'i's 
tlio  .saiiin  aiitliority  that  ( iahez  had  hold,  lil.,  vii.  .".I,  viii.  40-1.  Doei'iiihor 
3,  17S7,  comaiidancia  dividod  into  eastorn  and  wcstorn  )ii(>vin(;c!s.  Si.  /'";'., 
Mi^.f.  anil  (Joliiii..  MS.,  i.  ."S,  (il.  May  (or  March)  II,  I7.SS,  kinL;  f;avc  \i.<- 
I'oy  iuciv;><cd  and  full  ijowors  over  I'rovincias  Interna.s.  M<i;/<r  MS'<.,  No.  I: 
Sim  Miriiil,  Htji.  Mv.c,  i;j.  July  (t,  17N!^,  \icoidy  Mores  jjives  Ui;arto  luil 
Iiowci'-.  /'/or.  <S7.  Prtj).,  MS.,  viii.  5,  (i.  March  7,  17!'i',  I'garte  snuco'dod 
by  Kava  and  Utraldo  (in  eii.sterii  jirovinces)  by  J{ciigel.  Mmfo-  MSS.,  No,  J; 
November  l'S,  17!'U,  Nava  announces  his  apiiointment.  Pror.  St.  /'»■■..  MS., 
ix.  .'US.  17!'-,  all  jirovinces  reiiniteil.  UnciKh  ro,  Ao^  Soiii  I'li,  71.  17'.'.">.  ^■'■ 
tilriocloius  lie  I'iiri/iS,  •201. 


M 


MEASURES  IX  MEXICO  AND  SPAIN. 


449 


rievilla  Gi<^cd()  in  1789  flevotod  coiisidertiMo  atten- 
tion to  California  and  to  tlio  iniportanfo  of  itn  deilnco 
and  further  colonization,  recommend ini;'  war-Acsscls 
to  protect  the  coast,  since  an  attack  hy  loreioners 
was  ])ossil)le  and  the  reconquest  would  he  exticmdy 
(litiicult.  A  reenforcement  of  soldiers  vho  wonM  later 
ijcconi''.  settlers  was  likewise  proposed  I'or  considera- 
tion; i  nd  the  viceroy  had  also  asked  llie  kiiii;'  lor  a 
fi-w  families  from  the  Canary  Islands  to  ta1<e  caie  of 
a  lai'u'e  nnmher  of  foundlin<ijs  whom  he  intended  to 
send  to  California/*^  Dui-ing  the  period,  howcvei', 
tlu're  was  practically  nothing"  done  in  helialf  of  'mIo- 
iiization,  beyond  allowing  discharged  sailors  in  the 
ports  to  he  enlisted  as  settlers  or  soldiers;  yet  Fages 
rcport(!{l  strongly  in  favor  of  coloni:'.;ilion,  since  the 
missions  with  their  increasing  nnmher  of  neophytes 
could  not  bo  depended  on  to  supply  grain  for  the  pre- 
.sidios." 

The  old  desire  for  overland  comnumication  with 
California  had  })retty  nearly  died  out.  F;igcs  at  the 
ln'i., inning  of  1785  proposed  to  lead  an  (>x[)euition  and 
to  open  comnnr.iication  with  New  ^Mexico;  but  the 
scheme  met  with  no  favor,  and  was  positively  for- 
bidden by  Yicei'oy  Galvez  in  his  instruction;,  to  Cen- 
cial  Cgarte  in  17i-U),  on  the  ground  ^diat  snui'l  [jaities 
Would  be  exposed  to  great  danger  on  the  route,  and 
large  ones  couhl  ncjt  be  spared.''-^ 

*"  fi!>'(nicrion"-<i  (Ii'V!rr>/<:<,  i:W-40;  Flnri'n,  fiiffnirrioti,  MS.,  '2:2-"). 

"yv..('.  y.'rc,  MS.,  i.  '•J0;j-4;  ,S7.  I^np.,  Sac,  ii.  17;  /*/■'.(•.  .SV.  Puj).,  .M.S., 
V.  Ul-i.  Feb.  l."t,  ITS."),  (Ion.  Keuf^cl  I'orwiUilb  onliia  of  kiii;.;  f  r  v.t:;ulur 
luporls  t.vovy  (i  lauiitha.  S(.  I'dp.,  .SVc.,  MS.,  xv.  'Ju.  Peo.  ol,  IT'S  sthc^jov- 
ci'iiur  iciitlor.-i  llic  only  ixport  cxtiiiit  lor  lliis  iliK'nilc,  tk'sci'ibiji;?  t!io  clii.iate 
;is  cold  iuid  luiliiii],  cr.prcaliy  at  San  FraiiiM^fo,  hut  hcittr  for  '^ji.iiiiaii'.i  llian 
natives;  yet  tlic  re;'iuii  i.3  fci'iilo  and  at'i.i;;etivc  Willi  ani'  Ic  reuou  iei  lo.'  col- 
<inii'.<.  'J'iie  spiin;;  niinsare  i-.n  in  S|  :iin,  and  tlii.s  year  liavo  been  very  i.bundant. 

llildi'inii  ill'  Tc,il/<(:iU»ir.:/<J  lio.J,  J\;S. 

*- laves  to  (!en.  j;en;:;el,  .Jan.  14,  ]7S.">.  J^ar.  /.'cc,  i,  1,('.,  ii.  ]()'-."i;  Ren- 
gel  to  IVi-jes,  .July  Ist.  .sV.  Pup.,  Sa<\,  MS.,  xv.  'ill:  (,''tlixr.,  Jush'wr  o,i,  r,\S(), 
^1S.,  .'il;  J^srintiru,  I\'of.  So:i.,  70;  JIai/i r  MS,-!.,  Nu.  8.  In  t!io  di.iry  ut"  i.u 
<\l)editioa  to  the 'i'ulure  rigion  in  ISOIJ  1'.  Muno,'.  mentions  a  vepuit  !iy  tlio 
c'liief  (if  a  S'li  .Ii)ai|inn  ranel'  ui  tlii'.t  some  twenty  _\eii!3  bui'o'.i;— 17')()- — i^ 
I'aity  of  Koldieis  iiad  arrived  iron\  tlic  other  side,  killed  Sdine  oi  the  liaiives 
Mlien  atlaihetl,  and  retired.  ']'lui  padro  tliink;s  this  uui«t  have  been  a  party 
from  New  Mexico.  Arch.  S/<i.  llurlmru,  iv.  'Ji")  U, 
Hist.  Cal..  Vol.  I.    'iO 


CHAPTER  XXII. 


ri 


t'    i 


•n->& 


Uk 


RULE  OF  FAGES  j  LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  STATISTICS, 

1783-1790. 

Plan  of  Locai,  Axnals— San  Biec.o  I'rf.siuial  District— Presidio  Ofpi- 
ciALS — Alferez  Jose  Velasqi'ez — Force  and  Poitlatiox — Urii.D- 
iN(!s— Garrison  Life— Indian  Affairs — Explorations — San  Dieiio 
Mission — JrA\  FicrEROA — liionoo — Material  and  Si'IRITcal  Puou- 
ress— San  Juan  Cafistrano — Gregorio  Amurrio — Paulo  Mrcvu- 
TEuri — San  Gabriel — Pceblo  of  Los  Angeles— Settlers— Fei.ix  as 
C'o.AUsioNADo— Presidio  of  Santa  Barraka — Plan  of  P>riLT)iN(is-  A 
Volcano— Soldiers  Killed  While  Prosfectino  for  Mines— San 
Bpenaventura — Presidio  of  Montehev—OfficialChances— Sii;i;i.(iN 
Davila— San  Carlos — NoRuxiA — San  Antonio — San  Li'is  Or.isi'o — 
Josi;  Cavaller — Presuuo  oi'  San  Francisco — Lieitenants  ^Iokaiia 
and  (Jonzalez— Lasso  de  la  Yfma — Presidio  Chapel — The  Mission- 
Francisco  Palou — Map  of  the  Bay — Santa  Clara— New  C'hui!CU— 
Mdrguia — Pcerlo  de  San  Josii — Vallejo  as  Co.misionado. 

During  the  era  of  exploration,  conquest,  and  foun- 
dation, wliieli  was  for  the  most  })art  ended  soon  at'tei- 
the  heu'inning'  of  tlic  second  decade,  the  local  liistoiy 
of  each  new  establishment  has  been  a  liidc  in  the 
chain  of  provincial  develojiment  so  closely  united  with 
afi'airs  oi"  government  and  the  general  inarch  of  events 
as  to  be  susceptible  of  strict  chronological  treatment. 
Local  annals  will  be  to  the  end  an  imj)or(:ant  and 
deservedly  prominent  element  in  Californian  history, 
as  in  any  pro\incial  history  properly  so  called;  but 
hereafter  it  will  be  best,  tliat  is,  most  coiuhicive  to  a 
clear  presentment  and  easy  stud}-  of  the  subject,  to 
group  these  annals  in  decades,  or  other  convenient 
[)erioils,  and  to  jircsent  them  side  by  side  witli  and  to 
H(«me  extent  independently  of  the  more  foiinal  and 

(  150  ) 


AFFAIRS  AT  SAN  DIEGO. 


461 


general  narrative  which  they  support  and  illustrate. 
The  present  chapter  I  devote  to  purely  local  annals 
of  the  missions,  presidios,  and  pueblos  during  the  rule 
(if  Pedro  Fages,  from  1783  to  1790,  a  period  which 
may, however,  be  regarded  practically  in  most  respects 
as  i>eginning  a  year  or  two  earlier,  and  thus  compris- 
ing the  second  decade  of  Spanish  occupation. 

To  begin  in  the  extreme  south ;  the  presidio  of  San 
BicLTO  i'rom  1781  to  1790  and  for  three  years  more 
was  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant  Jose  de  Ziihiga, 
who,  as  habilitado,  was  also  intrusted  with  the  com- 
pany accounts.  So  far  as  the  records  show  no  com- 
plaint was  ever  made  against  him  in  either  capacity, 
and  lie  not  only  enjoyed  the  entire  confidence  of  both 
governor  and  commandant  general,  but  was  popular 
with  his  men,  and  efficient  in  kee])ing  the  savages 
quiet.^  Th(!  second  officer  was  at  first  Alferez  Jose 
A'elasquez,  who  like  Zuniga  was  one  of  the  new  ofiicers 
sent  to  California  under  the  regulation  of  1781,  who 
(lid  good  service  among  the  southern  and  frontier  sav- 
ages, some  of  whose  ex[)lorations  I  shall  liave  occasion 
to  mention  later,  but  who  died  at  San  Gabriel  Novem- 
ber '2,  1785.^    During  178G  the  position  was  vacant. 


^FiV'Sn  to  Gen.  Ugartc  Nov.  8,  1787,  in  Prm:  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  v.  4,  urges 
that  it  would  bo  unsafe  to  remove,'  Zui"iiL,'a.  in  view  of  his  fsueeess  in  ruling  tlio 
luitivea.  C';;pt.  lUjler  wished  to  put  him  in  eonniiandat  Santa  jlarhara.so  that 
under  hi.s  Hiipervision  a  stupid  alferez  mighthe  utilized  as  lial)ilitiulo.  /</..  vii. 
IM-Ki.  Lieut.  Ortega,  Zi'liiigas  predeee.ssor,  h'.d  praetieally  eommnnilcil  at 
.^au  l;iog<i  oineo  its  foundation,  at  first  as  .sergeant  in  eharge  of  tlie  (■•icu  la.  and 
afti.r  ?.;ai'eli  1774,  hi.,  i.  141(,  as  lieutenant  and  eoniniandant  of  the  presidio, 
liafj'.cl  J'edro  y  ( HI,  who  as  ijiiar<la-itliii(fcc:i  had  eharge  of  the  aeeounts  before 
Ziii.i;;a's  time,  gave  them  up  on  Oet.  I'J,  17cSl,  and  went  to  San  Bias  niidei- 
arrest  to  aceount  for  a  delieit  of  .s7,(!00.  /-"/y/c.  /,'«<•..  .MS.,  i.  IIS;  ii.  7(>-l. 
I'tih'o  y(lil^^■as  .i  native  of  liai'oea  in  Araj^'on,  married  to  I'oua  Josefa  de 
Clicvira  y  Lerina,  a  native  of  .laiiseo,  by  whom  he  had  several  ehildreu.  tlneo 
of  tin  111 'born  at  San  Di-go.  S.  JUkjo,  Lih.  tlr  M'l^'ion,  MS.,  !•_>,  ]S,  '20.  Ho 
cwww.  i'.:i  ,s'i.oredcecper  in  1774,  a.sked  to  bc^  relieved  the  ;:ame  year,  had  a  delieit 
of  .v;;ri:!  i:i  177.'i,  and  a:~!ied  again  for  dismissal  bi.fore  he  was  I'uined.  Pivr.  St. 
yV/;/.,  ^;S.,  i.  llo!-."),  'JliS.  In  17''i'-  his  delieit  was  .'•,';),';(;0.  MoiiIiti  ij  Cd.  Arrli., 
Ms.,  vii.  (i.  In  I7'.>1  he  was  a  revenne-oliieer  in  llt/atl.in,  Jali-soo,  and  again  in, 
ilebt  to  the  government.   Nm  ra  JJs/iaiiii,  Aciu  ribui,  MS.,  !(!. 

-  lie  was  buried  Xov.  .'?d  by  Sanehez  in  the  mission  chureli.  ,SV//(  (tiiU/id, 
Lih.  lie  .l/;,s.o/(,  ^iS.,  8;  Prov.  'Sf.  P,ip.,  lim.  JJ!I.,  MS.,  vii.  '_'.  Ilis  deal.'i  was 
caused  by  a  sore  hand.  Pruv.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  v.  lliO.    In  Pror.  live,  MS.,  ii. 


402 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AXD  STATISTICS. 


but  early  tlio  next  year  Sergeant  Pablo  Grijalva  of 
the  San  Francisco  company  was  made  alfurez,  or  sul)- 
lientenant,  and  sent  down  to  take  the  place,  whicli  lie 
held  for  the  rest  of  the  period.^ 

Grijalva,  it  will  be  remembered,  had  come  from 
Sonora  with  Anza's  San  Francisco  colony  in  177G. 
The  serijeant  of  San  Diefyo  Jiad  been  Juan  Jose  Robles, 
a  victim  of  the  Colorado  River  massacre,  and  after 
his  death  Guillermo  Carrillo  served  for  a  time,  but 
died  in  December  1782,*  and  after  a  vacancy  of  two 
years  Ignacio  Alvarado  was  promoted  from  among 
the  corporals  to  fill  the  place  from  1784.  The  pre- 
sidial  force  under  these  officers  was  by  the  regulation 
to  be  five  corporals  and  forty-six  soldiers,  and  tlio 
ranks  never  hulked  more  than  three  of  bcinGf  full.  Six 
men  were  constantly  on  duty  at  each  of  the  tlnve 
missions  of  the  district,  San  Diego,  San  Juan  Capis- 
trano,  and  San  Gabriel;  wliilc  four  served  at  the 
pueblo  of  Aiigoles,  t1nis  leaving  a  sergeant,  two 
corporals,  and  about  twenty -five  men  to  garrison  the 
fort,  care  for  the  horses  and  a  small  herd  of  cattle, 
and  to  carry  the  mails,  wliich  latter  duty  was  the 
hardest  connected  with  presidio  service  in  time  of 
peace.  There  were  a  carpenter  and  blacksmith  con- 
stantly employed,  besides  a  few  servants,  mostly 
natives.  The  population  of  the  district  in  1790,  not 
including  Indians,  was  220.® 

l.'?2,  it  is  implied  that  Velasquez  hail  heen  habilitaflo,  that  tlie  office  fell  to 
Zuni;;;i  at  hin  <leath,  and  that  IvaimniKlo  (Jarrillo  was  to  be  sent  to  aid  Ziifiig.a 
in  lii mow  duties;  Init  this  is  ecvtaiidy  an  <iTor. 

'^  1  lis  coiinui-;.- ion  as  alferez  of  the  San  Dic'^o  company  was  sent  by  the  gen- 
eral lYI).  !),  17>'i7.  I'rnr.  St.  .  'riji..  MS.,  vii.  4.j. 

^Soil  JJiri/o,  Lib.  til'  Miyiiiil,  MS..  7!'. 

'•"  (.'ompany  rosters,  eoiitaininif  the  names  of  all  ofTieers  and  men,  were 
made  out  nioutldy  lor  each  pret-idio.  In  the  early  year.?  only  a  few  of  tlieso 
rosiir.~i  f<ir  each  year  liave  been  preserved;  but  in  later  times  they  are  nearly 
complete.  Tlie  reqlamento  fjavo  San  Die;'o  lii!l'>,()00  per  j'car;  but  the  avcr- 
a.TC  annual  e.-cpen.sc  as  shown  by  tlic  company  aceount.'j  was  about  .Sbi.OOO. 
The  .iverago  pay  rolls  were  !;d"_',000,;  ilexieo  ■)iii-iiior!a-\  vS.OfU);  and  SanDIas, 
fe','5,."00.  In  17h"(»  supplies  to  tlio  amount  (;f  .\"!,(rs"}  were  bou^^lit  of  the  mis- 
8ion=i.  Between  ^?UK)  and  i^'M)  v.erc  relaine<l  Irom  soldiers'  pay  eacli  year  for 
t\w/oiido  <lc  rdciiriuii.  Jlilitary  accounts  in  Prov.  Si.  Pup.,  lieu.  Mil.,  JIS., 
ii.  •_'];  iii.  M;  vi.  4;  v.  9;  viii.  JJ-H;  xx.  (!,  7;  SI.  Pap.,  Mins.  (ind  Cu/oii.,'M^., 
i.  l(;;)-7<);  Mf>ri!cr(ii  Co.  Airh.,  MS.,  vii.  (i.  For  lists  of  arms  and  amnnmi- 
tion  see  St.  Pap.,  S'lic,  MS.,  ii.  "20-7,  v.  "23;  Pfov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  v.  1HJ~'J. 


BUILDINGS  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


453 


Hespoctinj^'  the  presidio  buildings  during  this  period 
the  records  are  silent;  but  in  view  of  Governor  Neve's 
ctibrts  in  this  direction,  of  the  fact  that  the  work  of 
collecting  foundation  stones  was  begun  as  early  as 
1778,  and  especially  because  the  correspondence  of 
the  next  decade  speaks  of  extensive  re[)airs  rather 
than  original  construction,  I  supj)ose  that  the  j)ali- 
sades  were  at  least  i'e[)lacetl  b}'  an  adobe  wall  enclos- 
ing the  necessary  buildings,  public  and  private.  Here 
on  the  hill  lived  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-iive 
persons,  men,  women,  anil  children.  Each  year  in 
summer  or  early  autumn  t)ne  of  the  transport  ve.'-sels 
entered  the  harbor  and  landed  a  year's  sup[)lies  at  the 
cnibarcadero  several  miles  down  the  bay,  to  be  brought 
up  by  the  presidio  nudes.  Every  week  or  two  small 
parties  of  soldier-couriers  arrived  from  Loreto  in  the 
south  or  Monterey  in  the  north  with  ponderous  de- 
s[)atches  for  ofiicials  here  and  to  the  north,  and  with 
iti'Uis  of  news  for  all.  Each  day  of  festixal  a  I'riar 
came  over  from  the  missit)n  to  say  mass  and  otherwise 
cyi'C  for  the  spiritual  interests  of  soldiers  and  their 
families;  and  thus  the  time  dragged  on  from  day  to 
day  and  year  to  year,  with  hardly  a  rip[)le  on  the  sea 
of  monotony. 

There  was  an  occasional  rumor  of  intended  hostili- 
ties by  the  natives,  but  none  resulted  in  anything 
serious,  most  of  the  trouble  occurring  south  of  the 
line  in  Baja  Californian  territory  and  retjuiring  some 
attention  i'rom  Fages  during  his  southern  trip  in  the 
s[)ring  of  1783.  Hero  in  the  south,  as  in  fact  through- 
out the  country,  the  natives  M-ere  remarkably  quiet 
and  peaceful  durinu"  Eases'  rule.  This  is  shown  by 
the  meagre  records  on  the  subject  m  connection  with 
the  V,  ell  known  tendency  of  the  Spaniards  to  indulge 
in  loi;g  correspondence  on  any  occurrence  that  can 
})i)ssii)iy  be  made  to  appear  like  an  Indian  cam[)aign.*' 


I 


"Juno  .^0,  1783,  Ftiges  to  I'.-i.hv  Sales,  in  Pror.  r<r.,  MS.,  iii.  218,  wiys 
that  luHi:!'i  onlcivd  ii  ;  ally  ;!.%'>.in;,t  tlii.'  (.'oluvado  Iinlian;-;  ;:ii(l  Oct.  "Jo,  /</., 
201,  hu  oidurs  IScryt.  Arou  villi  ii  guard  of  4  or  3  men  to  watch  tliosuliuliaiis, 


in  i^ 


i    ! 


|l+i>   V- 


454 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  STATLSTICS. 


Neve's  instructions  on  leaving  California  had  included 
a  recommendation  to  open  a  new  and  safer  route  fr  >m 
San  Diego  to  the  peninsula.  The  exploration  seems 
to  have  been  male,  and  the  result,  saving  ten  or 
twelve  leagues  of  distance  and  avoiding  some  danger- 
ous  bands  of  coast  natives,  was  approved  by  General 
Eengel  in  1786J  At  the  end  of  May  1783  AlFerez 
Velasquez  made  a  reconnoissance  eastward  from  San 
]3iego  with  a  view  to  examine  a  new  route  to  the 
Colorado  River  recorimcnded  by  Lasuen.  He  went 
no  farther  than  the  summit  of  the  mountains,  found 
tlio  route  impracticable,  and  returned  by  another  way 
after  an  absence  of  ft)ur  days.*  In  CJctober  of  \hv. 
same  year  Velasquez  had  instructions  from  Fages  to 
visit  the  Colorado,  to  examine  a  ford  said  by  the 
natives  to  exist  near  the  mouth,  to  recover  as  many 
horses  as  possible  without  using  force,  and  to  keep  a 
full  diary  of  the  trip;"  but  it  seems  that  no  such  ex- 
ploration was  made.  In  1785,  however,  Fages  in 
])erson  made  a  similar  reconnoissance  accompanied  by 
Velasquez,  whose  diary  has  been  preserved.^"  This 
trip  was  made  from  the  frontier  where  Fages  had 
been  searching  for  a  mission  site,  the  outward  march 
being  in  what  is  now  Lower  California,  but  a  portion 

the  guard  to  be  relieved  every  15  days.  Aug.  21  st,  Zi'ifiiga  to  Fages  states 
that  the  Serranos  have  killed  a  neophyte  and  threaten  to  attack  tlie  mission. 
Ho  has  taken  steps  to  keep  them  in  check.  J'rov.  Sf.  I'nj).,  MS.,  iv.  77. 
Nov.  15,  17'^4,  governor  to  general,  that  a  deserter,  Ilermenegildo  Florcs  (an 
Tn<lian  probably)  has  been  killed  by  the  Indians.  J'rov.  Ike,  il.S.,  i.  ISl-'J. 
Oct.  7,  17S0,  Ziifiiga  to  Fages,  that  he  has  sent  7  nien  to  reconnoitre  Toni-'a- 
yavit.  I'r«r.  ,•<(.  Pup.,  MS.",  vi.  38.  Dec.  '21,  17.S8,  the  soldier  Mateo  Uiiliio 
seriously  injured  while  loading  a  gun.   Id.,  viii.  (iS. 

Trov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  iii.  KJl  3;  /(/.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  iv.  18;  vi.  113-14. 
Some  details  respecting  the  new  route  are  given. 

''  Velasquez,  JJiarioy  Mapit  ilcnn  Rrrniiorhnienfo  desile  S.  Dierjo,  17SJ,  MS., 
with  a  rude  sketch  of  the  route,  which  although  the  earliest  map  of  this 
region  extant,  I  do  not  deem  worth  reproducing. 

'■>Proi\  nee.,  MS.,  iii.  188-00. 

'"  ]''(l'iH<jii(~.,  llilminn  (/el  Viajfi  que.  hho  el  Gobrniador  Fcu/es,  17S5,  MS.  .V 
continuation  of  the  title  exjilains  the  document:  'Diary  made  by  order  of 
Gov.  Fa'.;es  of  the  exploration  made  liy  Iiini  in  ]icrson  from  tlic  frontiir, 
crossin;.' the  sierra,  wandering  from  the  mouth  of  the  ( 'olorado  Diver  to  the 
gulf  of  California,  jiassing  through  tlie  cfiuntry  of  the  Camilli;re^  Cucupacs, 
(luyccaniacs,  Cajuenches,  and  Yumas;  and  liis  return  across  said  sierra  to 
this  i>residio.'  Dated  Sun  Diego,  April  *27,  1785.  The  trip  lasted  from  April 
7tli  to  -JOth. 


119' 


SAN  DIEGO  MISSION. 


455 


<){'  tlic  return  north  of  tlio  lino  across  tho  sierra  to 
Sail  Dioj^u.  Tlicre  was  one  fight  in  wiiieh  the  natives 
ucic  punished  tor  liaviu^-  killed  a  horse  as  well  as  tor 
|iri\  ious  otrt'iiees  with  which  they  wore  chari^ed.  The 
narrative  is  long  and  tilled  with  petty  details,  without 
vahie  ior  the  nu»st  part,  hut  which  might  he  (»t'  some 
L;('()nia[)hical  interest  it'  pi'esented  in  full  and  studied 
in  connection  with  an  accurate  topographical  niaji,  did 
such  a  thing  exist.  It  may  be  noted  '  .re  that  Fages 
in  1782  had  crossed  di recti}' from  the  (Jolorado  to  San 
J)iego,  the  tirst  recorded  trip  over  that  route  I  ap- 
pend a  chart  made  by  Juan  Pautoja  in  1782,  which 
was  co[)ied  l)y  LaPerouso  in  substance.^^ 

At  the  mission  six  miles  up  tho  river  there  was  a 
total  change  in  the  missionary  force  about  the  middle 
of  the  decade,  caused  by  the  death  of  one  of  tho 
ministers  and  promotion  of  another.  Juan  Figuer 
after  seven  years  of  service  in  this  field  died  ]Jecem- 
hcr  18,  1784,^^  and  was  buried  in  the  mission  church 
next  day.  For  about  a  year  Fermin  Francisco  de 
J^asuen  served  alone,  until  in  November  1785  tho 
duties  of  his  new  position  as  president  called  him  to 
San  Carlos,  and  his  place  was  taken  by  Juan  Marin<  i-. 
Juan  Antonio  Garcia  Rioboo  was  associate  until  Oc- 
tober 178(),  and  was  then  succeeded  by  Hilario  Tor- 

",V//'(7  y  Mexicana,  Viaije,  Atla/<;  La  Pcrouse,  Voy.,  Alius.  I  omit  tho 
soundings. 

'-<S'f/;i  D'i€(jo,  Lih.  de  jtlinioti,  MS.,  80,  containing  his  parlidn  iIc  cnlirrro 
figncil  hy  Lasncn.  Figuer  was  a  native  of  Anento  in  Aragon,  ami  hccanic  a 
Fiiuicisian  at  /aragoza.  Of  his  coming  to  America  and  to  San  J''crn  uido  col- 
lege J  have  fiinnd  no  record.  With  '21)  comjiauion  fri.'ir.^  fur  the  Cidiroiniim 
lie  arii\ed  at  Tepie  from  .Mexico  at  tho  end  of  1770,  and  willi  al'out  J'l  of  tho 
nuinlii'r  saih'd  for  Lorelo  in  Fehruary  1771.  The  vessel  was  dviveii  down  to 
.\cM]iu!r(>  an<l  in  returning  was  grounded  at  Manzanillo.  Most  of  the  padres 
retiMiied  to  Sinaloa  liy  laiul,  hnt  Figuer  and  Serra  intrusted  thenu'clves  again 
to  the  .sea,  when  the  Sun  Cdrlnti  was  got  oil',  iind  after  a  tedious  voyage 
re;iehe<l  Loreto  in  August  1771.  Figuer  was  assigned  to  the  15aja  t'iilil'oniiaii 
mission  of  San  Francisco  de  Borja.  In  Xovemher  177-  he  was  sent  up  to 
San  l>iego  liy  ral(ju  in  company  with  Usson,  Ijoth  heing  intcndid  for  the 
]iro])osed  mission  of  San  IJuenaventura  ;  In  i,  that  foundation  lieing  jiostponed 
I'iguer  hecame  minister  of  San  (iabriel  in  May  177.'!.  lie  served  at  San 
•  Jaljriel  177'VI;  at  San  Lnis  Oliispo  Oct.  177t  to.June  1777;  and  at  San  Diego 
until  his  death  in  D<'c.  17iS4.  He  was  buried  in  the  mission  ciuuvh  on  Dec. 
ItKli.  liy  his  associate  Lasuen.  In  1804  his  ri'mains,  with  those  of  (he  martyr 
■launie  and  of  .Mariner,  were  transferred  with  all  dm;  solcnniity  to  a  new  sep- 
ulchre under  an  arch  between  the  altars  of  the  new  church. 


m  '\ 


I! 


i 


P' 


4o0 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  STATISTICS. 


ic'iis.      Till'  lhrc'(>  last  named  fiiai's  wcic  iicw-coiiicrs, 
liiohoo  liuviiitjf  hecii  si'iit  u|)  I)y  llu'  yuai'dian   in  tli. 
vussrl  ol'  ITS;')  at  Scira's  r(.M|U('si  \\n-  su]i(iiiuni<'rai'i(s, 
and  the  (ithci-  two  liaAinn'  ariivrd   in  ITSaand  ITsCi, 


HlMlundl'  H.DlcKOi 


Mai*  of  San  Diego,  j7S2. 

doinjj,"  tlicii'  ilrst  work  at  San  Dic-:^o.  Rioboo  is  not 
hoai'd  o["  ailcr  lie  left  this  mission,  and  I  suppose  him 
to  have  retired  to  his  college  at  the  end  of  178G.'^ 

'^.Tii:m    Aiitciiio   fliiicia   Itiobno,  vlio  hIkhiIiI   iiropci'ly  l>c  Hpokcn  of  ii'< 
Gurciu-liiobuo,  whose  lust  uauio  should  perhaps  bo  written  liiobo,  ami  nf 


%.^. 


LASUENS  RErOUT. 


457 


III  Juiu;  I7H;}  Lasiicii  si'iii  t<»  Scnii  a  rcjiort  on  tliu 
iiiissiiiii  ol"  Sum  Dicj^o,  wliicli  iiicliuU'd  jiiioiidiiK!  ofits 
|>;isl   history,  alri'iuly  utilized  in  the  preceding'  ('liap- 


'( ><>'■ 


(lis,  and  a  statistical  statoincnt  of  agricultui'al  pi 
iTss,  intciuK.'d  to  show  that  the  jtlaci'  was  wliolly  nntit 
I'or  a  mission,  although  the  spiritual  interests  of  tin; 
<niivei'ls  made  it  necessary  to  keep  U|>  the  establish- 
nitiit,  there  Ijeinj^  no  better  site  available.  A  <U'- 
s<'ri[)tion  ol*  the  mission   buildings  then  in  existence; 


d  t 


11 


TI 


lere  were 


at  tl 


us 


a<  coiii]>anie(l  tlie  otiier  papei 
time  740  neo|)hytes  under  missionary  care,  and  Jjasuen 
otiiiiali'd  the  n'eiitiles  within  a  radius  ol'  six  or  eiiiht 
Ici^iies  at  a  somewhat  larger  number.  In  171)0  the 
coiiverls  had  increased  to  HilO,  ol*  this  number  480 
lia\ing  been  baptized  anil  278  ha\ing  died.  J^arge 
stock  had  incicased  IVom  054  to  1,7l!1)  lu-ad,  small 
st(.fk  IVom  1,:>1)1  to  2,110,  and  the  harvt'st  of  i7'J0 
had  aggregated  about  1,500  bushels.  In  his  general 
I'epeit  ol"  1787  on  the  state  of  the  missions  Fages, 
i'e[)eating  the  substan<x'  of  Lasuen's  earliei-  statements 
resp(  ctiiig  the  stei'ility  of  the  soil,  atiirms  that  only 
about  one  half  of  the  neophytes  live  in  the  mission, 
since  they  cannot  be  fed  there,  that  the  gentiles  are 


vliosc"  oiirly  life  I  kiuiw  iiotliin/T,  ciinic  from  S;in  IVriiniulo  colU\f;(!  to  Tepio 
pi'iluiMy  in  tlio  suiic  ciinipjiiiy  jis  Fi;;iU'i-  (sec  i'ot<'  )■_'),  in  October  1770.  llo 
cnissod  over  to  tlio  iiuniiisulu  with  (iov.  IJairi  in  .lanuary  1771.  J.nd  wns  jmt 
ill  cliiir/^c  of  llict\\<i  puclilos  1  It'll  1' t 'ape  Sau  Li'iuas.  In  May  I77.t  li<' siiiitd 
fioiii  Loivlo  on  Ills  way  to  liis  college.  We  li'^ar  notliiii;,'  more  I'f  liiin  until 
lu;  \vii:i  ah^sitim-il  to  tlie  Santa  liaihara  Clianiiel  missions,  Imt  rel'used  to  .serve! 
iiiidcr  liie  new  sy.sKim  pi'o[(osed.  l^ater,  liowi^ver,  he  \v;,3  Kent  up  witli  \olio;i 
ii.s  siipeinniiK'iaiy,  aniving  at  San  Francisco  .Innc  '2,  I7''i;>,  and  s[ienilii  g  his 
tiiiio  at  San  Fraiieisco,  San  Juan,  and  San  (ialniel  until  lie  came  to  Saa 
Dicuoi:i  17;^.').     It  is  pnihahlo  that  even  iiere  he  wa.s  not  ie;;ulai'  minister. 

^^  Ijimuii,  Iin'(,ni.e  <!<■  H'S'l,  MS.;  //((//'■■>'  Jli-Kinn  IJoofc,  SD-iS.  The  report 
wa.s  lii;.t  (hited  May  lOth,  hut  Serrii  having  ordered  it  kept  l)ack  -jMohably 
in  the  U':.v  that  lu^  might  have  to  show  it  to  the  secular  antliorities — the 
iiutlior  made  some  additiiin.s  under  date  of  June  iMst.  The  Imilding.s  wen': 
(hureli,  '.'>{)  X  .">.")  varas;  granary,  25  x  ij.5  varj's;  storehouse,  .S  varas;  house 
for  sick  women,  0  varas;  Ikjusc  for  men,  0  varas;  shed  for  wood  and  oven;  "2 
padres'  houses,  o.ii  varas;  lai'der,  8  varas;  guest-room;  Iiato;  kitclien.  Tlicso 
were  of  adohe  .nr.d  from  ."]  to  rt.'}  varas  high.  With  the  soldiers'  barracks 
tlu'se  liuiidings  lilled  three  .sides  of  a  scpiare  of  .",">  varas,  jaid  tlie  fourth  side 
was  an  adnhe  wall  3  varas  high,  with  a  lavelin  a  litile  higher.  Outside,  a 
fnimtaiii  for  tanning,  "2  adobe  corrals  for  sheep,  etc.,  and  one  coi'ral  for  cows. 
Most  of  tlie  slock  was  kept  in  San  Luis\'alley  "J  leagues  away,  protected  by 
palisade  corrals. 


i 


458 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  STATISTICS. 


numerous  and  daufTjC'rous,  and  tliat  it  is  onlv  1»v  tlio 

O  '  t.'  t  ■ 

unrcniittiui;'  toil  and  sacrifice  of  tlie  [)a(lres  in  coiiiu'c- 
tiou  witli  tlio  vigilance  of  g-overnor  and  connuaiidaiit 
that  this  niissiou  has  manag'ed  to  maintain  a  ])i'eca- 
rious  existence.  He  adds,  howevei',  tiiat  notwitli- 
staiidiipjf  all  dilHeulties  San  Dieofo  was  the  lirst  mission 
to  register  a  thousand  baptisms.^'"' 

Of  San  Juan  ra[)istrano  there  is  little  to  be  said 
beyond  naming  its  ministers  and  jiresenting  a  lew 
statistics  of  conversion  and  of  inchistrial  progress. 
Lands  were  fertile,  ministers  faithful  and  zealous, 
natives  well  disposed,  and  progress  in  all  respects  sat- 
isfactory. Fages  in  his  report  of  1787  alludes  briefly 
to  this  ostal>lishment  as  in  a  thoroughlyprosperous  con- 
dition. The  number  of  converts  was  nearly'  doubled 
prior  to  1790,  and  an  occasional  scarcity  of  water  was 
the  only  drawback,  a])parently  not  a  serious  one ,  to 
agricultural  onerations.'"  Of  the  oriLjinal  mii.i>;fers 
who  servL'd  at  San  Juan  from  the  founding  in  I  77r), 
Gregorio  Amurrio  had  left  the  mission  and  [)robably 
the  country  in  the  autunni  of  1 779/'  and  had  been  suc- 
ceeded by  Vicente  Fuster,  who  it  the  end  of  1787 
was  tiansferred  to  Purisima,  his  place  being  filled  1)y 
Juan  Jose  Xorberio  de  Santiago,  wdio  had  come-  IVoni 
Mexico    the  year  before  and    from   Spain    in    178J. 


'"/rr^/(S,  I  iiforme  (>)\er(il  sobre  Mhhniei^,  1787,  MS.  Owing  to  pcculiurtrai's 
of  the  S.'iii  Dicyo  Jiiiliaua  t'.icy  wcro  loft  more  completely  iinlci-  inidsioiKir' 
control  tiiau  at  other  mis  i  );iis,  there  lieing  no  alcaldes.  Id.,  77  f"!. 

"'t'Mverta  ii  17':'>,  ;!;i;i;  iu  179;),  741";  new  liajitisms,  .'Oil;  ileatl.s,  14!). 
Large  stock  had  inereu'eil  iVom  47l(  to  •2,47:«;  and  Miiiall  stock  from  1,17")  to 
5,,')(l().     A  ;iicnltiual  proiluctc!  for  I7II()  \\  ck;  o\-er  .'ijOOl)  IjuslieLs. 

"  Aniiini.i  v,ao  one  of  the  p;;rty  who  with  i'i^'uer  (see  note  12)  was  iTLckcd 
ut  Manxanillo  i:i  alli'mp'Jnj;  to  cross  from  San  IJlas  to  Lorelf)  ia  17;'l.  lie 
came  hack  to  ^■inaloa  liy  hind,  reached  Loreto  in  Novendier.  and  t\ervcd  i:'.,  Santa 
(Jerti'udisi  dui  in;i;  Uiu  inief  occupation  of  the  ]ieninsula  Ijy  t!io  IVaiii. scans. 
At  the  ce:T:-i(ii  Ik^  eama  with  I'ldoil  to  San  Uiej^o  in  Aii[;il  t  I77;i.  Here  he 
remaiiied  itnti.  Aprd  1771,  ^^  hen  lie  sailed  fur  Mimtci-ey,  yulisenncally  Kcrvin;,' 
most  of  the  time  as  supernumerary  at  San  Luis  Ohiopo  r ..' il  tho  nt'.emptcd 
foundaticm  of  San  Juan  in  Octoher  I77">.  'i'lie  next  yoa'  lie  r.peni  ehielly  at 
Siin  ])ic;;o,  was  jiresent  as  minislerat  tlic  succcssl'ul  founi  ationof  ;jan.lii:ui  on 
Nov.  I,  I77i';  and  lii.jhi:;t  ealry  iu  tlie  l';)iil;s  of  Mint  u  'o.iion  v.as  ia  Si'pU-ndju' 
of  177!).  1  tliink  he  :^ailed  in  the  transport  of  tnat  year  1'  '<■  Sau  liitiH,  retiring 
on  account  of  iiiipaired  liealth. 


AXNALS  OF  SAX  GABRIEL. 


450 


Palilo  <le  !Mugdrtej^ui,  the  other  founder,  left  CaVi- 
foiiiia  at  the  end  of  1789/'*  Faster  having  returned  in 
September  to  serve  with  Santiago  during  the  last  year 
of  the  decade.^'* 

At  San  Gabriel,  the  third  niisf;ion  of  Uk-  San  ]^iego 
military  juiisdietion,  Antonio  Criizado  and  ?.i.iguel 
Sanchez  served  toixethei  throuij^horit  this  decade  as  in 
the  next  and  a  large  part  of  rhe  precednig,  the  former 
havinu'  Ijeu'un  his  service  in  1771  aid  th(.'  latter  in 
177."),  while  both  died  ni.  their  posts  after  1800.  Tliey 
had  Jose  Antonio  Calzada  as  a  supernum-jiary  asso- 
ciate fi'om  1788  to  1790.  They  l)apti::  3d  on  an  i^vei-age 
a  hundred  converts  each  year,  lialf  of  whor.!  soon 
(lifd.  In  neo])hytc  nambcs  Han  Gabrit.'l  was  second 
only  to  San  Antonio,  while  in  live-stock  and  farm 
products  this  mission  had  in  1790  far  outstiipped  all 
the  rest.""  The  governor  alludes  to  it  as  having  often 
lelieved  the  necessities  of  other  establishments  in  both 
Callfornias,  and  as  having  enabled  tlie  goverinnent  to 
cai'ry  out  important  undertakings  that  without  such 
aid  would  have  been  impracticable.  Prosperity  did 
net  however  carry  in  its  train  nnu-h  excitement  in  the 
way  of  local  events,  and  the  calm  of  this  mission  of 

''  I'alili)  (!'-  ATnplrtetriii  came  to  Cnlifoniia  \  i^^li  Sei'ra  on  tlint  i'l  iur's  ivturn 
from  Alcxii'o,  rn;  vinj,'  iitSiiu  Diot^o  March  I'A,  I77t.  Ijt'in^'  in  jirioi-  lii.viith  lie 
n'liiiiiiRil  fur  Boiiu:  time  iinatUicliod  to  any  iiiis:'-.:;,  lirst  wrviu;,'  r.s  Kn]H'r- 
luinniary  at  S.iu  Antonio  fnnn  Jauuiiry  to  'Inly  l77-">.  lie  was  in  nistcr  at 
Siui  I  '.'i-s  Oliispo  from  Auf^nst  177">  iiniil  Novcnilur  177<>,  ■"■nil  at  San  Juan  as 
w(  li;;\i  !c\n  fmni  Xovcmlicr  177<»until  Xoviinln  r  I7S!).  lU'wrifcsl  >  Jjisucn 
iM>  Jan.  .'SO,  17'JJ,  fiuni  tlio  college,  that  ho  hail  lircn  very  ill  luit  v  :i  ■  now  out 
of  ilaii'^cr.  ]''r<>ni  Au%'.  I'i,  17>^<>,  lie  Inlil  the  olUco  of  vice-prcs!i1' iit  of  the 
California.  nii;:sioi!-t,  Iiavinj:;  chargu  of  tliu  southern  (listrict.  Tayl.M,  in  <'(./. 
fariiii  r,  .Fuly  -U,  ISO;},  says,  erroneously  I  suppose,  that  he  ilieil  nn  'Jareli  (1, 
180.1,  i'.t  San  liuenavcntura. 

''■'  },Iueli  of  tiio  information  rcspcctini.,'  the  friars  in  charf?c<  I  Inn'o  olitained 
innn  Sthi,  Jii'ii!  ('n/iis/anin,  Lih,  <lf  Mia'ii)  MS.  Ainon;^  the  vi  il:in;c  jiailrcs 
wlioiilliciateil  here  (lurini,'tiH!  )iorioil  and  ])efore  were  Serra,  Oct.  177  :  l''i:;uer, 
June  17S0:  Mi.'.nul  Samlie/,  May  17.S-;  Lasuon,  Oet.  l7'-i:'>:  liiolioo,  lYI).  'l7Sl; 
.Mariner,  Oet.  I7>i."):  Jos  •  Arroit.a,  ]  >ee.  l7Mi:  -lose  .\ntiiniii< 'alzaihi.  A)  'il  17S'h 
Torrent,  (Jet.  l7;iS;  anil  ( 'ristnlial  Orama.s,  ])i'e.  17'SStoJan.  17'i".  'Ihu.swu 
see  that  San  Juan  for  sonio  not  very  clear  rea.son  was  niueh  less  itMilaieil  in 
respect  of  visators  t!ian  San  Dieyo. 

■'''Xei.p'iyLes  in  I7s:t,  (i;!S;  in  I7!>0,  l.OtO.  Uajitisms  iluiin;r  perind.  ,slS; 
ileatlrj,  ■)>'().  Inerr,-i  e  of  larire  stock.  StiO  to  ■\:11\:  Muall  .siock,  •_',U70  to 
{>,Oi;j.     Harvest  ill  171)0,  0,150  bushels. 


] 

If 


i'r 

is 

m 


!  i^i 


*|l 


l!l  = 


4G0 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  STATISTICS. 


the  gi'oat  aicliaiigel  on  tlic  river  of  eartliqualcos  was 
(listurljod  only  by  one  or  two  slight  troiibl'js,  or  niiiioi's 
(.)f'  trouble,  with  the  natives.  In  October  17>':;a  tli(3 
neoj)li}ie.s  and  gentiles  were  tempted  by  a  woman,  so 
at  l(>a:it  said  the  men,  into  a  ])lan  to  attack  the  mis- 
sion and  kill  the  friars.  The  corporal  in  command 
prevented  the  success  of  the  scheme  without  blood- 
shed, and  captured  some  twenty  of  the  conspirat(.)rs. 
Fages  hurried  .south  from  the  capital,  ])ut  the  four 
ringleaders  in  prison  to  await  the  decision  ef  the 
conunandant  general,  and  released  the  rest  with  lifteen 
or  twenty  lashc;,  each.  Two  years  latei'  came  ^.leneral 
Ugarte's  order  condenming  one  native,  Nicolas,  to  six 
years  of  worl;  iit  the  presidio  followed  by  exile  to  a 
distant  niis^  ion.  The  woman  was  sent  into  perpetual 
exile,  and  the  other  two  were  dismissed  v/Itli  the  two 
years'  imprisonment  already  suffered.-'  Ag;un  in  July 
178G  a  gentile  chieftain  was  arrested  on  a  chjir;  y  pre- 
sented by  the  chief  of  another  rancheri'a  that  he  had 
threatened  hostilities,  but  the  accusation  proved  to 
have  little  or  no  foundation.-^ 

The  annals  of  the  adjoining  })ueblo,  (^ur  Lady, 
Queen,  or  8aint  Mary,  of  the  Angels  on  the  I^io  de 
Porciuncula  have  already  been  brought  down  in  a 
general  wa}'  to  the  distribution  of  lands  in  the  autunm 
of  ]7y().-^  ]]y  the  end  of  the  decade  the  niunber  of 
settlers  had  becMi  recruited,  chielly  frc^m  soldiers  v.ho 
had  served  out  their  time,  from  nine  to  twenty-eight, 
who  with  their  families  made  up  a  total  [)')|)ulation  of 
oiui  hundred  and  thirty-nine.-^  All  of  the  original 
pobladores  who  received  a  i'ormal  grant  of  their  lands 
in   J7!)G  remained  except  Rosas.^'    Sebastian  Alvitrc 

■■"Fii.'H^M  to  (Icii.  U;^•ll•to  Dee.  T),  .TO,  ITS."),  in  f'ror.  /!,<:,  MS,,  ii.  i:',l--J; 
Ugurte  U>  I'agivt.  Dec.  II,  I7S7,  in  Arr/i.  S.'d.  JJiirhnni,  -M  i.,  vi.  ll(i-17. 

■"Z.i.i!".i.  t )  I'ii'^L'.s,  Au;;.  1.-),  1780,  in  Prof.  Sf.  I'aji.,  -Ms.,  vi.  ;!,")-(;. 

'''See  ehujiter  xvi.,  lliij  volume. 

^*  All  <■.:'„,/  >  of  Au;;iu;L  1 7,  17!»0,  makes  the  total  Ml .  M:ilc-i,  7.':  females 
GO.  Uimianinl,  '.H;  married,  4-1;  wiiloweil,  0.  I'lnlir  7  ypars,  •17:  7  to  10 
years,  ',]',,;  10  to  •_':)  yeai.s,  ]2;  "J!*  to  40  years,  'J7 ;  40  to  !\)  ye.'is,  Kl;  over 
0.)  y<.':'.rs,  0.  Eiiro[iL-';i:is,  1;  Sprniards,  7"2;  Indiann,  7;  iiui!;  ttoe.:, 'Ji;  iaesi,i;;os, 
39.'  /'/•<;(•.  .S7.  /'.  /i.,  MS.,  ix.  l.-)_». 

*•' Tlie  "JO  new  seltler.i  Were;   Domiiigu  Ani/,  Jiiaii  Alvarez,  .(oa[iiiii  Av- 


HAPPEXINGS  AT  LOS  ANOELES. 


4G1 


]\i\(\  proved  iinmanageal)lo  at  San  Jose  and  after  four 
or  live  years  of  convict  life  at  the  presidio  li;ul  been 
scut  to  Angeles  for  reform.  The  settlors  vrcrc  not  a 
very  ordei'ly  connniinity,  but  thej^  seem  to  ha\'o  given 
some  attention  to  their  fields,  since  tlie  pueblo  ])ro- 
duced  in  1790  more  grain  than  any  of  the  missions 
e  vcept  San  Gabi'iel,  its  neighbor.  Th(;ii'  dwellings, 
twenty-nine  in  number,  were  of  ad(»bes,  liK'e  th-  puljlic 
town  hall,  barrack,  guard-house,  and  granaries;  and 
all  were  enclosed  within  an  adobe  wall,  there  bein'j: 
also  a  few  buildings  outside  the  wall.-" 

Vicente  Felix  was  at  first  corporal  of  llio  puel)lo 
o'liard  furnished  bv  the  3an  Diego  presidio;  but  he 
soon  dcvelo])ed  s[)ecial  ability  and  intcMi-t  in  general 
management  and  was  made  a  kind  of  direct(;r  before 
1784.  Thouo'h  sonic  con snlaints  were  made  ao'ainst 
him  by  the  settlers,  and  Zuhiga  at  one  time  favored  his 
removal,  the  governor's  confidence  Avas  not  shaken, 
and  he  finally  made  him  coniisionado,  intrusting  to 
him  the  management  not  only  of  the  pnel>lo  but  of 
its  alcalde  and  reo-idorcs,^^  he  being  resoon:;ible  to  the 
!>'overnor  throuo:h  the  connnandant  of  Santa  B;irbara 
i'or  any  failure  of  those  officials  to  attend  pi'operly  to 
their  duties.  Fages'  instructi(ms  to  Felix  were  dated 
Jan.  13,  1787,  and  required  the  latter  to  see  that  the 

Tiioiitii,  .Tiiaii  namiro:'',  Aivllano,  Sebastian  Alvitrc,  Fiotjuo  Cuta,  FaustirKi  Josi; 
( Vii/,  .Jiiaii  .I(iS(''  l>(iniiii;,'Ut'Z,  ^lamu;!  Fi.LCiicroa,  ]''cl'|io  S;:utiay')  (iai'cia, 
.liia([uiii  llicriK'va,  Juan  .lusu  Lolw,  ,]oh6  Oiitivcros,  Saiitiaj^o  <le  la  Crti;'.  I'icii, 
l'iaiici:co  llcycs,  Martin  IJcyi's,  PcmIto  Joso  Konioro,  Jlli'u'nio  Jliii/,  Mariano 
\  c'filu^m),  ,]u:>Ci  Villa,  l)L!siil('S  X'iix'nti;  FiMix,  riir])(iral  (iiul  ojijii:-;  jnado.  lii 
ITMt  there  had  liecii  .")  n<lilitiiinal  names:  Jdso  Silvas,  Jlcji:,  HM),  Franeisco 
l.il;,'M,  ,Mi!eeio  \'alile.s,  ami  Rafael  Seprilvcda,  or  at  least  la'.id:f  wore  ordered  to 
111'  j,'ranted  to  these  men.  Xino  (iid\'  drew  i)av  ami  ratioti  s  i:i  ]~n'.).  f'roi'.  Sf,. 
I'a/i.,  MS.,  V.  l29-;}(;;  ix.  FJO,  l."i!)-tj:i;  I'ror.  St.  I'ctp.,  Jivn.  .U/.,  MS.,  x.  •_'-0; 
N'.  J'<iji.,  J/('.s.s'.,  i.  Oi)-7-.  Lar';e  ylmk  had  increased  I'nin  olO  to  '..'.n'-O  Iiei'.d; 
t'liiall  stoek  from  "JiO  to-l.'iS;  and  the  eropsof  17!ta  amounted  to'l,.")!);)  Imsheln. 

-''  /'ror.  Sf.  Prji.,  JliM.,  M.S.,  i.  (IS,  71.  iVug.  10,  17. r>,  ,",■)  i)oum!:a  jiowdcr 
:iiid  SOO  bullets  .sent  to  An;i(des  us  reserve  ammunition  for  sr-ttlers.  J\\,r.  /t'cc., 
MS.,  ii.  7.  Xov.  ',),  17S(),  Uoycoechea,  to  F.i.ttes,  will  take  Htcps  to  sto])  ex- 
cesses. Pior.  St.  J'fi/'.,  MS,,  vi.  ■")7.  May  S,  17S7,  conraand.ant  f  cner.d  con- 
gratulates Fa^fca  on  pro/xress  re[i()rted,  Ii/.,  vii.  41.  Piu  hlo  called  Santa  Maria 
de  l(is  An'^eles.   S>.  J'ii/>.,  .l//^•.■^.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  i.   lu'"). 

'-'  Prue.  J!,::,  :MS.,  i.  1(;:F4;  Pmr.  St.  Pap.,  v.  ISII;  ix.  lO.",  110-'.:',).  -jr.  (i. 
■hiS(^  V"ane!,'as  was  the  lirst  alealile  In  17SS;  ,Tose  Siuova  (lie  fcoonil  in  17^!), 
uilh  I'rlipe  (larria,  and  flannel  Camero  as  rcLjidores;  a.nl  Mariano  N'enlu^'o 
tliu  third  in  171)0. 


■M' 


4G2 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  STATISTICS. 


settlcr.s  pci'tbrmed  all  the  duties,  coiiiplicd  witli  all 
tlie  conditions,  and  enjoyed  all  the  privileges  enjoined 
by  the  regulation;  to  watch  and  instruct  and  cooj)erate 
vith  the  alcalde  in  his  efforts  to  insure  good  ordir  and 
justice  and  morality;  and  to  attend  to  the  carrying- 
out  of  some  very  judicious  regulations  \vhi(ih  aie 
included  in  the  document  respecting  the  treatment 
of  the  natives  and  their  employment  as  laborers.* 


23 


At  the  Channel  presidio  of  Santa  Barbara  the  f  )rce 
maintained  was  from  fifty  to  fifty-four  j)rivates,  two 
cor])orals,  two  or  three  sergeants,  an  allerez,  and  a 
lieutenant.  Of  this  force  fifteen  men  at  first  ;ind 
later  ten  were  stationed  at  San  Buenaventura,  filteiii 
at  Burisima,  and  from  three  to  six  at  Santa  Barbara 
after  those  missions  were  founded,  and  two  generallv 
at  Los  Angeles.  The  so-called  white  population  of  this 
presidial  district  was  about  tw-o  hundred  and  twenty, 
or  three  hundred  and  sixtv  with  Los  Anixcles."'' 

Lieutenant  Jose  Francisco  Ortega,  the  original 
conmiandant,  retained  his  position  together  with  that 
of  habilitado,  until  Januar}^  1784,  when  he  was  sent 
to  the  peninsula  frontier  and  Lieutenant  Felipe  d(! 
Goycoechea  came  up  to  take  his  ])lacc,  which  he  held 
until  1804,  Ortega  was  removed  by  the  general  at 
the  request  of  Soler,  who  alone  fnmd  fiult  with  the 
lieutenant,  and  who  as  we  know  was  a  chronic  t'aulf- 
finder.  Soler  subsequently  complained  of  the  new 
commandant's  lack  oF  a])plication,  and  wished  to  put 
in  the  place  Zuhiga  with  a  stupid  habilitad'-  ov  Ortega 

"^  Fil'ics,  IilKlnicrioil  piirad  riiho  (Ir  fit  E.-trnllil  ihl  puchlodp  Z(W  Aniichs  roitio 
C'on>i'''iiii"ili>  /lor  1 1  ifitili  ri:o  /xtrd  iliriijir  al  nlvnhfc  ;/  li  Iok  rciiiiiuri-f,  J  !:'i \  MS. 
-"The  ^-ilulil  Liirlijirii  .s7/»(f/a  liy  tlio  rc^'laniciito  \viis.Vl4,-17-;  iivirn'^c  jiay- 
roll,  .^?  I. "i, Til  111;  iivi'i-ii/'.o  j^fmo/vV/-.' (if  sii]ipl;eH,  .vl -J, ")()();  .'ivi'i'a'.ro  iota]  ci  liabiii- 
tach/.'i  iiL'fiiiuits,  .sj(i,000,  (if  which  aimiit  .V((,(!()i)  was  ii  halanco  of  irdi^dsim 
liaiid  ;  j'liiii/o  (/(■  iir(ilill<'rtrioiiy  .SJ,(I()(>,  and  j'oiiilo  (h'  irlmr'ioii,  .Si, (;;;;(  in  17S4; 
/'iiiiilixli'  '(iinUiilosnwd  Mmifi  jiio,  .S'4'i7  in  ITf'-.  C'('Miiianvacc(ji:n;s  in  /'nn:  <V. 
'P'lp.,  Pnsii/lus,  MS.,  i.  -J,  !)0;  J'r<,r.  ,SV.  Pn/).,  JJ,,..  J//"/.,  MS.,  ii.  I,  N,  •JO-'.', 
.'{S-!);  iii.  18;  iv.  'J'2;  \i.  Ii;  viii.  115:  ix.  I?.  4;  xiv.  (i,  ?.  luvcntiiiicH  of  .•iinia- 
inont  in  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  .MS.,  v.  l)(i-!l;  vii.  8(i:  Sf.  Pap.,  Sac,  3IS.,  i.  (!,  7- 
A  list  of  inhaliitants  ^\ith  fanulics,  ago,  etc.,  showiiij,'  ((7  male  heads  of  fami- 
lies, dated  Dee.  31,  17S.">,  in  Si.  Pap.,  J//.«.,  MS.,  i.  4-1). 


SANTA  BARBARA  RRESIDIO. 


463 


witli  ail  able  one,  but  Fatj^cs  could  not  spare  Zuuiga 
iVoiii  San  Diej^o.  In  178G,  however,  in  consequence 
of  the  vacancy  caused  bv  the  death  of  jNIoraiJi'a  at  San 
]''rancis('o,  the  governor  ofibred  Ortega  liis  clioice  of 
the  prooidios,  and  he  at  first  chose  Santa  ixirbara,  l)nt 
iiually  took  connnand  of  Monterey.  J(»se  Argiiello 
was  company  alferez  from  the  l)egimiiiig  down  to 
7\.pril  1787,  when  he  was  promoted  to  the  command 
of  San  Francisco,  leaving  a  vacancy  not  iilled  until 
after  1790.  The  sergeants  wcr(3  l*ahlo  Antonio  ( 'ota 
and  Ignacio  01i\x>ra,  with  Ilaimundi;  Carrillo  alter 
1781,^'  p<jrhaps  from  1783. 

Work  on  the  presidio  buildings  m.is  pushed  for- 
ward, in  the  Iiispano-( 'alil'oinian  sensc^,  tliioughout 
tlie  [)eriod,  and  tlie  couunandant's  connnunications  to 
I'ages  t>n  ])lans  antl  ])rogress,  on  delays  and  accidents, 
ou  the  making  of  adobes  and  tiles  or  llio  ix'ci'iiit  of 
l)cams,  on  laborers  and  their  wagi's.  and  on  other 
matters  connected  with  the  structine  wore  very  nu- 
nici-ous.''^  Tile  buikling  material  was  ehieily  adobe, 
though  moi'tar,  or  cement,  was  used  in  some  build- 
ings, and  the  outer  or  main  wall  st(X)d  on  a  I'ounda- 
linn  of  stone.  Koofs  \\v\\i  for  the  most  ])art  of  tiles, 
su[)})()rted  by  timbers  which  were  brouglit  down  by 
the  transports  from  the  north.      The  laboifi-s    were 

■'"Ortiv'ii  fippointcil  oomnianiliint  of  Sta.  B:iil)ina  Sept.  S,  )7SI.  Prni\  St. 
Pdji.,  J'n niili.g,  ^l.S.,  i.  1,  2.  Ortcfra  rciiKivcd  I'ur  iiii.'iii;i])i  tciuy,  not  luicU'r- 
stamliu;;  liin  own  accounts.  Solcr,  .lunc  7,  17>7,  ia  J',(ii'.  ^'.  Pup.,  ^lS.,  vii. 
ll."i.  (/■.•ii"'a  !Ui(l  (loj'cofi'hca  onki'i'il  to  clian^i'  jilaccs.  Solcr  to  1  a;.;cs,  May 
I  I.  17'ii!,  in  Pror.  Pic,  MS.,  iv.  1"_'()-1,  l.'i'J.  (ioycoic'u'.-i'.s  coiniiiissinii  .sent  to 
liiia  .).i:i.  17,  I7'''.>.  Id.,  i\\.  .").">.  (loycccchca  airixcil  at  San  Dic;;o  cii  route 
iiorlli  Aui;.  '1\,  \',^'.\.  Pi-ar.  Sf.  Pn/i.,  MS.,  iv.  ~s.  Ortc'ja  jravu  up  coniniaml 
J:iii.  lV),  i7;'4.  Pror.  Pre,  M.S.,  i.  Iti-J;  ij.  4,  Oi't.-.ca.  thanks  l'ii,:"u  for  oll'i  r 
of  any  JMcridio.  ainl  sclcct.-i  Santa  IJarliara  .Tun.  .">,  1';..7.  i'rat'.  St.  J'n/i.,  MS., 
vii.  ]i.i.  S('l  i-'s  oon!]il:niit.s  a;,'aiust  ( Idycocclita  and  su  ;;;c;.;io:i  of  c!i.'in;.'cs 
Marcli  and  June,  17S7.  J'l.,  1I4-I.">,  l.S.").  Ar.iiiiillo  lift  f.-r  Man  Fi-.uici.-jco  in 
A]i!il,  I7l>7.  'llure  «as  souio  coi'rcsjiondoncc  Jilioiitt  loycocclica  ^iviuLC  u[>  the 
/('/W  '('.;.</(.  I,/.,  .")!>,  (17.  V'::ai'tc  to  I'agcs  Oct.  "2."),  ]'i'o~,  Tlu;  viceroy  will 
lill  t'.io  vacant  jilace  of  a!f(  re/..  LL,  I!  I.  llcrnK  ue.jiklo  Sal  \v;*  one  of  the 
S(>rj!i':nts  at  the  foundation  l)ut  left  thi^  company  vciy  soon.  /'/•'/('.  St.  Pu;i., 
lill.  .!/■/'.,  MS.  It  would  si'rvc  no  useful  purjiosc  to  ref<r  here  to  th''  liiui- 
d reds  of  company  rostcn-i^  and  isiinilar  ilocunient;-;  se:it^ered  through  dillcrint 
archives  an<l  v,hieh  have  aH'oi'dcd  nie  inueh  infornuriinn. 

*'/VoA  .SV.  /V(/>.,  MS.,  iv.  14:! -44:  v.  l.V>.  107:  vi.  4S,  ."H),  .V),  ol),  (jj-;},  li>;, 
72;  vii.  *i,  7;  viii.  00,  114;  ix.  lOS,  1(JS,  17.!;  xii.  <k»  I. 


s 


l-i 


i 


i.jij 


'..  ki. 


W 


rrifiiin 


\  i 


4(U 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  STATISTICS. 


tlic  solJiors  tliomsclv^es,  some  tliirtv  sailor^^  ()1)t;iiiiod 
jit  (lifibrt.'iit  times  I'roin  the  San  IJIas  vessels,  and  na- 
tives who  were  paid  (or  their  v/oi-lc  in  wlieat.  The 
soldiers  and  ollieijrs  eontrihuted  id)Out  -s  1,200  for  tJie 
work  fi'oni  178G  to  171)0,  an  amount  wdiieh  seems 
however  to  have  been  returned  to  them  later  as   ,1 


17 


18<        >18 


-a 1- 


1: 


i  1    9 
-+■ 


..3-. 


PLAZA 

auo  I'lL't  Scjuare 


3-- 


3-. 
3-. 
3.- 

3 


t3"T 


ZT 


nn 


14 


E] 


19 


16 


I'l-AN  oi'  Santa   1'.aui!ai;a  I'ur.siDio,   I7S8. 

ij-ratultv.  TIkj  ht'st  description  of  \\\q  result  is  the 
annexed  plauwhicii  was  sent  hv  ( Joyeoeehea  to  i^  aj4'es 
in  September  ITTS.  At  that  time  the  western  line  of 
JKmses  vrere  not  roolt'd  and  Vav  outtT  walls  were  net 
vet  he-^'un;  hr.t  heibre  tlie  end  of  171)0  at  least  three 
sides  of  l!ie   main  wall  had  been  built."^    Idle  natives 

•■'■'L  eliii'f  ciilviiiu'.^.  !•_'  ft.;  '1,  stoivlioiiscs,  Ki  x  (U  ft.;  .'?.  IS  finiiily  lii'tises. 
1.',  X  21  ft.;  -1,  lalsf  .l.ui',  r.jufc.l.  i)  tt.;  .">,  .•lunvli  JixOOfi.;  (i,  .•^acllsty,  12  x 


EVENTS  AT  SANTA  KALBAKA. 


4C5 


n>  liiied  ]a1)orcrs  worked  well,  ;iii(l  the  ti,rain  raisod  at 
tlir  I'lX'sidio  to  1)0  dealt  out  in  waives  was  so  ahundaiit 
that  in  1785  orders  came  IVoiu  tiie  "general  not  to  sow 
any  that  ycar.^^ 

The  diseovery  of  a  so-calI('(l  volcano  in  17S4  was 
the  source  of  some  locad  cKcitement,  and  was  duly 
icjioi'led  to  Mexico  and  Ariz[)e.  Tlu,'  volcano  was  ii 
Ica^^'ue  and  a  half  west  of  tlu'  presidio  ;it  a  heud  or 
hreak  in  the  shore  line,  and  ahout  a  thousand  \aras 
in  circumference.  The  _L;')"ound  was  so  hot  that  the 
ceiitre  could  not  be  approacln^d  ;  lire  issued  from  thirty 
difrcrent  ])laces  with  a  strong'  iume  of  suljihur:  and 
the  heat  el'  the  rocks  caused  the  water  to  boil  wlicu 
the  s})ot  was  ct)vered  at  ]ii'.;h  tidt;.  There  was  no 
crater  })roper,  or  ratluu-  it  was  covered  up  with  frng- 
nicnts  of  rock  and  with  ashes.  Fauces  went  in  person 
to  examine  the  sul])hur<'us  phenomenon  and  learncil 
from  tlu>  natives  that  the  volcano  had  been  long  iu 
operation.'^ 

I'he  alioiiofines  in  this  district  i^'ave  the  Si^aniards 
veiy  little  trouble  beyond  the  occasional  thcil  of  a 
cow  or  sheep  from  the  mission  herds,  engagin.u'  in 
liostilities  among  themselves,  or  rarely  committini^ 
outrages  on  neophytes  which  called  for  Spanish  inter- 
ference. In  Aun'ust  1790  Sei'u'eant  Olivera  with  ei<>dit 
men  went  in  search  of  an  Indian  deserter,  and  were 
instructed  also  to  prospect  for  mines.  While  tlie  force 
was  scattered  somc^what  in  the  search  for  mino'als, 
tlu^y  were  attacked  by  a  large  numl)er  of  Indians 
of  the  Teno(|ui  raucheria  and  di'iven  away  with 
the  loss  of  tv,o  soldiers  killed,  Espinosa  and  (  ar- 
lon.     Goycoechea'  was  blamed  by  Fages  for  having 


l.">  ft.:  7,  alf^'rcz'  suite,  3  rooms;  S,  cnninuiinlaiit's  suite,  4  rooms;  0,  1.")  fjiniily 
liiiiisi-;,  l."»x"J7ft.;  !()  cliuiiliiin's  '2  riiiiiiis;  i  I ,  sci-L'i'uut'.s  liou.se,  10  .\  l.'i  it.; 
I'-',  (iViiii tei'S  and  guard  lonui;  \'A,  coiTals,  kitclu'ii,  ami  ilisj:(iifi  i  of  alter,  x; 
14,  eoriiils,  kituliLii,  and  i/i.i/iriis'i  of  eouiiM.iii'iauv;  I"),  cliaplain'.s  eoiral;  10, 
wosteru  liastion;  17,  eastern  Iw.stinii;  l.s,  eoirals. 

^■'/V../-.  St.  Pfip.,  MS.,  V.  1.M4:  J'n.,'.  U,<\,  MS.,  j.  171,  ]-,-,.  In  lVs7, 
liowi  ver,  the  wheat  erop  V  as  destroyed  liy  rain  ami  !^uo\^■,  whieli  rausid  Iho 
seed  to  rot.   I'ror.  SI.  I'l'p.,  MS.,  \ii.  (».'). 

^'Pnr.  I!,:,  M.S.,  i.  l,si;  ii.  ni)-2U;  SI.  I'kjk,  Sac,  MS.,  .\v.  10. 
UiBT.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    30 


■i.'-  ! 


^!r 


n  f 


I  i 


4UG 


L(JCAL  i;Vi:XT,S  AND  STATISTICS. 


cn,ii:;!,n-o<l   ill  iniiiinn-  ojjcratioiis  at  the  risk  of  his  s<;]- 


(;it'i> 


l\-i.';S.'-' 


At  Sail  Ilucnavciitura,  tlio  soutlienunost  of  the 
CJiaiiiicl  laissioiis,  ]JiniK-tz  and  Santa  .Maria,  tlie  iirst 
regular  ministers,  served  wilh  much  zeal  and  success 

t!irniioli()ut  tjie  decade,  increasing  the  list  ()rii('(.j)liytes 
I'rom  -l-l  to  ;J8S,  hapti/.ing  .t'JS,  and  losing  1 1  5  hv  dJaHi. 
Large  stock  inci-eased  from  1U;J  to  DGI  ;  small  stock 
li'om  44  to  1,50:];  and  the  crops  of  I7;)0  wwva  over 
0,000  hiishels.  The  surrounding  geni  ill's  werealwavs 
iriendlv,  hut  on  account  of  their  large  niiml)ers'a 
larger  guard  was  stationed  there  tliaii  at  other  mis- 
sions, la  men  at  lirst,  and  later  only  10.  Sergeant 
I'ahlo  Antonio  ('(4a  commanded  until  the  end  of '7  ;\ss, 
wli.'M  on  complaint  (.f  (lu'  padres  Sergeant  llahuundo 
Carillo  vvas  [)ut  in  his  j^ace.'^^ 

The  missions  of  Santa  IMi'bara  and  Puri'sima,  he- 
longing  to  this  military  distiM(4,  as  new  estahlishmcnts 
have  been  disposed  of  in  the  preceding  chaptei-. 

The  regulation  calJed  Inr  a  ])residial  force  at 
llonterey  (4:'   lii'ty-two   men    under  a   lieutenant  and 

_      ■■■■*( loycocclica  to  Fngos,  S<p(.  2.  I7!)a,  in  Pr.  i:  Si.P,!,,.,  'kn    J/,7    MS 
IX.  (;-;.;  lagoa  to  Koiiicii,  in  Pmv.  SI.  J'a/,.,  .MS.,   .x.    ].;<.     Sept.    17 '  l7S;i' 
At^tiick  on  Coiicjo  iiiul  Eocorpion  liinihei  ias,  wlio  ]i;ivo  stolcu  uattle,  to  l,o 
dc.fciTc.l    J'r<.r.  Per.,  .AIS.,  i,i.  Kit).     In.lum  (  iiptuu  (Inc,.  hijlr.l  by  c^iiitain 
ot_.si',|::hiyo.;i!i  r;uiLlHTi;i  iind  oUior.s  Mav  '27,  I7;i.'..   l\or.  St.  J',//,.',  MS     v 
'■.'V.     ''l"-Y  •'''''  i;"iii'iH'opIiytrs  lleil  iind  witli  pa-un.i  a'chickcl  a,  ram-lic'iia 
r    ,"'';.■;    "'    '■'■'''''"^'"»    *"'"•  ""-■   Ivil!i'l-nf    l;!  „f  thrlv  kinsiurn.    J  /.,  vii.  'J' 
.Inly  2nh,  liayanofi  have  ki'lcl  some  cattlo  at  An-cfe,  l.ut  MVkncs.s  in  tli.^ 
lyuipaiiy  pi'cvwiw  cIia.nisfniL'at  at  pivdont.  /-/.,  G:.<.     Oct.  ;k)t!i,AV:icii  i.icut 
(.om.a,o;c  i>a«:.;.c,l  tlir,>ngh  Kapaili  ranrla-ria  a  woman  wis  cut  in  picxv.s     m- 
porliaps  m  «cv(  ral  piiMTS-fm'  ixfasing  to  yiel.l  to  the  wi-^hcs  of  u  ,sol,licr.  /  /  , 
,y)-f,  .)!.     In  August  1  ,s7  (]„,,,  ^a.s  an  cxpudiiion  to  punish  i.a-ana  lor  out- 
rages on  i.eophytcH.     Several  arre.sts  were  nu-le  an.l  .onio  fngii'ixv,  '.rmfht 
u\.      Jhe  Uua!iu,is:it  ranehena  was  the  priueiiiul  one  involved.   I>1.,  7(i-7 
Jan.  l,)vS,  Seiv.-t.  (  ota  went  to  the  Ta.'hieo^  raneheria,  in  the  mountains  to 
eaten  a  neophyte  tliiet,  hut  was  atttieke.l  and  liad  to  kill  {$  and  woun.l  S.   J,l 

MM.  i-;{.  .  ' 

■■"I'agcs  in  Ids  report  of  17S7  refers  to  San  Ihieiiaventui'a:  as  havin.r 
iiuu.e  very  satisfaetoiy  progress  in  e.ll  respects  except  e,at  the  church  i-  a  very 
poor  al.an'.  ,y  A;/..  !//,«,  .,„,/  (<o/o,>.,  MS.,  i.  I;i:U-,.  Seven  huu.scs  for 
ianidies  completed  by  May  J-J,  I7SS.  Pror.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  viii..  lo!)  jiivciii 
replaced  by  (  ,mllo,  (Jet.  178S.  £,/.  US.  122.  See  S.  Uu-,uu-a,tara,  Lib.  de 
Mtsioii,  M.S.,  tor  names  of  soldiers,  chUdn  e,  etc. 


ANNALS  OF  MONTERF.V. 


•u\- 


.-iHrrcz,  and  tlie  imiulttT  duriii'j;  llii.s  (K'cacK'  iicvt'i'  it  !l 
l/c]()\v  iil'ty,tli()U^li,  iiiflu(liii_n'  invalids,  it  wasHoiiU'tiiiu's 
as  Iii_i4li  as  sixty-two;  and  tlieiv  were, besides, a  surncnii 
I   two  or  llu'ce   meohaulcs.     A  uuard  of  six   nitii 


aiH 
w  as 
San 


];('[)t  at  each  of  the  three  iiiissidns  of  San  Carl 


(),- 


A I  it 


OHIO,  an( 


I  Si 


m 


jUIS 


01 


)1S1)(I 


aiK 


I   i 


our  men 


were  rurnislied  for  San  tFose  pueMo  Ijeyond  the  limits 
ol'  the  district,  wliidi   had  in    l"l)()  ;i  })(>|)ulali(in   of" 


ite  d 


e  razon  nunihennu: 


tw..  1 


nindred 


At  11 


ic  same 


time  the  presidio  herds  numlxn'ed  I'our  thousand  head 
of  live-stuck  tj;Meat  and  small. ^' 

Lieutenant  Diego  (ion/alez,  like  Zuhii^u  one  of  tli.' 
n''\v  ofHcei's  who  came  under  the  re^'ulation  ol'  1781, 
was  connnandant  until  July  1785,  when  he  was  sent 
to  San  Francisco.  The  connnandant  at  ^lonterey 
]  laved  a  less  prominent  ])art  in  history,  er  at  least  in 


(Is.  h 


llic  records,  oy  reason  or  tlie  goN'eruors  presence,  an 


1 


Ltle  is  known  of  (jlou/.alez'  acts  here  save  that  he 
v.as  arrested  at  the  ^•o\-ernoi-'s  orders  for  insuhordiua- 
tion,  i;'aml)lin^',  and  snuin^ijlini^';  but  we  shall  hear  of 


him   au'Min.      The  aherez   o['  the 


comi)anv 


P 


ane 


I   al- 


:0 


]i;l:ilitado,  was  1  [ernieneu'ildo  Sal,  who  had  come  t^ 


( 


lUori 


nia  as  a  private  with  Anza  in  1770.    Sal  I 


jecami 


•ling  connnandant  on  tlie  departure  of  ( Joiizale/,  and 
■Id   that  j)osition   until    17S7.      He  would  probably 


:ive 


'I 


itth 


i<!  command  had  it  not  been 


Ibrh 


us  (piarri' 


ah'i'ady  alluded  to  witli  ('aj)tain   Solci',  wliosc  ill-will 


mcui 


red  and   who   claimed  to   ha\(!  diseowi'cil 


serious  deiicit  in  his  aecounts.  It  was  in  August  I7.'';7 
tiiat  the  charge  was  made,  and  Sal  was  [)laced  undi  r 
ni'i'est  by  order  of  the  governor,  his  pro[)erty  being 
ii'itached  and  two  thirds  of  his  ]>ay  be'ing  kej)t  baelv 
at  llrst,  and  later  all  but  two  reals  per  day.  ('orre- 
s[»ondence  on  this  uiatter  was  (piite   extensive,'"'*  and 


=•  Sihimlo  !il!o\vc:l  l>y  r<\','lamL'iit:<),  817, 7!'-;  p.-iy-idll,  about  §13,000;  totiil 
I'f  li;il)ilita(lo"H  yearly  accounts,  s.'(."),U;)().  Cniiijiaiiy  accounts  in  A  it  fi.  <'"/., 
li:is  iui. 


^-  Letters  (if  Sal,  Solcr,  ami  I'a,'.'.  s  in  I'mv.  ,s7.  /',>/,..  MS.,  vii.  (;n  1 


'II 


I.I.   i;:i,   1()7-S;  viii.  41    -J,  :A-.'>;  ix.    110    I:  .x.    Hi.'  :i;  J'ror.  S/.  J'u^'.,  L"','. 
:jtt.,  MS.,  X.  10,  11;  iii.  !»;  I'ror.  Ike,  MS.,  i.  ;{;i-l. 


" 


tt  I 


i; 


4r)S 


I.OrAL  F,V i:\TS  AND  STA'llS'rrCS. 


sliowM   tliat    tlinuu'li    Sal    M'us    ])f'rs()iii»lly    soincwlial 
iii\t»lvf(l   ill  (l(.'l)t,  the   cliai'LTt!  <»t'  dctalcatioM    in 


(•nil  • 


licet  ion  With  till'  coiiipany  accounts  was  nuloiiiHlcd, 
Instead  of  owiii^f  the  (:()in[)any  S;'), ()()(),  the  coinpaiiy 
owed  liini  ahout  SOOO,  It  re(|uired  three  years  to  set 
Doll  lleriueiioi»'ildo  ri^litjand  in  ilw  mean  time  Ortega, 
wlioin  it  had  been  intended  to  restore  to  his  old  |iic- 
sidio  of  Santa  ]>;irhara,  came  to  take  the  C(»niniaii(l 
and  the  olHee  of  hahilitado  at  ^Monterey  instead,  iVoiu 
Sc|)lemher  1787.""  The  serij^caiit  of  the  company  w.is 
Mariano  A^-rdu^o  until  17S7,  succeeded  l)y  jMaiuul 
A'ai'^-as.      "^I'lie  surj^eou  was  Jose  Davila.'" 

])ey()n(l  matters  comiccti'd  with  the  L^'ovcriuneiit, 
Avith  the  visit  of  J^a  IV'rouse,  and  with  otiier  cwnts 
of  oeneral  interest  recorded  in  jirecedinu^  chajiters 
thei'e  is  nothing'  to  he  said  of  this  presidio  excejit  to 
note  a  conilanration  that  occurred  Aui^ust  II,  I7M». 
^\i  firing'  a  salute  to  the  Sail  Carlos  on  her  nrri\;d  in 
])ort  the  wad  of  the  cannon  s(.'t  lire  to  tlu;  tule  roofini;', 
and  ahout  one  half  of  the  huildinns  within  the  ,s(|uarc 
were  destroyed.  Ile[)airs  were  i'ar  atlvanced  hy  the 
end  of  17yO> 


3 !' 


1^1 


P(; 


At  the  three  luissions  of  this  presidial  district,  San 
Carlos,  San  .Vntonio,  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  there  is 
nothinu:  in  the  way  of  local  events  to  bo  noted  duriir^' 
the  period  covered  by  this  cha[)ter;  but  the  statistics 

""OrtcL.','!  pivn  lip  his  onmmniul  on  tlio  fi'oiitiur  to  Gonzalez  M;iy  .'M.  left 
San  Mi;,'iR'l  in  May,  w  as  at  San  Dif^'o  on  .Tuni^  ."itli,  arrivcil  ah  Santa  15;irliaia 
,)inii'  "JTlli,  ami  started  north  Aiil:.  "-'Lst.  J'rar.  Sf.  I'<i]<.,  MS.,  vii.  71,  7(i,  7  v 
Si,  !().■)().  At'tur  his  accounts  AVi'iv  si'ttluil  S,il  iliil  not  ivsuni(^  tlu;  \^\;\w.  of 
hahilitado  at  Monterey,  l)iit  was  sent  to  San  Francisco  in  April  17(H,  Ar,L;iie!lo 
coniinL,'  to  tiic  cajiital. 

'"Surgeon  D.ivila  came  to  San  l^iego  in  .Fuly  1771  and  to  Jlontereyiii 
Doccniber.  As  early  as  17S1  <  !ov.  Xevc  favored  grantiiiL;  liis  jwtition  for  lea\  e 
to  quit  tlio  coiuitry  as  heing  iuconipetont  and  cajitioiis.  Pror.  lire,  MS.,  ii. 
(iS.  The  exact  date  of  liis  departure  does  not  jippear.  hut  it  was  before  Deec  in 
her  17S;!.  Pnn\  Si.  J'aji..  MS.,  v.  .")7-S.  I)fivil;i"s  liist  wife,  Joscfa  (^^arhajal. 
died  at  San  Francisco  in  Xovenihcr  1780.  San  Firiiiri.-'ro,  L'lh.  dv  MUhni.  MS.. 
I'J,  i;[,  and  in  .Tanuary  17S'_'  ho  married  Maria  Fncarnaoion  Castro,  a  daughti  r 
of  Isidoro  Casti'o,  Sin.  Clnfd,  Li/i.    Ic  Mis'oii,  MS.,  40, 

■^  /'ror.S/.  /','/).,  MS.,  i.x.  I, -J:  X.  Klil:  xiii.  l!tl;  xxii.  87;  /'I.,  n,)i.  MU., 
i.  II.  'I'Ik!  old  presidio  chapel  stood  in  the  middle  of  the  square,  and  April  14, 
17MI,  Fagcs  had  ordci'ed  adobes  made  fur  a  new  one. 


MISSIONrS  or  .MON'Tl'-llFA'  DISTRICT. 


■ji;!) 


as   <j: 

r..ih 


ivcii   ill   coinun'tiiiii  mIIU   otlit-r   missions  ai'o   jis 

»\vs:    At  Siui  (Mrlos  .luiiiiitri)  Sci'ni  mikI    Matias 

1(!  Santa  Cataiiiia   v  X<>ri('n'a    scrM'd    until 


AnlDhio  < 

Au'^iist  I7.SI,  when  till'  lonnri-  lia\iiiL;'( 


,S('1'\('<I 


Oct. 


I  .■^/ 


I  »Sl' 


raiila  Soi'i-iii  iVoui  that  liinc  oii,  liuvini;-  1.  ascu 


li.'.l, 
1 


h.'  latl.T 


I'aiicisi'ii    (iii 


M 


ir 


tint'/  dr  Ari'iia/a  as  associalf  iVoni   !7S'.),  ami    Lasiu-ii 
as  president  IVdui    I7'.)().      The  iViars  nanicd  wciv  tliL- 


liar  luinistiTs  so  lai  as  tlif  records  show,  hiitol  licr 


irsis  ari'ivm'''  l»v  sua,  li'oni   oau 


lili 


IS  oi'  coiiinin'  m 


Iron 


I  (jthcr  missions  ot'ton  spent  .some  hnie   here 


>() 


thai  there  were  neai'ly  ahvjiys  two  and  ollen   niorr. 
At    San    Antonio   d<!    IMdna   the  foimdi'rs  ol'  1771, 
Mi^-nel     IMeras     ;ind     l>uena\'ent ui'a.    Sitjar,    serv.d 


Ihi'oU'^ho 
.!iv 


ut  this  (ku.-ade,  liaA  in'-'  at  its  close   1 ,0/  ('.  n.'o- 


!rs  nndcr  their  cliar^'e — th(Jar^•est  nnssioii  comi- 
iiiiinity  in  Calil'ornia."  At  San  Luis  ( )I.Isi)o  .hV^ 
C.valier  served  continuously  lV<>m    the   loundution  in 


to  liis  death  on  Decemher  i),  I7s;). 


ILi 


to    was  Antonio    Paterna    until    J)ecenil)er    i 


when  he  wen 


t  to  found  Santa  'IVirhara,  and  ^lli^^uel 


Ciri 


bet 


came  m 


1) 


ecem 


her   I 


] 


>etwe( 


I  hiid  that  ^^•ulstino  S(jla,  liad  cliari;' 


II  the   two 
the  mission 


■  Mati;is  Aiit'iiiii 


Smita  Ciitariiia  (written  also  Catharina  and  Catatiiia) 


\ 


.  .()rii.'.i,'a,  who  w.ms  lirst  known  liy  tliv  naiuo  N.jtie,'-'a.  c'aniioii)aHoiiiqiUun  on 
tlu  transport  of  ITTH,  ami  tooli  Canilion'ii  jilaio  at  San  I 


\h 


I  thoro  until  IT^Sl,  and  tlii;n  served  at  San  Curl 


til  n 


WlicU    lio 


dtolr 
ncroa'fc  o 


!lo-c. 
f 


1 

larLto  stock,  (JJS  to  1 . 


converts   its;!  to  17!i:>,  HI  t  to  T.'i.")-.  bapti.sms,  0:!',l:  deatlis 


I'fcs  111  his  I'L'iicral  rcpor 


iS;  :^nia 
1 


U  Sti) 


U:>  to  l.'J(i;{.  ('ropsin  ]7!i:>. 


Mlihli'll    I 

iiiii.a'.ity.     (Vop; 
a  pt  wt  1)0011  foni 


liaiiucs  of  heat  aii'l  colil 


have  Mceii  ,u'oo( 


rt  of  I7S7  alludes  to  tiio  eliinato  with  its 
tiling  to  i\(>  with  till'  Lrreat 
n'cmrut.s  for  irri.ijatiuu  liavo 


IS  havuiL'  .SOllK 


plot 


CI  I 


,S7.  /' 


/;»., 


1,  t! 
Mi 


louuli   arraii 


v.  'ni( 


y\^ 


iicrcaso   in  ncop 
■12.)  Ui 


lylcs,  .'iS.')  to  1.071!;  baptis 


i:!IM!). 
IcatliM,  :i 


,-J.._';  sma 


11  St. 


a','os  says 


il  is  lolcialilv 


4(!i!to  I.flS4;  oroiisin  l7lli>oiiIy  Klol)  Imslicl 


id   tl 


loujili  irriLf-i 


tioii  is  dillicnlt, 


1  t! 


lia  I  tl 


lias  raised  onoil.uli  for  In  r  o  vn  use  aiulastiri)lus  for  sale    San  Ant' 
best  eiiiirch  in  (.'alifoiiiia  cxci'ptin^,  pcrliaiis,  Santa  Clara.   .SV.  /'( 


Cavalier 


i.  MS.,  1 1" 


native  of  till!  town 


.f  1" 


■t  ill  C'atald 


11. 


ft 


le  collc^'o  in  Mi'xieo  ill  October  177v>.  sailed  from  San  litis  in  .lauuary  1771, 
•aelu'd  iSaii  Ui.-'o  in  Man^li  and  Monterey  in  May,  reniaiuiiiL;  there  .'n  siqier- 


iiinuerj'.vy  tin 


til  1 


le,  W'elit  to  loan 


jaiis  in  Sept.  I77-.     liis  remains 


led  in  the  mission  cliurcii,  and  he  left  tlie  re]mtation  of  a  zealous  and 


oflll 


iinssioiiai 


y.  ,S'.  L 


l)iK.  SadluK,  M.>. 


Hl-i  OhlDpO^ 


Lih.  dr  Mi 


MS.,  :1S;  autoL;rapli  in  -V 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


.„.       ^      ■■•"   <ie   Jf^ 


y. 


t/j 


& 
% 


1.0 


I.I 


11-25  llu 


25 

1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


k 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(7)6)  872-4503 


^ 


^ 


4^ 


4^A 


%>  ^^ 


£. 


! 


I  : 


470 


LOCAL  F-VEXTS  A\D  STATISTICS. 


for  a  few  months,  but  am  unable  to  completely  fill  the 
A'acancy  even  with  one  padre.*" 

Lieutenant  Jose  jMoraijfa  was  commandant  and 
habilitado  of  San  Francisco  until  his  death,  wliich 
occurred  on  July  13,  178;"),'''  from  which  date  (;!(>n- 
zalez,  transferred  from  Monterey,  became  comm;ui- 
dant  for  two  years,  and  Jose  llamon  Lasso  dc  l;t, 
Ve;;^a,  the  alferez,  served  as  habilitado.  Duriiii^^  lh<' 
two  years  tliei'c  was  troubh;  with  both  these  ollicials. 
]]efore  leavin^,^  ^Monterey  (lonzalez  had  once  bt-i'n  ])Ut 
under  arrest  for  insubordination,  <.^amblini,%  failiiiL,^  t* 
prevent  i^amblinL'',  nnd  f)r  tradiui^  with  the  jL^alleuii. 
At  San  Francisco  his  irre^'uLu"  conduct  contiiuied  in 
spite  of  warninufs  and  re-arrest;  and  in  1787  the  gov- 
ernor was  obliu'ed  to  send  him  to  the  frontier,  lie 
never  returned  to  California.''^ 

^"Increase  iu  lu^opliytc's,  4!»2  to  QO't;  baptisms,  ■'{Hi;  deaths,  I.^D;  larm' 
Btock,  SI.")  to;{,81();  .small  stoi-k,  IXiO  to  .S,?.'.");  crops  for  M'J'K  '2..'A\i  Inisiicis. 
^Vallt  of  water  was  tiie  eliief  lU'awliaek  at'coiiliiig  to  Fai^e.s'  report. 

orau'a,   or  aa   lie  alwaj.i  siL'Util    liis  name,  .Josseph 

mil  what  has  heeii  t  ild  in  tlio  text,     lli^  eaniu 

eommaiiilaiit  of  San  rraiieisco  from  the  lirst, 

I  tlio  piielilo  of  Sail  .lose.      lie 

Ih 


'  Of  J, 


>a(iuiit 


M 


Mora.U'a,'  little  is  known  h 


Wltll 


Anzii  in  177< 


I  /<>,  an 


foiiudin,!,'  the  presidio 
was  t,'odfatheiof  the  h 


wo  missions,  am 


[iliyto  at  Sail  r  raneisro,  whorereived  hi4  name 


d  he  was  secular  spousiir  at  thi-  la\  Iml;  of  t!ie  eonier-stoiie  of  the  iid^si  iii 
elmnh  still  standiiiLT,  as  also  at  the  dedieati(»n  of  the  Santa  <'i.;ra  ehiiiili. 

is  \\it'o  was 


record  as  an  otlieer  was  au  h 


il.r>' 


ud  stainless  (m 


11 


■1  I' 


de  L 


oil  y  l>ai(i'l( 


I,  who  died  iu  Oetoher  ls;»,Saiiil 


was  111  rem 


d 


Hi 

Man; 

in  Ui< 

II.'  Iiiiiiii'it  a  son  <  iahriel  to  ("dilornia  who  aflerwards  luiaaio  Ji  lieutenant, 

ii  hiiiious  liulian  lighter,  .nnd  the  auctstiT  of  a  family  still  miiviv  iiig.     !)•  ii 


m  Fiaiieiseo  eeineterv.  her  hush, 


reiiiMiiH  resting  iu  tiie  <hiiieh. 


ise  s  nieee 


.Mil 


I. 


a,  was  the  \\  ife  of  .)i 


idK 


Tl 


le  eoaimam 


is  deserihed  as  having  lu'eii .")  ft.  '2  inein  s  and  J  lines  iu  hci'. 


Irit 
liat  the'o  is 


ira.on  t  i  saj^iose  tiiat  tlie  /lir  i/cl  riif  ined  i.i  measuring  tliu  heightof  s  ildlers 
was  longer  than  the  ordinary  Spanish  foot,  which  was  S  per  cent  shorler  tii;;u 
our  loot. 


''"(lonzalez' arrest  at  Alontercv  in  Ai 


st  I7S1.   P 


/."'<•.,  MS.,  i.  ISC. 


l(t-'-;i:  J- 


.S7.  J' 


'/>■ 


II 


MS. 


41. 


,h 


hides  to  his 


iiiiicliii  ri  ■ 


II,   IT''^!!,  ami  proposes  Argiiello  as  a  sneecssor.   I'mr.  St.  I' 


'!>■ 


M- 


vi.  i;iS;  vii.  Ill-Mi.     ( ion/alez  arrested  at  Sail  Francisco  hv  La -;so  at  Sole's 


J' 


l''el>.  4,  ITS?,  and  sonfc  son 


ith  tl 


•t  V. 


M; 


h  iSlh.  /./.,  vii.  !!•  '.I; 


A'. 


MS.,  iii.  .'ill.     Fages  tells  the  stoi'y  to  his  sneecssor,  llomeil,  Fih. 


'Jii,  IT^'I.   /'''lie.  .>V.  /'((/).,  Ms,,  X.  ll)2  l{.    Oeneral  approves  measures  against 
(lon/:de/.  J(/.,  vii.  .")().     (loiizalez  was  liorn  ."<,  Ceste  del  Caiiipo  in  S|)iiii,  ami 


enlisted  as  a  jirivate  at  atioiit  the  age  tf  'J(i  in  IT'i 


]1( 


e  .'•ei'ved  it  years  as  ii 


]iii\atc,  2  Ills  eoi'iioial,  lo  as  si'ig-eant,  and  a  little  over  one  yiiir  as  iilfi'ie/, 
ll;i\iiig  seen  iniich  service  in  indiaii  caiii)iaigiis  iu  the  I'roviiicias  Interna-',  he 
was  ladniotid  to  he  lieiitcuaiit  ior(  tdifoinia  service'  in  I)ecenil)er  177!'    //':/"  '''' 


/' 


SI.  i\ 


J!> 


Mil.,  MS. 


1-J-lM;  iv.  K 


:i''es  .savs  el 


SAN  FRANCISCO  OFFICIALS. 


471 


Lasi=o  tli(>  ]uil)ilitn(l(>  was  a  stupid  fellow,  tlioUL;li 
ii(itlicr  lislioiu'st  nor  dissipated,  always  in  trouMc 
with  his  accounts,  and  always  ivconinu'iidcd  to  the 
executive  cleuiency.  J)uring-  his  iirst  hiief  term  in 
1781""J  he  managed  to  leave  a  deficit  of  ahoiit  !^800; 
and  eaily  in  1787  Cajitain  Soler discovered  a  still  nioio 
Miious  and  inexcusable  del'alcation.  I  fis  usual  excusi'.s 
of  i()]-L;-e{ fulness,  stealinijf  l»y  soldiers  and  conxicts.  and 
ihe  nieltinLi-away  of  sugar  (huiiii;' tianspojt  at  ion  v. on  Id 


no 


M'^er  save 


hini: 


lie  was   susncMH 


P 


ik-d  f 


roui   oincc 


placed  under  arrest,  and  ohlig'ed  to  live  on  twenty-li\  e 
ceiit>.  a  (lav,  the  rest  of  his  i)av  as  alferez  beinn*  reserved 
to  make  up  tlu>  deficit  in  his  accounts.  This  state  of 
thin^^s  continued  lor  over  lour  ycais,  and  then,  tlu.i 
amount  havinn"  heen  in  great  [)art  rej)aid,  he  was  <lis- 
missed   from  the  servict;;  hut  the  king  suhseipn  ntly 


!ian 


ted! 


um  retu'enient  an( 


1  half 


iiav 


Jose  .Vi''ii' 


was  tak(,'n  from  Santa  iJarhara  and  proniotetl   to  h 


liim  nftcr  lie  m;is  sfiit  to  the  finiitici'  'no  ticnc  iiaiizcs  iii  ■■isiciitn. '  ]'n,r.  Si. 

J'(i/i.,   MS..  X.    I4S.      Jll  Nov.    17111  the  kill!.''.-!   ]iC'llllissiiiU  Wlis  sent  to  tlio  ^'i)\- 

rnior  t!>  I'lit  (Iniizalrz  on  tliu  ntii'fd  li.-.t.    /</.,  lU.     Ilf  iitirxl  jis  inrtdi-ln  to 
liii^iirio  ill  Soiioiji,  iiiiil  Ills  iiiinii!  Wius  (Iroin.id  from  tlic  i  iiiii]piiiiy  rolls  al'tur 


.Jim.  1.  ITJCi.  /' 


Hi 


MS. 


I.-.7. 


'On  IjiissDs  San  Franfisco  troiilik's  .si'c  corit.'v]ioniliinc  in  /' 


i.    i;!(;~!l;   ii 
ll-'J;  viii. 


;):  xi, 


17!l;  .x> 


St.  P 
I.- 


MS., vi.  !l;!-4;  vii.    114   17,  l.'l 


MS., 
,  l-'s. 


r 


SI.  i\ 


/;. 


.)/'/.,  Ms.,  Niii.  |(». 


Ni'|it.  Iii,  17">'i,  Fa','tM  H|)c;iUs  of  tlii'  a]i|iointnii'iit  of  Script,  .lo.s,-  1' 


I'Mian- 


(Ic/  as iiliVi cz  of  .S.ui  I'laiK 


l>iit  it 


1  not  doiii' l)'.'foii'  I7'.><>.    (In  .-anil' <1  iti; 


lie  oiilcis  tiic  (klicit  iliaij^iil  to  tlic  <oni)iany.    .Inly  (i,  17s7.  Fa,:ji's  Manns  So| 


rr 


for  not  liaviiiu;  Ijfin  nioro  sti-iit  lu 


,Sol 


It  J. 


cr  wi'iit  iij)  to  stiaiuliicii 


isso"rt  ai'i'oiints,  but  liiinsclf  niailc  ii  Miiiidi'r,  (iroliaMy  iii  17>i-.     An;.;,  '.i. 


17^*^,  tk( 
171»l,(;ov.'  i; 


111  orilt.' 


L 


;is.-^u  s  (li:  nil 


-sal  u 


Kll 


Uh 


lIclKlt  IS    |)i 


d.        Dv 


I. 


!i-'l)('iiil.s  liim  from  rank  and  jiav.     Ijis.so  was  rommi-'sioni  d 
iiUVrcz  1-VI).  Ii),  17S().  I'n,,:.  St.  J'a/,.,  /.'<//.  J/-/.. ".MS.,  iv.  I4-I.">.     lu  I7'.i()li 


was.'!!  vuars 


mil  i-inuk'.  St.  J' 


,l/(.sy.,  .MS.,  i.  S4.  tlioii.-li  li-  had  waliti  d 


to  iiiari'v  in  17iSl.  and  (lov.  Nivu  had   ln'c  n  ordcrfd  to  dismiss  liim  froiii  tli 


sirviii'  I 


f  lie  Jll 


<Ui\  in  kit  infi'iitioii.    /' 


/.'i 


MS., 


.s4.     Al 


\~>U  in  tliO  midst  of  his  (nmlilfs  l.c  w  i.-lnd  to  take  a  v  ifc,  ln.t  his  |i(lition  U 


dl-vL 


nil  was  n  fnsid.  Arr/i.  Slu.  llirin 


.MS.,  xii.  ;Hi4  ."..    'J'!n'ro\.d 


oMJur  (if  ritirciiiiint  was  forwaidtd  hy  tiic  vicrioy,  aiijilitd  lor  in  17!I4,  vitTioy 


to  F 


/' 


.sv.  /'. 


Am,'.  -•4tli.   rn.i:  St.  /' 


'/'• 


.MS  ,  \i.  I7'.i,  Ai.iil  II,  I7'.i-'.  and  1)V  tiieyovcrnor 


MS. 


Xlll. 


KI.V,  I'rur.  /.'. 


M.S. 


V.  C 


d  A. 


'I'V.i  (in;  ;,'o\»'rnor  writes  to  Anilla".a  'our  |  oor  Lasso  has  rcciivnl  lii;i  n  linnieiit 


Wltll 


hah- 
A'l 


pay  as  alien/,  as  jietitioiiid  hy  you,  for  v  liieli  may  ( Jod  re  wan 


\ 


Iv. 


Jiarte 


(If  c.Hiiiiun 


-  /' 


;v  !.    'II 

,sv.  / 


loiiL'h  'i|Uiso  i,i  natiirali  z  1  ne'.'aile  una  pieei  ■.•i 


"/• 


MS..  \ii.    Ill  — vet   hvl'irlh   levas  eiili- 


111  il  to  I'e  called  '1*(  n.'     ]  K'  Was  of  ,S|aiii.--li  Mood  and  a  lalive  i  f  t  hiliiialiil:' 


It 


v,a;i  iii-liool-master  ut  San  .Iom'  in  1 , 


.1  (),  as 


to  ]iay  a  lial; 


inei'  .siill  <lu( 


y 


y.'i 


.MS. 


lat. 


Al 


d 


!!•,  Ii 
diid  Nov.  :,().  IN.'I, 


at  the  aire  of  04,  heiiiL;  buried  at  San  liafael.  Anh.  Mi 


MS. 


1.  'JO.'). 


Ml 


it 


472 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  STATISTICS. 


lioiitonant  from  June  17.S7,  takinijf  diarn'i'  at  tlio  same 
time  of  the  accounts.'"'  Juan  PaI)lo  (;liljalva  was  tln' 
(•omj)aiiy',s  ser^'caut  until  17s7,  when  he  was  sent  as 
alfei'cz  to  San  Diego,  and  IV'di'o  Amador  was  promoted 
to  ill  I  his  ]»lace. 

Tlu-  prcsidial  force  was  thirty-four  men  besides  tlic 
officers,  from  liftcen  to  twenty  of  whom  served  in  the 
{^•arrison  wliile  the  rest  did  iruard  duty  at  the  mission, 
at  Santa  Clara,  and  at  San  Jose.  With  their  families 
they  amounted  to  a  ])oi)ulation  of  ahout  one  hunch'ed 
and  thii'ty.  Oi  the  })residio  l)uildini;s  there  is  noth- 
in*''  to  Ite  said  l)evond  the  fact  that  from  want  of  tini- 
ber,  bad  (juality  of  adobes,  and  lack  of  skilful  workmen 
no  permanent  ]»ro!^ress  was  made  during'  the  decade. 
Some  ])ortion  of  tin;  walls  was  generally  in  ruins,  and 
the  solchers  in  sonn;  cases  had  to  erect  the  old-fash- 
ioned palisa(k'  structures  to  shelter  their  families.'^ 
Local  events  as  n-corcU-d  were  neither  numerous  n<ir 
very  exi-itini*'.  The  natives  gave  no  trctnble  save  by 
tlie  raiv  thel't  of  a  horse  or  cow,  for  which  ojleuc^e 


tl 


lev   we 


re  chastised  once  or  twic(>  in    17S.">:    and 


17yG  neo})hytcs  were  arrested  and  Hogged  for  ra\a 
among  the  soldiers'  cattk'.^ 


Tl'S 


Tl 


lese  ca 


ttle  1 


)eeame  so 


numeious  as  to  be  troublesome,  and  slaughter  was 
begun  as  early  as  1784  to  I'cduce  the  nundtcr  to  eight 
or  nine  hundrt'd.''^  Ca)>tain  Soler  complained  nuich 
of  the  bad  climate  of  the  place,  and  even  advocated, 


IS  We  Jia\'e  sei. 


n,  its  abandonment;  but  in  tl 


le  e\'es  ol 


higher  oiiicials  the  importance  of  the  location  on  San 
F]an<isco  l>ay,  and  the  duty  of  protecting  the  mission, 
outweighed  the  peculiarities  of  the  })eninsula  climate.'* 

•''"  Af^'ii<llo'.s  f()!iiinif:si(iiMViis  forNMUik'd  liy  tlu;  gdiciiil  ]V1).  !l,  17^7.  /'ri>r. 
,S7.  /'<!/,..  MS.,  vii.  4.'..     ]lc  left  Siiiitii  Jliirlliira  Aio-il   l-_'th.  Id.,  07.     Tn,,k 

I 


loississiiiii  (if  oilici'  .'it  Situ  l'"riiiKis(.()  .(iiiic  I'Jtli 

/'roi'.  St.  J'(ii>.,  MS.,  X.  )(i(i:  xi.  .".:{.     lit  .1; 
prcsiilio  was  lildv.  ii  d  iwii  in  a  jinle.   J(L,  v.  U'.t. 


'y 


I7si  t 


ic  ruilR'l'  o: 


f  til. 


'Scix'i 


r.  S/.  I\ 


'I' 


M 


.•>..  IV 


•Jl,  .S(l;   /' 


iis.,  ii.  i:u. 


iiut  Urijiilvji  liail  ipVci-  ."lO  li(a<l,  .mikI  was  (irdcicd  U>  loiiiovi'  tlio  sur- 


plus \\  liLit'  liny  wiiiild  not  inti'itVri'  v  itli  tlic  niissinn  luids.   J'n.r.  y.'c.,  MS. 
1.  17^1,  If^I.     .lanuar.N  "J.'i,  17^S,  l'a,:;<s  savs  tliat  lii'Mdl  siiid  nun  to  Imild 
(•(inal  at  San  Malio  and  tluic  to  /.'atliiT  sfoek  llom  Sun  Jliuno  to  SiUitii Clalii 


it'  jasti 


61 


'  ^'I'dWs  staiic.   /'/.,  iii.  10. 


I'iul:  at.  I'ui'.,  MS.,  vii.  117;  v.  4,  5. 


AFFAIK.S  AT  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


473 


Tlirrc  was  some  trouble  about  tlio  ]ioi-(<irnianco  of  a 
<  liaplaiu's  duties  at  the  presidio,  and  i'oi-  over  two 
vears  the  soldiers  heard  no  mass  unless  at  tlic  mis- 
n;   hut  in  Fe'jruary  a  chapel  was  comi'li'letl,  after 


which   time  the  friars  madi;  occasional  visit: 


Sau 


I'i.'incisco  was  honored  hy  scvei'al  visits  from  tlu;  gov- 
cnioi',  and  in  Au^'ust  1784  was  the  hirthplaci;  of  his 
dau!j;hter,'''*'  A  sailor  from  the  Pn'nccsa,  who  had 
scr\ed  out  his  time,  remained  at  San  Francisco  in 
17h4,  intending  to  establish  a  school;  but  it  does  not 
iijijiear  that  he  succeedc.'d.'^' 

The  mi.>si<')n  ol'San  Francisco  in  respect  of  neophytes 
wa-i  the  smallest  of  the  old  establishments,  havini^ 
increased  in  llie  ei^ht  years  from  21.")  to  4."5H.  ]]ap- 
ti.-iii.s  had  been  a.j  I,  and  deaths  203. '"^  T\ui  inci"<'asc 
of  herds  was,  of  lai^u  stock  from  554  to  2,000,  mill  of 
small  from  2S4  to  1,700.  Notwithstanding'  the  small 
aiea  and  barren  nature  of  the  soil,  which,  as  Fan"es 
States  in  his  |i>"eneral  re})ort,  had  yielded  but  Muail 
cr(»ps,  wetind  that  the  yield  in  171)0  was  ;.),700  bushels, 
excelled  by  only  four  in  the  list  of  missions.  ]t  ap- 
pears, however,  that  the  8:>winu^  Mas  done  mostly 
at  a  s[)ot  ten  or  twelve  miles  distant  down  the  penin- 
sula.''' 

In  the  ministry  Pedro  Benito  Cambon,  the  foundei', 
sci'vc'd  thi'ouj^'hout  the  whole  ])(.'riod;  and  l''i'aiieisco 
I'alou,  also  a  founder,  until  1785,  when  he  I'ctired  to 
his  colh'ge  at  a  ri[)e  old  age.""     Miguel  (jiiribeL  waa 


•J'rrr.  St.  Pap.,  :MS.,  vii.  0!);  Prov.  ItiC,  MS.,  i.  I'Ji 

',S'.  J'niii'inco,  Lih.  (/(>  Mialuii,  MS.,  'JO-1. 

•/Vo/'.  y.Vf.,  MS.,  i.  i,s:{. 

-ill  17S4  the  govfiiior  I'uports  italsoas  having  one  of  the  poorest  cliurchc:!. 


.1/;, 


'I'l 


.1/; 

I'al 


'/(/  Ctiloii.,  MS.,  i.  14.")-7. 


<l  ('o/<in.,  MS.,  i.  14.^ 


raniisco  I'ahni,  s mictinu's  written  with  an  acci'ut  l',il'>n,  Mitlmut  any 


Ml  reason 


far  a-i  1  1, 


now,  was  h'lin 


it  I'ahiiii  in  the  Island  nf  Mai 


[niilialily  in  17--.    Mr  I'nyle  in  liisintiMilui'tinii  to  tln^  reiiriiit  ef  /' 


(■■■"<,  i.  iii.,  iiifer:<  that  the  tlate  was 


iit    I7n»;  lint  in  a  Icti 


it.il  J7S:J, 


J.'af.  Mdi.,  iv.  (17-8,  tiie  jiailio  ealls  liiiiiMlt'  (il  years  (if  a:,<'.  'J'akiii..;  the 
liaMtof  San  Francisco  he  entereil  the  laiiuip;;!  convent  of  the  city,  ami  in 
17-i>)  liee^iiiie  ailisriple  of  .)niu|ieid  Sena.  ^\  ith  \\  lioni  ami  with  Juan  ( 'respi  of 


til 


e  same  ei:n\eii 
Xo'.nnteered  f  .r  l! 


t  h 


Ai 


intiacled  a  lile-loii'_'  li  ienii;-ln|v 


Willi 


iK  1  lean  inissiuns  in 


v.). 


It 


■  \\ 


(VmI; 


August,  and  luudcd  at  Vera  Cruz  in  DeceiiiLier.     Joininy  the  college  of  iSau 


!,  i  -.' 


*' 

Ui 


474 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AXD  STATISTICS. 


stationed  luiv  in  ITSf)-?;  Santia'L^^o  in  17Rn-7;  S-.jla 
and  (larcia  in  1787-1)0;  and  Danti  iioni  17i)U. 

IJcrore  Icavinu;- San  Francisco  1  present  a  map  wliidi 
l)elonL;s  to  the  period  under  consideration,  liein^'  ;i, 
copy  of  a  Spanish  cliai-t  pnhlislied  in  \ai  J/erousc's 
atlas  and  ])rol»ably  obtained  l>y  that  voyayer  at  r^Ioii- 
torey  in  1780. 

At  Santa  Clara  Mission  the  nc>w  adobe  cliurch  was 
dedicated  on  Siuuhiy,  ^lay  la,  1784,  by  Serra,  J'aloii. 
and  l\ua,  in  the  presence  oC  Faires  and  ]\[oi'a''a,  tli.' 

Fi'i'iKiiidii,  lie  \v;iM  iitJ.si','iR'(l  ti)  till!  Sicrni  ( Innlii  iiiissicii'^,  wlicri!  lie  ;i(  i\t  il  fimii 
IT'iO  to  I7"i'.l,  H.il(oi'i|n(.'!illy  liviii:,' at  llic  ii)llci,'o  for  S  yiiii-s.  Aj>[>iiiiit(il  tn 
l':ijii(  'alil'd'.iiia  hi!  ;>riivcil  iit  Lorclo  in  A])ril  17*>S,  touk  t'!iar;;e  of  Sail  iVaiiciscu 
.Javior;  and  in  17t>!t  al'.ci'  Suii'a'.s  ilciiailiii'c  for  tlic  liorili  liiraiiio  avliii.;  jii'f.  i- 


(Iviit.     Ill  May   )■ 


lie  luirn  iii'.iTcil  till'   iiiissioiiM  to   tliii    l>.iiiiiii 


Irani  am 


80011  jstarteil  iiortli,  aniviiit'  iit  San  l>ii'oa 


it  111 


if  Au'.i'.ist  aii'l  at  .Ml 


t  ri'y  ill  Xovi'iiilii  T  of  tlii!  saim:  yoar,  .sniiling  in  the  lirst  aimiial  ri'iinrt  on  tlit- 
inii-sioii.-s  and  ait  in;,'  as  ]ii"sldi'!it  until  Si  rra's  ivtnin  at  tlio  lii'^inniiij,'  nf 
1771.      l'"or  two  yi'aivi  ;;iid  a  half  hi!  ki'ImmI  at  Sail  ( Vulos,  and  in  .lunu  I  "(i 


vunt  to  foiinil  the  San  Franc 


stahli 


L'lltS,    1 


lavinif  liii'VK 


^ly 


iti'.l 


t!ui  ]K'niii.siila  twice,  in  Nov.  1774  and  Sc)it.  I77(>.  His  lirst  entry  in  the 
mission  ri'^iistiTs  bens  date  of  An;/.  1(1,  177(1.  before  the  nii.^.sion  wai  fonii- 
Jilly  founded,  and  his  h^st  was  on  duly '_'."),    I7sri,  and  not  July  'JO,  17Sl,  as 


J).i 


says. 


S.  J\ 


l/,h.   <lr  M) 


MS. 


'I' 


lero   IS  I'.notuer 


entry  of  .July  l.'S,    I7N'>.     About  17^0,  by  reason  of  illdiealth. 


sked  le 


to  retire,  \vliieli  was  panted;  but  wliieh  he  eould  not  jirolit  by  at  tiist  for 
want  of  tiausporlaf  ion,  then  for  want  of  a  mb.stitute,  and  linally  on  aceonnt 
of  new  in-triietioiis  eoiineeted  with  the  foundation  of  a  eustody;  but  in  17s;j, 
feaiiii;,'  by  lousier  d.  lay  to  be  ineapaeitaied  for  so  Ion,'  a  voya;,'e,  he  w  iiite  to 


]).in  .lose  lie  (!,  he/  to  obtain  from  the  k 


in 
«'f  Aim.  lo,  17Ji.'f.  in  lll.-t.  M 


(Kt.  5.   17^4.  and 


'/;/.,  ly.  ()7  !•. 


iiiL,'  new  jie'.iiii.-sion  to  retire, 


Letter 


t'i:'t  Faloii  return  to  his  eolh 


I  eiinespi.nuinu;  decree  o 


Tl 
.f  tl 


result  was  a   royal  order  of 
lieiiii.i  of  l''tb.   IS,  17s"), 


le  am 


A/.,   Hit.      Meaiiwli 
l)li 


lie  Sena  i 
-t  h 


lied 


17S1  and  I'alou  aa  senior  nii^.;ionary  was  obli;,'id  auainst  his  own  wishes  to 
ill;,'  jiresideiit,  rcsidiii;,'  part  of  the  time  at  San  C.irlos,  but  eliielly 


61  rye  as  art 


il  Sa 


111  I  raiieiseo  eie'aL'iil  in  wri 


itili!.'  his  Life  of  Sen- 


I,  nil 


til  L; 


isiieii  riceiyiM 


!0  ap;i  iintiniiit  la  Sej 


t.   I7S.' 


I'al 


on  was  now  frei!  to  iro,  mid  sailed,  I  ; 


pose,  on  llij  lar-tfi/d  late  in  .Seiitrmber,  which  touched  at  ;-aiita 
ivith  ii  lend  of  himlicr,   /'roc  S/.  l'']i.,  .MS.,  vi.  biti,  and  arriyed  at 


l!dil);'v;i 


oil  Noy.  1 1.  (/ 


fVn  (/<■ 


Th 


lire  i.-i,  lioueyer,  a  i 


lillielllty; 


or  the 


rifa  torched  ut  Saiila  Jiarbara  Oct.  1st,  and  FaLjes  in  Monterey  wrote  on  Oct. 


3d. 
1 


^ylolllll;4  thejiailn 


l^li 


:isant  voyaj,'e. 


y '/•«(■.  Jill-.,  MS.,  iii. 


'I 


lere  may 


)e  an  error  in  one  of  thef~u  dates,  or  else  possibly  i'alon  departed  in  the 
Manila  [ralieoii  .'•>'((/(  ,ii.,i '  \yliicli  touched  at  Monten  y  iu  Noyember.    /'/•..(•.  Ihr. 
MS.,  ii. 
Burt  a V 


11.  !i.1 


li 


uiy 


e  he  reaeliei 


th 


■re  on  Feb.  •_'!,  17s;i.  An-h.  Sl'> 


jS..  xii.  '2'.t;  and  oii.luly  1st  was  elected  L'uatilian.  Iil.,  \\.  '.'l  t-l •"). 
Sometime  befon:  .Ian.  \1,  I7S7.  he  ]irisented;i  report  to  the  .u'oyii-jiineiit  'U  the 
Btaio  of  tiil'airs  in  t'alii'oi;iia.  Id.,  yiii.  .'$:(.  Nothiii;;  further  i-i  l;iioy,n  of  him, 
bat  he  txei.iS  to  baye  In  ed  only  it  few  years.  I  think  l:e  died  b.  fore  I7'.l'*. 
The  >;iiarili,in  in  I7'.IS,  mentionim,' the  death  if  X'iceroy  tlalyex,  wliieh  occurred 
in  Xoy.  I7>''(>,  tay^i  that  I'alou  dieil  'a  lilt'e  latii,' aiid  imi'liisthat  it  was 
before  IJomeu's  rule  which  bef.:aii  in  171(1*.  St.  I'nji.,  ^l.'.w.  (iinl  Colon,,  MS., 


i.  4S.     The  earlie.'.|,  eoiiiiiniiiic.'.tion  that   I 


liayc  Keen  .'•■,iL;nci 


1  b\-  his  srcce'- 


us  guar 


iliuu  is  (kited  IS'oyeiiiber  17t»-*,  thouyli  it  is  of  course  possible  that 


SAN  FRANTISCO  AND  VICIXITY. 


475 


La  P^nofSE's  M.\i-  i>v  San  Fi:ANcisto. 


476 


LOCAL  KVnXTS  AXD  STATISTICS. 


I'oi'incr  scrviii;^  as  jxulr'nio,  willi  all   tlio  solcinnltics 
prc'sci'IlMil  li\   tho  lilomaii  ritual."^ 

Tlii.-^  •liurcli  was  the  liiu'st  yet  ercctt'd  in  Calitnniia; 
vi't  its  (li'vlicatiou  was  a  sad  occasion,  since  uiidcr  tin,' 
c'llilicc  lay  tliu  liody  of  its  architect  and  hiiildt  r.  tin' 
l')ii]idcr<»t'  tho  mission,  FatluT  A[urL>iiia,  who  had  died 
only  I'onr  days  bci'oro,  a  missionary  well  beloved  and 
motirned  hy  all.""  His  comi>anion  lounder,  Toiicis  dc 
la  I'eha,  served  until  171)4,  althouj4'h  tlier(>  were  c'liu- 
ilaints  a'-ainst  him  lorcrui'ltv  to  the  neo|ih\les  under 
h.is  chai;;'e.''''  ^lur^uia  was  succeeded  hy  J)ie«^<)  do 
Noboa,  and  I'l'osideut  Lasuen  seems  to  have  resided 

I'nlou  resi'.'iicd.    Taylor,  Diiroi:  ami  I-'mntil' ry,  ii.  Xi>.  '_'S,  17I,  sjiys  In'  stems 


to  linvo  (lit'd  iil)i)ut  IT'Jii.     F 


villi: lie  (if  liis  Im 


Bi;;iiatiii'»'  NCI'  S.  Ai:l<iiihi,  Doc.  S.iillus.  ^JS.,  1,'J. 


luhviiting  wiili  aiitDuiiilili 


It  i 


■s  cliu  ;:y 


through  liis  \viitiiiL'.s,   tlic    Vida  ih:  Jimi/.n-o  N< /•/•■'   inn 


Kolir'dx  ill'  CiiHh  ruin,  liotli  of  which  have  licm  iiotic;i 


I  fnll\ 


1  t! 
li 


cliiii(t(  r,  tli.it  I'lilou's  fame  will  live;  yet  as  u  liii.ssii)iiary  iiud  as  a  man 


111  II  iiieiHilini; 
Ic 


(Icsei-yco  a  very  liig'l  jilaeo  anion 


the  ( 'aiironiiaii  friar.- 


I 


bat  little  inferior  to  Serra  in  executive  alaliiv  and  in  de\otioii  to  his  \Miik 


.h.ilc 


e  HI  e-.'eiy  other  resjicct,  save  )io»sili!y  in 


theoh 


d  ami  doL;iiiatic  I 


tam- 


ing, he  wa.-i  fully  hi.<  eijual.     His  views  as  j-xpressetl  in  his  \\  riliiiLS  art;  nota- 
bly broad,  iiiactieal,  and  liberal.     1'  ' 


lion,   .^cira, 


d  (' 


1  iirescn 


I'ooi 


U\ 


-f  tl 


u-'  niissionary. 


iii  cliaract'-r,  but  rather  f 


frienilship  did  not  lesuli  froiii  ; 
I  'tl 


riini  tipiiosite  (]Ualities;  and    their  rei-i|irocal  coiih- 


ted   three 

■iieila;  iiy 

il 


•  Icnee  aiu 


1  /cal  for  a   eonnnon  oljjeet.'as  ])oyle  remark 


hi  not  fail  to 


nrove  most  beiicliciiil  to  the  enterprise  in  which  tiny  all  Idl,  the  greatest 


interest 


11 


<((,//'(  CI  ira.  Arch.  Parroq.,  MS.,  1'2.    Hoof  of  beams  'labradas  y  ei 


lo  i)jsil)le.'  Fa 'es  to  general,  in  /';•■ 


M,- 


V, 


llali'.'i  lilt.  X.  .lu 


AVo-'l\)\  LcvitlnScraii  Bui'k.    The  date  has  been  incorrectly  giveiias  May  hit! 


Poliij 


'-.b)se]ih  .\ntonio  de  Jesns  Alalia  de  .Miirgiiia  was  born  J)ec.   10,  171">,  at 


iva,  Spain.    JIc  came  tt>  Americii  as  a  layi 


but  became  a 


Franciscan  at  Sau  Fernando  college  .Inne  l2!>,  17;i<i;  was  ordained  as  a  juics^t 

Fame  missions  of  the  Sierra  (iorda  in  1 7  If*. 


ill  1711;  and  was  assi 
Jlcrelit^  tnihdfor  l!»'ve 


d  to 


the 


years  aiii 


1  built  the  I'rst 


t'.'.at  of  San  .Miguel.    Transferred  in  17lJ7  tt)  IJaja  Calif 


(iiiry  church  in  the  distiict; 


oriiia 


he  It 


d  J 


ore  to 


A;)ril  1,  17'iS,  and  was  assigiietl  to  Santiairo  mission,  wiiere  he  seivcil  uiuil 


>■ 


I7i)'.'.    Ill  June  he  was  at  San  .losil'  del  ( 'alio  wailiii''  to  eiiibaik  for  (  al- 


ii iinia:  Imt  sickness  saveil  his  life  by  ]ireveiitin;,'  liini  from  sailing  on  tli 


f  ted  Sn  II  Jb 


lit 


e  subseijUeiitly   sei  vi 


d  at  San  .1; 


lint 


j  iiictl  I'aloii at  Santa  Alalia  and  1 


Hiaiiied  him  to  San  I)iego,  arriving  -Au;. 


th.     licsidiiig  for  a  while  as   supernumerary  at  San  .\iitonio,   ho  bec.imc 


luiiiister  of  San  Luis  Obispo  in  Oclolni'  177;!,  and  in 
Santa  (  lai'a  M  here  he  served  continuoiislv  until  his  deal 


\} 


iov  tit 


ai  y  1777  foiiii  ieil 
ilictl  while  pre- 


lication  the  church  on  which  he  had  workc.  so  hard  asarchiicct 


tlii'cctor,  and  even  laborer.    He  wa; 
tlie  iii>w  eili  ice  by  I'a'oii,  Siuifri  <  lit 


Inuicd  on  May  I'Jtli    n  the  [ircsbyti  ry  of 


(/-■  J/; 


.M,^ 


:!  4, 1. 


y  Sena  anil  ollit 


had 


leea  rcgart'.ei 


y  wliom  as 
L'l  friar.   J'ul'ni,  IV(/((, 'Ji  >  (i. 


that 


I''a,a's  in  a.  leport  to  tlie;:eiieral  in  l7''<ls|ie;!ksof  these  complaints,  stai 


or  tvm  hiili 


d  from  thiullecli  of  liij  wverity,  ami  that  Ir 


will  be  retii'cd  to  his  college.   I'ruV.  Si.  I'ciii.,  MS.,  ii.  liiO. 


PUEBLO  PROORESS  AT  SAX  JOSft. 


477 


lull'  imicli  of  tlio  time  from  1780  to  17S0.  There 
were  no  serious  troiiMes  with  the  natives,  though  the 
IK ■< 'I iliytes  were  sometimes  inchned  to  taiie  part  in  tlic; 
jietty  wars  of  the  "^entiles."^  In  agricultural  advaii- 
t;ii^('s  Santa  Clara  was  deemed  su[)eiior  to  any  otlui" 
mission  exeept  San  (Jahriel,  an<l  erops  of  i>rain  and 
fruit  were  usually  lar<je,  althon''h  in  17!)0  the  harvest 
nf  L'jSrS  hushels  was  less  than  that  of  San  Francisco, 
l^ar^'o  stock  had  increased  since  17.s:{  IVoui  4<K)  to 
L'.S  I  7,  and  small  stock  from  ')P)4:  to  H;]G  head,  ilapt isms 
had  heen  1,-70,  many  more  than  elsewhere,  hutdeatlis 
had  heen  (531),  a  pi'oportionally  laruje  tiiLnu'e;  yet  with 
ail  increase  from  .338  to  027,  Santa  (^1ara  stood  thinl 
iu  the  list  in  respect  of  the  number  of  converts. 


Of  the  nine  settlers  of  San  Jose  to  whom  lands 
were  formally  distributed  i?»  1783,  but  who  had  be- 
come settlers  in  1780  or  earlier,  the  term  of  the  last 
one.  Claudio  Alvires,  ex|)ired  in  August  1785,  and  no 
rations  were  subsequently  supi)lied  by  the  <;()vein- 
nient.  Sebastian  Alvitro  had  bi-en  expelled  i'or  bad 
conduct;  but  in  1780  ei^ht  of  the  or;,;inal  nini;  I'c- 
luained,  and  ten  new  names  had  been  added  as  sol- 
diers or  (f  (J )'('(/(.« I  OS.  Ten  more  wT're  added  before 
]7'.M).  This  latter  class  was  composed  of  discharu'ed 
soldiers  who  became  settlei's,  ditl'ering  irom  the  pol)la- 
(lon  s  in  receiving  no  pay  or  I'ations,  The  soldiers  of 
tlie  guard  were  practically  settlers  froui  the  iirst,  men 
being  selected  for  the  duty  usually  whose  time  of  dis- 
cliai'ge  was  near,  and  who  intended  to  remain  perma- 
nently at  the  pueblo."''     In  17l»0  the  total  populati;  u 

•"'^Two  or  tliro'^  neopliytos  woro  cliastiseil  l)y  tlic  padres  for  liiiii^'  pvosciit 
at  a  L'liitilo  figlit,  ami  Scrj^t.  Amador  was  sent  to  warn  tliL'pa.i,'aiis  not  totfiiipt 
the  converts.  A  paj.'an  laborer  ef  San  .losi'  was  lloLTged  and  imprisoned  for 
iiKitiny  hostilities.  This  in  17'Sti.  Ai;,'iie]loto  l-'ages,  in  J'nir,  ><.  I'a/i.,  MS., 
viii.  7'i-7.  Scrgt.  Cota  ordered  toexjilore  from  Santa  Clara  to  Santa  Ro:;a  on 
the  other  side  of  the  siirra,  May  "J,  ITS.').  J'ror.  I'k:,  ^IS.,  ii.  ". 

■"The  ten  names  of  17<S(5  were:  M muel  Diitron,  Ignaeio  Castro,  Manuel 
Higiiera,  Ignaeio  Linaies,  Sefcrino  Lugo,  Milario  Mesa,  XasarioSae/,  Ignaiio 
Soto,  Felipe  Tapia,  Ataiiasio  Vaz(jue:'.  I'mv.  Sf.  /'«/).,  MS.,  v. 'J4-."),  JT-H. 
Four  received  rations  during  the  year,  doid)tless  as  invalids.  See  also  St. 
J'(q>.,  •S'((C.,  Mis.,  i.  30.    Mauucl  Valencia  Mas  a  settlor  who  died  iu  1768.  I'rov. 


478 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AXU  STATISTICS. 


i<\ 


Hi 


',  i  t 


Mas  iil)()utc'i»;lity.  Aijfrluultui'ul  prodiK.-ts  iuiioiiiiitd  to 
ul)i»ut  2,"J;30  laishcls;  wliilo  lariife  stock  had  iiicivascil 
from  417  to  980,  and  shi.'e[»  liad  decreased  IVoiii  ,S(ju 
to  COO. 

San  Josu  was  less  prosperous  than  Los  Anjj^elts,  .it 
least  during  tlie  first  lialt'  of  the  decadi'.  Seveial 
causc!S  cf)ntributetl  to  tiiis  result,  one  of  \vliich  \\iis 
inellicient  inanaj»'enient  and  local  y'overnnient.  Tlic 
regulation  allowed  the  governor  to  appoint  alcnhhs 
tlie  lirst  throe  3'cars,  after  wh id i  time  they  were  t«>  ho 
elected  by  the  peo|)le.  Fages,  however,  permitted  an 
election,  Ignacio  Archuleta  was  chosen  for  I7S:!,  and 
]\resa,  corporal  of  the  guard,  was  i'emov(Ml  iir  Se[>leiii- 
lier  of  that  year  for  inharmonious  relations  with  tlie 
alcalde.  Who  held  the  position  of  alcalde  in  17S4  the 
reconls  fail  to  show;  but  by  reason  of  irregularities 
and  slow  progress  the  governor  was  obliged  to  resume 
the  power  of  a[»pointment,  naming  Manuel  Cjonzalez 
as  alcalde  I'or  178.")  with  liomcro  and  Alvires  as 
regidoi'cs,  and  also  appointing  a  eomisionado  to  man- 
age these  otKcials.  C^trporal  Jose  ]Jominguez,  the 
successoi-  of  JMesa,  M'as  at  lirst  made  eomisionado  but 
died  ])rol)ably  before  the  a]»poiiit'ment  reached  him.'" 
Ignacio  Yallejo,  who  had  been  sent  to  San  Jose  in 
January  to  make  a  survey  for  a  new  dam  or  rcservoii', 
remained  as  corporal  to  succeed  ])omingue/,,  and  in 
^Afay  was  appointed  eomisionado  by  Fagos,  with  duties 

St.  I'np.,  MS.,  viii.  71.  Mesa,  Tapia,  Ifigncra,  niul  Lugo  were  soltlici-s  in 
]'^'l  nud  tilt"  (Hicstioii  came  ii]i  wliotliiT  tliiy  ouyht  like  tlie  oiii;iiial  .scttlui-f 
to  lio  t.'.\(iii]it  tViiin  titiii'H  fiiiici.'  tiuy  cnUiviitcd  lamls  like  tlio  rtst.  /'/vt.  J!ic., 
MS.,  i.  l(i;{-4.  .Inly  .■{!»,  IT.'iN,  Ar'ticlli)  iT'ixirts  having  gone  tn  San  .]iis(''  tn 
put  iguacivi  Castro  ami  Sefciino  J.i!:^i)  in  ii'iMscssion  of  Lmds,  lait  did  not  du 
K')  liccan.se  tlicy  claiiiiod  pay  and  rations,  only  allowed  to  the  oiigii:al  settlers. 
.S  .  i'fi/:,  J/Zw.  (ti.fl  Ci.luii.,  MS.,  i.  .■,0-1.  'la  the  list  of  ITiK)  the  liaMie  vi 
la'cia  diNajiprrr.s  a.id  ther;'  appear  those  of  .Toa<|uin  Castro,  .\ntoni;>  Ali'grc, 
..Viitoiiio  Aceves,  l;'naeio  Jliguera,  ami  I'eilro  Cayiit'las,  ";/(■(;/'(•'"■'■■.■  (!alirirl 
Prralta,  L'ainoii  I'ojorges,  ami  .Inau  Antonio  Ainez(inita,  tuvtU'do.i;  and 
J'acario  Custro,  eorporal  of  the  gnard.  "  Argiiello'.s  report  in  <SV.  ]'fip.,  Jliat., 

MS.,  i.  IS,  (;o-;i. 

•'•'Kaj'es  to  general  I'Vl).  1,  178.',  in  I'ror.  Pur.,  MS.,  i.  IST  S.  Ho 
nnnounees  the  eliange.s  mentioned  in  my  text,  ami  asks  if  he  eaiinot  reajipoint 
(ion/alez  the  next  year.  The  record.s  do  not  show  if  this  was  perniitled,  the 
next  alcalde  mentioned  being  Antonio  Koniero  in  1790.  Dominguez  dii^d  on 
,lan.  Hist,  tiie  day  before  the  date  of  Fagcs'  letter.  Sta.  Clara,  Lib.  dc 
Minion,  MS.,  3o. 


I<  • 


OFFK^IALS  AND  EVEXT.S  AT  SAX  JOSi':. 


470 


llkr  those  of  \'i('(Mito  I'Y'lix  at  AiijL'vU.'s."'  Vall'-jit  liud 
^.llllt•  N]K.'cial  litness  lor  <lii-cclin<^  a;L,'iiciiltin"al  opera- 
tions, was  allowed  to  cultivate  vaeiiiit  lauds  on  his  own 
iiccouiit,  and  held  his  position  lor  seven  years  tliou^LJfh 


ioL  withtuit  opposit  ion. 


Tol 


uni,  or  latliiT  to  t  lie  wist; 


iii.>trU('lions  j>iven  him,  Faues  attributed   the  puebl 


us 


i' 


lo  s 


latei'  pros})enty 

The  jiuehlo  did  not  luako  umjc''.  advance  in  the 
mat  lei- of  huildin,L;'s,  since  notliin;,^  hut  |>a1isMde  struct- 
ures with  roofs  of  earth  were  erected;  hut  theie  was 
ydod  I'eason  for  this.  The  s'ite  at  lirst  selected  foi* 
tlie  house-lots  proved  to  bo  too  low,  and  e\|iose(|  to 
inundation  in  wet  .seasons.  1'hei'e  was  a  ])rojK)siti(»n 
W)  to  move  the  town  a.  short  dist.ince  to  a  hi-'her 


in 


.t.      In  I 


/  i^t 


(jieneral  L",i4aitu  aut!iori:'.ed  the  ti'an.- 


I'cr,an(l  it  was  made  soon  after,  certainly  bclore  17'.)i, 
the  sliu'lit  nature  of  the  buildini.M  makinj^  the  opera- 
tion an  easy  one."* 

( );!e  of  Fa'^es'  ilrst  acts  on  t:dciii!jj  command  was  to 
iiiai'ch  in  January  ]7s;^)  again  t  t!iu  gentiles  of  tin.- 
S.ui  Jose  region   who   had    stolen  some  hoi'ses  Ironi 


MS. 


\';ill(';i)'s  iipiKiiiitiiii'iit  fliiti'il  .(u1y  IS,  lys.'i.     JustriK'tiniis  in  /' 


rji-; 


an. 


Mill,  V 


voir.  JJ'j't.  S/.  /'.'/-.,  .S".  ./'. 


alU'io  ii:nii('ii 
,  MS.,  i. 


I  ti>  iiiiikc  cNjloratidii.f  tor  l\w  w^vv- 


'Fa'xs  t.)  Itonicii,  Fil).  •-'(!,  I7!)l,iu  I'rov.  St.  Pa/:,  MS.,  x.   l.-.-X     In 
OitulAi'  1787  ('apt.  iSdiiT  WLiit  i'>  Sail  .Jut^u  it  iiivL'sti;;ato  LLTUaii  ili.irycs  of 


tl.f  p  ■(  pF,'  aL'ainst  tln^  cm 


iii.iaiiailo. 


AH  that  tlic  taiiU-fiMilin;^  ill  :pc(;t(iro()ulil 
iiml  n;ain:;t  V'alli'J!),  in  his  ollicial  ca]i.aity  at  Ica-t,  Mas  a  nia:r':i  i.i.ii/iitt'i, 
\,liii'.evL'V  (hat  may  hu.  He  ivcDiiiiiuink'.l  that  he  liu  put  tu  pfi'.soiial  lahor  iu 
till'  luLlij;  Imt  iiothini.;  was  dune  in  tlic^  inalicr.  lit.,  vii.  \V,2. 

'"Hall,  Jii.<f.  S'lii  ./.«••,  4:i-.");),  irronr.)ii.-ily  .states  that  there  vasalonfj  cor- 
lespfiiiik'nce  on  ihu  .suljcct  in  17'.>7,  aiul  tliat  tho  roiKisal  v.ai  cu'i'i'icil  i.i  that 


i:;dj 


I.ut  tlie 


pi.;i 


iloftl 


at  year  vas  aljcmt 


(la 


;l);t 


1,  ami  ni  the  ocrrcsiioniicnco  the 


Mit;  I 


■f  l! 


tl 


woi  n  nil  ^.-i  in  iuu 
jwu'  i  1  niuiitiont"! 


i.iurcuvLi' 


1' 


:ir:i;:i   111 


lii  iiistriu'tions  of   I7!*l  lo  I! 


;;(  c 


f  tl 


lu  ciian''j 


10 


Irciuly  flioctcd.  Pi:,r.  St.  P'l/i.,  .MS.,  x.    \o2.     N'allojo  liitit  urged  tl 
'V;^l  on  Fell.  "JO,  17;i"<,  in  a  e  jniliiiinieatiun  ti»  .Moivva.     I'lr..' la.t.  ;•  I'ouii 

i    ui...ealt  to  decide  liee. 


!■'  ia'!V 


ited  to  settlei 


Hi 


,1 

the  land  on   Ui<' prop.i-id  fiito  li.-.d  iiheady  luen 


dii"'lv  addl^■.s^ltd  Fav.e  i  on  .\ii;  11   Ist.    /' 


MS. 


V.  -Jii. 


On  .Maivh  'Itli  F, 


:;c.s  wPKc;! 


ill  iiie. 


id^ 


Ihi 


Pi'/'f.  St.  Pep.,  ,s'.  ./o.vr,  MS.,  i.  -J.") 
)f  San  .rosi!!  that  lliey  shall  Ih!  at  no  expense  in  t'io  reniovr.l,  and  tliat 


to  \':.l' 
J,;ly 


e,  I  i'.p|ivoVili^,'  tll'3 


7Ui  lij  ii.isur'.s 


1' 


ill  F 


wo  no  l,-,nil  -I'or  it  .secnis  tliere  v.\im  a  fear  that  to  move  t!ia 


1  wo'.ilil  also  move  thi'  houiidaiy  lielweeii  ihi;  pU'.hlo  and  Ini.-^ioii  land 


1'.. 


}.h<.,  iii.  I)l)-1,      J'a'.'ea  icfer.s  the  matter  to  I' 


ii.  1-(J 


:)n  Auu.  ."itl 


(I  that  I'liieial 


.h 


!1,  17S7.  [;Taiits  i: 


le   ]e,icion  < 


f  th 


and  order.s  I'lat  there  be  no  cluuigu  in  the  buundary  lines.  St.  Pctp. 
id  Culo.i.,  MS.,  i.  274. 


m 


LOCAL  FA'EXTS  AN'D  STATISTICS. 


the  Rottlcrs.  Th(?  warliko  jj^oviTnor  killed  two  of  llic 
t'lit'iny,  IViLrlitc'iM'd  tlio  rest  into  compUto  Kulmiissioii, 
jiiul  for  yrais  al'tcr  attributed  to  this  campai^ai  the 
prevail iiii,'  (jiiiet  ainon;,'  <,a'ntiles.  ]Jut  a<^ain  in  I7ss 
it  W'iXH  iie('(!ssury  to  iilace  til'teen  natives,  inelu<liii'; 
three  ehiels,  at  w.)rk  in  the  presidio,  for  horsi'- 
stejiliiiLj.'"  I'lu-re  is  little  more  to  he  said  of  loc.il 
happeniiijj^s  at  San  Jose  for  this  period.  Sonu'  of 
the  settlers  were  imprisoned  and  put  in  irons  f(»r 
refusiiiLj  to  work  on  a  house  for  the  town  eouiicii, 
I<^nacio  Archuleta,  ex-alealde,  heintr  ringleader.  Tlie 
river  hroke  through  the  old  dani  and  tlu;  <^overnor 
r(>solved  to  huild  a  new  one  of  niasonrv.  I'wo  ho\s 
drowned  an  Indian  to  amuse  themselves,  hut  in  eon- 
siiloration  of  their  tend(>r  years  were  dismissed  with 
twenty-tive  lashes  administered  in  presence  of  the 
natives.  All  this  in  1784;  the  tithes  for  which  yea 
amounted  to  .^1"J8.'" 

^T,tln„,  X„t.,  ii.  :JI)2;  Prnv.  /.Vc,  MS.,  ii.  9S;  I'l.,  iii.  9S,  170.  Tliiily- 
five  ll(s.  jxiwilcr,  S(K)  biilli'is,  mid  \i)')  flints  sent  to  San  Joso  as  ruserve  ainiiiu- 
nitinn  in  Auu'iist  I7'"^">.   /'/•.  iii.  •!'• 

"  /'/•()/•.  Ji'ii;,  MS.,  i.  KIS,  17-;  iii.  22-:i.  A  wooden  ffrannry  liad  )m"1i 
completed  ill  i'l'ceiiilji'r  \'^'2.  J'n.r.  St.  I'ltp.,  MS.,  iii.  |(;(>-7.  A  Kettler  juit 
in  tiie  stoeiiM  in  17f>''<  for  assuultiny  liia  coqjoral,  and  corporal  reprini.auded 
for  bia  violence.  Ii.,  vii.  131. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 


RULE  OF  ROMEU. 
1701-17fi^. 

RkHIH NATION  fiF  pKnUO  FaOES — TUANSFEK  oF  THE  OnirK,  AT  I.nltETO — 
InsIKIC  TIONS  T(t  TIIK  NeW  (JdVKUNOi;  —LAST  A(  rs  (tK  FACliS  -  I, Hi;  AND 
ClIAltACTKIl  — AUIMVAl,  i)F  lloMEf  I'AII.ISr  HeAI.TH  .iiil  K".  1;Y  Tci  MmN- 
TEItEY—  I'liLlCV  WITH  THE  FllL.. ..J— KdMKU's  T^UATII — Vlsll'  «>1  M  VI.AS- 
IMNA  IN  THE  'l)i:S(  IIIIKKTA'  AND  '  AtKEVj  i'A '— TlIE  Fl  ItsT  Am  I.Kli  AN  IN 
CaIIIOUMA-    F'  EI'AliATIONS    Toll   Nl'V    Ml.i.iMVS— LasI|:\"s    lllliiUTS— 

EsTAiii.isHiNd   <iE  Santa    Curz — Annals    of    Vdist   J)i;('\1)I.     Imuan 
Tuoi'iii.Es— Statistics— CHriicu    Dedicated  —  Fi.oritiNd    Mii.i.    Mis- 

FOItTlNE— (^t'AUUi;I„Hl>ME     PADIIKS  — Al.oNSO     IsiDKU     SaI.A/AI:    -I>AI.1><>. 

MEiu)  Lopez— Manuel  Fernandez— ForNinNo  and  Ivm.i.v  A-  naus  of 
SoLEDAD  Mission— Immoual  Fuiaks- Maisiano  Ilinf— Statistics. 

Pedro  Fages,  worn  clown  b}^  work,  and  more  by 
tlie  nnxieties  imposed  on  a  nervous  teniiK-rament 
growing;  out  of  the  responsibilities  of  liis  position  Jis 
governor,  asked  to  be  relieved  of  the  oflice  iuid  ti)  bo 
{^'ranted  leav(>  of  absence  that  he  nii^lit  revisit  S[)ain. 
In  ^iay  1790  his  resii^Miation  was  accepted  byA'^iceroy 
Ikcvilla  (jiii-edo,  and  lie  was  ordered  to  IMexico  to 
receive  twehe  montlis'  advance  pay  as  colonel  witli 
wliicli  to  defiay  his  ex[)enses  in  Spain;  Jose  i\nt  >ni() 
]h)meu  was  named  as  his  successor.  Tiiis  inlorma- 
tion  reached  Fages  at  iNIonterey  in  September,  and 
Mas  all  the  more  agreeable  from  the  fact  that  IJomeu 
was  his  personal  iViend.  In  Febiuary  17'.)  1  I'ages, 
who  had  awaited  letters  announcing  liis  snccessoi's 
coming  to  j\ionte"y,  received  orders  from  the  viceroy 
1)V  v.hich,  after  setting  tl)o  connnandants  an<l  habili- 
tados  at  work  upon  their  re  pective  presidio  accounts, 
he  was  to  proceed  to  Loreto  and  tliere  make  ibrmal 

BiBT.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    31  (4tjl) 


1^. 


uriS 

IB'' 

IS'-' ' 

ill 

is;. 

IH 

•  ;■■ 

III 

1 

M 

482 


RULE  OF  ROMEU. 


deliver}'  of  his  office  to  Romeu;  or,  if  not  able  to  do 
this,  lie  Wiifi  to  send  orders  to  Arrillaga,  tiie  command- 
ant at  Loreto,  to  surrender  the  office  in  the  govjrum's 
name.  As  the  state  of  Fages'  health  would  not  })er- 
niit  a  journey  overland  to  the  peninsula,  he  forwarded 
the  necessary  orders  to  Arrillaga,  lieutenant  governor 
of  the  Californias,  who  accordingly  transferred  the 
conmiand  to  Romcu  at  Loreto  on  April  IG,  171)1, 
which  is  therefore  the  date  when  Fa<jes  ceased  to 
rule.^ 

With  his  orders  to  Arrillaga  under  date  of  Febru- 
ary 2Gth,  Fages  transmitted  the  instructions  which 
it  was  customary  for  a  retiring  governor  to  prepare 
for  the  use  of  his  successor,  outlining  the  country's 
past  histoiy  and  present  condition,  and  endxxlying  the 
results  of  his  own  experience  in  recommendations  re- 
specting  future  policy.  The  historical  portions  of  this 
important  docunient  have  already  been  utilized  largely 
in  the  j)receding  chapters;  but  a  brief  consideration 
of  the  paper  as  a  whole,  will  throw  light  on  the  con- 
dition of  affairs  at  the  time  of  llomeu's  accession. 
The  development  of  the  two  pueblos,  says  the  retir- 
ing governor,  and  the  settlement  in  them  of  retired 
soldiers,  has  received  and  still  merits  the  deepest 
attention.  Their  products  are  purchased  by  the  pre- 
sidios and  paid  for  in  goods  and  drafts.     The  distribu- 

'  The  viceroy's  order  granting  Fagcs'  request  and  appoiiitiii'^  Romeu,  dated 
May  1(1,  17'.)0.  ^J'lor.  St.  Pa/>.,  JJen.,  MS.,  i.  8-10.  .M;iy  I'TLli  sicenin  t  >  !iavo 
been  t'lo  date  of  the  viceroy's  coiiuuunication  to  king;  l)iit  of  tlie  ki.ig's 
approval  and  ccjiifirmation  of  Jiomeu  wo  only  know  tliat  it  reaelicil  Mexico 
before  ^hiy  IS,  17!)1.  J'ror.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  x.  i;;i).  Scjiteml  tr  1,  10,  i;!, 
1700,  the  viceroy  instructs  Fagea  about  the  transfer,  hi.,  ix.  "OS,  ;!i()-7. 
September  14,  17iH),  I'age.s  to  IJomcu,  expressing  his  jileasuro  at  the  hitter".s 
appointment,  de:  cribing  (he  presidio,  saying  something  of  the  condition  if  the 
country,  and  saying;  'You  will  lind  in  this  casa  real,  which  is  .sufiiciently 
cai)aciou!j.  the  necessary  furniture;  a  suliicieut  .•^tock  of  goats  and  slieej)  v.  liich 
I  have  r.;ised;  and  near  by  a  garden  which  I  have  made  at  my  own  t^qjcnse, 
from  which  you  will  have  line  vegetables  all  the  y.'ar,  and  will  enjoy  the  fruits 
of  the  trees  whii'h  I  have  planted.'  lie  asks  for  information  as  to  when  and 
by  what  route  Riniu'U  will  conic.  Pror.Sl.  7'«/<.,y^;/.,MS.,i.  8-iO.  liomeu  takes 
possession  A])ril  10,  1701.  Pror.  St.  /'up.,  MS.,  x.  I'Jl;  .S7.  Pup.,  S(ir.,  .MS., 
V.  8(»-7;  Arch.  Stn.  llirhnm,  MS.,  xi.  414-1.").  lebruary  '2(i,  1791,  Fa^cs 
notilies  Romeu  that  lie  has  ordered  Arrillaga  to  nudie  the  trau'-fer,  and  has 
directed  presidial  accounts,  etc.,  to  bo  mudc  ready.  Pruv.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  x. 
144-5. 


FAGES'  FINAL  INSTRUCTIONS. 


483 


3C1    to 


tlon  of  lands  has  been  made  in  duo  form,  and — together 
with  certain  changes  at  San  Jose  rendered  necessary 
by  the  moving  of  the  houses — approved  by  the  superior 
authorities.  It  was  intended  at  first  to  remove  tlie 
pueblo  guards  after  two  years,  but  they  arc  to  bo 
maintained  as  long  as  necessary.  In  the  first  years, 
on  account  of  bad  management,  San  Jose  made  little 
progress;  but  the  appointment  of  a  comisionado  as  at 
Angeles  and  the  subjection  of  the  alcalde  to  him,  liavo 
itstored  prosperity;  and  these  measures  were  approved 
ill  1785-0. 

In  the  missions  great  care  must  be  taken  to  guard 
against  the  increase  of  veneral  diseases  which  are 
causing  such  ravages  in  the  peninsula.  The  sending 
of  soldiers  for  escaped  neopliytes  is  extremely  dan- 
i;crous,  and  should  be  avoided,  being  resortetl  to  only 
alter  other  means — the  best  beinij:  for  the  friars  to 
send  other  natives  with  flattery  and  trifling  gifts  to 
enlist  the  services  of  chiefs — have  failed,  and  then 
with  every  possible  precaution.  The  granting  of 
escorts  whenever  asked  for  has  also  proved  dangerous 
and  inconvenient,  since  only  two  men  could  be  sjiared, 
leaving  the  mission  exposed  and  the  friar  only  slightly 
j)rotected.  It  has  therefore  been  restricted,  and  the 
soldiers  are  not  allowed  to  pass  the  night  away  from 
the  mission.  This  j)olicy,  notwithstanding  protests, 
and  in  consequence  of  Neve's  confidential  reports,  has 
been  approved  by  superiors  and  by  the  king. 

In  the  case  of  mail-carriers  and  escorts  passing  from 
one  [)residio  to  another,  carel'ul  orders  have  been  given 
to  prevent  disaster  and  at  tlie  same  time  to  insun; 
humane  treatment  of  the  gentiles.  Each  presidio  lias 
in  its  archives  properly  indexed  the  orders  that  liavi; 
been  issued  for  its  government  and  the  prevention  of 
all  disorder.  The  abundance  of  {)roducts  in  proporti<tn 
to  consumers  has  led  tt)  a  reduction  of  some  of  the 
prices  aflixed  by  Neve  to  grain  and  meat.  CattK^ 
bi'longing  to  the  crown  are  kept  <rom  excessive  in- 
crease and  consequent  rumiing  wild  by  annual  slaugh- 


IttHH 


ii! 


484 


RULE  OF  ROMEU. 


tcrs  for  the  supply  of  presidios  and  vessels  with  beef. 
The  breeding  of  horses  and  mules,  just  beginning  to 
prosper,  should  be  encouraged.  The  fiiars  often  w isli 
to  buy  these  animals,  but  have  been  uniformly  refused. 
All  trade  with  the  Manila  ship  is  strictly  prohibited; 
but  trade  with  San  Bias  is  free  for  five  years  fn^ni 
October  1786,  and  subject  to  only  half  duties  for  five 
3' ears  more — a  trade  which  is  bad  in  its  effects,  lead- 
ing to  'immoderate  luxury,'  for  the  inhabitants  c;m 
buy  all  they  really  need  at  cost  prices  from  the  meiiio- 
rias.  To  provide  the  wasting  of  clothing  and  other 
useful  articles  in  barter  with  the  sailors,  Fages  has 
forbiddcni  the  opening  of  the  bales  uiitil  the  vessel 
leaves  the  port. 

In  articles  21-3  of  his  papel,  Fages  tells  the  talc 
of  three  or  four  incorrigible  rogues,  Alvifre  and  Xu- 

vila  of  San  Jose,  and  Pedraza,  a 
deserter  from  the  galleon,  whose  scandalous  conduct 
no  executive  measure  has  been  able  to  reform.  Arti- 
cles 24-7  are  devoted  to  past  troubles  between  Cap- 
tain Solcr  and  the  habilitados,  with  which  the  reader 
is  already  familiar;  and  finally,  after  devoting  some 
attention  to  the  condition  of  the  dificrent  presidios, 
the  author  closes  by  alluding  to  the  charges  of  cruelty 
pending  against  Father  Peila  of  Santa  Clara,  and  to 
the  orchard  of  six  hundred  fruit-trees,  besides  shrubs 
and  grape-vines,  to  which  since  1783  he  has  given 
much  of  his  attention.^ 

"Fanes,  Papel  cle  rrtjvVw  pitntoa  concpriiicntes  al  Goblerno  de  In  Peiiiufitla  d' 
Culljhriira  e  Iiispecriou  <le  'J'rnpui,  ipie  recopi/n  el  Curoiiif  1).  Pedro  Fnijoi  id 
Tdiiinle  Coroiitl  l>.  Jour  Anioiii'i  liomeii,  M  de  luhrero  I'i'Jl,  MS.  On  Miiy 
2Stli  ]'ii_;t.'.s  wi'dte  a;,';iiii  to  IJoiiu  u  a  most  iiitorcstiny  letter  in  which  ho  gives 
his  (liiinion  of  vmiimsi  persons  witli  w'loni  his  siieeessor  vill  conio  in  eontaet. 
lie  speaks  \  iTy  Iiiglily  of  Ai'riIIaL,'ii,  Zuf'iga,  nnd  Argiiello,  deems  (jloyeocelie.i 
Honiewhat  prone  to  earelessness,  siiy.i  nothing  of  Ortega,  and  ]>roin)unec3 
(ionzak'z  lit  only  for  his  pn^scnt  position  on  tlio  frontier.  Nono  of  the  f,er- 
ueants  ixro  snilalilc  for  hahilitados,  tliongh  Vargaa  i.s  faitliful  anil  can  wi'ite. 
NV'itli  tlie  l)iiminieans  there  haj  liei'n  no  serious  tronMo.iuid  I'rejiident  (!omez 
is  disposed  to  sustain  liarmonions  relations;  Imt  Mitli  the  Fernnndinos  (|iiar- 
rels  have  been  fie((nent,  sin(  ,•  they  arc  'opttexlltihruiH  A  las  niiiximas  del  regla- 
iiiento  y  /.'ohierno'  and  insist  on  lieing  independent  and  idisolnto  eaeli  in  his 
own  mission.  I'ages  <lonljts  that  Itonien  uill  he  ahlo  to  endure  their  inde- 
jiendent  way  of  proeoedlng.  The  priests  at  San  Francisco  and  Santa  Clara 
are  forming  separate  establislanenta  at  some  distance  from  the  mission,  which 


r. 

hi 


\\ 


LIFE  AND  CHARACTER  OF  FACES. 


4S5 


oiitact. 
.^ooclicii 

lOUUCC.S 

liu  Kcr- 

vritc. 

(Jomiz 

3  (|iiiir- 

n;;:Ia- 

ill  lii.s 

iiule- 

Cliini 

whii-h 


Don  Pedro  sent  liis  wiu;  and  children  .sontlnvnrd  in 
advanco  of  lii.s  own  tle[»Mrture,  probably  on  board  the 
Sin  Carlos,  or  Pr'uuvsa,  which  left  ]\Ionterey  for  San 
]51a.s  in  the  autumn  of  1790.''  lie  remained  at  Mon- 
terey, thouj^di  ho  made  a  visit  to  San  Francisco  in 
^[ay/  and  still  exercised  by  common  consijnt  a  kind 
of  superintendence  over  the  actions  of  his  ibrmer  sub- 
ordinates, tliouj4'h  now  addressed  as  colonel  instead  of 
governor.  There  are  letters  of  his  in  the  archives 
dated  at  ^lonteroy  July  l;)th.''  His  intention  was  to 
reinain  until  October  or  Xovend.>er,  and  I  sin)[)oso  ho 
ciiibarl;ed  on  the  San  Carlos  for  San  IJlas  November 
9,  17DI,  tliouj^li  possibly  his  dc])arture  was  a  month 
earlier."  In  17!)u  he  made  a  report  on  the  California 
])rcsidios,  and  in  October  1794  was  still  residing-  in 
]\Iexico.  Of  Pedro  Pa^'es  before  he  came  to  Caliibr- 
nia  in  1709  and  ailer  his  departure  in  1791  we  know 


littk 


AVll 


h    1 


US  career  in 


th 


I 


th 


le  province  tiie  reauer  is 


dc 


familiar/  and  will  part  with  the  honest  Catidan,  as  1 
do,  reluctantly. 

matter  nccda  looklnr;  after.  Mission  stock  is  increasing  too  nnicli,  and  tlio 
ncoi,hyLC3  arc  becoming'  too  skilful  riders  and  acijuiring  '  Apailn'  iuso'.eiiue.' 
8tinio  advice  i;i  [jivou  about  the  joiinu'y  nortli.  AiudUiiseij  luado  of  more 
letter:,,  ;uid  Fa-  cs  closes  by  niaUiii;,'  a  present  of  his  f.-niions  orcliard,  uell 
plea:(.dthat  the  fniita  of  his  labors  and  e:;]'.(  nditr.res  are  to  Vw  ii:j,>yed  by 
hi*  fiic'.d.  FaijcK,  /j'vntK.i  Patii<'>il(.tir<  a'  O'o' r.  I'l.iiicii  ,.':'  ilc  ."/(ijo  I'/Jl, 
JMS.  On  ^lay  1st  he  liad  written  ti)  Konieu  Uiat  he  was  jieviniiiid  to  tako 
av.iiy  V,  iih  hi;!i  six  mules  and  as  many  liorsis  if  the  eonnnandi  r  uf  i  he  vessel 
liisl  n:)  cbjeelions.  I'rov.  St.  I'a/i.,  >.JS.,  x.  I  !7.  Theio  are  al.o  eoiniuuidea- 
tioiis  (  f  lagcs  t:)  llouieu  on  matters  of  trilling  impoitanee  dated  ^iay  iltitli, 
3t;th.  June  l:,t,  July  4di,  i:;tli.  /./.,  111-70. 

'In  his  letteref  JIay'28,  17'JI,  Fiiges  expresses  his  pleasure  that  Ronieu  on 
Iiis  journey — probably  at  San  Bias  or  between  tlicn^  and  Mexico — hail  met  his 
faiiiily.  lie  states  his  intention  of  staying  at  Monterey  until  Uetober  or 
A'civnuber.  Pr<v.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  x.  1-18,  l.")0. 

;/'/.,  X.  44. 

''hi.,  X.  14J-3,  ion.  In  line  of  the  Utters  ho  says  that,  snlfering  in  his  foot, 
lie  \.  i;ii;d)'.e  to  review  the  troops  at  Santa  llarbara. 

'';-;'.i;:ngi.f  the.S'((«  tV/'/o-Xov.  li  th.  .S7.  /V7;.,  .SVir.,  .MS.,  v.  !)l.  Aecnrd- 
ing  to,-',  Ictterin  Prur.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  x.  \',\\.  hov.ever,  the  schooiii.r  .V.  ■/«/»/■/(« 
firm  '.Gotka  was  at  Monti  rey  on  Oct.  1  LIi  and  ready  to  lail  fer  Saa  I"l;is,  so 
tliiit  r;'.;jr.'j  i.:ay  have  railed  in  her;  yet  il  tin  le  is  no  error  it  is  .•itn.n.e  that 
V  l.ile  the  arrival  1  f  the  Siui  <  'i.  ;•'(;.;  was  aiinoiiei  d  tiiCIcii.  Xavacin  Xov. .'!  'th, 
tl.Jii  of  the  ScUiirii 1 1:11  \\uti  not  announeid  riiitil  I'lc.  'JlM.  Sf.  Prp.,  S.ic,  .MS., 
iv.  n. 

'  I'lilio  IVjes,  a  ni'tivc  of  ('a.  tali  iiia,  ar.d  f'l.t  liiuteiiaiit  of  a  C'lniiiiy  of 
the  1;  :,1  alta'.i;  n.'.M  I  c;  iiiR'iit.i'f  till.  (.'r.tr'.aiA'olunteirLi;  111  liii',;iiti\v,  pi  l.iMy 
kit  t'paiu  with  liis  battalion  iu  May  17o7,  anil  soon  alter  his  arrival  in  Mexico 


48G 


RULE  OF  ROMEU. 


He  was  a  peculiar  man;  industrious,  energetic,  and 
brave,  a  skilful  hunter  and  dashing  horseman,  fond  ot 
children,  who  were  wont  to  crowd  round  him  and 
rarely  failed  to  find  his  j>ockets  stored  with  dulccs. 
Of  fair  education  and  executive  abilities,  hot-temperctl 


u\ 


was  sent  with  Col.  P^Hzondo's  expedition  against  tlic  Sonera  Indiana.  In  tlie 
autunni  of  17G8  Ijy  order  of  the  visitador  general,  ( Jalve/,  he  was  sent  over  from 
<iuaynia8  to  Lii  I'az  by  Klizondo  witli  '2'*  men  of  his  com/iania  J'ruiica  for  the 
California  expedition.  In  January  17(i'J  he  endiarked  witli  his  men  on  the  S^in 
(,Ytrl<i.tuin\  arrived  at  San  Diego  May  1st.  Fages  was  military  ciiief  of  the  sea 
braneJi  of  the  expedition,  and  eoniniandant  on  siiore  from  Jilay  1st  to  iluiiu 
'i'.itii,  thus  being  California's  hrst  ruler.  After  I'ortohl's  an-ival  on  June  '2!lth. 
he  was  second  in  command  and  Capt.  Rivera's  superior.  With  seven  of  hi:) 
men,  all  that  the  scurvy  had  not  killed  or  <lisabled,  he  accompanied  the  lirst 
land  expedition  from  San  Diego  to  Monterey  and  San  Francisco  from  July  14, 
I7G!),  to  Jan.  24,  1770.  He  .started  north  again  April  17th  with  Portolii  and 
reached  Monterey  May  24th.  When  I'ortold  left  Monterey  July  Dth,  FaLTiM 
was  left  as  commandant  of  the  (Jalifornian  establishments,  a  position  wiiicli 
lie  held  until  May  "2.3,  1774.  His  commission  as  captain  was  dated  May  4, 
1771,  and  in  tiio  same  year  he  went  down  to  San  Diego  by  water,  retui-niiig 
by  land.  In  March  and  April  1772  he  led  an  exploring  expedition  uj)  to  wliiit 
are  now  Oaklan<l,  San  I'ai)lo  Jiay,  Caniuines  Strait,  and  the  mouth  of  the  San 
Joaijuin.  In  May  1772  he  proceeded  to  the  San  Luis  region  and  spent  some 
three  months  hunting  hears  to  supply  the  Monterey  garri.son  with  meat. 
I'erhapsit  was  here  that  he  gained  the  sobriquet  of  1"-1  Oso  often  ap]ilied  to 
him  in  later  years,  though  there  is  a  tradition  that  the  name  Old  JJear  was 
given  him  for  other  reasons.  He  went  to  San  Diego  in  August,  and  tlicre 
incurred  I'adre  Serra's  displeasure  by  refusing  a  guard  for  tiic  founding  of  a 
new  niissi(m.  The  object  of  Serra's  journey  to  Mexico  was  chiefly  Fages'  re- 
moval. The  friar  rt.'prcsented  him  as  a  man  hated  by  all  the  soldiers,  incom- 
jietent  to  connnaiul,  and  a  deadly  foe  to  all  mission  progress.  The  cliai'ges 
were  largely  false,  but  tiiey  served  Serra's  purpose  whether  believed  or  imt, 
for  the  government  could  not  allbrd  at  the  time  a  tjuarrel  with  the  mii'siuu- 
aries;  and  Rivera  was  sent  to  supersede  Fages,  taking  command  on  May  2."i, 
1774.  Subsequently  Scrra  M'rote  a  letter  to  the  viceroy  in  which  he  exjires^ed 
regret  at  Fages'  removal,  commendation  of  his  services,  and  a  desire  that  lie 
be  favored  by  tlie  government.  Arr/i.  Ufa.  Biirlinrn,  MS.,  xi.  37()-S0.  Tlie 
friars  I'cgurdcd  this  as  a  praiseworthy  return  of  good  for  evil;  others  miglit 
apply  a  dili'erent  name. 

Fages  sailed  from  San  Diego  Aug.  4,  1774,  on  the  San  Antonio  with  orders 
to  join  hi  J  regiment  at  I'aehuca.  On  the  way  to  Mexico  at  Irapuato,  (luanii- 
juatc,  he  was  roblted  of  a  box  containing  his  money,  by  liis  own  servants  as  it 
seems.  I'ror.  St.  l'(i/i.,  MS.,  i.  1!)0.  lie  reached  Mexico  before  the  liid  nf 
1774  in  ])oor  healtli.  He  dated  in  Mexico,  Nov.  .'10,  177">,  a  report  on  Cali- 
fornia, addressed  to  tlie  viceroy,  and  devoted  ehielly  to  a  description  of  tin! 
province,  its  natives,  animals,  and  plants;  but  also  giving  a  tolerably  ciiinjilrti! 
Kketili  of  the  lir.-it  expeditions  and  the  condition  of  the  missions  at  tlw  aullini'.-i 
ileparture.  This  document,  of  great  iiiiportance  and  interest,  v/as  tr.iiislatiil 
from  llie  original  in  tlio  liljrary  of  M.  Ternaux-Comiians  and  publi-.heil  iix 
Junjis,  I'vifdijc  vt)  Valijhniic,  in  Noui\  Ann.  <h'if  I'oi/.,  ei.  ll.")-S2,  III  I  47.  At 
the  bi.'ginning  the  author  says:  '  .Ayant  etc  cliai'gi''  ;lu  connnandcinent  niilitaire 
du  jioiU;  de  .Monterey,  dei)uis  le  connnencenient  de  raniire  170!),  vt  inoli  ilnf 
don  Diego  I'ortola  (jui  s'endjarqna  le  it  de  .luillet  h  bord  du  paipieliot  le  Smi. 
Anl'inio,  niiij'ant  fortement  rei'ommande  de  m'oceuj)er  ties  etablirseliieiils 
situi's  dans  la  [lartie  se)itintricin;de  do  la  Califuriiii',  jo  ni'y  suis  liviv  piiulant 
plus  de  qiuitre  ans.     J  "ai  rasscmble  le  plus  de  renseignements  qu'il  m'a  etiJ 


THE  OLD  AND  NEW  GOVERNOR. 


487 


til  (ii'di't's 

( !u:iii;i- 

lii.s  lis  it 

I'lul    nf 

(111  ( 'ali- 
)ii  itt  tliii 
iiliiplrtc 
ilUtlliil's 
ni.-.liitcil 
■■Ju'd  ;is 

1 ;.    At 

iiilitairi! 

|ii!l  I'lll'f 

t   lo  Sini, 

I'lllCllts 

'  n(hiiit 
u'ii  ito 


niul  inclined  to  storm  over  trifles,  always  readv  to 
(jtiarrel  with  anybody  from  las  wife  to  tiie  padre  [»res- 
idente,  he  was  withal  kind-hearted,  never  feeling  and 
rarely  exciting  deep-seated  animosities.  He  was 
thoroughly  devoted  to  the  royal  service  and  attended 
with  rare  conscientiousness  to  every  petty  detail  of 
his  oflicial  duty;  yet  his  house,  his  horse,  and  above 
all  his  garden  were  hardly  second  in  iini)ortanco  to  his 
otlice,  his  ]>rovince,  and  his  nation.  ILi  j)ossessed  less 
lireadth  of  mind,  less  culture,  and  especially  less  dig- 
nity of  maimer  and  character  than  Feli[>e  do  Neve, 
hut  he  was  by  no  means  less  honest  and  i)atriotic. 
Tlie  early  rulers  of  California  were  by  no  means 
the  characterless  figure-heads  and  j)ompous  nonenti- 
ties that  modern  writers  have  painted  them,  and 
among  them  all  there  is  no  more  orl-nnal  and  attrac- 
tive  cliaracter  than  tho  bluff  Catalan  soldier  Pedro 
Fages. 

Jose  Antonio  Romeu,  a  native  of  Valencia,  Spain, 
liad  served  in  the  Sonora  Indian  wars  with  Fai^es  in 
and  before  1782  as  captain.  As  wo  have  seen,  ho 
took  part  in  the  campaigns  following  the  Colorado 

))()ssil)lo  8ur  cos  pi-ovinccs  (^'loipi(''es,  siir  lea  nations  qui  lea  liabitont,  la  nature 
(lu  lour  turrituiiv,  scs  productions,  los  nioours  ct  coutuinca  dn  hi  popidjiticjii, 
ct  l)i'iiucoui>  d'liutrcs  siijets  doiit  jo  traitcrai  dans  Ic  lonis  dc  cctto  iclation.' 

Cajit.  Fagos  was  in  garri:i(in  with  his  conipany  at  ( Juadidajaii!,  wlicii  Iio 
was  ordered,  perhaps  in  1777,  to  the  Sonora,  frontiei';  and  tlieru  ho  serveil  ia 
tile  wars  ayaiiist  Apaches  and  other  savages  for  live  years,  reeeiviiig  in  tho 
mean  time  a  lieut.  eolonel's  coniinission.  In  17'Sl-'2  he  iiiadi^  several  exjiedi- 
tions  from  Sonora  to  the  Coloiado  to  avenge  the  death  of  his  former  rival, 
IJiveiis-  and  visited  California  twice  in  17SiJ  liefore  he  came  as  goveiiKir,  mak- 
ing the  tirst  trip  from  the  ('olorado  direct  to  San  Diego.  Ho  was  in  the  (Colo- 
rado regiini  when  on  Sept.  lOtli,  hy  an  appf)intinciit  of  July  I'J,  \~S'2,  lie 
took  jio.ss(-ssion  of  liis  otliiH'  as  governor,  ami  readied  .Moiiterev  in  Xovcniher. 
l7Mi  was  spent  ehielly  in  a  journey  to  l.oreto  wlieiue  he  hioiigjit  !iis  wife, 
Dmia  i;iil:di:i  de  Callis,  and  sun  to  the  capit.d.  lie  had  at  hat  two  eliildrell 
liorn  in  Caliiornia,  In  I7''^i'>  he  hail  trouble  with  his  wife,  w'lich  does  not 
heeiii  however  to  lia\e  outlasteil  tlie  year.  From  August  17"'d,  by  <!en. 
I'garies  order  of  I'ib.  ilMi,  I'ages  became  inspector  of  iire-idios.  liiseoin- 
iiiissiiiii  as  colonel  was  datiil  Feb.  7,  ll^'.K  His  governui'siiip  ended  April  10, 
I7'.ll,  and  Iii^  .'ailed  Irom  Monten  y  in  the  aiitiinin  ot  the  .'aiiie  year.  Taylor, 
iJixcdf.  mill  I'^iiiidi  cv,  ii.  171*,  says  he  died  in  Mexico  before  IT'.'ti,  but  it  is  by 
no  means  cei'tain  that  he  had  any  authority  f(.r  the  ;  tatcincnit.  -Vug.  1-, 
17'.K1,  he  ma!;es  a  itjiort  on  Monterey  I'residio  buildings  at  .N.e\ico.  /'inr.  Sf. 
I'd]'.,  -MS.,  Niii.  l'.)l;  and  ill  Oct.  17'J4  he  resided  iu  tho  city  of  Mexico.  Cos- 
Utiixu,  Jiij'oniii',  MS. 


HililH 


488 


RULE  OF  ROMEU. 


disaster.  In  INTay  1700,  when  appointed  governor  lie 
was  major  of  the  Espaiia  dragoon  i-cginient,  also  liold- 
ingtlio  rank  of'Heutenant  colonel.  He  was  ])rohal)ly  in 
Mexico  at  the  time  of  liis  a])pointinent  and  ])roceed(Ml 
to  his  province;  by  way  of  JSan  IJlas,  since  he  met  the 
family  of  his  predecessor  and  friend  on  their  way 
from  California.  Accompanied  by  liis  wife,  Josefa  de 
Sandoval,  and  daughters  Romcu  arrived  March  17, 
171)1,  at  Lorcto  by  the  schooner  Santa  (hninidis.  On 
April  IG,  as  already  stated,  he  tool:  formal  possession 
(»f  the  governorship,  Caj)tain  Arrillaga  re[)resenting 
Fages  in  the  transfer  of  the  necessary  papers.'^  The 
reason  why  the  new  governor  was  ordered  to  assume 
his  oliico  at  Loreto  instead  of  i)rocecdin!^  directlv  to 
the  cajjital  was  that  ho  might  attend  to  his  duties  as 
inspector  of  presidios  in  the  south,  thus  avoi;ling  a 
useless  lepetiiion  of  the  journey,  and  that  he  might 
make  ceitain  investigations  of  pi-esidial  accounts. 
These  Californian  accounts  had  been  in  sonic  confusion 
since  17()9.  Details  it  is  undesirable  as  well  as  im- 
possible to  explain;  but  many  men  had  unsettled  ac- 
counts running  back  to  the  earliest  period  of  Spanish 
occupation.  The  treasury  officials  in  Mexico,  attrib- 
uting the  prevalent  confusion  to  the  incompetence 
of  habililados,  were  themselves  greatly  puzzled,"  and 
liomeu  seems  to  have  been  selected  with  a  special 
view  to  his  fitness  for  unravelling  past  financial  com- 
plications and  effecting  a  fin.d  adjustment. 

Whatever  may  have  been  his  abilities  in  this  special 
direction,  ho  had  very  slight  opportunity  to  show 
theui;  for  from  the  moment  of  embarking  on  the 
Saxta  (jciirucUs  his  health  failed ;  indigestion,  sleep- 
less nights,  and  an  oppressive  pain  in  the  chest  left 

*  Spc  references  in  note  1  of  this  chapter.  Also  letter  of  Arrillaga  to 
Fageii  March  '2\.  17!n,.'iniioiincinjj;  liomcu's  arrival.  J'ror.  .SV.  Pnp.,  JIS.,  x.  3S. 

"  'Jhe  liiycn.iv  Kdhrc  Ion  (ijiis/.cx  de  I'ohlntfori'K  do  la  I'<  hia  di'  La  Aicjcle-^  i/ 
dftnan  (!('  /iiK  I'nir<ii<ian  de  ('idifornian,  MS.,  a  report  of  the  cimtador  mayor 
dated  Mexico,  l)te.  TiO,  ITtiO,  and  iillinji  above  (10  pages,  is  a  specimen  (if  the 
many  wordy  coniimuiicationa  on  the  sul)ject  which  are  extant  in  tlic  archives, 
1  have  n!ad«!  no  aiti  nipt  to  reacli  the  liottom  of  this  iinancial  puz/le.  Vice- 
roy's orde"s  to  llonieu  on  this  subject  Sept.  1,  17'JO.  Prov.  St,  Paji.,  ix,  313-19. 


DEATH  OF  ROMEU. 


489 


Th 


ling  a 


liim   but   little   opportunity   of  Jittondlii'.;   to    p!il)li< 


Il'.tlc; 


Yet  ho  (lid   iKjt  lose  coni';i'. 


iUK 


I  latt 


m 


the  .siiininer,  after  coinmiinieatiiiii;"  liis  instructioiis  to 
pivi-iidul  oiiieers  and  satisfyinj^  liiiui-cir  ol'  Ari'lllaLCa's 
entire  eonijietenee,  he  [troceeded  north,  reaehed  S.m 
J)ie^o  in  Au','ust,"  and  arrived  at  r^fontorcy  Oetohei' 
|;ith,  doiihtlejss  before  the  de})artui'o  of  his  prede- 
cessor."^ Throuijfh  the  winter  his  iil-hoalth  continued, 
and  he  was  barely  able  to  attend  to  tlie  routine  duties 
of  his  Oiliee.  Jtis  oiKeial  coniniunieations  in  the 
areliive.s  are  few,  brief,  and  uniniport  int.  His  cor- 
resp;)ndenee  with  I'resident  L;i.ueii  b  >th  at  J^oreto 
and  i*.lonterey,  tliough  containin;^  little  more  thau 
the  foiinal  ex[)ressions  required  by  courtesy,  indicate 
a  desire  on  his  })art,  such  as  most  rulers  entertained 
hen  they  lirst  came  to  California,  to  pre:ierve  hai' 


\\ 


iiionious 


ivlations    with   the   missi(»narit 


111    fact 


u 


•ou- 


eitlun"  by  natural  dispohition  or  by  reason  of  feeble 
health  he  was  evidently  moro  J 'rdi/ci v  than  Fa'>es  or 
Neve.  Un  December  1st  he  received  the  royal  e 
tirmation  of  his  appointment  as  ij^overnor 

J^ate  in  i\larch  171)2  lionieu's  condition  iK'cantc 
critical,  and  after  a  series  of  ccMivulsions  it  became 
evident  that  ho  had  but  a  few  days  t(^  live.  The  sur- 
^•con,  Pablo  Soler,  made  a  written  lejiort  to  this  ctl'ecfc 
on  .V[)ril  5th,  and  the  last  rites  of  rel'yion  were  ad- 
ministered by  the  friars  in  attendance.  He  died  at 
]\bjnterey  April  Dtli  and  was  buried  at   JSan   C;'u'los 


">  Jhm(>ii,Cfirtn  al  Virrey,  21  de  Nov.  1791,  MS.,  in  .S7.  Pap.,  Snc,  v.  91-2. 

"I  If  was  !it  Sail  Diego  from  Aug.  'JOth  to  Hist  if  not  lon^'ur.  Prnt;  St, 
Pup.,  MS.,  X.  10-;). 

^^  N'ov.  :13,  17. )1,  the  viceroy  ackiio\vleil<T('s  the  ivicipt  uf  lii;i  lett<  r  of  Oct. 
Mtli,  iiaiioiiiu'iii;;  his  Jinival  on  tlic  l.'ith.    I'r.-r.  SI.  I'lip.,  M  -i.,  \.  l;M. 

^'^  Hotiidt,  ('uiiiiii  ul  Prcsiildilc  Ldsiini,  r,'jl,  MS.  Oa  .hily  KiUi  from  Ito- 
s;irio  lie  V,  rites:  'Aiiii(|Uo  mi  caudal  tie  mei'ito  no  cs  oa'o  ([uc  d  icmr  luios 
hiiiiios  y  con.itaiilc's  descos  do  llcnar  el  cuinjiliiniciito  »lc  mi  olili/aci  ni,  y  Mcr 
I'ltil  y  sin  (iul)a!';:o  de  caivcer  de  a(iiie!!a:j  a;;iici;J)!e;j  circiinstai;ci;is  condii- 
ciiites  a  !.ai  lo;;id  de  <\\\v.  l;i  bondad  de  \ .  11.  lae  !  i;])  aie  acowipafiado,  espei'o 
nii'rccerli>  T.e  hi  piodad  del  Allisiino  al  verme  au\ili:  ilo  de  la:<  frr\  i  atcs  oiaei- 
oiien  do  V.  1\.  y  de  chos  Kll.  I'l'.  mioionc  lo.i  ii  lo:i  (jne  de  imcv.i  me  eii- 
cniaiiiido  eornspondiemlo  con  igiialea  a  las  cxpnsioaes  linas  coiljuu  mo 
lioMian.' 

".bV.  Pai>.,  <!>'(jc.,  MS.  V.  02.     The  cojifuumtioa  was  dated  Feb.  loth. 


480 


RULE  OF  ROMEU. 


»  ' 


tlio  (lay  followini^.  By  liis  will  the  widow  was  made 
executrix  of  his  estate  and  j^^uardiaii  of  tlu-ir  daiii^li- 
ters.  Dona  Josefa  eiuharked  for  San  IJlas  in  Octo- 
\)cr.  Alfc'rez  Sal  in  a  letter  says  that  Califoriiia  was 
not  worthy  of  a  <jovernor  like  llonieu.  At  his  funeral 
all  who  knew  liini  displayed  deep  grief.'^ 

Local  annals  as  well  as  certain  general  topics  of 
commercial,  industrial,  and  mission  dcvulopuuiit,  1 
shall  treat  collectively  for  the  decade  from  17!)  I  to 
1800,  in  subse(juent  cha[)ters.  Besides  such  topics 
the  visit  of  a  scientific  exploring  expedition  and  the 
founding  of  two  new  missions  are  to  be  noted  during 
RcMueu's  sliort  rule.  Tiie  expedition  refcrrrd  to  was 
that  of  Ak'jan<h'o  Malaspina  in  connnand  (»f  the  royal 
corvettes  Ucscubio'ta  and  Atrccida,^^  the  latter  being 
under  tlie  innnediate  command  of  Jose  tie  1  justamante 
y  Guerra,  and  the  scientific  corps  including  13;iu/;i 
and  Es[)inosa."  jVIalaspina  sailed  from  Cadiz  in  duly 
178!),  for  a  tour  round  the  world,  and  after  making 
ex})lorations  on  both  coasts  of  South  America,  and 
from  Pananiit  to  Aca[)ulco,  left  the  latter  port  in  ^May 
1791  i'or  the  Northwest  Coast,  which  he  struck  a  little 
above  GO^  and  carefully  explored  southward,  sighting 

^^Proi'.  Sf.  Pap.,  iSIS.,  xxii.  7-9,  14;  x.  130;  xxi.  71,  SO;  .SV.  /»«;).,  Ftac, 
MS.,  vi.,  7(3;  Proi:  I'cf.,  M.S.,ii.  1.V2;  San  dir'to.^.  Lib.  dc  Mls'in.),  MS.;  Tuji- 
tor's  Diicm:  curl  Foiinilcf.-f,  ii.  179;   Va'IrJo,  JIM.  Cal.,  MS.,  i.  t).)-7. 

'"Tho  vessels  IkuI,  like  nearly  all  in  the  Spanish  navy,  each  a  double  name, 
beint;  called  respectively  Santa  Justa  and  Santa  liujina.  St.  Pap.,  .Shc,  MS., 
V.  9(5. 

"  A  full  list  of  oiaccrs  made  at  Monterey,  is  as  follows:  Ciiptaim  Alejan- 
dro Mal.siijiina  and  Jc.k'' di!  1  Justamante  y  (Jucrra;  lieutenants  Dioiiirio  (lali- 
nno,*.b):  e  l].spi!i().sa,  ('.'lyelatio  Valik's,  Manuel  Kovales,*  i'eruandu  (^>uiiitano, 
Juan  lieniaci,  iScer.ndino  Sahiiiianea,  Antonio  do  Tovn,  Jn.-.n  ('oiic!!ii.  Josi^ 
I'cibredo,  Arcaco  Zjbalios,  Traneiiico  Viana,  and  Arcadio  I.incda;*  ait'ercces 
Martin  Olavide,*  Felipe  liiuza,  I'lavio  Alcponzoni,  and  Jaeob:)  Murphy;  cou- 
tadores  l;:i.;i'l  H)dri  ;;ie/ dc  Aria:i  and  Manuel  Ksipicrra;  c'.Kiplaiu:!  .b):;!' ilu 
Mesa  ;ind  Fr;uui  uo  tU-  I'aul.i  Ai'iino;  surgeons  Franciseo  llore;!  iiud  I'edro 
(lonzak'x;  pilotus  .Iu:in  Dia.-:  .Maqueda,  Jose  Sanchez,  (jleroiiiuio  l!el;::tdo.  .luan 
Inciarte  y  I'urtu,  ;iu  t  .J(ia(|uin  llurtado;  apothecai'y  Lain  Nee"  mid  Tadeo 
Ibicnek;  pintor  do  pcispecliva  Tumiis  Suria;  disecailor  y  dibnj;:nte  ile  )il:intiis 
Jose  dc  (luio.*  The  n;;in('s  marked  uitli  a  star  rcinaincl  bc'iiiul  i:i  Mexico. 
J\f(il(i'!/iiii(i,  A*o^(  lie  (/ii'i-iafci  (Ip  Uiivrra  y  J/i)i/riri.i,  A''.'"/v,'/,'.'-/r/,s,  JJcli'uih'o.-i, 
J)ibiiJ(niti .<,  11  JJi-icr(i(l(iri:f,  i/i«'  tiencn  (Icntino  <n  las  corl^iiat  i!r  S.  M .  iiouihrn- 
ilti-^  Ih-xciili'niiit  fi  Ahrridii,  que,  ilan  cudta  al  Globo. .  .ijitc  stdkron  dc  CiidL  tn 
00  dc  Julio  lie  17S'J,  MS. 


MALASPINA'S  EXPEDITION. 


401 


Capo  ^rendocino  September  Gth,  bcini^  off  San  Fran- 
cisco the  10th,"*  and  ancliorinjjf  tlio  13tli  at  ^lontercy, 
whore  his  vessels  remained  till  the  25th,  tlienco  ron- 
tinuinj(  the  survey  down  to  Ca[)e  San  Li'icas,  San 
Bias,  Acapulco,  and  returninof  to  Spain  by  the  Phil- 
ippines and  Cape  Good  Hope.*" 

or  the  stay  at  Monterey,  of  scientific  observations 
there,  of  Malaspina's  impressions  of  California  and 
its  people  we  know  little.  The  archives  contain  only 
tlie  merest  mention  of  the  arrival  and  of  courtesies 
exchanged  between  the  visitors  and  LasuoTi,  who 
aided  in  gatherinjjf  specimens,'^^  ISIalaspiua  seems 
entitled  to  the  honor  of  having  brought  to  Cali- 
fornia  the  first  American  who  ever  visited  the 
country,  and  he  came  to  remain,  his  burial  being 
recorded  on  the  mission  register  under  date  of  Sep- 
tember 13t]i,  and  name  of  John  Grt^em,  probably 
(jlraham,  son  of  John  and  Catherine  Groem,  Presby- 
terians, of  Boston.  He  had  shipped  as  gunner  at 
Cadiz.-*  The  reports  of  this  expedition  were  never 
])ublished.  The  commander  was  imprisoned  for  cer- 
tain crimes  or  irregularities,  and  it  is  only  through 
Navarrete's  brief  resunje,  and  an  abridged  narrative 
by  one  of  the  officers,  that  anything  is  known  of 
results." 

As  early  as  1789  it  was  determined  to  found  two 
new  missions,  in  honor  of  *  our  lady  of  st>litude'  and 

"At  least  4  or  5  shots  were  heard  from  a  fojj-hiddcn  vessel  ou  that  date. 
Ijuatamaiitc,  in  Caro,  Trei^  Sifjloii,m.  l(Uj-7,  says  lie  left  Noolka  Aiigust 'ioth, 
and  i'uelioreil  at  Monterey  Sejitcndjci'  lltli. 

''•*  For  aeeoniit  of  ^lal.ispina's  cxploralioiia  in  the  north,  see //(.s/.  X.  IT. 
Cod.st,  i.  2-1!);  and  ///••■'.  Alashi,  tills  serii's. 

^"Sept.  '-l,  IT'.'l,  Maliisiiina  and  lUi- taniantc  to  Lnfuen  thankin;^  him  for 
aid.  L:',Rnen  in  reply  j;i\eH  thr.nks  for  jiresents.  'J'iie  lelteni  are  full  (;f  !l;it- 
teiin;,'  oxj  re;  sions,  s'.nd  the  voya^'er.s  iiromiseto  nial;(;  Iho  Inn;;  i'nd  Ihc  «drl(l 
aefjiiuinted  v,i;h  their  favmalili!  inijnessions  of  Calilornia  and  v.itli  the  siic- 
eoa  and  ;:eal  of  the  ]);idres.  Maloxiitiiit  vw\  l!iixfaihiii:ti' — Cart'  al  /'.  LdsiK  ii 
y  ri:<jjii)'.-,>(i.  I'l'  il'fl.o  J'cilrc,  Sept.  17!)1,  MS.  ^'allll  '..7,  171'-*,  *<tn.  >,uva  hiid 
learned  of  !Midaspina"H  vi.-it.  Arr/i.  An.tlii-jKnld,  MS.,  i.  I!). 

-'  Tuijlur,    in   I  av'Jic   Motttldij,    xi.    tJ-i'J-.".0,    frem   Smi    Cdrlon,    Li'i.    ile 

'■-Xcraircti;  Vlarirx  Apdrnlh-",  (14-8.  2(;S-70,  .lin-'JO:  ///..  in  ,s'('/7 //  M,.ri. 
caiiu,  ykije,IiUroil.,  exxii.-iii.  'Jajlor,  hiJ'ac/jicJlonl/iti/,  xi.  C4!i,  and  L.  Cut., 


RULE  OF  ROMEU. 


m 


m 


II 


of  tiu'  holy  cross.  Tlio  necessary  prcTmiiii.'U  ies  were 
arrai).i;(xl  l)y  torrespoMdeuce  between  jiresident,  guar- 
dian, Jiiid  viceroy,  and  four  new  I'riars  wei-e  sc'lcctcd 
to  take  eliari,;e,  or  enable  others  to  tlo  so,  of  llu^  new 
establishments^''  Tlio  information  ivachcd  ("alifornia 
at  the  end  of  Jnly  1700  toi^ether  with  ihe  lii;irs, 
J)anli,  }»ii^ii<'],  liubi,  and  Tapis;  and  all  the  necess;ny 
etlects  except  the  church  vestments  and  utensils, 
'i'his  omission  caused  delay,  for  the  j)riests  were  not 
disposed  to  take  anythint^  t)n  tri'.st  in  deiilin';'  v.ilh 
the  governnic'it,  and  it  was  not  until  duly  171)1  l!iat 
a  ponit'.e  assurance  came  from  the  \  iceroy  tliat  the 
sacred  utensils  woidd  be  sent,  to'^ether  with  nn  (!r<ler 
to  proceed  at  once,  borrow i n;^' tlie  need».'d  arti'-K' ;  fiom 
the  oiliei'  eslal)lishments."'  Subse'pient  |:rcliniiiiary 
Avork  is  best  described  in  the  words  (A'  Lasiien,  v.lio 
writes  the  '21)ih  of  Sei)tend)er:  "In  vic^w  of  the 
superior  order  of  his  excellency  I  at  once  n;nned  the 
niissionariis,  I  asked  and  obtained  I'rom  t'ae  com- 
mandant of  this  presidio  the  necessary  aid  lor  explor- 
iivjc  anevv'  the  reiiion  of  Soledad,  and  tliere  was  eliosen 
a  site  having  some  advantages  over  the  two  previously 
considered.  1  apj'lied  to  the  missions  for  veslments 
and  sacred  vessels;  and  as  soon  as  the  commandei'  of 
the  AriUi'xr.n  i'urnished  the  sii'vientes  all:)\ved  rt)r  the 
new  establi;;hnients  I  proceeded  to  Santa  Clara  in 
order  to  c-xamine  anew  in  person  the  site  of  |-'anta 
Cruz.     I  crossed  the  sierra  by  a  long  and  rough  v.ay, 

41,  says  thiit  Malasjiina,  tlirouj.;h  tlie  jealousy  of  (loiloy,  was  imprisoned  U>r 
14  yea'.H  iiud  ihialiy  liberated  wlien  Marshal  Soult  took  Ci<nifi:i  i;i  1:  0.). 

^••(iiuiiditin  Xorie!^;:i  to  viceroy,  Sept.  'I'l,  ITS'.*;  vieeroy  to  j-uardi:iii,  Oct. 
31;  fTuai(!iaii  to  La:iiieii,  l)ee.  10,  in  Airh.  Slit.  Ih'.Hicnt,  JlS.,  vi.  '_.  .)-'!. 
Two  llidusaiid  ei;;!.t  lumdnd  <lol!ai's  was  to  bo  paid  to  tho  iindieo,  01, C"  >)  iov 
eaili  iiiisoii,  and  !iO()()  for  travelling  expensrs  of  eaili  friar.  A]  iil  I,  17!'»), 
the  siudieo,  l"r.  (ler<  niiiio  de  Saiiipelnyo,  sends  iiri'M::ion;?  and  tools  lor  Santu 
Cruz  to  value  of  Sl,OJl.   Sla.  I'riiz,  Lih,  tie  Jlisioii,  MS.,  .'J. 

'■"An;.'.  I!,  l7'.'->,  Liisuen  to  I'af^es,  announces  arrival  of  padrrs;  nol'.iing 
lacking  Imt  for  the  j.'ovcrunient  to  deliver  the  facred  vc'sjiis;  ho  is  ready. 
Anil.  A r.oh ',.<■! Kill  I,  ^iS.,i.  I!);  .Ian.  '20,  IT'.U.  Viceroy  to  L;!s;:cn  and  lo;;ov- 
einor,  (jrncin'  i.li-s,  etc.,  will  lie  sent;  let  the  old  niisf.ionn  Imd.  July  l..ili, 
I.a.suen  rejiKeo:  n'l  ri;.;lil:.  Arc/i.  S'a.  JJilrlxira,  MS..  .\i.  8  IC;  Pn  r.  .SV.  J''ij>., 
MS.,  \.  i;.,S.  .lidy '__'.  17!'l.  l.asuen  issues  a  circular  1  >  the  pailrc;.;  i.ia'.ing 
known  viceioy'ij  crders;  1. 1  each  padre  mark  on  tlie  margin  the  urticlcs  that 
he  can  lend.  Air/i.  tSiit.  lUirbani,  MS.,  i.\.  ol(J-17. 


PREPARATIONS  FOR  MISSION'S. 


403 


.111(1  1  found  in  tlio  site  the  same  c-xccllcnt  flincss  fljjit 
liiul  boon  rtj)()rto(l  to  mo.  I  found,  hosidrs,  a  stivain 
of  water  very  near,  copious,  and  iniportiint.  On  tlio 
(lay  of  San  Agustin,  August  28tli,  I  said  mass,  and  a 
cross  was  raised  in  tlie  spot  where  tlie  estaMisliment 
is  to  1)0.  Many  gentiles  came,  largo  and  small,  of 
liotli  sexes,  and  showed  that  they  would  <>la(ll\'  enlist 
under  that  sacred  standard,  thank  (UnW  I  returned 
to  Santa  Clara  by  another  way,  rougher  but  shorter 
and  more  direct.  I  had  the  Indians  im])rove  the  road 
and  was  perfectly  successful,  because  for  this  as  for 
evi'rythingelso  the  commandant  of  San  Fr.tnciscc*,  Don 
Jlermeiiegildo  Sal,  has  furnishe<l  with  tlio  greatest 
uctivits^  and  promjitness  all  the  aid  I  have  asked  for. 
1  oi'dercd  some  little  huts  nuule,  and  I  suj)posc  that 
by  this  time  the  missionaries  are  there.  I  found  hero 
in  ^lonterey  the  two  corvettes  of  the  Spanisji  exjK'di- 
tioii,  and  the  commander's  power  of  phasing  ol)ligod 
1110  to  await  their  departure.  I  endeavored  to  induce 
tl  m  to  transport  the  Santa  Cruz  sn[)plios  l)y  water, 
but  it  could  not  bo  accomplished.  ])ay  before  yester- 
day, however,  some  wore  sent  there  by  land,  and  with 
tlitin  a  man  from  tho  schooner  which  canio  from 
Xootka  under  Don  Juan  Carrasco.'®  Tho  plan  is  to 
SCO  if  there  is  any  shelter  for  a  vessel  on  tho  coast 
near  Santa  Cruz,  and  there  to  transport  what  is  left. 
To-morrow  a  report  is  expected.  Tliis  means  is 
sought  because  we  lack  animals.  To-dny  cloven  Ind- 
ians have  departed  from  hero  with  tools  to  construct 
a  shelter  at  Soledad  for  tho  padres  and  the  supplies. 
I  ;iiul  the  other  padres  are  making  pro})arati()ns,  and 
\\\y  departure  thither  will  bo,  by  tho  i'avor  of  (jlod,  tho 
(lay  alter  San  Francisco,  October  8th,  ;it  latest." ""^ 

Tlie  preliminaries  having  boon  thus  arranged  Alftjrez 
Sal  started  from  San  Francisco  September  22d  with 

"■''Tlii.s  schooner  was  tlic  Ilorrnn'itic^,  which  uiiiler  Xnrv:\('Z  Ii.'mI  taken  part 
in  Klisa'a  noitherii  explorations.  Sec  Ui4.  X.  IT.  ('(<r^'.•^  i.  •J44-'J.tO.  The 
Aivir.''Zii  had  also  made  a  trip  to  the  north,  under  Malute. 

'''Ln.^iien,  Carta  (d  Si\  Goberiuulor  liomiu,  sohre  j'nudaclo,.  ue  Minioncn, 
S'Jdc  Sept.  17'J1,  MS. 


404 


RULE  OF  ROMEU. 


Corporal  Lui.s  Porultu  jumI  two  |)rivat<'s,  nnivi!!;^^  ai 
Hunta  Clara  in  the  af'termtoii.-'  Noxt  nioriiiiiji,^  lir 
])roo(.'t'(U'(l  to  Santa  (Vuz,  hisforoc  l)oin;^  inorcastd  l»y 
I'athois  Alonwo  Salazar  and  I3al<lonicro  l^opez,  wliiic 
the  rest  of  the  mission  t^nard  with  six  or  sovon  scrvaiiis 
were  left  to  hrinrj  HUi)[)lies  and  cattle.  On  the  1141  h 
Bonic  Christian  Indians  of  Santa  Clara  were  set  at 
work  cuttin;.,^  timber  and  building  a  hut  fur  the  friars, 
■who  busied  themselves  seeking  a  spot  for  sowiiii^- 
twenty-five  fanogas  of  wheat.  A  fine  ])lain  was  found 
Avell  ada[)tc!d  for  the  j)urposc,  capable  of  irrigation 
from  a  small  stream  called  by  the  exjdorers  of  17(i'.) 
Arroyo  tie  San  Pedro  Ilegalado.  The  mission  sitr 
was  about  five  hundred  yards  from  the  Kio  San 
Lorenzo,  also  named  in  17(JU.  The  chief  Sugert  came 
in  with  a  few  of  his  followers,  and  j)romised  to  become 
the  first  Christian  of  his  tribe,  Sal  agreeing  to  be 
godfather.  On  Sunday,  September  25th,  as  soon  as 
the  soldiers  and  horses  arrived  from  Santa  Clara, 
Sugert  and  his  ])eople  having  been  fortified  by  assur- 
ances against  the  noise  of  exploding  gunpowder,  and 
the  friars  having  donned  their  robes,  J)on  Hermene- 
gildo  took  formal  possession  as  he  says,  "in  such  M'ords 
as  m}'  moderate  talent  dictated,"  and  at  the  conclusion 
the  guns  were  discharged.  Five  more  salutes  were 
fired  while  the  padres  said  mass  and  chanted  a  te 


^'Se])t.  17,  1701,  Sr'  to  Romcu,  excusing  himself  for  sending,  without 

liaviuy  iiwiiited  KoiiuHi's  arrival  or  oi'dciii,  at  Ljisucn's  request,  a  yuard  ami 

iiiulo  train  for  the  ni!\v  mission.  St.  /'aj>.,  Sm:,  MS.,  vii.  18-i!l>.     The  corporid 

of  the  inLssion  f^'uard  was  fully  iiistnioted  respecting  iiis  duties  under  (hite  <if 

Supt.   17th.  .S'((/,  Jiintnirridii  (il  Cdha  Liiix  P<  niltudl  cdiyo  (/c  la  K.i'dl(t  ile  In 

Mixioiidi'  Sfiii/a  Cnr.,  jy.il,  MS.     Tlio  general  purport  wa.s,  constant  pre- 

•autions,  kinihiess  to  ^.'entiles,  hai'niony  with  paih'cs,  strict   performance  of 

I'lijiious  duties,  and  the  details  of  routine.     The  details  wore  niueli  tlie  same 

1  all  missions.     Jt  is  to  l)e  noticed,  however,  that  in  the  matter  of  escortini,' 

.10  jiriests  the  soldiers  were  strictly  limited,  and  were  not  .illowed  to  pass 

lie  iiigjit  away  inun  the  missiim.     If  a  j)ricst  d(^sired  to  go  to  a  di.;tant  niis- 

««ion,  word  must  he  sent  to  San  Fninciseo  and  a  guard  ol)tained  from  the 

jiiesidio.     On  the  20th  or  30th  of  each  month  a  report  to  Sal  must  he  sent  l)y 

two  soldiers  to  Santa  Clara,  where  the  two  must  wait  till  two  Santa  Clara 

men  carried  the  dcsj;atch  to  San  Francisco  and  returned.    As  the  rainy  season 

was  drawing  near,  the  gentiles  might  be  induced  to  work  on  the  warehouse 

and  guarJ-Uuuse  by  presents  of  food,  etc.,  even  against  the  wishes  of  the 

padres. 


FOUNDIXO  OF  SANTA  CRUZ. 


405 


(Ictnn,   niul    thus   tlio    iniHsion    of   Santa   Cruz   wan 

Lociil  annals  of  Santa  Cruz  to  1800  are  host  |nv- 
sciitod  licre  and  may  bo  briolly  roconlcd.  Often  there 
wcH!  ajiprehensions  of  trouhle  with  the  natives,  but 
Ihf  fears  of  the  friars  rested  for  the  most  ]>art  on 
iKithiii;^  more  soHd  than  rumor,  tlie  occasional  lliu^ht 
of  a  niMtphyte,  or  the  loss  of  an  animal,  'i'o  keep  the 
suMieis  of  the  ^uard  on  the  alert  they  were  once 
(iideied  t"  liunt  bears  for  tarj^et  j)ractice."''  The  neo- 
])hytes  numbered  84  at  the  en<l  of  the  year  I~!>I. 
Tin  y  had  increased  to  224  in  another  year;  in  171X1 
the  number  was  r)23,  the  hif^hest  ever  reached,  and  in 
ISOO  they  were  41)2.  There  had  been  1)41),  accordinjLf 
to  the  rei,nsters,  baptized,  27 1  couples  married,  and  477 
hulled.  J^ari^e  stock  increased  durin<^  the  decade  fi-om 
LMiJ  to  2,:i:)4  head;  .sniall  stock  from  174  to  2,08.".. 
Agricultural  [)roducts  in  1792  were  about  050  bushels; 


■^Snl,  Dliirlo  ill  I  /'iroiiiirimifii/o  ih  In  MWinn  dc  Savfn  Crin,  JT'lf,  MS. 
Cirtirn':;te  oil  t'i)Uiiilati(Jii  of  tin-  mission,  diitod  S^^\^t.  'J'Mi,  t\ni\  sijiiii'il  liy  Siil, 
('ni(i.  i\  I'lilt,),  iiimI  cDldiurSiilvadDr  llij;iu'ra.  S/.  J'k/i.,  Siir.,  y\>>.,  ii.  1,'>7.  Sal 
ii  tiuiic'd  ti'Si.nta  (  Ijiia  Scjit.  "JOtli,  and  San  FianciscD  Sept.  'JTtli.  Stjit.  'J.")tli, 
till'  I  adri':i  iiiui'jinii'C!  tlio  funndation  to-day  in  a  Iclti  r  to  IJonicu;  situ  line  anil 
|i|(i!-1i(c'l.s  llattLiiii;,'.  /,('/«;  and  Nidautf,  i'drin  ilr  hix  /'(n/rm  i/r  Santa  Cruz 
III  11, ,'ii'r, .ador,  HUI,  MS.  Titlc-i)a;,'is  of  nii.ssioii  n",'istei-s.  Santa  Cnr.,  l/di. 
ilr  Miyini,  ^'lS.,  "iS.  Santa  Clara  funii.slicd  for  Santa  Cruz  04  cattlo,  '22 
liorsL-;!,  7>i  fanc'as  of  >/raiii,  and  '-Mi  loaves  of  liicail;  San  Franei.sco,  ■")  yoke  of 
oxen,  "0  I  lieep,  inid  •_'  Inisiiela  of  barley;  San  (lii'los,  7  liiule:i  and  S  liorses. 
'i'lie  j/uai'd  fu'.iii.-lied  tlio  jiadi'es  .*>4'_'.r)0  wortli  of  iirovi.-sions,  to  1h^  repaid.  A 
li>t  i<f  tlic  ehuieli  vistinenta  and  sacred  ves.-iels  is  also  givi'n.  C'o]iy  from 
Miis:-iiin  reeon'a  in  Vidlrjit,  J)nr.  Ui<t.  Cat.,  .MS.,  .\xviii.  lO^'-ll.  See  also 
ir.7/  v".<  (  I iitciii'iid  Shitih  cf  Santa  Cruz,  II,  I'i.  Simla  Cnr.  Sriilinil,  An;j;. 
I'J,  l:(;.').  Antnlier  record  makes  the  eontrihution  of  Santa  (Jlara  l.'d  eattle, 
III  liurses,  18  faue^'as  of  grain;  San  Franeiseo,  (i  yoke  of  oxen,  lOO  hogs,  CJ 
iiimIc:;;  and  of  In  r  missions  8  heasis  of  burilen.  Sidiizar,  ('ondinon  uctuul  di: 
Cid'h  n^ii,  nu!,  MS. 

'•"•■iliia  was  in  I7!)7.  Pror.  Hrr.,  MS.,  v.  lOfi.  .Tan,  1704,  Mission  Rnard 
iui'ie;!.  ( il  to  f>  men,  lint  reduecd  to  f)  hi'fore  Mi'V  17!>.'i.  I'ror.  St.  /'a/).,  MS., 
xiii.  ■j;,M;xii.  77.  April  I7!I'S,  ilO  fugitives  gatlured  in  by  Cori).  Me.sa.  /'/., 
xxii.  lul.  Jtoad  from  Monterey  tlireatened;  a  soldier //rfr /•///. 'iltaeked  in  17!!-, 
St.  I'liji.,  .'r;r.,  MS.  vi.  70-1.  I''el).  I7!K<,  it  neophyte:)  brought  in  !•  pagans. 
Mountain  Indian:-.  f:aid  to  be  making  arrows.  I'rur.  St.  I'n/i.,  M.S.,  xi.  l.'i'J-.'!. 
I'ee.  170.'),  the  eorjiorr.l  and  a  soldiei' wounded;  two  paities  sent  from  San 
rr:nR-i.;eo  to  ].nn!Hh  tlie  natives.  Id.,  xxi.  I7(i.  .Tan.  I7!).">,  Ser'ut.  Amad(jr 
sent  to  eapturo  "ilni^iaiis  who  were  makim.'  trou1)le  ois  tin;  l!io  rai.ii'o.  /V'<c. 
St.  I'aii.,  lU'ii.  Md.,  MS.,  i.  47.  Mareir7,  17!)(i,  1'.  Sanehe/  asks  for  aid. 
Indians  t!ire:!tenin',r.  St.  I'ap..  Sac.,  MS.,  viii.  ;t.  Feb.  '29th,  Amador  sent  to 
investi'.'ate  a  rumor  that  the  Iiuliaus  would  rise  and  kill  the  padrua.  I'roc. 
mi.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  18. 


496 


RULE  OF  ROMEU. 


H 


m 


3,400  in  179G,  and  800  in  1709;  in  1800  wore  4,n00 
buslielis;  total  yield  of  the  decade,  17,590  bushels. 

The  church,  whose  corner-stone  had  been  laid  with 
due  ceremony  on  February  27th  of  the  preccdiiii^r 
year,  was  fonnally  dedicated  to  its  holy  use  the  lOtli 
of  May  1794,  by  Father  Pena  from  Santa  Clara,  with 
the  aid  of  Gili  and  Sanchez,  besides  the  ministers  of 
the  mission.  Alferez  Sal  was  present  and  as  godfatlicr 
of  the  church  received  its  keys.  Ail  the  ceremonies 
prescribed  by  the  lloman  ritual  were  solemnly  per- 
formed in  presence  of  neophytes,  servants,  and  troops, 
and  next  day  a  mass  was  celebrated  in  the  new  e(h- 
fice.  The  church  was  about  thirty  l)y  one  hundred 
and  twelve  feet  and  twenty-five  feet  hi'jfh.  Tlie 
foundation  walls  to  the  height  of  three  feet  were 
of  stone,  tlie  front  was  of  masonry,  and  the  rest  of 
adobes.'"'''  There  is  some  evidence  tliat  the  site  of  the 
mission  had  been  slightly  changed  in  1792  to  avoid 
danu'cr  from  inundation. ^^  About  the  mission  build- 
ings  but  little  is  recorded  except  that  tlie  last  two 
sides  of  the  square  were  completed  in  1795;  and  a 
tlourinij-mill  was  built  and  beijfan  to  i-un  in  the  an- 
tunm  of  i  79G,  but  was  badly  danjaged  by  the  rains  of 


'"A  full  ncniint  <if  tlic  ceremony  and  of  the  Imildiiig,  sifjncd  hy  tlio  six 
pei'soiiK  iiiiiiiuil  ;;iiil  liy  Francisco  (loiiicz,  Josc  .Mariii  J.ojicz,  J:;ii;uii)  Cluiniii- 
zcro,  luid  .li)S(!  Antonio  SljicIkz,  i>  given  in  .SVk.  Cni-.,  Lih.  dc  Mis'n.i,  MS., 
38-40.  Mr  V.'illt  y,  ( '>,il,  inrnl  Sbtrh  Sta.  ( 'ni~,  ]-2,  pivo.i  ti.e  d;ito  ti  <  .Mauh 
lOtli,  and  this  in:',y  jioasilil ,  ho  correct,  as  it  is  often  dillieult  to  di.stinnni  li  in 
old  S|)i;ni.-<li  manuscript  J/V(/;j>  from  Maiio.  J'ro^ress  made  on  eliu;'c!i  in  17!'.'!, 
and  ic  vaa  linished  in  17!'l.  N'.  Pap.,  J/i'f'^.,  MS.,  i.  1'22;  ii.  17.  15ein_L,' dani- 
a.tjcd  liy  rainnin  i'lUl.  /'/.,  ii.  \'22.  Account  of  dedication  in  .SVa.  CnzSin- 
liiid,  An;;.  IJ,  KS.;,'>.  Accordi;iL,'  to  a  scrap  in  llfiijc-i^  J/iss/nii  J!,io/,;  i.  \'.',{\ 
some  coins  and  relics  dp^)0'  itcd  in  tlio  corner-stnno  ga"j  rise  to  I'nmov.s  of 
treasnrc  lor  which  searcli  was  madu  wheu  the  building  fell  in  isr»li;  hut  not 
oven  t'le  .stone  ^\aj  found. 

^'Scpt.  1-J.  \1[)2.  Letter  of  the  governor  in  Pror.  /,Vr.,  IMS.,  ii.  1,10. 
Iidiahitants  ill  l7!"'o:  Corporal  Josi' ^Viitoiuo  Sanche;'.;  soldier.!  Joaiinin  Li'inal, 
Jose  Accves  (whoso  n)arv:a;;c  with  a  neo])hytj  Moninu  was  the  lirst  nconliil 
at  Santa  (;rn.;  on  March  ;!,''171)4.  SUt.  Cruz,  L'Ji.  ili-  Misioii,  MS.,  -J!)),  lliinum 
Linares,  ,loa(|uin  Me.sa,  and  JosO  Vi/.eari'a;  sailor  sirvienles,  J.,opez,  (^a-.ri'.lo, 
Arroyo,  IJaraji's,  l!odii."'Uez,  !;nd  Soto;  and  tlie  artisan  Antonio  ]Icni-i(picz. 
All  hut  tlio  Hailcr.s  h,;d  fauilii  a.  J'ror.  N/.  P(>]>.,  MS.,  xiii.  ■J:i4.  Nov.  I,  \7.H, 
the  jiadres  conijilain  that  the  Kailoi'  laborers  linow  notiiin.LC  of  their  ■\\("k  and 
should  be  ti;!UL-i'en'i'(l  to  the  presidio.  /(/.,  xii.  -lO.  Sr.pplies  to  iiresidios  in 
17!)o-(l,  about  SJ,(Jm,>.  //.,  .\vi.  -Jii;!,  'JUd;  J'rnr.  !,'(<•.,  MS.,  v.  70.  Due  from 
l)residio  to  uiibsion  in  Itiut),  ijltill.  Sin.  Cru~,  Lib,  de  Jlmiuii,  MS.,  ID. 


i: 


EARLIEST  ANNALS  OF  SANTA  CRUZ. 


497 


December.^-  The  annual  election  of  mission  alcaldes, 
which  was  required  by  the  regulation,  but  had  been 
for  a  long  time  neglected  here  as  elsewhere,  began  by 
l^orica's  orders  in  1797.=^'' 

Ill  these  later  years  the  mission  prospects  were  far 
from  encouraging,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  tone  of 
missionary  correspondence.  At  the  beginniiig  of  171)8 
Fernandez  writes  that  everything  is  in  a  l)ad  way.  A 
lumdred  and  thirty-eight  neophytes  have  deserted, 
leaving  only  thirty  or  forty  to  work,  while  tlie  land  is 
overflowed  and  the  planting  not  half  done.  The 
church  has  been  damaged  by  the  tiood;  the  live-stock 
is  dying;  and  a  dead  whale  on  the  beach  has  attracted 
an  unusual  multitude  of  wolves  and  bears."''*  The  es- 
tablishing of  Banciforte  across  the  river,  of  which  I 
shall  speak  in  another  chapter,  had  nuich  to  do  with 
the  friars'  despondency. 

The  missionary  founders,  L-^ipez  and  Salazar,  serve  1 
here,  the  latter  till  July  1795  and  the  former  to  Jul}? 
17SJ(),  at  or  about  whicli  dates  they  departed  from  the 
country  to   seek   the  retirement    of  their    college.^^ 


^■'  III  ^larcli  artisans  were  sent  to  build  the  mill  nntl  instruct  the  natives. 
In  Auj,'u.st  a  smith  and  miller  were  sent  to  start  the  mill.  I'rdv.  I'c-.,  MS. ,  iv. 
'li'A  -Jli-J;  V.  50,  08,  (jJ-G,  118,  llo;  vi.  08;  Anfi.  Sla.  Udrhnra,  .MS.,  ii.  TS;  .S7. 
Ptili..  Sar.,  M.S.,  vii.  30.  Four  niillstone.s  were  ordered  made  at  Santa  Cruz 
fill  San  ( 'lirlo.s.  A  house  for  the  mill  wi.s  also  built;  a;id  in  I70.'>  a  gnuiary  of 
two  stories  and  a  house  for  looms  had  been  iinishcd.  St.  I'up.,  Minn.,  !M8.,  ii. 
17,  78. 

^■^  Saiifa  Crux,  Parroqnin,  !MS.,  ir>,  10. 

^* Frni'iiidtz,  C'ltrtd  del  I'adrc  Mhustro  unhrr  la  eoiidirion  de  Santa  Cnn, 
17'JS,  MS.  Aug.  1,  17li8,  Engineer  Conloba  reports  that  Santa  Cruz  has 
.■{,4.'ir).(!0() !  (|.  vaias  of  irrigalde  lands  of  which  1,1'20,()()0  are  xin  ahiir.  I'as- 
tuic's  1.5  .\  8  or  y  leagues  witli  seven  permanent  streams.  I'rov.  i/tv.,  MS., 
vi.  !»!>. 

''''<)f  Al'jnso  Isidro  Salazar  we  know  nothing  till  he  became  minister  of 
Santa  <  'ru/  in  Sept.  1701,  having  jjrobably arrived  from  Mexico  a  littleearlier 
in  the  siinn"  year.  Jle  and  Lopez  did  not  get  along  amicably  togctiicr,  and 
tlie  archivi'S  contain  an  order  of  the  guiirdian  to  tlie  ])rc.iident  to  send  Salazar 
to  some  other  mission  since  he  ami  his  confrere  would  not  'listen  ti)  reason,' 
iiudmordcr  '  to  reduce  theii- pride'  Arch.  Sla.  Bdrlmra,  MS.,  xi. 'i.'il-'i.  He 
nc\cr  served  at  any  other  mission,  and  his  license  to  retire,  dated  by  the  vice- 
roy .hiu.  'j;!,  170."'>,  reached  him  Ijitore.Tune  lOtiiof  the  same  year.  I'rur.  J'i'r., 
MS.,  vi.  17.  St.  I'ap.,  Sac,  MS.,  i.  ,')().  \o  reason  foi'  his  retirement  isgiven. 
He  (loiditlesa  sailed  in  the  transport  of  tliat  iiutunni;  and  nn  Miiy  II,  17!1(), 
lie  urote  at  tlie  collegi'  of  San  Fernando  a  long  report  on  CMlif'irnia,  nf  wiiich 
1  shall  iiave  something  to  say  elsewhere.    (  '(nidirimi  Ai'tiud  ,1,'  ( ',il,,  M.S. 

Ijuldomero  Lopez,  I i lie  Salazar,  camo  to  California  in  1701,  like  hini  served 
lliHT.  Cal.,  Vol.  I,    'ii 


498 


RULE  OF  ROMEU. 


They  wore  succeeded  by  Manuel  Fernandez  and  Jose 
de  la  Cruz  Espi,  the  latter  beinjjf  rei)laeed  in  May 
1707  l)y  Fi-aneisco  (;ionzalez,  while  tlie  foinier  left  tlic 
country  in  October  1798  and  was  replaced  by  Domingo 
Carranza,^" 

We  come  finally  to  the  other  new  mission  of  1791, 
La  Soledad,  True  to  the  condition  expressed  in  the 
name,  'Our  Lady  of  Solitude'  has  left  but  a  meagre 
record  either  of  foundation  or  subsequent  career.  As 
we  have  seen,  Lasucn  had  personally  selected  a  site. 
The  29t]i  of  September  a  party  of  natives  departed 
from  San  Carlos  to  erect  a  shelter.  The  friar,  delayed 
by  Malaspina's  visit,  intended  to  go  to  Soledad  again 
by  October  9th  at  the  latest.^"  He  did  go  on  that 
date  or  perhaps  the  day  before,  for  on  the  9th  witli  the 
aid  of  Sitjar  and  Garcia,  and  in  the  presence  of  ]jieu- 
tenant  Jose  Arguello,  the  guard,  and  various  natives, 
he  spi'inkled  holy  water  on  the  site,  l)lessed  and  raised 
the  cross  which  all  adored,  and  performed  all  the  nec- 
essar}'  rites  by  which  the  mission  of  Xuestra  Sehora 
de  la  Soledad  was  ushered  into  existence.  The  site 
was  called  by  the  natives  Cliuttuso-elis  and  the  rci-iun 

only  at  Santa  Cruz,  ami  like  him  was  ill-tempereil  to  sueli  an  extent  that  his 
constant  1)it;keiings  with  his  companion  received  the  reproof  of  lii.s  sujx'rinr.-i 
His  teiii]ier  was,  however,  hirgely  the  result  of  ill-health.  Ife  wns  the  vii' 
tini  of  liypoelidnilria  which  nnlitted  him  for  missionary  duties  and  he  retired 
in  August  ITDli.  Airh.  S/.i.  Udrlmm,  MS.,  vi.  l2i\S,  xi.  .")(j-7;  I'rov.  lln:,  MS., 
vi.  l(i;t.  in  .Mexi"o  it  seems  hi.s  health  was  restored,  for  on  Aug.  8,  KslS,  lie 
was  elected  guardia:.  of  San  Fernando. 

'"'  1'.  .Manuel  Fernandez  was  a  native  of  Tny  in  (Jalicin,  Spain,  horn  in 
IT'iT,  \\Iii>  liecame  a  Franciscan  at  ( 'oinpf)stela  in  17^4.  and  juined  tliecullegc 
of  Sau  Ftinandoin  I7'J.'{,  hcing  sent  to  Californiain  17!'4.  Arrh.  Sin.  Jliir/i/irii, 
MS.,  xi.  'JKS.  Jle  was  (ine  of  live  priests  who  came  rccommendecl  liy  Mug:ir- 
tegui  as  of  a  dillcrent  kind  from  .sevci'al  who  had  exhausted  l.asueii'siiatici'.  e, 
these  being  in  fact  niodil  missionaries.  Miiij(irti';/iii,  Cartit,  nl  J'.  Laxmn  .m  <!'■ 
L'liiro  I'i'J.'i,  MS.  \n  original  letter.  He  was  impetuous,  vioh'id,  cruel,  and 
a  had  manager  of  neojiliytes.  J'ror.  JiW.,  MS.,  vi.  lO.'i;  or  at  least  over-zcnl 
ous  in  con\  Citing  pagans,  and  was  admonished  l)y  the  ]iresident  to  nioilerate 
his  wal.  J'rur.  Sf.  I'oji.,  MS.,  xii.  I'Jo-.'VJ.  'i'liis  was  at  Santa (  lara  wheie  lie 
Rci-ved  in  I7!I4.  lli^  an  as  nnicli  at  San  I'raneisco  in  the  early  jiart  of  I7!i"'. 
]>uriug  his  service  at  Santa  Cruz  in  171>o-  8  we  liear  no  complaint  against  him, 
and  in  ()ct<d)cr  1 7!'S  lu^  obtained  licen.se  to  retire  on  account  of  sickness.  Anii. 
Ar-iihinjitulii,  MS.,  i.  ."I'i. 

•■'  See  p.  4113,  this  volume. 


I  I  ;  t-  1 


FOUNDING  OF  SOLEDAD. 


409 


had  boon  known  to  tlio  Spaniards  as  Soledad  since 
tlio  first  occupation  of  tlie  country. ^'^ 

]3oyond  the  names  of  officiating  missionaries  and 
the  usual  statistics  Soledad  lias  no  recorded  history 
for  this  first  decade.  One  entry  in  the  mission  books 
liowever  deserves  mention,  by  which  it  appears  that 
on  ^lay  19,  1703,  there  was  baj)tizcd  a  Xootka  Indian, 
twenty  years  of  age,  "Iquina,  son  of  a  gentile  father, 
named  Taguasmiki,  who  in  the  year  1781)  was  killed 
hy  tlie  American  Gret  (Gray)  captain  of  tlie  vessel 
called  Washington  belonging  to  the  Congress  of  Bos- 
ton. 

Fathers  Dieijo  Garcia  and  ^Mariano  Rubi  were  the 
first  ministers  of  Soledad,  the  former  being  present  at 
tlie  foundinif  and  the  latter  arriving;  shortlv  after. 
l\uhi  left  the  mission  in  Januaiy  and  the  country  in 
F(.'hruary  or  ^Nlarch  1793.  Garcia  left  Soledad  in 
February  1792,  but  he  returned,  serving  there  from 
December  1792  t<^  March  1796,  when  he  was  trans- 
ferred to  San  Francisco.  These  two  wei-e  of  the 
ckiss  alluded  to  by  Muufarteoui  as  havinn-  exhausted 
tlie  [)residcnt's  patience.  They  were  even  worse  than 
Sala/ar  and  Lopez  at  Santa  Gruz,  for  llubi  was  an 
immoral  man,  while  Garcia,  if  not  ])artially  insane, 
was  unpopular  and  disol)edient.*"     After  the  terms  of 

^^Solcilrifl,  Lih.  ^fisioi),  MS.,  1,  2.  XiUT.'itivc  siL,'n('il  liy  L.asucn.  Itdinen 
to  viceroy  Deo.  ),  17'.)1,  in  iSV.  J'ap.  Sac,  MS.,  v.  It.'f.  The  lirst  luiptisiii  of  an 
al)(iri,ninal  was  uii  Nov.  'Jlld.  Tlie  fnUow  iiig  names  ficm  the  nii.ssioii  iceunls 
ai(>  tlio.se  of  the  sohliei's  and  sirvientes  during  the  decaile:  Soldieis,  Macai'io 
Castro,  eorjioral  in  IT'.t-.  Jynaeio  Vallejo,  eorpoi'al  in  17!'.'{,  Jose  Dioni.sio  l>er- 
nal,  l.coeadio  C'iliiian,  T('<i(loi()  (Joniez,  .Iom'!  Jgnaeio  Mesa,  Antonio  J>iiehia, 
Mareos  Villela,  Manuel  .Meiuloza,  Salvador  Ks|i\no.-ja,  .Mi;,'Uel  l^spiiK^a,  < 'a- 
yt'tano  lOspiiiosu,  Mareos  15riones,  JSai'toionu'!  ?Iateo  Martinez,  Jose  .Mai-iii 
Snlieraiies,  .Jnaii  Maria  Pinto,  jind  .Maniul  lopdriLriiez.  Servants:  .Viilonio 
Santos,  Leoeadio  Martinez,  Matias  Sohi.s,  Tedic-  liautista  Leonardo,  Josii 
Jirrnardino  I'hires. 

■•\Snl.,/„>/,  L;h.  Mlgio»,yii<.,  4. 

*".Nhiriano  Knlii  was  one  uf  the  four  pp'lrri  wlin  arrived  in  ralifon'ii:i  in 
.Iidy  I7M>  sent  expresslv  fur  tlie  iir"-  estalili.>liments.  }Io  her\  ed  at  San 
Antonio  17!)()  to  Sept.  l'7!ll.  and  firm  Oet.  17!ll  to  .Ian.  i7!«.  He  relin'd 
undi  r  a  ]irovisioiial  lieense,  hein^;  '.i  iilduaitli.  Arch.  A  r.<ihi>^iiiiilit,  MS.,  i.  'X.\\ 
/'r:.r.  /,'m'.,  MS.,  ii.  KiO.  Jn()''>.  I7!>;tand  a^aiu  in  I'el>.  I7!U  tii.' >.';iardiaii 
wrnti'  to  liie  president  askinj,'  for  detailed  reports  on  liulifs  eduduct  and 
e\>(sses,  and  an  ollieial  eertiheate  on  the  nature  of  his  diseasi,  wliieli  wa.s 
doubtless  venereal,    lie  was  to  he  e.xpelled  for  the  honor  of  tlie  eoUege.  J  n//. 


500 


RULE  OF  ROIIEU. 


m 


those  first  ministers  the  followino;  missionaries  served 
for  brief  periods:  Father  Gili,  like  Rubi  more  miKjv- 
rierjo  than  was  well  for  his  reputation  and  health,  in 
1793,  Espi  in  1794-5,  Martiarena  in  1795-7,  and  Cai'- 
niccr  in  1797-8.  At  the  end  of  the  decade  the  min- 
isters were  Antonio  Jaime  and  Mariano  Payoras,  since 
March  1796  and  November  1798  respectively.  In 
neophyte  population  Soledad  counted  eleven  converts 
only  at  the  end  of  1791,  but  493  in  1800,  the  baptisms 
ha  vine:  a2:i;reo:ated  704,  deaths  224,  and  marriaijes  1G4. 
Large  stock  gained  from  194  to  1,383  head;  small 
stock  from  213  to  3,024.  Agriculture  yielded  525 
bushels  in  1792;  350  in  1794;  2,000  in  1797,  and 
2,000  in  1800.  Total  yield  of  decade  14,800  bushels. 
In  1797  this  mission  possessed  an  adobe  church  with 
roof  of  straw.*^ 

Sla.  Blirhara,  MS.,  xi.  229-.31,  255.  Of  Carcia's  sViortcomings  I  sliall  have 
more  to  say  hereafter.  At  Soledad  he  once  neglected  to  sow  graiii  on  some 
frivolous  pretext,  and  the  neophytes  were  near  stai'ving  in  consequence. 

"*'«.  Pap.,  Miss.,  MS.,  ii.  120.     Supplies  to  the  presidio  in  1796  §418. 
Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  203. 


ti! 


-1 


l^'r: 


.-,•!  X 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

RULE  OF  ARRILLAGA— VANCOUVER'S  VISITS. 
1792-1794, 

Council  at  Monterey  to  Appoint  a  Temporary  Governor— Arrillaga's 
Accession — Arrival  at  Monterey — California  Separated  from 
Provincias  Ixternas — Arrillaga's  Policy  and  Acts — The  Jordan 
Colony — Maritime  Affairs  and  Forekjn  Relations— Northern  Ex- 
plorations— Spanish  Policy — The  Nootka  Qi-estiox — Voyage  of  thk 
'Sutil'  and  '  Mexicana' — Boundary  Commission — Vancouver's  First 
Visit — Reception  at  San  Francisco,  Santa  Clara,  and  Monterey — 
English  Deserters — The  Governor  in  a  Dilemma — Precautions 
against  Foreign  Vessels — Revilla  Gigedo's  Report — Attempted 
Occupation  of  Bodega — Vancouver's  SecondVisit— ADisgusted  Eng- 
lishman— Suspicions  of  Arriliaga — Hospitalities  in  the  South — 
End  of  the  Nootka  Settlement — Vancouver's  Last  Visit — His  Ob- 
servations on  California. 

In  view  of  the  governor's  illness  a  council  was  held 
at  Monterey  April  5,  1792,  by  call  of  Lieutenant 
Argiiello/  to  decide  on  whom  the  command  should 
fall  in  the  event  of  Romeu's  death,  which  Surgeon 
liable  Soler  pronounced  to  be  near.  The  council  con- 
sisted of  ArgUello,  Ortega,  Goycoechca,  and  Alferez 
Sal.  The  decision  was  that  according  to  the  regula- 
tion the  governorship  ad  interim  would  belong  to 
Captain  Jose  Joaquin  de  Arrillaga,  connnandant  at 
Loreto  and  lieutenant-governor  of  the  Californias; 
that  the  provincial  archives  should  be  kept  tempo- 
rarily by  the  council,  and  that  Arrillaga  should  be 
notified  at  once  of  the  state  of  aftaii's.  Goycoechca 
and  Sal  should  return  to  their  presidios,  and  Ortega 

•  Argiiello  had  succeeded  Ortega  in  the  spring  of  1791,  and  Alf<5rcz  Sal  had 
been  put  io  commaud  at  Suu  Francisco. 

( 601 ) 


i  I 

I 


i 


'■;'> 


B 


502 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAGA. 


on  Romou.s  death  should  proceed  directly  to  Lorcto.'' 
This  decision  was  communicated  on  the  same  day  to 
Arrillaga  and  to  the  connnandants  not  present  at  the 
council.  The  date  of  Arrillaga's  accession  may  there- 
fore be  considered  as  identical  with  that  of  llomeu's 
death  the  9th  of  April.  On  May  4th  Arrillaj^a  an- 
nounced his  succession  to  the  viceroy,  and  on  the  7t]i 
to  the  officials  in  California,  who  acknowledged  the 
receipt  in  June.^ 

Arrillaga  chose  to  take  a  modest  view  of  his  own 
abilities  and  a  rather  exalted  one  of  his  new  duties, 
askincT  for  counsel  and  sujxijrestions  from  his  subordi- 
nates.  "From  this  moment  I  unload  my  conscience 
upon  each, and  hold  him  responsible  for  results,"  writes 
the  new  ruler,  "since  an  officer  must  be  directed  in 
his  acts  more  by  his  own  nonor  then  by  fear  of 
authority."  Viceregal  autliority  for  his  exercise  of 
the  chief  command  bore  date  of  the  8th  of  July.  It 
was  his  intention  to  remain  at  Loreto;  but  on  Sep- 
tem1>er  28th  he  was  ordered  to  Monterey,  where  he 
arrived  early  in  July  1793,  soon  visiting  Sail  Fran- 
cisco and  returning  to  the  capital  the  17th  of  Sep- 
tember.* 

Arrillaga's  attention  was  given  almost  exclusively, 
durinix  this  first  term  of  office  and  lonsT  after,  to  the 
inspection  of  the  presidios  and  to  the  adjustment  of  the 
old  presidial  accounts  in  continuation  of  the  task  that 
had  been  intrusted  to  Romeu.    He  worked  diligently 

^  Junta  <le  5  de  Ahril  de  1791  en  Monterey,  MS.  Arguello's  letters  to  coni- 
manilants  Zurni;;i  and  (tonzales,  same  ilato.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  JI8.,  xxii.  LS-IT). 

^Prov.  Si.  I'ap.,  MS.,  xi.  4,  7,  8.  May  4tli,  Arrillaga  to  viceroy.  Id., 
xxi.  71.  May  7tli,  /</.,  to  lioycoocliea  ami  Argiiello.  /(/.,  xi.  25;  St.  Po/t., 
(SVtc,  :MS.,  i.  115.  May  7tli,  Id.,  to  Lasuen,  and  tlie  padre'.s  cougratulations 
on  June  25111.  Arch.  ArzohiKjiado,  !MS.,  i.  27-8.  May  10th  CJen.  Xava  sends 
to  the  governor  a  copy  of  Xeve's  ])rcvioiis  instructions  to  Fages ;  but  tliis 
ilocuniont  was  jirobably  intended  fi>r  Komeu  since  Xava  first  announces  knowl- 
edge ot  liomeus  death  on  June  17th.  S/.  Pup.,  Sac,  MS.,  i.  72-.3;  Prov.  St. 
Paji.,  MS.,  xi.  59. 

*June  8,  1792,  Arrillaga  to  commandants  in  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  76-8. 
Viceroy  to  governor,  July  8,  1702,  in  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Md.,  MS.,  xx.  ,S. 
Sept.  28,  1792,  Arrillaga  ordered  to  ilonterey.  lb.  At  San  Diego  in  March 
179;{;  at  ^loiiterey,  before  July  8th;  went  to  San  Francisco  July  27tli; 
returrod  Sept.  17th.  Prov.  Si.  Pap.,  jSIS.,  xxi.  92-3,  101,  109,  110.  His  last 
conmnnii cation  from  Loreto  is  dated  Dec.  29th. 


A  ^W  GOVERNOR. 


C03 


to  Loreto.'' 
anio  day  to 
;sont  at  tlie 
may  tlicrc- 
if  Komeii'.s 
i-rillaj^a  an- 
on the  7 til 
'ledged  the 

of  his  own 
new  duties, 
lis  suboi'di- 

conscicncu 
ilts,"  writes 
directed  in 
by  fear  of 
exorcise  of 
f  July.  It 
»ut  on  Se[)- 
,  where  ho 

San  Fran- 
th  of  Scp- 

xclusivcly, 
;er,  to  tht; 
ent  of  the 
task  that 
dih<]fcntlv 

letters  to  com- 

,  x.\ii.  l,S-].5. 

viceroy.  Id., 

25;  St.  Pap., 

ongratulutioiis 

n.  Xava  iseuds 

es;  but  this 

ouiicOH  knowl- 

2-3;  Prov.  SI. 

MS.,  vi.  Tfi-S. 
,  MS.,  XX.  ',\. 
icgo  ill  Maicli 
;o  July  'JTtli; 
IIG.     His  lust 


at  tlie  comphcated  task  and  with  much  success,  though 
niJMiy  years  passed  hefoi'o  it  was  comph^ted.  Beyond 
the  details  of  this  adjustment,  and  tlie  ordinary  routine 
of  oftieial  correspondence  with  commandants,  general, 
oi'  viceroy — for  early  in  17y,'3  California  became  by 
rovid  order  separated  from  the  Provincias  Iiit(.'rna!4 
and  sul)ordinate  directly  to  the  viceroy" — the  archives 
contain  but  little  on  this  administration,  which  con- 
tinued until  1794. 

Airillaufa  carried  out  conscientiously  the  instruc- 
tions  of  general  and  viceroy  on  the  strengthen iiig  of 
coast  defences  and  assistance  to  north-coast  establish- 
ments, lie  met  the  English  navigator  A^ancou\  er  on 
his  second  visit  to  jMontercv,  leavini*'  a  not  very  favor- 
able  impression  on  the  mind  of  his  visitor,  and  urged 
the  viceroy  to  put  the  presidios  under  cajitains,  who 
should  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  financial  accounts.'"' 
He  granted  lands  provisionally  to  three  or  four  men 
in  the  Monterey  region,"  issued  in  the  interests  of 
agriculture  a  proclamation  forbidding  the  natives  to 
kindle  fires  in  the  fields,  and  in  the  direction  of  ])ublic 
works  opened  a  new  road  and  ford  at  the  Piijaro  Iviver. 
By  Ariillaga's  advice  the  proposition  of  the  clergy- 
man, xVlejaiuho  Jordan,  to  found  a  colony  in  Califor- 
nia for  the  supply  of  San  Bias  with  products  at  clu^aper 
rates,  was  declined  by  the  king  in   171)4.^     Besides 

■''The  king  resolved  in  council  of  Sept.  7,  1702,  on  making  the  Fnivinciiis 
IiitcMiiis  iiKkpendciit  of  the  viceroy;  but  the  Califoniiiis  and  sonio  lasti-ru 
)ii()vint','.s  were  excepted  in  military  and  political  matters,  lit  v'llla^  di'i/f''), 
ii'ii)tlo-<,  (jl!.  Feb,  ]•_',  17n.'>,  viccrry  gives  corresponding  orders  to  the  go\-- 
einur.   I'mv.  St.  J'd/i.,  ;^|S.,  xxi.  100. 

Muly  It;,  IT!)!.',  y  n,c.  ,S7.  7'-ri,...MS.,xxi.  lOS-O.  Inl7()l  tluMilliicdf  haliili- 
tai1i>  geiirrul  ul'  the  ( 'alilornian  I'resiidios  had  been  created  with  ]\lanuel  (':;r- 
(alia  as  Ih'st  iiicumbrnt.  /</.,  x.  l,'J(!-7. 

'  An  illa:M  Hr.y.'i  that  bis  [iredeci'ssors  liad  not  granted  any  lands,  he  favois 
it  and  has  granted  ranches  to  several  invalids  on  the  river  .'J  or  -I  Ica'.'ues  frum 
Abiiiti 'ey.  /'*■',)•.  .SV.  J(tji.,\n,  4.j-7,  I!"!';  xxi.  1I!"2.  It  was  in  his  rule,  17'.'.'!, 
that  ( leneral  \ava's  ordi  r,  allowing  eoujinandants  of  presidins  to  grant  lant^.a 
witliin  4  leagues,  was  app.oved  by  the  viceroy.   S>.  J'o]'.,  J/m.~'.  '/;"/  Coloi., 

-MS.,  i.  :!-jo-i,  :!n--j. 

'' ArriUaga  to  vii'emy,  November  S.  17!'l?,  in  Prov.  Si.  J'ap.,  MS.,  xxi.  S.Vli. 
.Tordaii  is  s^iid  to  have  t^unt  8  niontlis  in  Alta  Califoniia  at  some  jrevious 
time,  and  to  have  caused  yonio  dissatisfaction  by  his  intrigues,  tliougli  I  lind 
no  other  record  of  his  presence  than  Arrillaga's  statement.     Jonlan  a;iked  for 


504 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAGA. 


ordering  the  appropriate  nianifesstations  (jf  rejoicing  at 
the  queen's  liappy  ilehvery  in  1798,  the  governor  con- 
tinued the  collection  of  alms  for  the  Capuchin  nuns  of 
Granada  authorized  before  his  accession,  and  in  1794 
had  tlio  pleasure  of  forwarding  California's  contribu- 
tion of  !?154  for  so  pious  an  object." 

From  what  has  been  said  it  will  be  apparent  to  the 
reader  that  little  occurred  to  distract  Arrillaga's  atten- 
tion from  his  figures.  The  period  was  one  of  quiet 
prosperity  for  the  missions,  and  no  new  establishments 
were  founded.  The  governor  was  liked  by  the  friars, 
with  whose  management  he  made  no  attempt  to  inter- 
fere. Ko  had  no  quarrels ;  introduced  no  reforms ;  met 
with  no  disasters,  but  regarding  himself  as  merely  an 
accidental  and  temjiorary  ruler  he  was  content  with 
the  performance  of  routine  duties  until  a  successor 
could  be  selected.  We  shall  hear  more  of  him  later. 
Local  events  during  this  and  the  preceding  and  fol- 
lowing administi'ations  I  shall  group  into  the  annals 
of  a  decade.  General  topics  of  provincial  progress  I 
shall  gTou[)  practically  in  the  same  way  by  attaching 
the  little  that  belongs  to  Romeu  and  Arrillaga  to  the 
much  that  is  to  be  said  of  Borica's  time. 


pi; 


Maritime  affairs  and  foreign  relations,  or  the  dread 
of  foreign  relations  and  consequent  precautions,  form 
the  only  general  topic  of  Arrillaga's  term  which  <lo- 
mands  extended  notice.  The  subject  is  somewhat 
closely  connected  with  the  annals  of  the  Northwest 
Coast,  fully  recorded  in  another  volume  of  this  work, 

§4,000  salary,  18  men,  an<l  a,  supply  of  implements.  Arrillaga  thought  tliat 
the  expense  of  a  colony  woulil  outweigh  its  advantages,  sinee  the  supply- 
ships  might  take  south  produce  ol)taineii  from  the  settlers.  August  7,  1T!'4, 
the  viceroy  communicates  to  the  governor  the  king's  decision  against  the  pro- 
posal, ou  the  ground  that  free  trade  witii  San  ]>las  would  of  itself  accomplisli 
t[uite  as  satisfactory  results.  /(/.,  xi.  l!f2-.3;  I'rov.  Kcc,  MS.,  viii.  14.").  Tlie 
king's  order  was  dated  Mfircli  7,  1704.  Niicva  Etpaiia,  Acu(r(h.-<,  ^IS.,  170. 

"May  8,  1703,  order  for  te  deum  on  queen's  delivery.  Prov.  Uic,  MS., 
i.  '210;  Arch.  Ar~Mhi.<pii(lo,  MS.,  i.  34.  December  1,  1701,  authorization  of 
Capuchin  collection  by  generu\  Prov.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi.  '23.  June  (i,  1704, 
viceroy  acknowledges  receipt  of  $104  collected  at  Monterey  and  San  Fran- 
cisco. Id.,  xi.  17'2-3;  §32 at  San  Francisco.  Id.,  x.  14,  40;  Jtxi.  110,  132,  104; 
Provliec,  MS,,  i.  213. 


THE  NORTHWEST  COAST. 


SOS 


and  therefore  briefly  referred  to  here,*"  Spain  no 
longer  attached  the  same  importance  as  in  former 
years  to  her  exclusive  claims  in  the  far  north,  now 
that  the  geographical  relations  of  America  and  Asia 
were  approximately  known,  and  the  occupation  of  Cal- 
ifornia had  furnished  suitable  ports  for  the  Philippine 
trade.  After  the  explorations  of  1774-1)  to  latitude 
G0°  nothing  was  done  for  a  decade.  Had  it  not  been 
lor  the  possible  existence  of  an  interoceanic  strait  and 
tlie  ever  present  fear  of  foreign  encroachment  from 
the  north,  the  Spaniards  would  have  given  no  more 
thought  to  these  far-off"  coasts.  Xcw  rumors  came, 
however,  that  the  Russians  were  advancing  south- 
ward, rumors  proved  to  be  of  no  serious  im|)ortance 
by  the  expedition  of  1788;  but  this  expedition  brought 
the  more  alarming  report  of  a  British  plan  to  occupy 
Nootka.  Therefore  Martinez  was  sent  in  1789  to  pre- 
vent this  step  and  establish  a  Spanish  post  at  that  place. 
In  th(^  execution  of  his  duty  Martinez  seized  several 
English  vessels  as  prizes.  This  led  to  com|)li'-  itions 
between  the  two  nations  which  nearly  [)lunged  Europe 
in  war,  but  were  settled  by  a  treaty  of  1790.  ]jy  this 
treaty  Spain  virtually  relinquished  all  her  claims  to 
exclusive  sovereignty  on  the  Northwest  Coast,  the 
right  of  navigation,  fishery,  and  settlement  being  made 
common  to  both  nations. 

The  establishment  at  Nootkawas  kept  up,  liovv ever, 
from  the  spring  of  1790,  before  the  date  of  the  treaty, 
and  was  regularly  supplied  from  San  Bias  by  the  Cal- 
ifornia transports  which  often  went  direct  to  the 
northern  post  and  touched  at  Monterey  on  the  return. 
Xootka  was  simply  an  extension  of  the  (*alit'orniau 
establislunents.  Spain  had,  as  already  explained,  no 
desire  for  northern  possessions,  but  she  maintained 
the  post  for  five  years  for  two  reasons — first,  because 
if  a  strait  or  an  inlet  leading  to  New  Mexico  could  be 
found  it  would  be  important  to  hold  it,  and  to  that 
end  exploration  was  zealously  prosecuted;  and  second, 

"See  Iliat.  Northwest  Coast,  i.  chap,  v.-ix. 


: 


i' 


iU   i^r    T?^ 


806 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAGA. 


because  if  tliero  were  no  strait  the  position  could  be 
used  ill  tliploinatic  negotiations  to  secure  a  favorable 
boundary  further  south,  such  as  the  strait  of  Fuea, 
the  main  object  being  to  secure  a  broad  frontier  be- 
tween San  Francisco  and  the  first  fortngn  post.  It  is 
only  certain  voyages  connected  with  the  exi)lorati()ns 
and  negotiations  refc^rred  to  that  have  a  bearin<>:  ou 
California  history.  The  touching  on  the  coast  of 
several  Nootka  vessels  connected  with  the  oxj)edi- 
tions  of  Elisa,  Fidalgo,  Quiniper,  Saavedra,  INFatute, 
and  Malaspina  in  17D0-1  has  already  been  noticed. 

In  the  s[)ring  of  1792  three  vessels  sailed  from  San 
Bias  for  Nootka,  oao  of  tliein  bearing  Juan  Francisco 
do  la  Bodega  y  Cuadra  as  Spanish  connnissioner  to 
settle  certain  questions  still  pending  with  England. 
At  Nootka  he  met  Vancouver,  the  British  commis- 
sioner. ]>y  the  treaty  Spain  had  agreed  to  restore  all 
lands  of  which  England  had  been  dispossessed.  Cuadra 
claimed,  as  ^\•as  indeed  the  fact,  that  there  were  no 
such  lands  and  therefore  proposed  to  fix  a  boundary, 
offering  to  give  up  Nootka  and  make  Fuca  Strait  the 
line.  Vancouver  demanded  the  unconditional  surren- 
der of  the  port,  and  declined  to  treat  on  the  boundary 
question  at  all.  The  commissioners  not  being  able  to 
agree,  left  the  matter  to  l)e  settled  by  their  respective 
governments,  and  soon  all  the  vessels,  Spanish  and 
English,  sailed  for  the  south. 

The  Sati/  and  Mexicana  had  been  sent  from  Aca- 
pulco  in  ]\rareh  under  captains  Dionisio  Galiano  and 
Cay  eta  no  Valdes  to  explore  the  strait  of  Juan  de 
Fuca  and  the  coast  to  the  south.  After  exploring  the 
sound  in  company  with  Vancouver's  fleet  the  two  ves- 
sels i-eturned  to  ]\Ionterey^^  where  they  arrived  Sep- 
tember 2'Jd  and  remained  till  the   2Gth  of  October. 

'*  For  northern  explorations  sec  JUi^t.  N.  W.  ConM,  i.  270,  etc.  Previous 
nrrivals  of  17!'-  hiul  ]j;'oii  tlie  Vowrprioii,  ('!i])tiun  Klisa,  frtini  Xootka,  ll'uviIl^' 
supplies  at  Monterey  .1  uly  !Hh,  at  Santa  IJarhara,  Sept.  Stli,  and  at  San  1  )iegii, 
Oct.  SlIi;  \\wSaiitn  (A  /■/;•(((//'.'<, (,'apt.  Torres,  from  Nootka,  toiieliiuj,' at  M(jnterey 
Aug.  1 1th  to  Oit.  'Jitli.  en  route  lor  San  IJlas;  lunl  the, S'«/*' ;•;;/((«,  ^vllieh  arrived 
from  Sau  lilas  at  San  1- laneicieo  Sept.  lOih  and  at  Monterey  Oct.  1 7tli.   For  urri- 


i\.  ■ : ;" 


•SUTIL'  AND  'MEXICANA.* 


807 


Tlio  author  of  the  diary  devoti's  two  clmptcrs  to  Cul- 
it'oiiiia,  which  contain  a  (IfHcriptioii  of  Alonterey  and 
its  surroundings,  a  somewhat  oxtondud  account  of 
ahoriginal  manners  and  customs,  and  a  supeilicial  l)ut 
nut  inaccurate  view  of  the  provincial  esta!)lishments, 
iii(lu<hng  a  table  of  mission  statistics,  lie  speaks 
highly  of  the  country  and  of  the  missionaries;  hut 
there  is  nothing  in  his  observations  on  California  that 
j)()sscsscs  any  special  value  as  throwing  new  light  on 
her  condition  or  institutions.  He  presents,  however, 
the  following  not  very  wc^ll  founded  comjjlaint:  "These 
(U'serving  soldiers,  and  )iot  less  useful  colonists,  live 
with  the  atHiction  that  when  with  failing  strength  they 
can  no  longer  supj)ort  the  fatigues  of  their  })r()fession, 
they  arc  not  permitted  to  settle  there  and  devote 
themselves  to  agricultural  occuj)ations.  This  prohi- 
bition of  building  houses  and  tilling  lands  near  the 
presidio  seems  directly  opposed  to  all  the  pui'poses  of 
utility,  security,  and  prosperity  of  those  establish- 
iiKuts,  and  contrary  perhaps  to  what  good  jiolicy 
sliuuld  dictate.  Were  the  soldiers  permitted  while  in 
tlic  service  to  em[)loy  their  savings  and  n)oments  of 
leisure  in  forming  a  hacieuda  and  raisini>:  cattle,  both 
for  their  families'  convenience  and  as  a  resource 
against  poverty.  .  .it  is  very  likely  that  within  a  few 
ycais  there  would  be  plantetl  a  Ihjurishing  colony  most 
useful  for  its  inhabitants  and  of  great  service  to  Span- 
is]  i  navigators."  After  leaving  Monterev  (iJaliano  and 
^ 'aides  sailed  down  the  coast,  making  some  obser- 
vations without  anchoring,  and  conununicating  witli 
the  transport  Conccpcion  as  they  ])assed  San  J)iego. 
^[ost  of  tlieir  sta}^  in  California  had  been  spent  in 
preparing  their  reports  and  charts  of  northern  re- 
gions.^' I  reproduce  the  general  map  of  the  Califor- 
nia coast. 

vals  and  cicpnrturcs  of  vpssols  see  Pror.  S>.  Pup.,  MS.,  xxi.  ".Vfi,  R8-9,  l.")0, 
ltVJ-:{;  St.  Pup.,  Sac,  MS.,  iii.  17;  vi.  (iS,  ~-2:  ix.  S-_'  :!;  Pror.  Jlcc,  MS.,  ii. 
141,  Ij";  Navurrete,  Introd.,  cxxiii.-xxxi.  Tlicre  is  some  confusion  rcsptct- 
iiiy  duties. 

'-  SiitU  y  Mfx'ienna,  R'Jnc'uiv  <lil  Vlaur  hfrunynr  ht.^  i/olclnx  SiitH  y  }[e.vicii)iii 
en  d  uilo  de  17'JJ  para  reconocer  el  L'ntrccho  dc  Fuca;  con  una  liUruduccion, 


608 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAQA. 


w 


Map  of  1792. 


TllO  pr 
cominissic 
t!u>  Calit; 
tain  l>y  11 
liospitalit 
jinivcd  at 
iiliiit,  iK'ai 
lyiiiLij  at  }- 
us  s(»()U  a> 
in  accord; 
iiistfuctioi 
was  not  t( 
i)ro[)()se(l. 
tlicro  was- 
yi't  tlicy 
the  IIot'C( 
thvowAi  t 
AranzazH, 
the  north. 

I'tf.  Miulriil, 
(in  f';iliforiiia, 
iiicliuliiig  Ciili 
fliiu't  of  San  1 
iiml  a  map  of 
vol.  I  The  moi 
cidii  in  que  xc  ( 
I:'.-<li(iiiol<  s  en  h 
ttliirli  has  oft 
inya','i;s  oil  thl 
iftc,  whoso  iia 
thu  hfst,  by  i\ 
cliargc,  Or.  iii 
.staiiifs,  ivspt'i 
tln^  truth,'  lia 
w  lio  \  isitotl  ^ 
Trafalgar.  Tl 
I'xiikiration.  / 
MS.,  xi.  40. 

'■'  Arrilhigii 
jiiaiiilaiits  on  !■ 
i.  4-.'-;i.  Oidi 
icci'ptioii  and 
never  arriv(,'il. 

to  <lov.  Ai'rill 
\»ant  tlio  niou 
nil.    Sept.  J)t 
vessel  off  tiic 
night  about  a 


ARRIVAL  OF  SPANISH  VESSELS. 


SOD 


Tlio  probable;  arrival  of  thu  Spanish  and  Eni,'Hsli 
conimissioncrs  had  bceu  announced  in  ailvancc,  and 
thi'  CaHt'ornian  authorities  were  instructed  to  niain- 
tiiiii  l)y  a  cordial  reception  the  S[)anish  reputation  for 
hospitality.'^  Cuadra  on  the  Activa  from  the  north 
jirrived  at  ^[onterey  the  9th  of  October.  The  Safitr- 
iiiiHi,  beariui^  important  despatches  for  him,  had  been 
lyini;  at  San  Francisco  for  a  month  and  came  down 
as  s(»(»n  as  his  arrival  was  known.  Tliese  despatches, 
ill  accordance  with  a  late  royal  order,  contained  new 
instructions  from  llevilla  Gigedo  by  which  Nootka 
was  not  to  be  surrendered  as  the  viceroy  had  at  first 
|)roi)osed.  Since  the  proj)osal  had  not  been  acci'ptcd, 
tlure  was  no  sjtccial  haste  about  the  new  orders; 
yet  they  were  sent  up  to  Fidalgo  at  Nootka  l)y 
the  Ilorcasitas,^*  and  Cuadra  remained  in  California 
through  the  winter.  Before  the  end  of  October  the 
Araii'.o:K,  under  Caamano,  arrived  at  IVIonterey  from 
the  north. 

vh:  ^hulrid,  1802,  8vo,  71.  clxviii.  18.5,  20  pages  with  folio  atlas,  riiaptora 
(in  Califoniia,  157-77.  Tho  atlas  contains  a  general  ina|)  of  tlie  whole  coast, 
iiicliiiliiig  California,  ami  a  chart  of  Monterey,  made  hy  the.sc  explorers;  a 
eli;ut  of  San  Dieyo,  made  by  Pantoja  in  1782  (given  in  eliap.  xxii.  tiiin  vol.); 
and  a  map  of  tho  coast  from  Vizcaino's  survey  of  l()(>2-;{  (sec;  cliap.  iii.  tliis 
vol.1  The  mo.'ft  valuable  part  of  this  work,  however,  is  Xniyinrlf,  In/roiliic- 
rioii  III  qiK-  Ki'  (la  iiotiiid  tic  liin  E-rjifdic'ioitcs  fxfriifiii/ftn  uiifi'ri(>riiii  n/r  jmr  las 
K.iji(tPii)l(  s  en  hitsra  tlvl  Pano  del  JS'irociti'  ilc.  In  A  inirifn,  i.  clxviii.  This  woik, 
which  has  often  been  cited  by  nie,  is  probably  tlie  best  ri xiiiin-  of  Sjianish 
loyjc'cs  on  tho  I'acilic  coa.st.  Itwa.s  written  by  Martin  Feinandi'/.  de  Xav;ir- 
rete,  wiiose  nanio  does  not  appear  a.s  tlie  author,  but  whose  facilities  wen;  of 
tlie  bist,  by  reason  of  access  to  Spanish  ai'chives  and  of  ability.  <  Irccnhuw's 
ciiiHL;!',  Or.  mid  <V//.,  241,  of  'gross  and  palpable  niisstatciucnts  nf  cirtuiu- 
stiiiiccs,  ivspccting  uiiich  he  undoubtedly  possessi'd  the  means  of  arriving  at 
tlic  truth,'  has,  I  believe,  no  just  founilation.  (Jaliano,  Valdcs,  and  Alava 
who  visited  Monterey  a  little  later,  all  fell  at  tho  fiinious  naval  battle  of 
Trafalgar.  The  vicercjy  had  at  iirst  intended  Lieut.  Maurelli-  tu  make  this 
exploration.  Rci'Ula-< I'ojedo,  laloriiu'  d<l,'  dv  AlirU  17'J-'i,  141;  Pn'f.  Sf.  Pd/i., 
MS.,  xi.  40. 

'■■  Ari'illaga.  still  at  Loreto,  communicated  this  ordci'  to  the  presidio  I'oni- 
luiinilants  on  Sept.  Ki,  I7!»2.  i'ror.  St.  I'ap.,  MS.,  xi.  .T);  Si.  J'h/j..  S'n-..  MS., 
i.  4_'-;i.  Orders  had  al.-.o  been  given  in  the  spring  of  I7!>2  fur  tin-  friendly 
reception  and  aid  of  the  French  ex])edition  in  search  of  La  reronse,  which 
never  arrived.   Pr<,v.  Si.  /'(!/>.,  MS.,  xxi.  7.'!;  SI.  /'a/i.,  N^c.  MS,,  i,  112. 

^'  Itirll/fi-diiifdo,  liifiiriiif  ill'  i;  de  Ahril  l^'.il,  V.\~.  Oct.  ;!lst,  Sal  writes 
to  <luv.  Arrillaga  that  he  judges  from  ('nadr.a's  remarks  that  the  hlnglish 
want  the  mouth  of  .San  Francisco  IJay  for  a  bonndary.  St.  I'ti/i.,  Si'  ■  MS.,  i. 
ll!l.  .Sept.  ((th,  Sal  had  written  to  Arrillaga  that  he  had  .seen  a  .sii.  p/icious 
vessel  nil  the  port  on  the  7th,  and  lired  (5  shots  at  her.  She  anchored  for  tho 
night  about  a  league  from  Mus.sel  Point.   /(/.,  i.  (j'J-71. 


510 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAGA. 


i)  I 


M  :  B  ! 


Ill  April  of  this  year  Captain  George  Vancouver 
in  the  Dlscorci'ij  with  the  Chatham  under  Lieutenant 
Broughton,  on  a  grand  cxph)ring  voyage  round  the 
world,  liad  crossed  over  from  the  Sandwich  Islands 
and  made  observations  on  the  California  coast  as  lie 
sailetl  nortliward  from  just  below  Cape  Mendocino.'' 
Now  six  months  later,  coming  from  Nootka,  tlu 
Eniiflish  navijxator  sailed  down  the  coast  without 
anchoi'ing,  and  on  November  14th,  in  the  Discorcri/, 
entered  San  Fraiicisco  Bay  at  nightfall  and  anchored 
in  front  of  Yerba  Buena  Cove,  having  received  a  salute 
of  two  guns  as  he  passed  the  fort.'"  Next  day  he  was 
visited  in  the  morning  by  Sergeant  Pedro  Aniadoi' 
and  l*adre  Laiulaeta,  and  later  by  Conunandant  Sal 
and  ]''atlier  Danti;  while  on  the  Kith  bv  advice  of  the 
S})aniards,  Private  Miranda  serving  as  pilot,  the  JJi.s- 
cocertj  was  transferred  to  the  usual  anchorage  nearer 
the  presidio.^' 

Vancouver's  reception  at  San  Francisco  was  most 
cordial  and  satisfactory.  ]']very  attention  was  shown 
and  every  possible  aid  furnished  the  visitors  by  Com- 
mandant Sal  and  his  wife  and  the  IViars  at  the  mission. 
Couriers  were  despatched  to  Monterey  with  a  messages 
for  Cuadra.  Facilities  were  alforded  for  obtaining  w<  xkI 
and  water;  feasts  were  given  at  both  presidio  and  mis- 
sion, and  meat  and  vegetables  were  sent  on  board  the 
vessel.  Indeed  everything  the  Spaniards  had  in  this 
the  most  poverty-stricken  of  theii"  establishments  was 
at  the  disposition  of  the  strangers.  On  the  HOtli  of 
November  A'^ancouver  and  seven  of  his  officers  made 
an  excursion  on  horseback  to  Santa  Clara,  being  the 
first  foreigners  who  had  ever  penetrated  so  far  into 

'■'  Vaucourvrs  Vo'iage,  i.  in()-200.  For  hia  northern  explorations  with 
niii]i8,  sec  H:st.  N.  \V.  Ciififif,  i.  '274,  ct  scq. 

'"/(/.,  i.  4:!-.';  Sill  to  Arrillnua  Nov.  14,  1792,  in  St.  I'<ip.,  Sac,  MS.,  i.  1  i.V 
17;  /'/.  to  /</.,  Nov.  .'iOth,  in  A/.,  iii.  •-'•-'.  It  ii^  »triin,:.'u  tli::t  Sal  iiiikos  the  day 
of  arrival  Nov.  1,'StIi,  while  the  voyager's  diary  lian  it  Nov.  14tli.  The  same 
(liMcrc'jnHR'v  i\ist;<  rcsiiciitiiit,'  tlio  dale  of  I'liaiiLtinganchorayo.  On  the  loralioii 
of  Verba  liiiena.  .see  <  haji.  xnx.  of  tliis  volume. 

''The  eouiniaiider  of  the  Sdiitd  (IfrlrudiK  iiad  left  a  note  fur  Vaneouver.  and 
a  liorseniau  liad  th.-refore  lieen  .stationed  at  tho  head.s  to  give  uotieo  ui  his 
approach.  St.  J'tqi.,  Sac,  vi.  7-. 


VANCOm'ER'S  FIRST  VISIT. 


511 


the  interior.  Tliey  were  escorted  l>v  Amador  \vitli 
ii  s(jiiad  of  five  soldiers,  and  were  delighted  with  niueh 
of  the  intennediate  country.  After  most  lu)s])itable 
treatment  by  lathers  Pena  and  Sanchez  at  Santa 
Clara,  the}'  returned  to  San  Francisco  on  the  2'2d. 
The  Cliafham  had  meanwhile arrivi^d,  and  jireparations 
were  hastened  for  departure.  For  su[H)lies  furnished'"* 
Don  Ilermenegildo  would  take  no  pay,  actinij^  as  he 
said  under  instructions  from  Bodet^a  y  Cuadra;  but 
he  accepteil  from  Vancouver  some  imiilemeiits  and 
ornaments  besides  a  hogshead  each  of  wine  and  I'um, 
all  to  be  distributed  to  tlu;  presidio  and  two  missions. 
The  two  vessels  sailed  away  the  2Gth  and  anchored 
next  morm'nij:  at  Monterey.'" 

Vancouver  found  lying  at  anchor  in  the  harbor  of 
^[onterey  the  Ihvdahin,  his  store-ship  which  had 
joini'd  the  fleet  at  Nootka,  the  Act'tra  bearing 
Cuadra's  l)roa(l  pennant,  the  Arn)iZ(r,n,  and  the  llor- 
oisifKs.  The  presidio  and  Cuadra's  flag  each  received 
a  salute  of  thirteen  guns  and  each  returned  the  com- 
}iliment.  From  Cuadra,  Ai'gilello,  (\iamano,  and  all 
the  S[)anisli  oflicials  the  Englishmen  n-ceived  the 
same  courteous  attentions  as  at  San  Francisco,  and  a 
series  of  social  entertainments  followed  on  shore  and 
on  deck  which  were  mutually  agreivible  and  j)roduc- 
tive  of  i>'ood-feelin<jf.  Orders  recentlv  received  fi'om 
S[)a!n  ! ot  to  molest  English  vessels  but  to  ca]>tnre 
iill  the  c  of  other  nations  led  both  connnanders  to 
hclle\'e  that  the  Nootka  ditticulties  had  ln'cn  settled 
by  thi'ir  respective  governments:  conseipiently  \^an- 
t-oiivei-  mad(>  arrangt'ments  with  Cuadra  to  send 
Jh'oun'hton  to  Euixland  ria  San  JJlas  and  ^Fexico,  to 


1 


r.  ami 
A  lib 


Tli^ 


icsi"  HUpplics  wore,  iicconliiig  to  n 


lis! 


Ill 


,sV.  !'< 


■t.  of  Ciuuh 


-II 


I     slH'l'p, 


1(1  :iiriil)a 


'/'■ 


r'.,  MS., 
tl'cf  lliplii  Sii 


lives,  4  blii'cj),  1!)()  piliil)pkilis,   10  liaskrts  vciftalilr.-i, 


1     -2 

It -load  of 


iliUo.  '.).')  foul,  .|(K>e; 


'Oil  \'aiii.'oiivi  r's  stay  at  Sjm  l^'rancisco.  visit  to  Santa  Clara,  ainl  voyai_'('. 


•ii/i'jf 


ii.  i-:si).     \vs< 


it  tliu  Jhiiliihlti  (111  till'  -2il  '  coll 


v 


its  (o  Ai 
,M.\  (I 


ma  on 


N. 


;)t!i,  till'  iii-rivii 


Anson,'  iintl  of  tlu'  J> 


i.<niri  nj 


ami  ('/i!i//i'(iii  on  llir  "J'tili,  one  day  liofuro  N'iinooiiviT'.s  date,  as  at  San  I'M 


.SV.  / 


'dp.,  Sue,  MS.,  V.  97.     Tho  dutc  ifs  given  as  Nov.  'JJtIi  iilso  iii 


I'rui:  at.  I'ltp.,  M.S.,  x.\i.  U3. 


■^ir 


II 


1 


as 


512 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAGA. 


which  end  the  Spanish  commander  offered  every  fa- 
cihty.  The  Discovery  and  the  Chatham  remained  at 
Monterey  for  about  fifty  days  for  reloading  and 
repairs.  A  tent  and  observatory  for  astronomical 
observations  were  set  up  on  the  beach,  and  the  Da'- 
dalu.f  sailed  in  December  for  New  South  Wales  with 
a  load  of  cattle  and  other  supplies  generously  fur- 
nished by  the  Spaniards. 

Vancouver  and  party  went  over  to  San  Cdrlos  the 
2d  of  December,  and  were  hospitably  entertained,  as 
La  Pcrouso  had  been  six  years  before,  by  President 
Lasuen  and  the  other  friars.  The  nativ  s  .^,ci\e  an 
exhibition  of  their  skill  in  killing  deer  by  r';"  ^agem. 
Back  at  the  port  a  dinner  was  given  'Mj  1r  ;-d  the 
Dificoi'eri/  which  proved  agreeable  until  Se-.ioia  Argii- 
ello  and  other  ladies  as  well  as  some  gentlemen  were 
forced  by  sea-sickness  to  retire  to  tierra  firme.  A  pic- 
nic dinner  at  the  presidio  garden  several  miles  away 
was  another  day's  progrannne.  Subsequently  a  dis- 
play of  fireworks  delighted  the  Spaniards  and  aston- 
ished the  aborigines.  When  this  pleasant  intercourse 
was  over  and  the  day  of  departure  drew  near  Bodega 
y  Cuadra,  who  in  addition  to  constant  kindness  had 
prolonged  his  stay  at  Monterey  for  no  other  jnirposo 
than  to  carry  Broughton  to  San  Bias,  refused  t  j  take 
pay  for  cattle  or  other  stores  supplied  to  the  fiei^f; 
and  Vancouver  was  obliged  to  be  content  with  a  uvw 
distribution  of  such  useful  utensils  as  hisvesf.els  Jisihi 
supi)ly.-"  At  last  January  1 5,  1793,  after  an  ineffectr.ii 
[)ursuit  of  two  desei'ters^^  and  the  reluctant  acceptance 

'-"Rt'villfi-(  !is;('(lo,  Iiiforr"'  ih  1,2  ilc  Ahril,  130,  says  Vancouver's  gifts  wcro 
MTirth  iil)()iit  .*!J,()()<).  Salazai',  ('onillrion  itrtiin}  ilc  Cal.,  MS.,  (17,  cstiitiati's 
all  (if  ^'aln•l^uvl■l■  -i  ])i-esi'iit.s  in  liis  tiireo  visits  at  )?10,(HM),  ami  ssays  tliat  Santa 
( 'niz  nii'ivcil  ,SI,(K)()  witli  wliit'li  a  mill  was  built.  15y  the  viccniy'.s  unliT  nf 
Si'jit.  .'{(),  17U4,  any  doKts  on  Vancon vol's  account  i'xcc])t  cxjicnscs  for  secur- 
ing t'.esoitors  were  cliargeil  to  the  San  Bias  departnieiit  as  exiicuscs  of  the 
houndiiry  cnmmi.ssion.   I'rur.  SI.   "u/i.,  ,MS.,  xi.  '_'(K). 

-'Aliont  tiiesc  (le.scrtei's  tliece  is  no  lack  of  information  in  tlio  ai  .  ves. 
Besides  tile '_' from  the  f  7(f(//(r(;/(  there  were  U  from  the  J><v<l(thiA.  (;•>'  .!ii>r 
to  viceroy  March  Id,  WM,  says  thiit  :<  are  t'atholics  and  deserted  bcci'i, '  v.  t 
allowed  1o  attend  mass;  the  otliers  desiie  to  liecome  ('atholics.  They  ..re 
prisoners  at  Monterey.  C'nadra  on  Jan.  Httli  had  (n'derid  Ihcni  sent.  A 
caught,  to  Nootka  mt  Lorcto.  I'ror.  SI.  J'op.,  MS.,xxi.  1(4-7.     Ciov.  to  Ar- 


VAXCOLTER'S  DEPARTURE. 


313 


by  Vancouver  of  the  only  smith  at  the  presidio  in 
place  of  the  lost  ai'niorer,  tlie  fleet  of  live  sail,  two 
English  and  three  Spanish,  disappeared  in  the;  south- 
west behind  Point  Pinos  and  lei't  to  jMonterey  its 
usual  solitude.^" 

(Governor  Arrillaga  was  not  pleased  when  he  heard 
of  the  excessive  iVeedoni  that  had  been  allowed  Van- 
couver, and  especially  did  he  disap])rove  of  the  I^ng- 
lishnian's  visit  to  Santa  Clara.  He  felt  that  a  kind 
i'e(;eption  to  the  boundary  conunission  according"  to 
viccrc'gal  instructions  did  not  include  such  extraordi- 

giiello  ?ir;iiTh  U'Ttli,  ] )csci't('rs  not  to  lie  (Icliverud  to  iiiiy  I'lnglish  vessel  except 


X'iiiR'oiivL'i'H  anil  tlic'ii  only  on  liis  jiayiiig  tlio  oxjn 

adiiiittcil    to   (';it!ioliij    fjiitli     until    furtlic    onlcis,    excojit    in 


'i'liu  2  not  to  lio 


ilwitli.     To  li 


supi 


ilicil  iit  rate  of  18  cents  jier  tlay  for  r.ilioi 


ml  elotlies. 


May   1)0   eni]iloye(l    at  their   trades.     Arrillajra  (lisapiirovt  s  .snnliiiL,'   tliem 


L 


to 
MS. 


jreti 


,SV.    ]' 


iS(ir 


MS.,    i.    107,    10!»   10: 


vii.    S_>: 


/' 


l(!l- 


Aujr.    ICtli,  'J'liey  nnist  l)e  given  np  to  an  lui, 


d 


or  t*i'nt  to  San  I'las.     Clothes  furnished  to  he  cluirgcil  to  account  of  Ixnuidary 
commission.   I'rm'.  St.  I'aji.,  MS.,  xi.  !),")-(>.     In  Sept.   17!W  the  ■")  di  serters 


were  sent  to  San  IJlas  on  the  J'riiiri'Mi.   P 


St.  1\ 


MS.,  .\xi  ii; 


!),  17!)4,  viceroy  tells  gov.  that  they  vill  be  sent  liack  for  delivery  to  Vai 


couver. 


•J-.'d,  Vai 


icouver  IS  eliarLteil  wi 


th  i^r.^ 


•xpcnsts  at  San 


lihi 


He  must  returu  the  three  borrowed  .sailors.   A/.,  xi.  I,").'?,  itiS,  xxi.  \\1.     May 
lOtli.  viceroy  to  gov.,   'J'hc  ">  have  been  sent  by  tin;  ('• 


oiif<'iiciiiii : 


largcs  ."^r-VS 


to  b(!  ]):iid  liy  Vancouver;  else  tiicy  arc  to  be  sent  to  ISOotUa  for  diii\ery  to 
.souK^  Kngiish  vessel.  /(/.,  xi.  171--.  June  !)th.  Id.  to  Id.  Another  <leserti«' 
taken  atSan  lliego  is  to  ln' given  up.  /</.,xi.  17.'>-4.  June  ll.'th.<  iuv.  to  vireroy. 
As  \ani:ouvir  had  no  Sjianish  money  he  has  presented  the  amount  in  tiiii 
if  the  Spanish  nation.    /'/.,  xxi.  144.     Se]it.  i'-'lh,  Arril!a;.^a  t)  Aruiielln 


il  (if  the  (i  in  ('• 


amtouvei'. 
d 


1,1. 

11a 


IIICI'jiClllll. 


the  8'.iSS 


niKl  lauons 


to  be  ciiUectcil  from 


xii.  UJ7-!>.     Sept.  :$Oth,  Ai 


■Uo  t( 


.\rri 


k 


miller  surveillance;  w  l 
to  a  Siianish  ves 


ill  deliver  them  to  N'ancouver,  ti 


!■ 


lIL'llsU  VC.- 


the  (i 
icl,  or 


db^ 


louiid  for  Xootka.     Some  want  to  be  C.itiiolics  and  some 


di.->t.   III.,  xii.  14S-!).     Nov.  r.th,  .\rgiiello  toCajit.  I'ligetof  </,(i/l<, 


iiLT '-'of  t!ie  (1.    Total  bid  !?747.  /'/.,  xii.  170-1.    Xi 


1(11! 


to    f'llV. 


!•• 


that   :i  of  the  (i 


it  Uritisli  subicets  iind  Mill  iiol  claim 


thi'in.      Has  no   instrnclions   to  jiay  the   bill  but  will  lay  tiie  accoiiiit  before 
theaibniralty.   /(/.,  .\ii.  I.M-.".     Xov.  Kith  {"V  17th;,  <  iov.  to  \'aiicouvcr  inter- 


I'ciliii'.;  lor 


tin;  'A  dcsci'te 


rs  j'lveii  lip  am 


I  cIiaiLiing .*:>•_'.")  fore: 


nse.i.  'Ilie  tli 


ri  e 


it  given  u])  were  '2  l'iirtu"ilese  and  one  Oane.    /(/.,   <ii.  17-'-:{.     The  iiurport 


ivecndmi;  coinmr.iiii'MiMMs  r.i   I  iiiicdiiV'I 


of 

I7'.!4,"  I'idalgo'takes  th< 

tiie.Sl-M  of  eliargcs.   /(/.,  xii.   171 


uaining  deserters  on  board  his  vcssi 


nl/iK/c,   111. 
h 


4.        Xi 

idtl 


•-'0, 

lilt 


174. 


^1    I'dild'/r  o/'  J) 


Kriiv,  rij 


^l  (he  North  /'(iri/irO. 


''(fill,    lllllf    I'lliU  !• 


,1 


l!if  Wiirlil.  .  .17'J(l-~i.   Loud  ill.  1 7'.IS,  ;i  vols.  4to,  and  folio  atlas.    On  this  visit 


to  Ml 


mterey 


see  vol.  ii.  •j:)-4!l,  '.)!)-l(»."i.     Other  ed 


iiiiiiis  iiin 


1   translations  of 


coiivcr's  voyage  witli  numerous  aliridgeil 


Iroin  this  ori'. 


iiial 


nan 
I  do  Hot  diem   it 


iitivts  and  refi 


er  llces  a 


I 


Ucc.   !,".,   17'.t-',  l/mien  wri 

thissioiui.   Arili.  S,'ii.  Jliir'. 


^ary  to  notice  here. 

Sc  1  to  N'aiicoiiv  r  tliankiu'.;  Iiim  fur  his  gifts  to  tlio 

MS.,  vi.  2(10-1.      .Maivli  bi.  I7;».f,  Vicroy  to 

neatest 


ivcr,  ha.i ;  iveii  Lieut,  i'.roughtoii  all  possible  aid,  and  with  ll 


pleasure. 


/ 


ror 


.SI.  J'i 


'/'■ 


MS. 


U3  4. 


UiBT.  cal.  Vol..  1.   ja 


514 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAGA 


nary  license  to  a  foreign  power.  He  was  only  tem- 
porui'y  governor  and  he  entertained  a.  nervous  dread 
of  overstepping  the  Hteral  instructions  of  his  supei'iors. 
He  feared  that  wliat  had  taken  place  would  he  disap- 
proved, and  that  he  would  he  held  responsihle.  His 
trouhl'j  was  increased  by  an  order  from  the  viceroy 
dated  November  24,  1792,  to  be  on  his  guard  against 
English  ships,  and  especially  to  prevent  the  weakness 
of  the  Spanish  establishments  from  becoming  known 
to  I'oreigners.^*  No  wonder  he  was  alarmed  and  that 
n  his  way  up  to  Monterey  in  the  s[)rin',  of  179;5  he 
-'rote  to  chide  Sal  for  having  permitted  Vancou\er  to 
gain  a  knowledge  of  the  country,  at  the  same  time 
instructing  him  and  other  commandants  to  limit  their 
coui'tesies  to  foreign  vessels  in  the  future  to  the  mere 
granting  of  needed  supplies  as  demanded  by  the  laws 
of  hospitality."^  The  presence  of  two  Englisli  vessels 
on  the  coast  in  March  did  not  tend  to  allay  the  gov- 
ernor's lears.-''  Sal  humblv  confessed  that  in  permittinsf 
the  visit  to  Santa  Clara  he  had  connuitted  an  iuex- 
cusalile  I'ault.  "  I  am  human  and  1  fell  into  an  error 
which  I  cannot  mend,"  says  he.  But  he  claims  that 
with  Father  Landaeta  ho  endeavored  in  dissuade  his 
guest  from  his  pur})ose,  thus  exciting  his  disi)lensure, 
and  that  tliere  was  no  other  wavto  iirevent  tlu;  intru- 
si(^n  but  to  remove  the  horses.  This  diffei's  materially 
from  Vancouver's  account,  where  no  trouble  is  hinted 


i.  ; 


^=  Pror.  SI.  Pap.,  lini.  J/;/.,  :\I,S.,  xix.  1,  2;  xx.  3,  4. 

^'Afi'illaga  to  Sal,  ALirch  •2!i,  IT.''!.  Only  t!ic  oininnimilor  or  his  represent- 
ative iim.st  1)<!  iK'niiitted  to  land.  J'rin:  l!i<\,  .MS,,  ii.  14'2-4.  ]Miiy  "Jd,  Arri- 
llagii  say*  ho  has  given  order.s  not  to  let  any  JMiglisli  land.  Pror.  St.  P((j>., 
MS.,  xxi.  !l8-!t.  April  1st,  meat  and  veyetahlcs  to  he  snpplied  sparingly  aa  a 
niattei' of  ])o!iey  (inly.    /'ror.  //re.,  .MS. ,  ii.  l()-2. 

-•' Martli  l(i,  \~',i'.i,  Sal  to  i^oveinor,  ainionncos  the  arrival  of  an  I^n^'ii.-iU 
vessel  undui- ('a])tain  Jhown,  a.^kin;' for  water,  wood,  ;ind  nie.it.  Siie  I'.ad  a 
snspiriiiu.s  ajipiarance,  .said  she  eanie  from  Monterey  and  was  honnd  fur 
NootUa,  and  was  said  l>y  the  nativis  to  h  'vo  been  lianL^inu'  about  the  eo.  ;  t  for 
two  niiintlis.  ,SV.  J'n/i. ,  Sac. ,  }il!>.,  ii.  l;!l-'J.  'l"wo  Ktiglish  vesseL-^,  one  of  (hem 
the  /'rhiccyn,  obtaincil  wood  and  w.iter  at  Monterey  early  in  Mareli.  /'rnr. 
J'lr.,  .MS.,  ii.  Hii.  Mareh  or  February,  an  En;.,'lish  ve:;sid  at  nioulli  <  f  San 
]''raueis('o,  and  anotluT  at  ]>odeL,'a,  wiih  gnns  landed.  'J'he  presiiiioM  i.re  unde- 
fendi'il  and  the  Kni;lish  have  nolieed  it,  saying  that  pirates  -.wc  innnri'ons  and 
iin  invasion  not  unlikely.  So  sii  s  the  governor  to  the  viceroy.  J'ror.Sl.  Pa/i., 
MS.,  xxi.  'M. 


COAST  DEFENCES. 


5U 


at,  and  it  is  only  said  that  in  consequence  of  despatches 
received  by  Sal,  and  tlie  indisposition  of  one  of  the 
Iriars,  they  begged  leave  to  decline  the  engagement.''*^ 

Together  with  his  order  requiring  precnutions 
against  the  English  and  other  foreigners  with  a  special 
view  of  keeping  Spanisli  weakness  from  their  knowl- 
edge, and  subsequently,  the  viceroy  announced  his 
intention  of  remedying  that  weakness  by  strengthen- 
ing the  four  presidios  and  by  the  immediate  occupation 
of  Bodega.  The  IGth  of  July  Arrillaga  sent  in  a 
:'"port  on  the  state  and  needs  of  Californian  defences."^ 
A  an<x)uvcr,  unwisely  permitted  to  investigate,  hatl 
been  surprised  to  find  California  so  inadequately  pro- 
tected, and  tho  Spaniards  seem  to  have  idealized  the 
utter  insuiriciei',cy  of  their  coast  defences  at  about  the 
same  time;  but  nothing  was  accomplished  in  17i>;j 
beyond  an  unsuccessful  effort  to  occupy  Bodega  Port. 
Their  Bodega  scheme  and  the  whole  project  t>f 
st lengthening  the  Californian  defenses  were  devised 
by  Viceroy  Itevilla  Gigedo,  and  urged  most  ably  in 
his  report  of  April  12,  1793,  a  document  which  covers 
tlie  whole  nortliern  question  from  a  Spanish  st;ind- 
j)()int,  and  although  little  consulted  by  modern  writers 
is  really  a  most  important  authority.-'*    After  giving 


''■' Aiiril  :jn,  nn.S,  Sal  to  Arrillaga  in  Sf.  Pa/).,  firir:,  ?,IS.,  v.  0;  Vanro'n-fr'.'i 
]'oi/afjr,  i'l.  Hi.  1  susjxH't  that  a  iii';Iit"s  s'.cup  oaliucd  tlic  SpaiiianlH'  cntlmsiasiii 
fjouxnvliat,  ami  showtil  tliciii  that  they  wvw  j.'.n'iwj  too  i'ar;  tluMvfoic-'  tiny 
niailo  cxL'UKcs  intfiuliil  as  a  hint  whieli  the  l^n^iliyhniaii  iliil  not  caro  to  t.-kc. 

"'  Ari  cUkju,  Jjij'iirme  at  I'ini/nihri'  d<j'i)isa  <lv  luCos'a,  1!9.j\  MS.  ]"(li. 
IC),  17!"),  viceroy  to  governor,  ajiprovi'n  fortiliuation  <  f  the  iircsiilios  and  has 
(T.^rcd  i'.rlilloi'v  and  olhcr  material  .sent.  /'/.,  xx.  4.  The  governor  .say:>  tliut 
Mentcrey  han  H  gnus  ami  '.'<  ];eclr(res;  Sau  Franeiseo  '2  nselcys  gnns;  Sant:i 
Ij.irbara  ■_' j'Uns  and  a  i:i  driro  v.  ith  jiohody  to  niaii.".ge  tlnni;  and  San  l''it".'o 
;i  giun  disnionnted.  The  i:oniin;il  foree  free  for  aei  ion  in  the  4  jiri^idioM  i  ■;  '.',r<, 
lir.t  ;.ft(.r  dediie'.ions  only  ene  or  two  men  to  each  fort,  lie  reeoinmeiids  n. 
foreu  of  'J;,'4  men;  want:i  a  vesi>el  at  Monterey  or  San  Francisco;  andappro'es 
the  oeeiipalicn  of  liudega. 

■"* /i'<  (■('("«  t/.i/i'i/o,  ] ii/t.rmo  (h-  los  Siirr-iny  omrr/dos  en  hi  Pcniin'nla  ilc  Cult- 
j'irii;(:.-<  it  il<  /iitrtuiiK  iifo  dc  Sun  lilan,  d<  ilr  i !  (ifm  </'■  J",(iS.  Mi  j'lcn  1 :  dr  Ahrll 
dr  y,'',<,  in  Jjiiti/aniindf,  Sr]ilni,rid'i  li  la  JlisI,  di:  lo"  Tn  •!  S/ij/nn  ilc  M(.,-ii-n.  lii. 
IIJ  C4.  Another  im;:ortant  ".t)ilc  Ijelongin;,'  to  this  year  and  written  liy  tlio 
s:'.i!io  j.iithor  ia  Ihrdia  O'iiinio,  <  'iir/ii  dh-iijiild  li  In  coiir  de  J.'s/tiii'm  routi-<t'ni(to 
li  ft  riirt  didrii  H'jhri'  ri!l<d)liriiiiii'idos  dc  iiii.'<ioiiin,  J/uiri},  „'7  dc  l)U-'i'i:ilrr  i!e 
JI'JJ,  in  jUiccioiiario  Univermt,  v.  4'20-70.    I'he  part  relating  to  the  California 


nio 


RULR  OF  ARRILLAOA. 


a  complete  liistory  of  lils  subject  the  distlngnislu'd 
autlior  argues  that  distniit  aiul  costly  outposts  in  tliu 
north  are  not  desirable  for  Spain;  and  attention 
slioukl  bo  given  exclusively  to  the  preservation  and 
utilization  of  the  establishments  now  existing  in  Ci\V\- 
fornia,  and  to  the  prevention  of  too  near  approach  by 
any  foreign  power.  To  this  end  Bodega  should  be 
held  and  the  English  plan  of  making  a  boundary  of 
San  Francisco  Bay  be  thus  defeated.  Probably  tliis 
one  measure  may  sufiice  in  the  north;  Nootka  may  be 
given  up,  and  Fuca,  and  also  the  Entrada  de  Hcccita, 
or  Columbia  River,  unless  it  should  prove  to  afford  a 
passage  to  the  Atlantic  or  to  New  Mexico.  Mean- 
Avhile  the  presidios  should  be  put  in  an  effective  con- 
dition; a  new  one  should  be  founded  on  the  Bio 
Colorado,  and  an  able  successor  to  Bomeu  be  selected 
as  governor.  The  department  of  San  Bias  should  ])e 
transferred  to  Acapulco,  and  certain  reforms  be  intro- 
duced in  the  management  of  the  pious  fund  and  of 
the  salt-works. 

Because  of  its  supposed  excellence  as  a  harbor,  and 
because  of  its  vicinitv  to  San  Francisco,  niakingf  its 
occupation  by  England  equivalent  to  an  occu|)ati()n  of 
that  harbor  for  purposes  of  contraband  trade,  it  was 
decided  to  found  a  Spanish  settlement  at  Bodega. 
Moreover  there  were  rumors  that  foreigners  were 
ah"cady  taking  steps  in  that  direction.-'  To  this  end 
the  10th  of  February  the  viceroy  announced  the  giving 
of  orders  to  the  conmiandant  at  San  Bias  to  despatcli 
a  schooner  and  long-boat  for  the  service,  and  Arr'- 
llao-a  was  directed  to  jzo  to  San  Francisco  to  meet  tlie 


vessels 


He  gave  orders  the  20th  of  March  to  have 


missions  is  found  on  pp.  427-30;  and  this  portion  in  manuscript  is  nlso  in  Sf. 
Pap.,  Miys.  iiikI  Colnn.,  j\IS.,  i.  'J-'2S,  See  iilso  extracts  in  Joncf'  liriiovt  <iii. 
Lniiil  TUIi'fi,  No.  0;  llai/i'.i'  Mission  linok,  1 7().  Tliis  re]iort  is  .n.  careful  statement 
of  the-  mission  comlition  and  sj-s^tcin  r.t  tlic  time,  and  is  used  in  another  chapter. 
""Oct.  8,  17!'-,  Sal  informs  tlie  jrovornor  that  according  to  Indian  reports 
two  vessels — presumably  l^iglish,  for  tlie  men  wore  red — were  at  llodega,  got 
wood,  water,  and  deer,  and  asked  tliC  natives  to  get  cattle  for  them.  <S'/.  I'd)'., 
S'lC,  MS.,  vi.  07-S.  Jan.  1.",  \~'.)'.\,  two  I'lnglisli  sliips  said  to  lie  at  IJodega. 
Five  shots  heard  off  San  Francisco  on  Kith  and  17th.  /(/.,  vi.  J)8. 


imi 


ATTEMn  TO  OCCUPY  BODEGA. 


517 


a  roiid  (»[)cncd  fVoni  Sun  Fiaiu-isi-o  atToss  t<)  Bodega. 
I'licse  instructions  came  up  on  tlie  Aranzazu,  wliicli 
arrived  at  San  Francisco  the  24tli  of  July.""  Arrillaga 
ohtained  boats  from  the  vessels,  set  across  some  thirty 
liorses,  and  on  the  ath  of  Aujjfust  Lieutenant  Govcoe- 
choa  with  a  sergeant  and  ten  men  set  out  to  open  tne 
rmul  and  to  meet  at  ]]odeu'a  ^NFatute,  who  with  the 
Sut'd  and  Mcxicana  had  probably  been  sent  direct  to 
that  [)ort  from  San  Bias.  Unfortunately  I  have  not 
I'oiinil  C^o\'coechea's  diary  which  was  sent  to  ^[exico, 
ami  we  know  al)solutelv  notliini>;  of  either  the  e.\])l(ira- 
lien  by  sea  or  land,  save  tliat  ^latute  returned  to  San 
Francisco  on  August  12th,  and  five  days  lati'r  Arri- 
llaga  inibrms  the  viceroy  that  the  occupation  of  ]  lodcga 
is  [»ut  olf  for  this  year.  The  postj)onement  proved  to 
be  a  permanent  one,  for  some  unex[»lained  cause,  and 
tlic  ten  soldiers  and  five  mechanics  with  some  stores 
intended  for  Bodega  were  retained  by  Sal  at  San 
Fi'ancisco."^ 


n  .9'. 
<-t  on. 
lliriit. 
|itt'r. 
"XH'ts 
L'l  it 
'(II:, 


Coming  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands  Vancou\'er 
touched  ao'ain  the  shores  of  Calitbrnia,  or  of  New 
Albion  as  he  is  careful  to  call  it,  in  tlie  spi-ing  (»f  17'.>;5. 
Fi'om  the  2d  to  the  ath  of  May  the  Discoceri/  was  at 

^'Tlic  Princcm,  Fiilalgo,  from  Xootka,  .irrivcil  iitSan  FrinKisLo.Tuiic'Jl.st, 
S^.ii  ])ic!;o,  Oct.  '24th;  Arti^rMzii,  ^Icnuinlcz,  from  San  ]'>la»,  .'•-iiu  Fiaiici-sco, 
.lulVllt'li,  MoiiLcivy,  AiiL,'.  L'.-.tli,  San  Dic-i),  Oct.  -J-IlIi-,  Art:r>i,  llli.a,  fn-m 
S;iii  VAr'.i.  Sail  lVanci:-t;o," Aug.  iltli,  Saii^Diogo,  Oct.  •J4t!i;  ,SV/.7  and  .l.'i.--- 
i'-iiiiii,  ^latiitc,  fnmi  San  IJlas,  San  Francisco,  Ang.  I'Jtli — Oct.  liitli;  \'au- 
CMUvi  r's  vcs-scl.s,  Trinity  l!ay,  May  '2d,  San  Fruici.ico,  Oct.  I!)tli,  ^Moiiti  rcy, 
N'wv.  1st,  Santa  ]';':  liara,  \ov.  Olli,  San  J)ie"0,  Nov.  '27th.  On  Uio  arrivals 
iiiid  dcp..rtnrca  of  vessels  fur  17".'5,  thcro  hcing  as  usupI  sonic  confasion  in  the 
dates,  see  I'roi:  St.  Paj>.,  MS.,  xii.  lO;!;  xxi.  101,  10!),  HI,  121-2;  Si.  J\i/>., 
Sue.  MS.,  i.  (!1;  Pn.v.  J'n\,  MS.,  ii.  I(,2. 

■'"  Governor  to  viceroy,  July  Kith,  Au;;.  17th,  '2()th,  in  Prov.  Sf.  Pti/i.,  !MS., 
X'i.  iri7,  111,  ll.'i.  Aug.  lid,  gov.  orders  Sal  t')  receive  the  men  jnul  itores. 
/'/O''.  /i'<r. ,  ^.IS.,  ii.  141-5.  Aug.  4th,  gov.  instructs  (!oyc(jcchea  t )  ii:  e  ean- 
tiiin,  treat  tlie  Indians  well,  etc.  /'/. .  i.  2:i(i.  Sej)t.  '24tli,  gov.  to  viceroy, 
i'sking  for  a  lioat  for  IJodcga  to  carry  linibei-;  so  that  the  j.rojcet  was  not 
}\t  quite  rliaiahiKd.  Pror.Si.  Pcj).,  J!S.,  x:ci.  117.  Feb.  '^S,  17!M,  viceroy 
has  h(:'rd  that  tin;  /S'((/,7  and  M(\r'c(ni<i  have  .sailed,  Ic.ivin.i;  Uu'  1  )  suUlic.s  and 
a  liricl;!  :yor  for  Bodega.  LI.,  .\i.  UiO.  As  late  as  .luly  (i,  17'";>,  tlio  viciroy 
repeated  t!io  orderi  to  open  a  road.  /(/.,  xi.  02;  but  June !),  17'.'4,  lie  au;;v.era 
tlie  iXMiuc'jt  for  a  li;iat  by  saying  that  it  will  not  bo  needed,  as  the  new  es.alj- 
b  liiiu  nt  is  susiieiided.  Id.,  \l.  17").  .Iuly2."i,  17'.)4,  Sal  mentions  the suspeli- 
bijii.  Piw.  St.  P(q>.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xix.  5. 


51S 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAGA. 


-*l 


jtiK'hor  in  Trindad  Bay,  whore  Vancouver  founrl  tlio 
cross  set  up  by  Cuadra  in  1775  with  its  iiiscrii)ti(m 
Carolus  III.  Dei  G.  Ilijspaniorum  Rex.  ObtaiiiiiiL,'' 
water,  surveying  and  sketching  the  region,  after  some 
intercourse  witli  the  natives  the  voyagers  departed 
with  a  very  unfavorable  idea  of  the  harbor,  and  sailed 
northward.'*^ 

Returning  southward  some  months  later  the  /)/.s- 
covo'ij  anchored  at  San  Francisco  the  19th  of  Octo- 
l)er.^^  Commandant  Sal  came  on  board,  courteous 
as  before,  with  welcome  European  news;  but  mindful 
of  his  former  indiscretion®*  he  sent  letters  asking  a 
formal  statement,  for  the  governor,  of  Vancouver's 
object,  the  length  of  his  stay,  the  supplies  needed: 
also  making  known  the  current  orders  respecting  for- 
eign vessels,  and  politely  informing  the  visitor  that 
only  himself  and  one  officer  could  be  permitted  to 
land  and  visit  the  presidio.  This  restriction  seemed 
to  Vancouver  "ungracious  and  degrading,  little  short 
of  a  dismission  from  San  Francisco,"  due  as  he  was 
given  to  understand  to  "sentiments  apparently  not 
the  most  favorable  towards  foreign  visitors"  enter- 
tained by  "a  captain  named  Arrillaga,"  who  had  taken 
command  the  preceding  spring,  and  whose  orders  Sal 
seemed  to  obe}''  with  reluctance.  It  was  a  chilling 
reception  certainly  in  comparison  with  that  of  the 
year  before  and  with  the  Englishman's  glowing  ex- 
pectations. But  ho  complied  with  the  formalities, 
and  on  the  24tli  as  soon  as  ho  had  been  joined  by  tli(3 
Cliiitham,  which  had  been  exploring  Bodega  and  had 
obtained  a  sup[)ly  of  water,  he  sailed  for  Montei-(>y.'' 

Having  anchored  at  Monterey  November  1st,  A'an- 

'-  Vanconver''s  Voyarje,  ii.  240-50.  Hist.  X.  W.  Coat,  i.  291,  for  nortlni  ii 
■voyii,ti;c. 

^■'  Strangely  enough  in  this  case  as  in  that  of  the  former  visit  the  Spniii.^li 
rce'ords  nialvo  the  arrival  a  day  earlier  than  the  voyager's  narrative. 

'*'  C)et.  21st,  the  governor  had  ordered  Sal  to  fiuni.sh  \'aneouv<r  wliat  In; 
nbsolntely  needed,  and  to  insist  on  his  sailing  at  once  without  visiting  any 
other  port.  J^ror.  licc,  MS.,  ii.  1  tT)-!}. 

'■'■'  Vdnroiivi )•'■•*  I'oi/a'if,  ii.  -l.'VJ-S.  Pnget  in  a  slight  examination  of  Jjodegu 
had  understood  from  the  natives  that  the  Spaniards  M'ere  tlic>n  in  pos.sessii.n 
ol  a  [lart  of  the  bay.     Just  out  of  San  Traueisco  the  Dadalns  from  across 


VANCOUVER'S  SECOND  VISIT. 


619 


ig  a 


c'ouvor  licld  a  slioi't  intorvicw  with  Arrilla^a,  and  a 
writtuu  0()i'res|)()iKlenco  t'ullowcd,  in  which  the  j^'ov- 
ornor  cxjilainud  tlie  hospitahtios  to  which  ioi'ciij^n 
vessels  wei'e  enti'ded  in  Cahloj'nian  ports,  asked  tor 
a  formal  statement  of  the  voyager's  aims,  and,  while 
desiring  harmony,  insisted  on  the  enforcement  oforders 
that  only  the  connnander  with  one  or  two  otli(;ers  could 
land.  Vancouver  replied  exjtlaining  the  scientific  na- 
ture of  his  voyage,  and  the  benelits  to  he  derived 
irom  its  r<>sults  by  S[)ain  as  well  as  England,  alluding 
to  his  kind  reception  of  the  year  before,  inclosing  let- 
ters of  the  viceroy  which  approved  the  attentions  j^re- 
viously  shown  him,  and  stating  his  desire  to  retit  his 
vessels,  transfer  stores,  make  astronf)mical  observa- 
tions, and  give  his  men  some  tixercise  and  recreation 
on  si  lore.  Arrillaga's  answer  was  that  the  viceroy 
had  sent  no  orders  respecting  a  second  visit,  that  there 
were  no  royal  orders  in  Vancouver's  favor  as  in  the 
case  of  La  Perouse,  and  that  Cuadra  even  had  left 
instructions  thr'  the  former  attentions  were  for  that 
time  only  and  need  not  be  repeated.^"  Yet  as  he 
desired  to  render  all  possible  aid  to  so  worthy  a  cause, 
lie  would  permit  the  landing  of  stores,  which  might  be 
de})osited  in  the  warehouse  at  the  landing  under  lock 
and  key  or  elsewhere  if  the  warehouse  were  not  deemed 
suitable,  in  care  of  one  or  tv*'o  men  from  the  vessels 
and  protected  by  a  Spanish  guard ;  but  on  the  condition 
that  all  the  rest  of  the  Englishmen  retire  to  the  vessels 
at  night.  Astronomical  observations  must  have  been 
well  advanced  during  the  former  long  stay,  yet  an 
observatory,  to   Yh)  used  in  daytime  only,  might  be 


tlie  occiui  joined  the  fleet.  Mention  of  arrival  .intl  (li;|)iirture  from  Sau 
Kraneiseo  in  .S7.  I'n/i.,  Sur.,  MS.,  ii.  !»:)-l,  iv.  !);  I'ror.  ^V.  />,,/,.,  MS.,  xi.  KKt; 
xxi.  l'_'l-'J.  A  I'lmitli  ves.sel,  the  I'urfiK,  is  mentioned.  Sn]iplietf  amounting 
to.S7.'>7  '.vere  funiislied.      Sal  says  the  vessels  left  on  Oet.  '-'Jltli. 

^''I'licso  instructions  or  similar  ones  dated  .laM.  ]'2,  ]~U'.).  anil  addressed  to 
Ar;,diello  are  in  /'n>r.  S/.  /''iji..  MS.,  xii.  Ki.'i.  Tlie  letter  of  the  viceroy  to 
\',uicouver  ilated  l''eli.  IS,  17!l.'{,  in  answcn- to  N'uncouver  s  letti'r  of  >)au.  I.'itli 
is  found  in  Id.,  xi.  1 1'J-IU.  lu  it  tlie  writer  says  :  'I  am  i;lad  that  as  you  say  in 
your  letter  of  .laii.  KUh  of  this  year  all  the  siilijects  of  Mis  .Majesty  under  my 
ordirs  and  rcnidiug  in  the  rc^gions  of  New  Orleans  (sie)  of  this  America  wlioro 
you  liiivu  been  have  treated  you  witli  the  greatest  liosiiitulity  and  frieudahip.' 


!   I 


\ 


». 


1 


ki 


.'.1  • 
I*  • 

jl,: 


Si-  i 


i 


B20 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAfJA. 


erootcd  near  wlioro  tlie  ciiri^^o  was  deposited.  Tlit* 
naturalists  iiiiL,dit  inakc^  their  iiivestinatioiis  and  tlu^ 
men  iniglit  take  exercise  on  ioot  in  the  vicinity  (d'tht; 
]>resi(no.  Water  and  wood  might  he  pi-ocured  witliout 
restiiction  save  that  the  men  must  not  pass  the  night 
on  sliore  and  tlie  work  must  he  com[)leted  with  all 
])ossihle  despatch.  In  his  official  capacity  this  was, 
he  said,  as  tar  as  he  could  go;  hut  to  ])ersonal  ser- 
vice he  i)laced  no  limit,  being  desirous  of  proviiig  his 
regard."'' 

The  governor  thus  courteously  tendered  to  A^an- 
couvei"  all  the;  hospitalities  that  he  had  a  right  to  olt'er, 
or  the  navigator  to  expect;  hut  the  contrast  was  so 
great  between  them  and  those  previously  tendered 
by  Cuadra  in  the  absence  of  any  res})onsil)le  author- 
itv,  that  A'ancouver  was  oflended.  "On  due  con- 
sideration  of  all  these  cii'cumstances,"  he  says,  "1 
declined  any  further  correspondence  with,  or  accept- 
ing the  inconnnodious  assistance  proffered  by  Sehor 
Arrillaga;  and  determined,  after  finishing  our  investi- 
gation of  these  shores,  to  retire  to  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  where  I  had  little  doubt  that  the  uneducated 
inhabitants  of  Owvliee,  or  its  neiohborinnf  i.sles,  would 
cheerfully  afi'ord  us  that  acconnnodation  which  had 
been  unkindly  denied  us  at  San  Francisco  and  Mon- 
terey." ^^ 

He  did,  however,  here  as  at  San  Francisco  accept 
some  live-stock  and  other  supplies,  ]iayment  for  which, 
aceordini>-  to  the  records,  he  was  obliijed  to  defer  until 

^' /l/-;'.V/r((/(',  Borrnlor  dc  Curia  ol  Capifaii  Vanrnnvi  r,  Xov.  17'J.i,  Ms. 
I  have  /civi  11  tlu'  ]mij'.()rt  of  this  letter  somewhat  at  Uiiyth  l>ee  itise  Vraioouvcr 
iiiisreiiresiiit.s  it  liy  stating  that  there  was  no  elioice  oU'ered  of  a  spot  to 
<h'i)o^:it  tlie  lar^'o,  the  phicc  sutigcsted  lieiiig  the  slaughter-house  in  the  niiilst 
of  ]mtricl  otl'al  ami  ineonveiiient  on  account  of  liigh-ruiiiiing  surf;  liy  (iniitting 
to  state  that  an  Kii'dish  guard  for  tiio  stores  was  jieniiitted;  and  liy  ether 
slight  ehaii;res  not  favorahle  to  the  Spani.sh  governor.  IMotters  <if  Ariilliiga's 
and  translations (]f  \'aiu;ouver's  other  letters  in  Pior.  St.  I'lip.,  ^IS.,  ,\i.  I()!»  4. 

'■^'^Vaiii-ounr'tt  I'vi/tojc,  ii.  44'2.  In  other  jiarts  of  his  narrative  the  ;iiitlior 
treats  Arrillaga  very  unjustly,  accusing  him  of  having  misre2)reseiited  the 
vieeroy'.s  orders,  iiiul  making  him  resjxjnsihle  for  matters  over  which  he  had 
no  control.  In  a  letter  of  Feb.  "28,  V794,  the  viceroy  fully  approves  Arrilhigas 
policy  and  orders  a  contiiniaiiee  of  it,  though  he  desires  harmonious  relations 
vith  Vancouver.  I'rov.  St.  I'ttp.,  MS.,  x».  lG'J-3. 


VANCOU\"ER  AND  THE  GOVIT.XOR. 


521 


.-(uric  moro  coiivt'uiL'nt  occusioii ;'"  mikI  om  the  r)tli  of 
Xovrinlxr  \\v  sinlvd  H(jiitli\vat'(l  to  iiiaki'  t'urtlicr  cx- 
|il(ti'ati()ii.s  oil  tliu  coast  of  this  inliospltalilo  proviiicu 
l)(  Inic  lie  df[)arte'(l  to  take  advantage  of  baiharic  lios- 
|iilality. 

]f  Vancouver  was  ofteiided  at  AnillaL^a's  antions, 
the  U'overiior  had  his  suspicions  aroused  hy  tliose  of 
his  visitor  in  departini,^  without  water  and  leavinjjf 
some  supplies  tliat  liad  heon  ])re]>are(l  foi-  him.  It 
sii'UuhI  to  liini  that  A'ancouver's  disph.>asure  was  ex- 
a,u;L;'erated,  and  he  feared  that  liis  ohject  was  not  so 
much  to  ol)tain  necessary  su])phes  as  to  make;  ol)ser- 
\ations  respecting  tlie  Spanish  estahhshments.  Ac- 
cordiii'^ly  he  despatched  onk-rs  to  tiie  commandants 
f  ])re.4(ii()s  forhid(Un!^''  the  I'urnisliin^'  of  aid  or  fac-ih- 


ties    f>r    ni  vest  ligation 


40 


ancouver    contmuec 


I    1 


ns 


I)servations  ah)ng  the  coast  southward,  naming'  Point 
Sal  and  Point  Arjjfuello  in  honor  of  his  I'riends,  re- 
ceived visits  from  the  Channel  aborigines, and  ancliored 
November  iOth  at  Santa  I'l'irbai-a.  Here  he  found 
(Joycoeclia  very  friendly,  .  >v  at  iirst  he  had  not  re- 
reived  ArrilUc'-a's  strict  orders  and  was  inclined  to 
construe   preceding  ones  liberally.     Hence  as  Van- 


^•Xov.  ."til,  Vannonvcr  to  Arrillnga,  regrets  tli,?t  Ik;  has  to  depart  MMtliout 
paying  i"V  supplies  (>l)t;;i;ie(l  at  Monterey  ami  S:iii  l''raiieiseo.  Jli'  may  I'e  alilu 
to  get  tiio  riidiiey  fioiu  some  English  vessel.  J'lar.  >/.  J'l'p.,  MS.,  xi.  !)S. 
.\!iil!;!ga  to  \'aneouver,  urges  him  to  feel  no  anxiety  alxiiit  leaving  tlie  deht 
niinaiil ;  ri'turn«  the  iliaft  in  favor  of  .Sal ;  and  asUs  him  to  aeee[>t  .some  ealves 
asiijTesent.  /(/.,  .xi.  tliJ-KK). 

■'"  While  the  ves.iels  were  in  port  Arrillaga  sent  to  the  eommandants  an 
order  i:i  whieli  he  says  :  'I  i^avo  ofl'ered  all  the  aid  they  nei' I  to  nn<lertake 
their  voyage;  tliereforoif  they  toucli  at  any  of  the  ports  nnih  r  the  jiretext 
of  getting  food  or  water  their  reijuest  is  to  be  'lenied,  and  with  ])oliteness 
they  are  to  1/0  ni:i<l(!  aeijuainted  with  the  order'  t'a'  reijuire  them  to  I'eliie.' 
/'/■"(•.  SL  Pup.,  ?vlS.,  xi.  {)7.  Attaeheil  to  th.'*  ■■•,er  is  a  doennient  whieli 
seems  to  lie  t;eeret  -rf'.>r/vv((//.'.7"//(((.s'— instructions  to  th<^  goxcrnor  from  the 
viceroy  reiiuiriiii;  him  in  the  most  jiositiv  e  terms  to  allow  no  iut'reour.^e  with 
any  foi'eign  ves-el  exeept  to  furnish,  in  eas*'  of  urgent  ne<'d,  sucli  lelief  as  is 
demanded  hy  the  hiw  of  nations — ami  es]ieeially  to  ]ire\ent  any  knowledge 
of  the  eonntry  Ik  ing  aei(nii-ed.  1'here  is  little  doulit  tlierefoi'e,  tiiou"ii  this 
]i'!per  is  unsigned  auil  umhited,  that  ^Vrrillaga,  aetfd  umler  direct  order.-;  fidm 
hi  1  superiors.  S'.e  also  LI.,  xxi.  I'JI.  .Ian.  l.">,  ITi'l.  Ai'rilla'ra  fays  to  the 
viieniy  tluit  Vaneouvei'appi'.rently  did  not  want.^uipplie  ;  I  mt  merely  toexjilore, 
:;nd  he  \\v.^  v.-anii  d  the  eonnnandants  aeeor.iingly.  A/.,  xxi.  VM  Nov.  14, 
17'.';),  .Vrrilla'.a.  to  (Joyeoeeliea  of  Santa  Jjai'liara,  Vancouver  is  to  lie  nfuLCil 
supplies  since  he  has  declined  thcni  at  Moutcrcy.   I'roc.  liic,  .M.S.,  i.  "JOT. 


'\l 


r 


I: 


,i 


f   ' 


C22 


RULK  OF  ARRILLAOA. 


couvci's  .anticipations  wore  loss  liij^h  tlian  forniorly 
tlio  J'^ii'^lisliinan  was  in  jLJood-hunior,  True;  (loycoo- 
olica,  ]'o(|uii'c(l  tli(^  nu^n  to  rotiro  to  tlioir  ships  at  Jii,!j;'lit, 
and  Vancomrr  hinisolt'  ordorod  Ids  nion  to  kocp  al- 
M'ays  in  sii^Iit  of  tlio  piosidio  in  their  rooroations  ;  and 
though  poi'sonal  kindness  from  otticials  witii  pei'niis- 
Bion  t<.>  ohtain  wood  and  water  an<l  moat  and  vegetal >los 
woi'o  the  oidy  hospitalities  extended,  yi't  the  visitoi' 
was  dehnhtoil  with  Ids  reception,  and  it  never  occurred 
to  him  that  it  was  not  so  very  different  from  that  in 
the  north.  F;ithors  Mij^uel  and  Tapis  were  very  kind, 
tlioui^li  it  does  not  quite  appear  that  they  entertained 
their  ij^uost  at  thonussion;  and  Santa  Maria  hastened 
lip  from  San  IJuonavcntura  with  a  ilot.'k  of  siioep  and 
as  many  vegetables  as  twenty  mules  could  carry. 
After  spending  a  most  agreeable  wock  the  navigators 
sot  sail  on  the  IHtli. 

Santa  ]Maria  returned  to  San  T     naventura  in  the 
Discorcnj,  and  A'ancouvor  sjiont  ;  at  that  mission, 

where  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  intercept  a  courier 
bound  for  Monterey  with  the  latest  European  news. 
Naming  on  the  May  points  Felipe,  Vicente,  Dumetz, 
Formin,  and  Lasuoii,  he  arrived  at  San  Diego  Novem- 
ber 27th  and  was  kindly  welcomed  by  Grajera  and 
Zuhiga,  who  had,  however,  received  from  Arrillaga 
"many  sovoro  and  inhospitable  injunctions"  which 
they  were  obliged  against  their  inclinations  to  obey, 
though  they  ivceived  some  packets  to  be  forwarded  to 
San  ]^lus  and  ^Mexico.  Lasuen  arrived  from  San 
Juan  Ca})istrano  just  before  the  departure  of  the  ves- 
sels, too  late  to  bring  su])plies  from  San  Juan  as  ho 
wished,  but  in  time  to  receive  a  handsome  barrel- 
organ  as  a  gil't  for  liis  San  Carlos  church.  Vancouver 
left  the  port  of  San  ])iego  December  i)th  to  cross  the 
Pacific.  During  this  second  visit  to  the  coast  he  had 
learned  nothing  respecting  the  Nootka  question; 
neither  had  he  recovered  his  deserters,  who  had  l)eeii 
Bont  to  San   Bias  as  already  related.'*^     In  ]\Iai'ch  of 


*'Oii  tliia  voyage  after  leaving  Monterey,  sec  Vancouver's  Voy.,  ii.  443-70. 


MAUITIMR  AFFAIRS. 


523 


tliis  year  Don  Juan  Francisco  do  la  Bo(lot,^a  y  Ciiadra, 
cominander  at  San  Bias,  and  discf)veivr  of  tin;  Cali- 
Ininian  l)ay  that  boars  his  nani(%  dicul,  an<l  was  suc- 
cot'dod  by  General  Jose  lilanuel  do  Aluva. 

()iic(!  more  did  Vancouver  visit  the  coast,  and  be- 
sides his  visit  there  is  not  n»ucli  to  be  saiil  of  mari- 
time affairs  f»r  foreign  relations  durinijf  the  year  171)4. 
TIk^  viceroy  approved  Arrillaga's  ])olicy  and  acts 
toward  foreign  vessels.'*'  A  report  was  receivd  from 
Saavi'dra,  now  commanding  at  Xootka,  that  a  forty- 
gun  slii})  was  coming  from  England  to  relieve  \'an- 
couverand  settle  the  northern  question;  but  Arrillaga 
replied  that  a  treaty  had  been  formed  and  no  danger 
need  ))e  apprehended.'*'^  The  dniecpclon,  jNTenende:^ 
in  command,  brought  up  the  supplies  and  five  [)adres 
to  San  Francisco  in  June,  and  during  the  year  visited 
all  the  Californian  ports.  Two  Manila  vessels,  the 
Viddes  under  Bertodano,  and  Ilorcasitas,  under  Mon- 
dojia,  touched  at  Monterey  in  July  and  August.'*^  The 
A)'<uizazu  made  two  trips  down  from  Xootka  arriving 
in  July  and  September.  On  the  former  voyage  slio 
was  under  an  American  conunander,  John  KcMidrick. 
He  came  for  supplies  and  also  for.  the  men  that  had 
been  destined  for  Bodega;  but  the  latter  had  ah'eady 
been  shipped  on  the  Conccpclon.  Father  jNIagin 
Catala  caujc  down  with  Kendrick  and  refused  to  re- 
turn to  Nootka,  though  the  president  had  no  author- 
ity to  send  another  chaplain  in  his  place  and  though 
the  pious  captain  vowed  he  would  hold  the  ])a(lres 
I'osponsible  before  God  and  the  king  for  the  lack  of 
spiritual  rations  on  board  his  vessel.  TIk;  diiliculty 
.seems  to  have  been  settled  by  Gili  going  on  board  the 

*'-June  11,  1704,  viceroy  to  ;_'ovrnior,  .appioviiig  the  n'oejition  of  Viiii- 
couvcr  iuid  orders  given  to  coiiiiiiiiiichiMLS  to  i)i'evoiit  an  exiiiuiniitioii  of  tiio 
country  nnil  the  shipment  of  cattle  to  foieiL'n  estiil)lishnu.'nts.  I'rur.  Si.  /'(i/i., 
MS.,  xi.  177-S;  linr  the  ilay  before  lie  Irnl  forwaniitl  ii  royal  onh  i-  of  Mnrcli 
•_'.j,  170.'?,  frrantini;  shelter  to  Mnjiiisli  vessels  in  Spanisli  ports.    /(/.,  17(>. 

^■'Saavethii  to  Arrill:i'.:;a,  .liinc^  1.').  ITOl,  in  J'ri,r.  ,S/.  I'ap.,  }.!.-;.,  :;ii.  •J07. 
Arrilla-ii  to  Saavedra,  July  l.",'h.   A/.,  'JOS. 

"  On  move  nients  of  vessels  for  17i)l  see  Prov.  St.  /''■/>.,  ?i!;-^..  si.  iiil>,  H'.')- 
G;  xii.  12,  U,  l()(J-7,  121,  I.VJ-1,  liiS,  iOl-i,  1211;  x.xi.  140-7;  /'/"C.  AV-'., 
MS.,  vi.  -JS,  30,  43;  viii.  14U. 


I 


524 


PwULE  OF  ARRILLAGA. 


Conccprion,  whose  rci^ulur  (.•liM.plaiu  wa.s  transferred  to 
tlie  .\,\iii'm:.u.  Keiulriek  was  luialJe  to  obtain  ali 
the  sui)])hes  ho  desired,  especially  in  hogs  and  medi- 
cine; neither  were  there  men  enough  that  eoidd  be 
s[)ared  as  sul)stitutcs  for  the  sick  he  brought  down, 
thougli  two  or  three  were  sent.*' 

xVljout  the  Nootka  settlement  ni  connection  with 
California  I  have  only  to  say  hero  that  the  reasons  for 
itij  maintenance  by  Spain  had  ceased  to  exist,  and  bv 
the  terms  of  a  treaty  of  January  II,  1794,  it  was 
al)andoned  by  both  powers  in  March,  I7i)5,  California 
obtaining  apparently  a  few  of  the  retiring  soldiers/" 


m 


Vancouver  came  back  across  the  Pacific  and  ai- 
rived  at  Nootka  in  September  J  71)4.  He  found  thei'e 
Alava,  the  successor  of  Cuadra."  Alava's  instructions 
had  in  it  however  arrived,  and  after  waiting  till  the 
middle  of  October  both  commissioners  went  down  to 
jMonterey,  in  the  Pn'ncc.sa,  J)/scorrri/,  and  C/«if/ioin, 
arriving  on  the  2d,  (5th,  and  7th  of  November.^"  The 
old  slights  were  still  weighing  on  the  Englisli  com- 

*'' Keii<lr'i''l\  Cnrrenpovilenna  con  el  Golicrnadar  ArriUafin  xohre  cosrt.s  de 
Kixitbi,  ]~'M.  .MS;  <  'af(i/(i,  <  'aria  sohrc  Kodt/.d,  1704,  MS.  Soe  !:l.'o7Vor.  .SV. 
/-'(/..,  AIS.,  xii.  I!IS- !),  'JlKI-i;};  xxi.  111.").  Tliei-u  luiil  been  sdiiio  minor  lorre- 
spomk'iRto  Ll;:'.t  liiisiiot  lit'i'ii  iiicntioiit'd  .iboiit  snp)  lies,  etc.,  for\<)olk;i  in  1701. 
Sia.  Ihn-hiira.  .MS..  .\i    IIS;  /V./c.  .SV.  Pup..  MS.,  x.  1,  •_'.  4.V(i,  140. 

■"iSoi!  llisl.  X.  ir.  C()a>~;,\.  ;i(iO-l,  tlnn  sirin.  Doc.  10,  1704,  ;,'(,vonioi-  to 
viceroy  iisUin^'  that  tlio  unniarrioil  soltlii'is  from  Nootka  lii'  ictaincd  ti  liU 
Viiwniuiis  iu  Calilornia.  J'rar.  Hcc,  MS.,  vi.  ',V2.  (Iranted  ilaicli  II,  170.">. 
I'rar.  St.  I'fi/i.,  ]MS.,  xiii.  \'2'2~'.\.  Tlio  Ar.li'a,  ("apt.  licrtodano,  airivi<l  at 
Jlontcroy,  lob.  I.'i,  17!).">,  and  sailed  March  l'2th,  having;  on  hoard  Pit  ice  and 
Alava,  the.  l".ii;;li,-h  and  Siiani.sji  commissioners  for  tiic  'disoocuiiation.'  Tlie 
PriKCCKii.  iiiid*  r  ridaljrii  lel  t  .Mrmtcrey  for  San  lUas  Ajiril  8lh.  The  San  ( 'I'lrlas 
uiidei'  Saa\  ttira,  arii\ed  from  Nootk.i  ^lay  I  ■Jtii. and  sailed  forSau  l!lasin.lune. 
Saavedra-  liron^lit  down  '21  natives  nom  Nootka  wlio  were  l),i|)ti/;cd  at  San 
(.'.'irlos  t\.i  17  otiiers  had  heeii  iu  Xo\-einl>er  1701.  ilnrila  ,li'  Mi.r.,  vii.  2ti(j ; 
J'roi:  ,SV.  I'(i/i.,  -MS.,  xiii.  SO,  S!»;  I'rur.  Her.,  MS.,  vi.  ;;7.  41);  'laiilnr'.-<  hU- 
V(tirirrf!(ii,i.'  I'iKuiili  r<,  No.  12."),  ]i.  141,  No.  'JS,  p.  177;  /'/.,  in  I  'aK  /■'irnn  r,  A]iril 
20,  ISi'O.  'J'ayliir  repeats  a  groundless  .^tory  tliat  th<'  Nnotka  chief  Miii|uinn:i 
came  down  witii  a  siu  and  (laughter;  (Jregorio  and  .Jo.^e  Tapia,  living  at  Sanla, 
Cruz  in  i(i.".4,  ))( ing  his  caainlsoiis. 

■"  May  10,  1704,  viceroy  to  governor,  Alava  to  ."ail  iu  tlie  Prinro'^a  and  to 
receive  all  aiil  and  attention  in  California.  Prov.  SI.  Pu/i.,  ]MS.,  \i.  171.  Aug. 
'JO,  1704,  thi.-i  onler  cuhimuuicated  hy  governor  t(j  comniauc'auts.  J'rur.  Jiic, 
MS.,  iv.   117. 

■"•Xov.  .'id,  .Argiiello  to  governor,  aiUKJUncing  the  Chatliain'.-i  arrival  on 
Nov.  'id  and  Nov.  7ili,  that  of  tlie  ])i.<n,ri  rii  on  Nov.  .")tli;  delivery  of  desei't* 
er.s;  tiuuding  a  courier  to  San  Diego.   Proc.  St.  Pap.,  ^iS.,  xii.  144-7. 


VANCOU\'ER'S  THIRD  VISIT. 


525 


uiandor's  mind;  but  ho  wai<  comfbrtcxl  by  loarninir 
I'lom  Alava  that  tlio  viceroy's  "very  liuuianc  and 
hberal  intentions  had  no  doubt  been  materially  mis- 
understood b}'-  Scfior  Arrillai^a;"  and  still  nnn't;  uheu 
he  knew  that,  "Arrillajja  liavinLf  boon  ordered  to 
some  inferior  establishment,''  ArgUeJlo  Avas  tem])o- 
])orarily  in  command  until  the  ^'overnor  should  arrive. 
Argliello  placed  everything  at  his  visitor's  disposal, 
and  as  the  latter  had  now  learned  not  to  construe 
Spanish  expressions  of  courtesy  too  litc?rally,  all  went 
well.*'^  No  instructions  for  either  Vancouver  or  Alava 
luid  arrived,  and  a  courier  was  sent  to  San  Diejjfo. 
On  November  1 1th  Governor  Borica  arrived  to  con- 
linn  and  continue  the  courtesies  olfered  by  the  com- 
mandant. The  same  day  despatches  came  ibr  Alava, 
who  ooniided  the  information  tha!  the  Nootka  (pies- 
tit)n  had  been  amicably  adjusted  at  corut,  and  that  a 
new  connnission  had  been  issued  relieving  A^ancouver. 
Borica  received  similar  information  IVoni  the  new 
viceroy,  Branciforte,  with  instructions  to  receive  the 
new  commissioner.^" 

Beniainiii<j:  at  Montercv  till  December  2d  Van- 
couver  was  chiefly  engaged  in  preparin.g  his  I'eports 
and  ''liarts,  a  copy  of  which  was  sent  to  ]Cngland 
thi'ovinh  ]\[exico.  In  the  mean  time  liis  (h^sorters  were 
recovi'retl,  the  vessels  were  overhauled,  and  an  exeur- 

^' \ov.  lUtli,  the  governor  writes  to  the  viceroy  that  wliili' liiirmoiiy  was 
pivserveil,  X'aiu'oiiver  was  j^'iven  to  iiiiderstaud  that  lii ;  adiiiissi'iii  to  the  tort 
wan  a  N|'i'eial  favor,  ami  adds  that  on  aeeouiit  of  XanconveiV  past  i'liriosity 
]>i'eeantioiiary  orders  had  Iieen  f;iven  to  eoiniiianclaiUsaiid  |iiidres.  /';■',■•.  A'(<-., 
MS.,  v".  ■_'!).  Dee.  "JOth,  the  governor  says  \'aiieoiiver  was  .satislied  witli  Ids 
treatment,  hut  was  noc  alh)wed  to  make  observations  on  those  matters  that 
Were  to  lie  kejit  from  him.  I'lOi'.S/.  J'a/i..  .MS.,  xxi.  "JlO-li.  .V  eireuhir  order 
dated  Nov.  I'Jtii  was  sent  to  the  missions  fori  lidding'  tin-  '  lUneoursi^  \t-itli 
foreign  vess'  is,  or  any  fnrnisjiing  of  sii|i]iiii's,  exeept  in  eases  of  nrgent  neees- 
sity.  when  the  co.'poral  of  the  guard  may  furnish  w  hat  is  ;di::o!ute!y  neeessary 
and  (U'uiandeil  hy  *he  laws  of  !ioS|iitaiity.  Vaneouvcr  has  l)i  rMi  .supplied  aiid 
must  reei'ive  nothing  more.  Arrh.  J r.iJiiiiifi  /i>,  .MS.,  i.  41,  4:!;  I'lor.  lUr., 
MS.,  vi.  l4l-'2.  The  p.idres  ]'ronnsed  oliedieiiee;  at  least  all  but  those  of 
Siiledad,  who  .said  they  ivould  he  glad  to  eariy  mit  the  govi'm^r's  iiistrui'tious 
'sliould  it  ever  plctihc  divine  jirovidcuce  to  favor  theii  inland  niissioM  \iiliia 
port!' 

•'^  May  1(5,   1704,  viceroy  to  governor,  mentions  a))pointnu!nt  of   a  ni'W 


^'iimi.v- ioner.   I'mr.  SI.  /'n/i.,  MS.,  xi.  171- 
aeknowleilgcb  receipt.   Pivv.  lice,  MS.,  vi.  2D. 


Nov.   rjtli,  gov.  to  viceroy, 


j: 

\  Ml 

i  > 


620 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAGA. 


sioii  Avas  made  into  what  is  now  known  as  Salinas 
A'alloy.  A  large  amount  of  supplies  was  obtained 
from  Monterey  and  Santa  Cruz.^^  This  done,  and 
having  left  on  the  beach  certain  articles  of  iron-ware 
M'hich  the  governor  had  refused  to  accept,  the  p]ng- 
lish  naviijator  bade  adieu  to  California  and  sailed  for 
England  by  way  of  Cape  Horn,  giving  the  comman- 
dants of  presidios  no  occasion  to  exercise  the  precau- 
tions still  ordered  in  case  of  trading  at  any  other 
port.'-- 

Captain  Vancouver  was  an  intelligent  and  honest 
Ih'itisli  sailor,  a  good  representative  of  a  good  class 
of  explorers  and  writers,  i)lain  of  speech,  and  a  reliable 
witness  on  matters  which  fell  under  his  personal  ol)ser- 
vation,  and  in  which  his  national  pride  and  prejudices 
W'cre  not  involved.  His  statements  of  the  condition 
of  the  (liiferent  establishments  visited  have  a  special 
value  and  will  be  utilized  in  my  chapters  on  local  prog- 
ress.    His  geographical  and  scientific  researches,  much 

*'  Vancouver  snys  that  Swaine  was  «oiit  with  three  boats  to  Santa  Cruz 
Nov.  27th  tor  garden  stilll',  and  v.;w  toleralily  successful.  Tho  archives  eon- 
t;iin,  however,  hcveral  (htcuinents  on  tlie  suhjeet.  Xov.  2."i,  171I4,  governor 
to  padres,  \'ancouver  liaving  sent  thi'ee  boats  insto/id  of  one  the  ))adres  must 
not  visit  tlieni  i)ut  send  su{)jilies  liy  Indians  and  wagons.  I'rnr.  7iVc. , '  'S.,  vi. 
]4"2-;^.  Mov.  'J.'jth,  gov.  to  i'or]>oral  iit  Sta.  t'ru/,  'J  hree  lioats  will  eonio  for 
suiii)li('s;  (hin't  let  them  l.ind,  for  the  I'adres  \\  ill  send  luiUans  v.  ith  the  ru|)- 
j)lies.  /(/.,  v.  '2',i.  Nov.  "Jltth,  ('orporal  Siiiiehoz  to  gov.,  he  ordered  the  llnglisli 
conunande,'  not  to  It  t  any  sailor.s  go  to  the  mission  and  ohedienec  was  pioiii- 
ised.  The  natives  lirougiit  tiie  supjilies  and  the,  lOnglish  di'parte(l  in  |»eace. 
7Vo".  /S7.  /'.(/'•,  M.S.,  xii.  43.  X'ov.  .'iOth,  Sal  to  gov.,  Xov.  -Jiitli,  the  cor- 
jKiral  reporied  tho  l-Jnglish  lioats  ajiproaehiiig,  an<l  .'^al  sent  live  men  from  San 
l''i.nici  ii'o,  v.ho  returned  saying  that  tlie  foreigners  had  retired  Nov.  ■J>tli 
Mithout  ilisorder.  The  soldier  who  brought  the  news  was  put  in  irons  for 
reporting  ineorreetly.    /(/.,  xii.  '.\--',i. 

■"'-'  l)ec.  ."!,  17'.'4.  governor  says  that  Vancouver  left  o!i  the  short"  .^oO.')  worth 
of  iron-ware.  /'rir.  llic,  ^IS.,  vi.  ',V1.  Jle  left  well  supplied  and  emitented. 
/'/.,  vi.  .Tl.  Pij.  1st,  .Vrgiiclli)  cci'tilii's  a  list  of  goods  including  "Jt  hlaiiUets 
left  in  .';pite  of  governor's  excuses.  I'rov.  SI.  J'n/i.,  lUii.  Md.,  MS.,  xxi.  o. 
])ee.  I7!'4!ind  I'eh.  17!)"i,  some  not  very  cle.ir  comnniniuitions  of  the  com- 
mandant of  ^^•lnta  I>;irl)ara  ahcnt  the  gifts  made.  J'ror.  SI.  Pap.,  !MS.,  xii. 
87;  xiii.'J;!.  Dec.  1st,  gov.  to  Sal,  I'epeats  '''.e  old  orders  forliichling  intercourse 
with  foreign  ves:-els.  I'rov.  /,'ir.,  ^MS.,  v.  *Jlj-7.  Feh.  -.'!,  17!>'',  viceroy  to  gov., 
approving  tii"  restrictions  imposed.  Vancouver  should  regard  his  admission 
«s  a  special  f.ivor.  /'roc.  .SV. /'(//*.,  MS.,  xiii.  II.  April  II.  I7'.l"),  viceroy  for- 
wards rovid  decree  >'oinmending  the  governor's  acts  in  not  allowing  \"anciin\  er 
to  examine  the  country  or  to  take  breeding  cattle  for  lOnglisii  colonies.  A':in- 
c'ouver  is  alluded  to  as  having  >isitetl  Siinta  I'iirliara  ami  San  Diego  '  luulei' 
pretence'  of  wanting  wood  and  water.  LI.,  xiii.  103  4. 


VANCOUVER'S  OBSERVATIONS. 


527 


jor^s  extensive  In  California  tlian  in  the  far  nortli,  need 
no  further  attention  hcre.'^^  His  persistence  in  ignoring 
the  name  California  and  extending  New  Alhion  down 
l)eyond  San  Diego  by  virtue  of  Drake's  so-called 'dis- 
covery'is  an  amusing  and  harmless  idiosyncrasy.  His 
ignorance  of  the  Spanish  lanirua<jo  and  the  i)ecnliarlv 
delicate  position  in  which  he  was  placed  on  account 
of  international  jealousies  led  him  into  many  errors 
respecting  matters  with  which  he  became  ac(piainted 
hy  conv'crsation  with  the  Spaniards,  his  narrative  in 
this  respect  presenting  a  marked  contrast  with  that  of 
La  l?('rouse;  yet  his  errors  are  mostly  contined  to 
names  and  dates  and  minor  details,  and  his  general 
statements  are  more  accurate  and  comprehensive  than 
might  have  been  expected.  With  the  natural  advaii- 
tages  of  the  country  he  was  favorably  impressed,  and 
of  them  he  lei't  a  fair  record.  Of  the  Spanish  j)eople 
Avith  whom  he  came  in  contact,  always  excepting 
Arrillaga  with  whom  he  was  unjustly  but  naturally 
offended,  he  speaks  in  kind  and  ffattei'ing  tei'ins, 
though  ciiticising  their  inactivity  and  iiulisposilion 
to  ta!-:e  advantage  of  tlu'  possibilities  by  which  tluy 
were  surrounded.  The  natives,  exci>pt  some  in  the 
Santa  .l>;irbaia  (^hannel,  seemed  to  be  a  race  of  the 
most  miserable  [)eings  ever  seen  jtossessing  the  faculty 
of  human  reason,  and  little  if  any  advantages  had 
attended  their  convei'sion.  Yet  he  tcstilit-d  to  tlieir 
aflectlonate  attachment  to  their  missionary  benefac- 
tors, wliose  ain)s  and  methods,  without  attempting  a 
discnssioii  of  tlie  mission  system,  ho  njipi-oves,  look- 
ing for  gradual  success  in  laying  foundations  for  civil 
society.  For  the  friars  personally  he  had  nothing  but 
enthusiastic  [)raise. 

What  was  needed  to  stinudate  true  progress  in 
California  was  a  friendly  conuiiercial  intd'course  with 
foreigners,  to  create  new  wants,  intrt)duc((  new  coni- 

■'■'' Viiiii'duvcr's  (itlas  contains  a  caivfully  prf'p.'ircd  ninp  (in  ii  ]:\v^f  sonlti, 
lic:ttur  tliiin  liny  of  carliui'  diitc,  of  the  wholi'  Califoi  iiia  ito.ist,  wl.icli  I  repro- 
duce. Tin  re  iiru  eliartrt  of  'I'rinid.ul  V>:\\.  San  lUeL'o,  and  tlio  entriince  to  San 
Frunciseo,  and  seven  views  of  points  along  the  coast. 


w 


i 


I' 


f  mill 


Ml  't  b 


m 


Li.  i! 
41 


528 


RULE  OF  ARRILLAGA. 


Vancoi  vi;u's   Map,   17!)4. 


AN  EXGLISH  VIEW  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


620 


forts,  give  an  impetus  to  Industries  and  a  value  to 
lands  and  produce;  this  and  a  proper  decree  of  atten- 
tion from  the  court  of  ]\Iadrid.     For  with  California 
considered  as  a  Spanish  ])ossession  the  English  navi- 
gator was  greatly  disappointed.     The  actual  condition 
of  the  pco[»le  "ill  accorded  with  the  ideas  we  had  con- 
ceived of  the  sumptuous  manner  in  which  the  Spaniards 
live  on  this  side  of  the  globe."     "Instead  of  finding  a 
country  tolerably  well  inhabited  and  far  advanced  in 
cultivation,  if  we  except  its  natural  pastures,  Hocks 
of  sheep,  and  herds  of  cattle,  there  is  not  an  object  to 
indicate  the  most  remote  connection  with  any  Euro- 
]»can  or  other  civilized  nation."     At  the  weakness  of 
C'allfornian  defenses  Vancouver  was  particular!}-  sur- 
])rised.     "The  Spanish  monarchy  retains  this  extent 
of  country  under  its  authority  by  a  force  that,  had  we 
not  been  eye-witnesses  of  its  insignificance  in  many 
instances,  we  should  hardly  have  given  credit  to  the 
jiossibihty  of  so  small  a  body  of  men  keeping  in  awe 
and  under  subjection  the  natives  of  this  country,  with- 
out  resorting    to    harsh    or   unjustifiable   measures." 
The  soldiers   "are  totally  incapable  of  niiddng  any 
resistance  against  a  foreign  invasion,  an  event  which 
is  by  no  means  improbable."     "Why  such  an  extent 
of  territory  should  have   been  thus  subjugated,  and 
after  all  the  expense  and  labour  that  has  been  bestowed 
on  its  colojiization  turned  to  no  account  whatever,  is 
a  mystery  in  the  science  of  state  policy  not  easily  to 
be  expkiined."  '*     I  shall  chronicle  in  the  succeeding 
cliai)ters  a  series  of  cfibrts,  not  very  brilliantly,  or  at 
least  permanently,   successful,   to    remedy  the   evils 
complained  of  by  Vancouver. 


■''*For  ijenernl  rcmnvks.  in  atlditiou  to  those  scattered  tlirougli  the  narra- 
tive, sec  l'<i;iai,i(\  ii.  4S()-,")()4. 
Hist.  Cai.,  Vol.  1.    Ul 


CHAPTEK    XXV. 


Ifr"!- 


RULE  OP  BOIIICA,  FOREIGN  RELATIONS,  AND  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 

1704-1800. 

Diego  dk  Borica — Akrival  at  Loreto— Branciforte  Viceroy — Borica's 
Journey  TO  Moxterev — Arrillaga's  Instructions — Ciiar.ms  oe  Cali- 
fornia—Resume  of  Events  in  Borica's  Term  of  Oitici': — Coast 
Defences— Promised  Rienforcejients— Fuencii  War  Contrirutkin 
—  Foreign  Vessels  —  Precautions — The  '  Pikexix' — BiiouGimi.s's 
Visit — The  'Otter'  of  Boston — A  Yankee  Trick — Arrival  of 
Alberni  and  the  Catalan  Volunteers — Engineer  Cordoba's  Sur- 
veys— War  with  England — Coasting  Vessels — War  Contribution — 
Distribution  of  Forces — Map  of  California — The  'Eliza' — Tin; 
'Betsy' — War  with  Russia — Indian  Affairs— Minor  Hostilities — 
Campaigns  of  Amador,  Castro,  and  Moraga. 

"  The  new  governor  whom  his  Majesty  is  to  ap- 
point in  place  of  the  deceased  Lieutenant-colonel  Don 
Jose  Romeu  must  have  the  advantages  of  good  talent, 
military  skill,  and  experience,  robust  health  for  the 
greatest  hardships,  prudent  conduct,  disinterestedness, 
energy,  and  a  true  zeal  for  the  service;  since  all  theso 
he  needs  in  order  to  traverse  frequently  the  broad  tei- 
ritories  of  the  peninsula,  strengthen  defences,  regulate 
the  prcsidial  troops,  prevail  by  skill,  or  if  that  suffice 
not  by  force,  over  the  ideas  and  aims  and  pnyudiciid 
introduction  of  the  Enfjlish,  and  contribute  to  tlus 
advancement  of  pueblos  and  missions."  Such  were  tlio 
views  of  Viceroy  Hevilla  Gigedo;^  such  were  the  qual- 
ities sought  in  Ilomeu's  successor,  and  believed  with 
much  reason  to  have  been  found  in  Licutcnant-colon(>l 
Don  Diego  do  Borica,  adjutant-inspector  of  jiresidios 
in  Chihuahua,  who  early  in  1794  was  appointed  g<»v- 


^Jievilla  Gigcdo,  In/orme  de  12  de  Abril  17D3,  152-3. 


(630) 


COMIXG  OF  THE  GOVERNOR. 


531 


ornor,  political  and  military,  and  comTnaiidant-inspcctor 
of  tho  Califoriiias.  He  took  possession  of  his  oflico 
at  Loreto  the  1 4th  of  JNIay,  having  arrived  two  days 
l)of()re  bj^  sea  from  San  Bias  accompanied  by  his  wife 
and  daughter.  On  the  same  day  he  communicated  his 
accession  to  officials  in  Alta  California  and  sent  Ari-i- 
llajjfa  instructions  to  continue  actinix  f^s  Qfovernor  until 
ho  should  arrive  at  Monterey.^  Shortly  after  Borica 
jissumed  office  his  friend  the  viceroy,  to  whom  proba- 
bly he  owed  the  appointment,  was  replaced  l>y  the 
Conde  de  Branciforte,  who  on  July  12th  took  posses- 
sion of  the  office.  His  succession  was  announced  in 
California  in  November.^ 

Borica  remained  two  months  and  more  at  Loroto, 
attending  as  may  be  supposed  to  aflairs  of  state,  but  in 
the  mean  time  by  no  means  neirlectino;  the  friends  left 
in  Mexico,  to  whom  he  wrote  long  epistles  narrating 
iu  a  witty  and  jocose  vein,  for  he  was  "a  fellow  of 
infinite  jest,"  the  details  of  his  journey  to  California 
with  its  attendant  sea-sickness,  which  had  rendei'td 
the  mere  mention  of  the  ocean  a  terror  to  tho  kuUes. 
At  Loreto,  where  the  governor  represented  liimself 
as  "  haciendo  en  esta  Barataria  mas  alcaldadas  que 
Sancho  Panza  en  la  suya,"  health  was  regained  and  all 
went  well.  The  1st  of  July  he  sent  to  the  king  a 
lietition  for  a  colonel's  commission,  which  he  received  iu 
the  autunm  of  1795.*  It  was  his  intention  as  announced 
in  several  letters  to  complete  the  journey  to  Monterey 
by  land,  but  as  the  ladies  regained  their  health  and 

^Letters  of  Borica  in  May  1794  to  various  persons  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS., 
xxi.  190,  198-"20.");  xii.  174;  ProL'.  A'c.,  ^IS.,  iv.  Il,j-1G;  vi.  •J.S.  Tlicrf  .sceiiia 
ti)l)o  littloornodoubta])ontMay  14tli  as  tho  date  of  taking  possession;  biittliu 
(l;iy  <if  arrival  is  given  by  Uorica  himself  in  ilillerent  letters  as  May  lltli,  TJlh, 
inid  IlJtli.  Miiy  ;jlst,  Lasnen  from  Santa  Barliara  congratulates  tlie  new  gov- 
(inor.  Arch.  Artoh'iniiadn,  MS.,  i.  ."(i.  July  Hist,  Conimamlant  of  San  Oiego 
lias  received  the  anncnuicement  and  proclaimed  it  in  his  district.  Pnv.  SI. 
J'l'li.,  MS.,  xii.  20.  Arrillaga  to  same  elleet  iVug.  4tli.  Iil.,  xxi.  19(J.  \ivv 
riiy  has  received  the  news  Aug.  .")th.  /(/. ,  xi.  190-1.  Aug.  '2d,  Argiiello  orders 
Uorica  proclaimed  as  gov(!rn()r  at  .San  Jose.  (SV(/(  Jd.'k',  Arch.,  M.S.,  iil.  •J.'i. 

■'July  T),  1794,  Uevilla  (iiyedo  amiounecs  tlie  arrival  of  ids  successor,  llo 
will  he  glai'  to  keep  up  a  private  ci>rrespundence  witii  Uorica.  Proc.  SI.  /'ii/>., 
M.S.,  xi    ....    July  rjth,  ISranciforto  announces  Ills  accession.  /</.,  xi.  iSi). 

'  J'mr.  St.  Pa)>.,  MS.,  xi.  197;  xiii.  bo;  xiv.  "29;  Pruv.  lice,  MS.,  v.  71; 
vi.  20;   at.  I'lip.,  Hue,  MS.,  xvii.  U. 


032 


RULE  OF  BORIC  A— FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


!  U"  ] 


courage,  and  M'crc  made  acquainted  witli  the  prospec- 
tive difficulties  of  the  peninsula  route  in  time  ol' 
drought,  the  plan  was  changed.  All  went  on  board 
the  Saturnlna  July  20th,  and  four  days  later  set  sail 
for  San  Luis  Bay  far  up  the  gulf.  The  winds  and 
other  circumstances  seem  to  have  been  unfavor.'d)le,  for 
on  the  28th  the  governor  decided  to  land  at  Santa 
Ana  and  make  his  way  to  San  Fernando  and  across 
the  frontier  by  land."  With  the  exception  of  sonic 
correspondence  about  the  furnishing  of  escorts  and 
animals  by  the  different  commandants  along  the  way 
we  know  nothing  of  the  journey  until  he  reached  San 
Juan  Capistrano  in  the  middle  of  October." 

Here  he  met  Arrillaga,  who  had  left  Alonterey  in 
September,  and  spent  four  days  in  consultation  with 
that  officer,  starting  northward  the  I7th  of  October.^ 
Here  I  suppose  were  delivered  by  Arrillaga  the 
instructions  left  by  each  retiring  governor  for  the 
guidance  of  his  successor,  though  the  document  as 
preserved  bears  no  date.  It  was  intended  to  acquaint 
the  new  ruler  with  the  condition  of  affairs  in  the 
jtrovince;  but  it  is  devoted  almost  entirely  to  local 
and  minor  details,  containing  nothing  of  general  in- 
terest with  which  the  reader  is  not  already  acquainted, 

*Oii  embarkation  and  voyage,  see  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  75;  Pror.  Rir., 
Ms.,  vi.  134.  July  10th,  governor  writes  to  viceroy  on  the  dillicultics  of  llic 
l;ui(l  jciirney.  /(/.,  vi.  'J(i.  I  think  the  name  Santa  Ana  niaj*  ho  an  ornn-,  or 
tliat  there  miiy  have  boon  a  locality  of  that  name  north  of  Loreto;  for  it  sccnis 
hardly  probable  that  the  vessel  was  driven  far  south,  or  that  Lorioa  visi'ad 
Loroto  a^'ain  on  his  way  north.  Vancouver,  Voyaijc,  iii.  330-1,  tells  us  that 
Lorioa  had  come  all  the  May  from  Mexico  on  horseback. 

•^.Tuly  28th,  Borica  to  1'.  Calvo,  asks  for  24  mules  and  2t  natives,  for  his 
journey  to  San  Fernando.  Prov.  Per.,  MS.,  vi.  l."4.  An';ust  (ith,  (.!r:ijcia  to 
iJorica,  Has  sent  2'J  mules,  35  horses  with  8  soldiers  under  Corporal  Olivcra 
frnm  San  Diego.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  10.  Sept.  8th,  'N.' from  San  Fer- 
nando to  commandant  at  Sta  Bdrbara,  asks  for  10  men  and  ol  animals  to  lie 
pent  at  once;  similar  demand  enclosed  for  commandant  at  ^ilonterey  for  escort 
to  be  sent  to  San  Luis.  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  iv.  I.  Sept.  15th,  LToycoeclica 
Avi:ihes  a  pleasant  journey  and  a  safe  arrival  to  Borica  and  ln"s  wife  and 
dau-hter.  'C.  P.  B.'  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  102.  Oct.  1st  and  2d,  Ar- 
giiello  to  Borica  and  to  Arrillaga,  Has  sent  CO  animals  with  10  men  to  San 
Luis.  /(/. ,  xii.  147. 

'  Arrillaga  was  at  ^lonterey  Sept.  IGth,  and  left  before  Sept.  22d.  Pmr. 
Si.  Pap. ,  !MS.,  xii.  152-3.  Oct.  lUth,  Boi'iea  to  viceroy  announcing  conference 
with  Ai'rillaga  and  intention  to  stai-t  next  day.  Pror.  I'ec,  M.S.,  vi.  2.'>.  l)ec. 
17th,  viceroy's  acknowledgment  of  above.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi.  207. 


A  CONVIVIAL  RULER. 


633 


tluTcforc  I  do  not  deem  it  necessary  to  reproduce  it 
liere  even  en  resume.^  Arrillaga  proceeded  to  Loreto 
to  resume  his  duties  as  lieutenant-jjovernor:  wliile 
JJorica  contnuied  liis  journey  northward  to  the  capital 
where  ho  arrived  the  Dth  of  November."  With  Mon- 
terey the  new  ruler  was  delighted,  deluging  his 
friends  and  relatives  with  letters  in  praise  ot'  the 
country  immediately  on  his  arrival.  *'To  rivir  miicho 
and  without  care  come  to  Monterey,"  he  tells  them. 
"Tliis  is  a  great  country;  climate  healthful,  between 
cold  and  temperate;  good  bread,  excellent  meat, 
tolerable  fish;  and  hou  hurneur  which  is  worth  all  the 
rest.  Plenty  to  eat,  but  the  most  astounding  is  the 
general  fecundity,  both  of  rationals  and  irrationals. 
'J'he  climate  is  so  good  that  all  arc  getting  to  look 
like  Englishmen.  This  is  the  most  peaceful  and  quiet 
country  in  the  world;  one  lives  better  here  than  in 
the  most  cultured  court  of  Europe."  He  was  busy 
with  routine  duties  at  first,  but  he  found  time  for 
convivial  pleasures  with  Vancouver,  Puget,  Alava,  and 
Eidalgo,  all  jolly  good  fellows,  and  not  one  of  whom 
was  more  than  a  match  foi*  iJorica  "before  a  dozen  of 
Ivhine  wine,  port,  or  Madeira.  "^*^ 

The  Spanish  authorities  were  now  somewhat  aroused 
to  the  importance  of  strengthening  Californian  coast 
defences,  and  this  subject  was  therefore  still  more 
l>romincnt  in  Borica's  term  of  office  than  it  had  been 
•  hnin<jf  Arrillacja's  administration.  To  conniensate 
the  soldiers  for  labor  begun  on  the  presidio  ))uilding8 
in  Eages'  time  an  appropriation  of  §5,200  had  been 
made  from  the  royal  treasury  to  be  expended  in  sup- 
l)lies.^^     In  the  middle  of  17Do  some  guns  and  work- 

^  ArrUhtfjd,  Papcl  de  Pinitoi^  ])ara  conodnuento  del  Gobernador  de  In 
P'uhisida,  ho.',.  MS. 

"ill  three  It'ltors  Boiica  says  he  arrisoil  on  Xov.  9th.  Prov.  S(.  Pap.,  MS., 
Nxi.  'J07-S;  Vmt  VniKouver,  y<iiiii:jv,  iii.  .'i.SO-l,  tiHirms  it  was  on  the  11th.  It 
is  diliiiult  to  miiUrstund  lioweiihcr  could  mistake. 

"]'.orica,'s  Letters  in  Nov.-Dcc.  1704.  Pioi:  St.  Pnp.,  M.S.,  xxi.  207-1'-'. 

"Oct.  '2(i,  17'J1,  viceroy  to  governor,  Has  ordered  the  ST'.SOO  paid  to  tlu; 
habililado  general;  §1,000  for  Monterey,  and  §1,-00  for  each  of  tlie  otl.er 


■'■'•'I 


634 


RULE  OF  BORICA-FOREIGX  RELATIONS. 


H      -'i 


men  liad  been  brouglit  up  from  San  Bias,  and  at. 
Borica's  arrival  in  the  autumn  of  1794  work  had  been 
«4<jin_i^  on  for  over  a  j'ear  on  the  San  Francisco  defences, 
Ix.'sides  some  slight  preparations  at  jNIonterey  and  San 
])icgo.  Details  of  })rogress  at  the  different  presidios 
may  be  more  appropriately  given  in  connection  with 
local  annals  in  another  chapter,  and  it  is  only  in  a 
general  way  that  I  propose  to  treat  the  subject  here,'' 
Viceroy  Ilevilla  Gigcdo  earnestly  recommended 
the  fortification  of  the  coast  in  his  instructions  <»f 
1704  to  his  successor  Branciforte,"  who  called  uj)on 
(/olonel  Costanso,  the  same  who  had  visited  Califor- 
nia with  the  first  expedition  of  17G9,  for  a  report  on 
the  sul>jcct.  Costanso's  report  was  rendered  Octo- 
ber J7tli  of  the  same  year,  and  was  to  the  effect  that 
the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  adequate  fortification 
were  insujierable.  The  author  had  no  faith  in  forts 
situated  in  a  distant  province  without  home  resources. 
The  only  way  to  protect  the  country  was  to  encourage 
f^ettlement  and  commerce.''     In  this  report,  however. 


presidios.  Jan.  15,  1702,  V.  R.  to  gov..  Gen.  Cnrcnba  snys  that .?."), 200  i.s  not 
cnmigli,  since  Fiigcs  liad  ustiniated  .^12,000  for  three  presidios.  The  \'.  IJ., 
however,  chiiins  tiiat  Fagcs' estimate  \va.s  on  the  basis  of  l.")()percentadvaiu'e 
oil  goods,  or  §5,200  without  that  advimce;  though  Fages  later  raised  the  esti- 
iiiati;  to  li,>12,000,  but  tids  had  no  approval  of  general  and  Iving.  He  therefore 
rrfuses  to  give  more  tlian  tlio  §."), 200  with  8-100  for  iiackage  an<l  fivight.  S/. 
J'ap.,  Snc,  MS.,  i.  40-7;  I'rov.  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  x.  112.  Some  details  aljout 
the  tlistrlhution  of  tlic  uniouut  among  the  presidios.  Id.,  xi.  54,  57;  xii.  57-0; 
I'rur.  Ji'cr.,  iv.  .S,  4. 

'-licginning  of  work  at  San  Francisco  .".anounccd  in  August  1703.  Pror. 
A/.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xxi.  113.  !Mareh  18,  1703,  commandant  of  San  IJhis  writes 
t'lat  lie  has  ordered  fortification  of  Uodega  and  the  presidios  (except  Sta  ]!ar- 
bara,  .supposed  to  lie  already  in  good  conilition).  The  vessels  will  bring  the 
needed  aid  and  the  work  is  to  begin  at  San  Francisco.  July  Sth,  governor  has 
lieard  of  the  viceroy's  approval  and  order  for  vcssids  to  carry  material.  Pnn: 
Si.  Pup.,  MS.,  xxi.  100-7  Jan.  22,  1704,  V.  R.  to  gov.,  says  the  Juntii 
Superior,  after  consulting  the  fiscal  determined  on  Dec.  28,  1703,  to  conclude 
tlic  presidio  works,  the  cost  to  be  paid  from  the  tobacco  revenue.  Tlie  gov- 
ernor must  form  estimates  and  finish  the  work  fis  solidly  and  <!cononiically  as 
possiiile.  /(/.,  xii.  180-1.  The  documcntof  Dec.  2Stli,  in  jXiKvaEs/iafia,  .Icii- 
irliiK,  MS.,  13,  14.  June  9th,  V.  R.  to  gov.,  has  ordered  BUj)ply-vessels  to 
transport  timber  from  Monterey  for  the  southern  defences.  Pnu;.  S/.  Pap., 
MS.,  xi.  175-0.  Arrillaga,  Papdih  Puiitoi^,  MS.,  102,  explained  his  plan  that 
tiie  workmen  at  San  Francisco  should  come  to  Monterey  to  prepare  timber 
for  that  place  and  for  the  south. 

"y.Vc(7/a  (Ivji'ilo,  Instrucdon,  MS.  i.  530. 

"  Ci,n(an,s(),  Iiijorme  ■^ohrr  d  l^rni/cio  (li'for'ijicar  los  Presidio^  ih'  hi  Xmvit 
Calfj'oruia,  HO.},  MS.     Tliis  ollieer  seems  to  have  been  prominent  in  his  pro- 


COAST  DEFE^•CES. 


635 


and  in  anotlier  of  July  1795  made  l>y  a  ooniniittco 
composod  of  Costanso,  Fidal^o,  and  Sanclie/,  bat- 
teries of  eij^'lit  twelve-pounders  were  roconuncnded 
with  ci^rhty  guiniers  for  the  ports,  with  a  view  solely 
to  protection  against  corsairs.  Defence  against  a  lios- 
tile  squadron  was  pronounced  impracticable,  and  in  case 
of  attack  nothing  was  to  bo  done  but  to  withdraw  tlui 
])eo})lo  and  live-stock  to  the  interior.  Vessels  should, 
however,  be  furnished  for  coasting  service,  for  which 
])urposo  three  very  small  ones  were  available  at  San 
J)las.^"  As  we  shall  see  it  was  decided  to  send  rciin- 
ibrcemcnts. 

During  1795  while  some  slight  progress  was  being 
made  with  the  fortifications,  the  war  in  France  was 
inciting  the  government  in  Spain  and  jMcxico  to  still 
llnther  measures  of  defence.  13orica  had  asked  early  iu 
this  year  for  armorers,  guns,  and  munitions  for  the  bat- 
teries being  constructed;  and  on  July  25th  the  viceroy 
replied,  promising  not  only  what  had  been  asked  but 
also  a  strong  retinforcement  of  troops.  He  announced 
that  a  con)pany  of  seventy- two  Catalan  volunteers 
under  Lieutenant-colonel  Pedro  Alberni  would  soon 
embark  from  San  Bias,  picked  men,  robust,  well 
l)ehaved,  and  for  the  most  part  married,  with  the 
best  arms  and  outfit  obtainable.  With  this  compaTiia 
franca  there  were  to  be  sent  seventeen  or  eighteen 
artiller3'men  and  three  armorers.  The  commandant 
general  had  orders  to  furnish  needed  aid  from  Sonora 
and  the  commandant  of  San  Bias  to  send  up  the  re- 
quired armament.  Moreover  two  small  vessels  were 
to  run  up  and  down  the  coast  to  bring  news  every  six 
months.  The  viceroy  concluded  by  a  repetition  of  tho 
old  orders  respecting  foreign  vessels  visiting  the  coast, 
]']nglisli  ships  to  be  treated   more   hospitably  than 


fussion.  I  have  before  me  several  originiil  rcportd  on  government  ^\■orks  in 
tlitlercut  parts  of  Mi'xi(.'o  from  17S8  to  ISOO.  He  is  inentiontd  by  Viceroy 
A/anza.  Ynstrmnon,  MS.,  l.")!).  Ho  reported  on  tlie  fortilicatious  of  Vera 
Cruz  as  late  as  1811.  Mixko,  Mem.  Oiurra,  IS.'/O,  20. 

^^  Saiic/icz,  Fidithjo,  anil  Costaiis6,  Infonne  sobre  auxilios  que  se  propone 
euciar  u  la  Cali/oriiia,  IJ  Julio,  1705,  JI8. 


i 


S36 


RULE  OF  BORICA-FOREION  RELATIONS. 


otlicTR,  l)ut  none  to  be  pcrn»ittccl  a  long  stay  or  any 
insjK'ction  oCllie  country.^" 

The  news  that  ^var  had  been  declared  between 
Spain  and  France  came  to  California  in  Octol)er  179;?, 
with  a  decree  of  the  viceroy  calling  on  faithful  sub- 
jects of  Carlos  IV.  for  a  contribution.  The  decree 
being  duly  published  the  Californians  responded  with 
!ir740,  as  was  announced  by  Borica  in  March  171)4; 
but  the  amount  was  declined  with  thanks  by  the 
viceroy  in  June,  and  thereupon  redistributed  to  the 
donors.^'  In  April  1795,  however,  thin;.;-5  in  Europe 
assuming  a  darker  aspect  for  Spain,  Branciforte  again 
chancjed  his  mind  and  indicated  his  willinofuess  to 
accept  the  Californian  donation,  and  even  urged  iu 
June  a  special  eflbrt  on  the  governor's  part  to  increase 
its  amount.  Borica  publishcid  the  api)eal,  and  calling 
on  officers,  friars,  soldiers,  and  neoj)hytes  to  assist, 
headed  tlie  list  himself  with  $1,C00.  The  missionaries 
still  ])rofessod  their  inability  to  give  anv  but  spiritual 
aid;  but  (jtlier  classes  responded  generou  ;}  ,  and  con- 
tributions reached  ^3,881.  In  the  early  spring  of 
1797  tlie  return  of  peace  was  made  known  in  Cali- 
foi-nia.^^ 

'" Drandfortc  d  Uorira  nohre/nrtalcer  Jas  Baterina  tin  !>rm  Franasco,  Montr' 
rnj,  etc.,  Il'^J,  ^IS.  On  «!inic  il;itc,  July  'Jotli,  viceroy  toj'ovonior,  of  Banic  pur- 
port, nu'i  lioiiiiif^'  the  sending  of  an  engineer,  nnd  iilso  deelaring  it  inipossiljlo 
to  fortify  iind  ilefenJ  the  whole  coast  a,i;iiinbt  superior  forces.  In  eniergiii- 
cies  aid  )  v:.:t  lie  kcjik;!;!/  from  Sonura.  I'r'iV.  St.  Puji,,  MS.,  xili.  o?>-4.  'I'lio 
actual  force  in  (.'aHfornia  %vus  '2'2o  men;  Arrillag.a's  plan  called  for  271;  and 
l'>orica'.s,  X)').  I'n.v.  St.  /'(tji.,  Leu.  J/(7.,  JIS.,  xix.  ."J,  4.  Hept.  22,  179.'),  the 
V.  R.  announces  that  tlie  company  of  volunteers  -was  inspected  at  Mexico  on 
8ept.  lltli  by  Col.  Sah'cdo,  and  found  in  good  condition.  Pioz'.  Sf.  Pep., 
xiii.  S.'l;  Xov.  ]  1th,  he  speaks  of  the  artillerymen,  ami  says  the  royal  treasury 
nt  Vera  Cru/,  pays  the  expense  to  the  end  of  17i)a.  /(/.,  xiii.  74;  St.  Pap.,  Sac., 
MS.,  vii.  4t-."). 

".Tune  •12,  170.1,  viceroy's  <lccrcc.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  \i.  120.  Oct.  Oth, 
Arrillaga  to  commandant  of  Monterey,  mentioning  decree  of  June  lOtli.  St. 
Pdji.,  Skc.,  MS.,  i.  111).  Oct.  2Sth,  Lasueu  says  the  padres  v.ill  contrihuto 
what  they  can — that  is  their  prayers.  Ai-ch.  Arzohisjiado,  MS.,  i.  30.  l)''c. 
7lli.  decree  hiis  been  published  in  l.oreto.  J'rov.  St.  P((p.,  ^18.,  xi.  14!). 
March  4,  1704,  (!ov.  to  V.  R.  announces  §740  as  the  amount.  Id.,  xxi.  i;i;>; 
xii.  03;  Pror.  J.'cc,  MS.,  vi.  31;  dncrla  dc  Mrx.,  vi.  .">78.  June  20th,  V.  K. 
declines  with  thanks  in  the  king's  name.  Id.,  xii.  3o;  xi.  ISO,  1.S2;  Pror. 
ItiC,  MS.,  viii.  144.  Xov.  11th,  (Jov.  announces  the  restitution.  Pror.  Ilcc, 
MS.,iv.  120. 

'''April  4,  170.'),  viceroy  to  governor,  accepting  the  donation.  Pror.  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.   114-15.     June  17th,  V.  R.  to  gov.  and  other  later  corrc- 


THE  'PIICEXIX,'  CAPTAIN  MOORE. 


687 


Th(!  orders  rospectiiiGf  precviutions  UL^aiii.st  f(>roii>;n 
vessels  wore  duly  prouml^ated;''''  Imt  opportunities  inr 
e;irryin,L(  them  into  execution  were  rare  in  17!)").  The 
visit  of  tlie  English  merchant  vessel  PIkcuIx,  Cap- 
tain jMooi'e — if  that  may  be  taken  as  a  satisfactory 
average  from  the  j\Ior,  Mayor,  INIoor,  Murr,  and  ^lorr 
of  the  archives — was  the  only  sensation  of  the  year, 
and  was  indeed  a  mild  one.  She  touched  at  Santa 
]>iirl)ara  in  August  from  Bengal  for  supplies,  affording 
ilie  pi-ovinci;il  authorities  an  excellent  opportunity  to 
ri'pi.'at  tlie  old  orders,  and  the  local  powers  to  carry 
out  the  hos])itable  hut  strict  policy  in  such  cases  pre- 
scribed. They  were  fortified  with  the  treaty  of  17*J0 
and  otiier  formidable  material  for  a  discussion  on  inter- 
national ohlirations;  but  the  Pli/cnlx  was  content  to 
receive  a  few  needed  supplies  and  sail  away.  jNIooro 
left  with  Goycoechea  a  Boston  lad  who  desired  to  re- 
main in  the  country  and  'become  a  Christian;'  but  ho 
was  sent  to  San  Bias  a  few  months  later.""     Six  letters 

spondcncoon  subject.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  v.  99-105.  July  lOtli,  Oct.  r2tli, 
lOtli,  CIov.  tocf)::iinaiiil!int3aiHliia<lrpa.  /Vor.yiVc,  .MS.,  iv.  ;j()-l,  \',)'>,  i;>7;  vi. 
l.")l.  Oct.  lSt!i,  Lasiini  tof^ov.  explaining  (lio  poverty  of  thopndrcs,  the  front 
st'fvice.i  tliey  are  n  ndering  the  king,  and  their  inability,  with  the  beat  Mislies, 
to  give  anything  but  their  prnvers  for  the  victory  of  Spanish  arms.  Arrh.  Sla 
JUU-hftm,  MS.,  xii.  'J.')-!;  St.  J'fip.  Sac,  MS.,  i'x.  88-9.'}.  Mardi  I'J,  17!»(i, 
announcement  (f  results,  bliowing  that  San  Francisco  gave  JjTOT ;  .Monterey 
and  San  .lose,  i;!''"!;  Santa,  li.irliara  and  Angeles,  >r'!)SO,  and  San  Die-'o,  .*().",!l. 
St.  Pap.,  Saf.,  MS.,  V.  98;  viii.  7");  Prov.  Her.,  MS.,  iv.  LVb  .)an.  17,  1797, 
\  iceroy';i  tlu'.iik.i  for  aid,  ineluding  the  prayers.  Arch.  Slu  Ijurhura,  MS.,  xii. 
'2;!i;  Prov.  J.'rr.,  JiS.,  vi.  181.  I'eaee  announced  by  V.  11.  Nov.  i:9,  179.">, 
and  solemn  mass  Cif  thanksgiving  ordered.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  7.'1. 
ruljlished  by  gov.  Feb.  '29,  1790.  J'rov.  LW.,  MS.,  iv.  144.  Original  letter 
of  Lasucn  afking  ]  adres  to  f-ay  mass  at  each  mi.ision.  JJoc.  ll't<t.  (,'(tl.,  MS., 
iv.  C,")-7.  (icaeral  amnesty  and  panlon  on  account  of  peace,  and  of  marriage 
(jf  princesses.    I'ror.  Pec,  MS.,  vi.  S'J;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  40. 

'*  Jan.  (),  179.'),  gr-vernor  orders  tiiat  oven  in  the  case  of  San  lilas  vessels, 
tlic  first  perrons  hauling  must  bo  closely  examined  to  bo  sure  they  are  really 
Spanianl.s.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  ^iLS.,  xiii.  10-17.  Nov.  '2d,  Sal  to  coniisi(jnadi) 
of  S.  .lorse  urging  itriet  compliance  with  the  V.  \Vn  orders  of  July  ■2.").  N.  ./oxj 
Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  "Jo.  Nov.  14th,  tToyeocehta  to  IVn'iea.  No  foreigner.s  will  ))0 
allowed  to  visit  tlic  country  on  horseback  or  to  get  breeding  animals.  Prov. 
St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  29-:]n. 

'■'"  I'ortrait  of  Thomas  Murr  sent  to  viceroy  (?).  Prov.  liec.  !MS.,  viii.  KiO. 
Sept.  .'')th,  (loycoeclica  to  lloriea.  Says  tlic  boy's  name  was  Dostones  and  ho 
was  of  good  parentage,  a  pilot  and  carpenter.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  09- 
70.  Cai't.  Matule  is  asked  to  cany  the  young  IJostonian  to  San  IMas.  A/. ,  xxi. 
'2;)0.  His  naiKC  v.as  .loscph  O'Cain,  an  Irishman,  an<l  he  »vent  in  the  Arnir:a:.ii 
(perhaps in  179(j).  i^rov.  7.Vc.,  MS.,  iv.  22-,1,.']0-l.  'This Englishman  isanativo 
of  IrckuJ  and  liia  parents  live  now  in  Boston.'  Frov,  St,  Pap.,  JJcii.  Mil., 


538 


r.ULE  OF  BORICA— FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


IV  m 


M'itli  English  addresses  were  taken  from  the  mail  tliis 
year  and  forwarded  to  the  viceroy  by  B(jrica's  order.-^ 

Throughout  the  year  179G  precautionary  orders 
against  foreign  vessels  continued  to  bo  issued,  pre- 
sentinnr  no  variation  in  matter  or  manner  from  those 
of  former  years,  yet  it  may  be  well  to  notice  an  order 
of  Borica  to  the  effect  that  large  war-ships,  able  to 
seize  San  Diego,  were  not  to  be  permitted  to  enter 
the  port,  supplies  being  sent  out  in  boats.  Just  how 
they  were  to  be  kept  out  does  not  clearly  appear, 
since  no  such  ship  came  to  that  harbor."  In  July  a 
I'oport  reached  INIonterey  ooming  from  an  American 
captain  at  Nootka,  who  je?eived  it  fi'om  an  Englisli 
captain  at  Botany  Bay,  that  the  Englishmen  had 
orders  to  attack  Spanish  vessels;  but  the  report  did 
not  receive  much  credit,  and  the  viceroy's  orders  dated 
November  30th  to  make  reprisals  on  all  English  craft 
entering  the  ports,  did  not  reach  Califoi'uia  till  the 
next  year."^ 

Only  two  foreign  vessels  made  their  appearance  on 
the  coast  this  year.  The  first  was  the  English  man- 
of-war  Proridcncr.  under  Captain  Broughton  \A\o  had 
visited  California  before  with  Vancouver.     She  anch- 

MS.,  xxi.  11.  Tlicro  is  a  Josi!  Burling  also  mentioned  as  an  Irishman  ■hIio 
finived  in  or  ahoiit  this  year.  St.  Pap.,  Sa<'.,  MS.,  xix.  8,0.  See  also  on  the 
visit  of  tho  I'/iu  II ii\  Piov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  17-tiS;  xiv.  (i7;  St.  Pap., 
Sue,  ]\]S.,  xvii.  1;  Pmr.  L'cr.,  ^IS.,  iv.  '22~'A.  Another  hn-lish  vessel,  tho 
J'cuoliilioii,  (.'apt.  liOciii  (Loeko?),  vas;  reported  by  (Irajcni  of  S;'n  j>iego  as 
having  tuuehed  at  Todos  Santos  Bay  in  A'.sgust.  Pror.  St.  Pep.,  MS.,  xiii. 
(i(5-70. 

^'  /Vor.  St.  Pup.,  !MS.,  xiii.  17o.  Tho  only  S]ianish  vcsi;els  of  tho  year 
«eem  to  have  lieen  the  Coiiccjicion,  Melendez,  and  the  AruuMiii,  Jlatute, 
uitli  the  inciinr'taif. 

--'Jan.  17ntJ,  viceroy  to  governor,  no  person  from  a  fn-eign  vessel  to  ho 
admitted  into  California.  Pior.  lltc,  MS.,  viii.  MS;  ;^t.  Pap.,  Sac,  .MS.,  x\ii. 
7.  Mai-eii  ,'?Ot'.i.  Sal  to  I'driea,  fur  ,'<uji[)lies  fnrnis'ied  a  leeeipt  to  bi:  taken  anil 
sent  to  gov.  I'rav.  St.  Pap.,  ^IS.,  xiv.  104.  Xo  goo<la  to  bo  taken  in  letnrn 
f  ir  supplies.  St.  Pap.  '>'«,-.,  MS.,  iv.  ('9.  April  7th,  ]]oriea  to  eoiiimanil.iut  i-f 
San  l>iego,  war-vessels  n(,t  to  ]ic  admitted  into  the  ports.  Piov.  I'lC,  }dS.,  v. 
i.'4'_'.  April  It-ith,  Indi;nis  to  be  sent  to  liodtga  to  look  out  for  foreign  vessels. 
J'ror.  St.  Pa\,  Jlr-ii.  Mil.,  I\IS.,  xxi\,  11.  Nov.  'Jd,  Borica  to  \'.  1!.  St.  Pap. 
Sac,  MS.,  iv.  (il.  Juno  IStli,  viceroy  orders  strict  ))recaiitions.  Prvr.  .V. 
J'ap.,  MS.,  xiv.  l.".l, 

"JxUv  IT),  17!)'>,  governor  to  comiT.andant,  private.  Prov.  Hcc,  ]^IS.,  iv. 
M!t.  Aug.  '.V.th,  (irnjera  to  gov.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  liri.  Nov.  liOth, 
viceroy  to  gov.  /i/. ,  xiv.  17.'?.  Oct.  lOth,  a  eonrier  arrived  at  Monterey  from 
Sun  Diego,  uunouneing  that  18  sail  had  been  sighted.  St.  Paji.ySac,  MS.,  vi.  b'J. 


THE  'OTTEH,'  CAPTAIN  DORR. 


dsa 


oroJ  at  Monterey,  obtained  some  needed  supplies,  left 
some  instruments  wliicli  had  been  intended  ibr  IJodeLra 
y  Cuadra,  but  whieh  L>orica  received  and  paid  for,  and 
then  sailed  away.  It  is  recorded  not  very  clearly, 
that  Broughton  after  raising  his  anchor  attempted  in 
boats  some  exploration  of  the  Rio  San  Antonio,  or 
Salinas,  and  that  his  boats  were  fired  at."^  The  (jther 
vessel,  the  first  from  the  United  States  to  anclior  in  a 
Californian  port,  was  the  Otter  of  Boston,  conniianded 
by  Ebcnezer  Dorr.-"'  She  carried  six  guns  and  twenty- 
six  men,  arriving  at  IMonterey  on  October  21)th,  after 
Jinving  cruised  in  the  vicinity  for  nearly  a  week. 
]  laving  obtained  wood  and  water,  freely  supjilied  by 
the  Sj)aniards  on  sight  of  her  passport  from  General 
Washington  signed  by  the  Spanish  consul  at  Charles- 
ton, she  sailed  on  the  Gth  of  November.  Dorr  asked 
permission  to  land  some  English  sailors  who  had 
secretly  boarded  his  vessel  at  Port  Saxon. '^^  His  re- 
(jucst  was  refused,  but  he  landed  five  men  on  the 
beach  at  niuht,  and  tlie  next  nii^^ht  five  more  and  a 
Avoman  on  the  Cavmelo  shore,  forcing  them  from  the 
boat,  they  said,  by  the  use  of  a  pistol.  Dorr's  conduct 
naturally  seemed  to  the  Spaniards  ungrateful;  but 
his  position  was  doubtless  a  difiicult  one,  and  the  nec- 
essity of  getting  rid  of  his  convict  passengeis  was 
uvLient.  Governor  Borica  rcj^arded  it  as  a  dislionor- 
able  trick  on  the  part  of  the  Yankee;  but  he  had  to 

^'Scpt.  10,  1790,  vicci'oy  to  Borica,  approves  of  his  liavitig  fired  at  tlic 
Ijoats,  suspecting  that  the  aim  was  to  exphiro  the  siiliiitiif,  ami  ho  will  hcitI  n 
vessel  to  irevcnt  such  attempts.  St.  Pap. ,  Sue. ,  MS. ,  viii.  71.  The  I'riti-hlcm-c 
lii'ed  a  salute  of  11  guns  on  entering  and  the  battery  rcpjiondod.  Aeeording 
ti>  /(/.,  vi.  S.VO,  she  sailed  June  l,Sth;  but  according  to  Prow  St.  /'ii/k,  Jlcti. 
Mil.,  MS.,  xxiii.  It,  •"),  it  \vas.July  Sth.  The  instruuunt.s  left  were  wurih  t'2.">(). 
Aei'drding  to  /</.,  xxiv.  (!,  the  ves><el  aj'pear.s  to  have  been  !it  San  I'nuieisco 
(inJunuiOtli.  Alberni  iij  tirdertd  not  to  kt  Broughton  land.  Unleni  \\ ero 
Stilt  to  other  ])orts  n(jt  to  permit  a  landing  or  to  fuini.sh  any  nmre  sup|)lieM. 
J'rnr.  Ji'ir.,  MS.,  iv.  (17.  Supplies  fiunisheil  anmunted  to  !?oOS,  the  l<ill  being 
Sent  to  Mexico.  /(/.,  iv.  ilUU.    The  instruments  were  sent  to  S;in  Bias.   Pmr. 

SI.  I'll,,.,  :>is.,  x\i.  'ivi. 

-■"'She  iscalled  by  the  Sjinniards  the  O/lcr  Boston,  El  otro  PfiKloii,  and  Lntir 
Jliisli.ii;  and  their  eaptain,  l)ow,  iJour,  jiur,  l>;uir,  l)uoi'.  and  Ixre. 

■''Herbert  C  Borr  son  of  tlu.s  eiiplain,  a  veil  known  H'l  /7/'<  cy  residing 
ill  San  I'laneiseo,  tells  me  ihiit  the.--e  niiuwere  ennviets  fniin  Butaiiy  l!ay, 
and  tliat  he  has  often  heard  his  lather  tell  the  stoiy  of  this  voy;i^e  and  of  hia 


'• 


>':1 


■1} 


f 


540 


RULE  OF  EORICA— FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


!i 


provide  for  the  new-comers.  They  were  se!;  at  work 
as  carpenters  and  blacksmiths  at  nimitcen  cents  per 
ckiy,  and  tliey  prov^ed  so  industrious  and  well  behaved 
that  Borica  would  fain  have  retained  them  in  the 
country;  but  in  obedience  to  royal  orders  he  was 
obliged  to  send  them  the  next  year  to  San  Bias  eu 
route  for  Ctkliz."'' 

On  ]\Iarch  2 -3d  and  April  1st  the  Valdcs  and  San 
Carlos  aiTiAcd  at  j\Ionterey  and  San  Francisco  re- 
8[)eclively  with  most  of  the  compailia  franca,  and  of 
the  artillerymen,  the  rest  coming  up  the  following 
8[)ring,  and  the  military  force  in  California  being  thus 
increased  by  nearly  one  hundred  men.'^     Lieutenant- 


s'* > 


:;h  :! 


tror. bios  with  tlic'sc  reckless  men  who  used  the  Offer  aa  a  means  of  escajio. 
'llic  Dorr  family  furnishtil  several  masters  and  owners  of  vessels  engaged  in 
the  fur-trad'j  in  )iortliern  ^^•atcrs,  as  will  he  seen  in  the  Ilitit.  iV^  W.  Count,  tliis 
Berics. 

■*'Nov.  ."),  1790,  Borica  to  viceroy,  announcing  arrival  and  stating  tliat 
no  in'0.':ularir,io  !  have  hcen  committed  by  tlie  Americans.  St.  Pap.,  Sw.,  !MS., 
iv.  (!J-,'>;  vi.  8(!-S.  Nov.  10th.  Borica  to  V.  R.,  dcscriliing  the  sid)ser|npnt 
'  irrc^iiluiLies.'  Id.,  iv.  G.'J-4.  Dec.  Gtli,  ILis  received  order  to  send  the  irisli- 
ni;;.i  iJiirling  and  all  other  foreigners  to  Cadiz,  will  therefore  send  by  first 
ves.el  the  men  left  l>y  Dorr,  /(/.,  iv.  (i8-0.  Dorr  obtained  supplies  to  the 
vahicof  ylST.  Proc.  Ii\c.,  MS.,  iv.  '2SS.  Five  Englishmen  kept  as  prisoners 
nntil  the  Aranzdzii  arrives.  Prov.  tjt.  Pap.,'M'i.,\\i.  '241.  Aug.  17!)0,  V.  R.'a 
order  to  send  Burling  and  fnrcigncrs  to  (,'adiz.  Prov.  I'ec,  MS.,  viii.  IG.'i;  iv. 
117.  I  suppose  tins  Burling  and  the  Boston  l)oy,  and  O'Cain  to  have  Ikou 
i)o:';iibly  tlic  .same  pers(jn.  Oct.  0,  1797,  Borica  toV.  R.,  sends  the  11  to  Sun 
Bias.  Pi-oi'.  Il(C.,  JNIS.,  vi.  oO.  Oct.  19th,  Boricaasks  Capt.  Caamafio  to  take 
them.  Pr<v.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xxi.  270.  Feb.  \\,  3798,  V.  R.  approves.  I<l., 
xvii.  17.  Oct.  2nd,  a  strange  vessel  ancliorcd  off  Santa  Cruz.  Prov.  lice,  MS., 
V.  !"■!.  Doubtless  tlie  (JItcr.  The  Spanish  vessels  of  the  year  were  the  \'iildi'.< 
and  Siin  dir.'o.i  which  brought  troops,  etc.,  from  San  Bias  in  April,  toucliing 
at  ikm  Frinicisco,  Monterey,  and  Santa  B;Ul)ara;  the  Sut'/l,  Capt.  Tobar,  from 
a  lour  in  vho  nortli;  tlie  Conrcjtcioii,  Capt.  Salaair  from  Manila  at  Santa  Bar- 
hiVM  i'.i  Ajiril;  anJ  the  Aruiizcr.ii,  Capt.  Cosmo  Bertodano,  with  tlia  iiiciioria^ 
at  ^.loutcrcy  and  San  Francisco  in  July,  and  at  Santa  Barljara  in  September. 
Pr<.r.  7;«'.,'MS.,  iv.  (JO-1,  7-1,  77,  US;  Pror.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xiv.  24,  W),  l.Tl; 
x:;i.  2;!(i;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  j\IS.,  xvii.  G.  According  to  the  Jtclacioii  (!<'  /"■•» 
IJiiihcrcarioiiei  que  hiin  rondachlo  ios  Situailun  dc  Ion.}  prenldios  d<'  lo,  Kmvii 
C'.d'/.ini!i;,  con  cnpvrx'ioii  dc  lo.^  nomhrcx  de  siis  comunilanfes,  dcnde  d  tiuo  de. 
li.'l,  hmhi  170(/,  MS.,  it  appears  that  since  17S8  only  one  vessel  caeii  year 
liiul  c'imc  especially  with  the  regular  mc»)o/-/V(.»(  of  supplies,  though  aa  we  liavo 
Been  several  vessels  arrived  for  one  purpose  or  another. 

'''■"  Airival  of  the  vessels.  .SV.  I'ap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xvii.  G.  Arrival  of  Conrrp- 
c/oti,  17'.)7,  witli  Lieutenant  Scarez  and  4  privates.  Pivv.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii. 
14  !.  'i  he  con)]iania  franca  of  Catalan  volunteers  consisted  of  captain,  2  lieu- 
ti  i';!iits,  ;'.  sergeants — .Foatpun  Tico,  I'rancisco  Cutierrez,  and  Juan  Ifiigues — 
8  corporahi,  2  drunnners,  and  '>',)  privates— 7-")  men  in  all.  Full  list  of  names 
in  /  nr.  St.  Pap.,  lien.  Mil.,  ]MS.,  xxiv.  1-4.  Tiie  artillery  ik'taeliment  con- 
eiiit:  d  of  a  sergeant — .lose  Roca—  3  corporals,  .and  14  privates — IS  men  in  uU. 
Toa.19.3.  /(/.,  xxiii.  11. 


REENFORCEMEXTS  FROM  MEXICO. 


C41 


colonel  Pedro  Alberni,  captain  of  the  Catalan  volun- 
teers, became  at  once  coniuiandant  at  San  Francisco, 
^v•llcre  twenty  five  of  his  men  were  stationed.  Twen- 
ty-five were  ,  at  to  San  Diego  under  Lieutenant  Josd 
Font,  and  eight  under  sub-lieutenant  Simon  Suarez 
remained  at  Monterey,  a  sergeant  and  thirteen  men 
being  scattered  in  various  duties.  The  artillery  de- 
tachment under  Sei'geant  Jose  Iloca  was  also  distrib- 
uted between  the  three  presidios.-"  With  the  troops 
came  the  lieutenant  of  engineers,  Alberto  do  Cordoba, 
who  proceeded  to  make  an  inspection  of  the  coast  de- 
fences. In  September  he  reported  to  the  viceroy, 
chiefly  on  the  works  at  San  Francisco,  which  he  found 
exceedingly  defective  and  well-nigh  useless.  The  bat- 
tery at  ^lontcrey  was  also  useless  so  far  as  the  de- 
fence of  the  port  was  concerned,  since  vessels  could 
easily  anchor  and  land  men  out  of  range  of  the  guns, 
Cordoba  believed  that  effective  forts  and  enough  (jf 
them  could  not  be  erected  except  at  an  enormous 
expense,  and  he  favored  rather  an  increase  of  troops 
and  one  or  more  cruising  vessels  on  the  coast.  He 
subsequently  visited  the  south,  and  found  the  defences 
n(jt  more  effective  tlian  those  in  the  north,  as  the 
governor  informed  Branciforte  at  the  beginning  of 
J  797.  Borica,  however,  found  some  comfort  in  the 
tliou^-ht  that  the  foes  from  whom  attack  niiulit  be 
I'cared  v/ere  probably  igncjrant  how  weak  the  fortifi- 
cations reallv  were, 


30 


'".July  8,  170.3,  the  presidios  had  101  muskets,  r>0  pistols,  177  swords,  2'23 
Innccs.  J'ror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xxi.  150-;{.  July  10th,  received  from  S;ui  15!as 
loH  imiikits,  lt'2  sv/onlf!,  !)(!  Inucis— viiliic  .'^'L'.Oi'O.  /</.,  xxi.  KM;  rrur.  St. 
J'lip.,  lJi)i.  JUL,  MS.,  XXV.  1.  Sept.  1."),  17!'.'>,  170cAVt.  powder  sent.  J'rur. 
St.  I'„ii.,  MS.,  xiii.  81.  Dec.  17Wi,  1\1).  ]7!)7,  l-'O!)  imi.kcts,  iOO  y.i^tvh,  -JCO 
cnrtridg.s,  '200  musket-ciises,  KsCO;)  Ciiits.  J'rov.  /.'.'■.,  MS.,  viii.  170,  17:);  iv. 
137;  vi.  .'■jS;  I'rov.  St.  Pa/,.,  :SIS.,  xv.  '2i.':};  xvi.  '240;  xvii.  IK);  xxi.  •2-'/,',. 

""  ( 'urdoha,  liifonnr  al  I'in  1/  so'  rr  (hj'ci/.m.t  tic  <  'a/j'ciniin,  IIVG,  MS.  Dec. 
27,  17!H!,  viceroy  to  uov.  has  received  Cordoliii's  jdausof  Sun  Fraiicidco,  Mon- 
terey, arid  Santa  Cruz,  luis  cudei'ed  Iho  littiii'.r-out  of  two  cruisers,  and  has 
tidicu  liieasnres  for  the  ]iroi!cr  f-tn  ii'^tiieniuLC  of  Sau  Fraiicisco.  St.  !'•■  p.,  Sue 


MS.. 


5.     Jan.  '20,   17!i7,  Lorica  to  V.   R.  Pnn:  Pre.,  MS.   vi.  7H. 


(.'urdoha's  first  report  was  sent  to  JIe.\ic(j  hy  IJorica  wif'i  h'm  conunuuiealiou 
of  Sept.  '21st,  onclosinff  live  )ilans  and  approvin;.;  ('(irdoba.'a  t  u;^[!;e:.lion:i.  St. 
P' 7;. ,  Sac. ,  MS. ,  iv.  .")(l-7.  ]5oriea's  inNtruetiona  to  ( '.'inloba  for  h\.i  uoiithern  tri;>, 
Oct.  8,  170(3.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xxi.  "210-7.     lie  w:i3  to  gather  inr.lerial  for 


•'  '  ! 


il 


■f*(!!:l-  ■ 


'1 


642 


PwULE  OF  BORICA-FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


The  transport  San  Carlos,  Captain  Saavcdra,  arrived 
at  San  Francisco  Marcli  11,1797,  and  probably  broii^iit 
the  news  of  actual  war  with  England,  though  the 
communication  of  the  viceroy  does  not  appear  in  the 
archives;"^  for  the  13th  of  Marcli  despatches  began  to 
circulate  throughout  the  province,  ordering  the  seiz- 
ing of  English  vessels,  instructing  commandants  to 
redouble  their  precautions,  and  calling  upon  friars  to 
give  not  only  prayers  but  Indians  if  needed.  On  th(j 
lirst  alarm  of  invasion  notice  was  to  be  sent  to  !Mon- 
terey,  the  military  forces  were  to  concentrate  at  the 
threatened  point,  and  live-stock  was  to  be  driven 
inland.  Men  were  drilled  in  the  use  of  arms;  messen- 
ger's were  kept  in  constant  motion;  Indians  wore 
harangued  on  the  horrors  of  an  English  invasion; 
sentmels  were  posted  wherever  an  anchorage  or  land- 
ing was  deemed  possible;  able-bodied  men  were 
gathci'od  at  the  presidios,  while  the  disabled  ones 
were  detailed  to  protect  women  and  children;  and 
strict  economy  was  practised,  since  a  non-arrival  of 
the  supply-ship  was  feared.  This  state  of  things 
lasted  several  months,  but  the  popular  excitement 
was  considerably  allayed  by  the  arrival  c"  the  Con- 
cepciou  and  Princcsa  in  April  and  May,  and  by  tlic 
delay  of  the  English  invasion,  nothing  more  alarming 
having  occurred  in  the  mean  time  than  the  rumored 
llnding  of  some  bodies  of  white  men  in  the  surf  at 
Point  Ilcyes.^' 

a  general  mnp  of  California.  Dec.  lltli,  Cordoba  arrived  in  San  Diogo.  St. 
J'np.,  Ha<\,  vii.  53. 

="Anival  of  Sun  Cdrlox,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  IMS.,  xsi.  249;  Pror.  Si.  Pa/'., 
Pen.  Hill.,  MS.,  xvi.  G2.  There  is  a  letter  of  tlu;  viceroy  to  I'oriea  daliil 
Jan.  2.'i:li,  in  Mliicli  ho  aHndea  to  some  vague  rumors  of  trouhlc  v;ith  Knglauil, 
and  rceominends  prceautioiis.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  '218-10. 

^^  J'^areli  l.lth,  JJoriea  to  Lasuen,  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  vi.  IS.'?.  Boriea  to  coiii- 
niaiidaiits.  Jd.,'\\.  \oo.  !Mareh  llithto  14tli,  Lasuen  to  jiadres  ordering  prayers, 
litany  on  Saturdays,  mass  onee  a  month,  and  exhortations  pueli  ns  Maei  al:etM 
gave  (Ir.riug  t)ie  canipaigu  against  Nieaiior.  Arch.  Sta  Parlmra,  MS.,  xi.  111-4; 
J'of.  Ui^t.  Cid.,  M.S.,  iv.  8Ii-4.  March  17th,  liorica  to  comniandants.  Pror. 
Pre,  ytS.,  iv.  ]:..">-(;.  Mnrcli  Mith,  24th,  Sal  to  B.  Prov.  S.'.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi. 
220-22.  March  22d,  B.  to  eonmiandant  S.  F,  Cautious  witli  i^traiigi' vessels, 
v.ar-f.liinu  to  bo  menaced.  Pror.  Pec,  MS.  v.  S2-3.  Marcli  2Sth,  .\inil  lOih, 
2d,  (ioycdecliea  to  B.,  Saiita  B/irbara  defences  in  a  very  bad  st:;te  t(]  re^i^■l■ 
attack.     Id  bUKpicious  of  tlic  Indians  to  whom  the  British  have  yivcu  Ijcad:^. 


ALARMING  RUMORS. 


543 


During  the  mouths  of  July,  August,  and  Septcui- 
1»lt  all  soeuis  to  have  been  quict,"^  but  in  the  niiddlo 
of  October  there  came  a  report  from  the  peninsular 
mission  of  San  Miguel  that  five,  ten,  or  even  sixteen 
vessels  had  been  seen  making  for  the  north.  The 
falsity  of  tlic  report  was  ascertained  before  a  week 
liad  })assed,  but  not  before  it  had  been  published  with 
all  the  precautionary  orders  of  old  tln-oughout  the 
province,  and  had  been  sent  to  Mexico.''^  This  emer- 
gency elicited  from  Governor  Borica  peremptory  in- 
structions which  went  all  the  rounds,  to  tlie  etfeet 
that  in  case  he  were  taken  prisoner  l)y  the  English 
no  attention  was  to  be  paid  to  any  orders  purporting 
to  come  from  him,  whatever  their  nature;  but  the 
(•(jnnnandants  were  to  cjo  on  in  defence  of  Calirornia 
as  their  duty  and  circumstances  might  dictate."^     A 

riiinilica  to  bo  frrnchi.tlly  rcnioveil  to  Angeles.  Pror.  St.  Pup.,  ^IS.,  xv.  40, 
4)i-,"i,  ISS-'J.  Aliii'cli  IJIst,  Sal  to  1>.,  all  caro  tiikon.  rrovisions  to  l>o 
(U'.--ti(.>y(  il  iuid  iii/t  !;lluwcil  to  full  into  the  liiinils  of  the  foe.  /(/.,  xvi.  L'vlO. 
^lurcli  olst,  April  Ctii,  May  Iltli,  (liajera  to  U.,  a  sentinel  on  llic  luacli  .-it 
Sail  .luuu  t'aiiistr;:iio.  Invalids  of  Angeles*,  San  Galiriel,  and  Nietes  lanciio 
ready.  If  tlie  Trcsidio  has  to  lie  aliaiidoned,  shall  it  lie  destroyed  or  not? 
/./.,  xvi.  •KuA),  -Jll-l-J.  April  ."th,  Fidalgo  to  15.  from  San  VAiix.  Tlie  Ojh- 
v<  jich'ti,  t'aptain  Jlanrinue,  and  the  Prhitu.^a,  I'ajitain  Caair.afio,  -will  ]irotect 


IheCalifc 
sliriot 


V'.nii  eca:; 


t.   /./. 


u; 


inr,'  every 


Si'.ndi 


AprilL'-lth,  i!.  to  (ioycoetlr 


Mf'et- 


Indians  n\iist  he  indiued  ■\vitli  anti-l''n':lish  f^enti 


mints,  taniiht  that  the  foe  are  hostile  to  reliLiiuii,  violators  of  women.   7', 


/.'. 


:\hi 


MS. 


April 


th,    15.    t 


o  eoniniant 


lants 


ecfinonii;:e, 


for   the 


plies   of   170S   eannot  come.    /(/.,    iv.   I."i8.     Ajiril  .SOth,   Alberni  to  ]>. 


reftiro  to  j;o  to  I'odega  fr( 


fe;i 


/' 


s7.  y- 


^u 


i: 


5th,  I 


d.  /(/.,>;xi.  •_'()!- 


viDCffd  at  Sta  ]>;'ii'l)ara  with  supplies.     AVill  reniain  as  a  eoa.'^t- 


.Tuno  Sth,  15.  to  commandants. 


If  1' 


•esulio  IS  !iiian- 


d,  guns  to  1)0  spiked  and  powder  hurned.    1 


i-df. 


I'indin''  of  liodi 


Vt  Reyes  in   .'\pril.    /* 


St.    J 


•op. 


M.S., 
MS. 


)-l-.-) 
ik; 


'i'wo  yiars  later  it  was  learned  that  San  Diego  Ray  had  been  surv<  yed  by  tliu 
Kiiglish  in  17^7  on  a  moonlight  niglit.  I'rov.  ISt.  Pup.,  Jl<ii.  Mil.,  MS., 
xiii.  '20. 


aj 


t)et.   1st,  Vallejo,  writing;  from  San  Josd,  mentions  the 


il  .if 


;in 


I'jii:li.';h  sih.ip  at  'ianta  Cm/,  Pruc.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xv.  l.").'),  but  nothing  moru 


)'i  Ileal 


d  of  the  matter. 


'Oet.  l.:th,  (; 


ra.ie 


ra  to  Roriea.    Oct.  ;2flt!i,  contradieti 


SI.  I 


op. 


MS.,  xvi.  HW-1.     Oct.  l!)lli,  15.  to  all,  Sjiread  (he  news  in  all  directions  d 


itn-caha'ln.    Virilancia !!  Pr" 


MS.,  iv.  Klv);  V.  i:."9.     Dee. 


4th 


viei  roy  to  15.     lii;  doubts  the  accuracy  of  the  repoi't,  since  the  6'. 


d/' 


'/" 


MS. 


'  came  down  the  coast  without  seein  ;an3  vessels.   Prov.  St.  Pop 


,  XV.  •_', 

'  Oct.  'Ji 


Alberni  to  eonii.sion 


Roriea  to  comniandauts.  /' 


y, 


MS.,  iv.  Kil.    Oct.  2'Jd, 


of  San  .il  St'.   Son  ./o-r,  Arrh.,  Ml 


:.s.    X.A-.  :{.i 


(IiiyciHclK^a  to  15.  Pi-uv.   St.   Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  1.0.     Nov,  !)th,  <lrajera  to  1$. 
hi,  xvi.  I'Jj-G. 


IBl. 


M 


644 


RULE  OF  BORIC  A— FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


largo  war-ship  arrived  at  Santa  Barbara  on  Doc.  17tli, 
but  slio  proved  to  bo  the  Spanish  j\Ia<jallancs,  Caj-- 
taln  Espinosa,  from  Manila,  and  had  couiu  to  protect 
ratlier  than  to  invade  the  country.  Findiiii;  no  i'oes 
in  Cahfornia  waters,  she  sailed  for  the  south,  as  the 
Conccpcion  and  Princesa  had  done  a  little  earlier."'^ 

The  only  subsequent  events  of  the  v/ar,  so  far  as 
California  was  concerned,  were  the  contribution  for 
the  relief  of  his  IMajesty's  exchequer,  called  for  by 
Viceroy  Azanza  through  bishop  and  governor  in  the 
fall  of  1798  and  paid  in  the  summer  of  1709,"'  and  a 
Dcw  fright,  also  in  1799,  resulting  in  the  u.sual  precau- 
tionary orders,  and  caused  by  the  report  ol'  from  fifteen 
to  nineteen  English  frigates  in  and  about  the  gulf  of 
California.  ^^ 


i:i     I 


'"  Of  the  jS'on  Carfo«  we  know  nothing  beyond  her  an'ival  on  March  11th 
at  8un  Fruneisco.  Tlic  Cuncepcioii  left  San  Bias  in  ilaich  willi  §1,088  of 
j.rovisiona;  she  broii;;lit  alno  !)  settlors,  2  yiniths,  4  solTicra,  aiid  11  ]iailics, 
I'.aving  on  board  Alfcrcz  Liijan  and  Lieut.  Suarcz;  arrived  at  San  FrancisLU 
A])ril  llt'ii;  was  at  Jlontcrcy  June  2Sth;  left  Monterey  .Sept.  4Lli;  kit  San 
l)ie;',o  Nov.  Sth;  arrived  S.  Bias  Nov.  •22i\.  The  J^riiiccsi  arrived  at  Sta 
Barbara  jNIay  "J/th  witli  100  men,  many  sick  with  scurvy;  was  at  San  IJiugo 
from  June  to  (Jctober;  and  trailed  wiLh  the  Conccprton.  The  Moijal  aiua  ro 
inaiiicd  only  a  few  days  at  Sta  Barbara  and  sailed  for  Acapulco.  The  only 
other  vessel  of  the  year  was  the  Activo,  Captain  Salazar,  from  ilanila,  Vihitli 
arrived  at  IMouterey  Sejtt.  27tli,  and  sailed  Oct.  7th.  The  vesscLs  of  171*8 
were  the  Concvprion,  Caamauo,  and  the  Activo,  Leon  y  Luna.  The  former 
arrived  at  Santa  Barbara  in  May  with  8  jiadres  and  'J-t  convicts,  and  left 
Monterey  in  June.  The  latter  arrived  at  San  Francisco  in  June.  Oii  niovc- 
incnts  of  ves-sels :  Proi\  /.Vc,  M,S.,iv.  DO-1,  04,  10."),  157,  K'-';  vi.  5-2,  i:4,  5(i, 
70,  87,  'J--'-4,  104,  '1:M;  St.  Pap.,  ,V«i'.,  MS.,  viii.  7o;  Pnv.  Si.  J'<  jk,  -MS.,  -W. 
f.-J,  (3S,  IKVll;  xvi.  r>4,  G2,  17."),  102,  107;  xvii.  1;  xsi.  '2J0,  2:,r>-:>,  L'^l. 

3'  Oct.  -20,  1708,  viceroy  to  pov.  J'rov.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  {-2.  Nov.  Kith, 
bishop  to  padres,  and  Lasuen's  refused.  Arch.  SUi  Jiuiljnri,  MS.,  x.  07-72; 
xii.  2.')5-7;  vi.  '20(1-7.  Jan.  .'ilst,  Borica  to  V.  1'.,  sends  v!l,OfX)  as  a  personal 
contribution.  /*i'Oi".  /iVc.,  !MS.,  vi.  US.  Same  date  to  eonnnandants,  /»/.,  iv. 
170.  June  '2'.'),  account  of  results.  Settlers  and  Inrliaus  of  the  mi.'isions  (per- 
haps an  error  for  Montcrej' including  Borica's  amount?)  C'1,8.");!;  San  Fran- 
cisco, .9242;  An','elcs,  )i;!l75;  S;i!ita  Barbara,  ^'3~~>;  San  i)ie;;o,  §.ilO;  Catalan 
volunteers,  ^:•2:)7;  artillery,  $;iO;  total,  8;i,400.  Pror.  Sf.  ^Pop.,  L'cii.  Mi'., 
MS.,  xxvii.  7.  Another  account  makes  ^l,So.3  the  total.  Proi'.  P(c.,  MS., 
vi.  1-28. 

^''' July  4,  1708,  Borica  to  commandants,  10  frigates  in  the  Facific.  Pivr. 
Per.,  JIS.,  iv.  17'2.  J\;Iy  12th,  ir^th,  Sal  to  comisionado  cf  San  Jose,  for- 
warding orders  and  1,000  cartridges.  .V.  Juxr,  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.48-0.  July  lOtli, 
15.  to  eonnnandant  Sla  Barbara,  a  place  to  be  prepared  at  San  Fernando  fcr 
archives,  rescive  arms,  and  church  vessels.  Prov.  Pec.,  JIS.,  iv.  112.  Aug. 
3d,  v.  Iv.  to  r>.,  the  Manila,  galleons  must  remain  at  Monterey  until  tlie  v.ay 
is  cleared  of  privateers.  Prov.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  2,'!7.  (iovernor's  oi'dcrs 
in  acuordance.  Pror.  Pec.,  MS.,  iv.  17(i;  vi.  l.'U.  Sept.  Uith,  two  Spaniih 
vessels  reported  as  captured,  not  in  Cal.   LL,  iv.  173. 


AMERICAN  SAILORS. 


545 


From  1707  to  1800  the  military  force  and  distribu- 
tion remained  })ractically  the  same  as  in  179G  after 
the  arrival  of  the  Catalan  volunteers  and  the  artil- 
lery. In  April  1797  Borica  asked  for  twenty-live 
recruits  per  year  to  fill  vacancies  and  for  an  increase 
(if  thirty  infantry  and  fifty  cavalry,  besides  three  war- 
vessels.  At  the  beginning  of  1799  the  total  expense 
of  the  military  establishment  as  given  by  the  gov- 
ernor, was  $73,889  per  year.  In  March  Borica  urged 
an  increase  of  §18,G24  in  the  annual  expense,  by  the 
addition  of  three  captains  and  an  adjutant  inspector, 
niid  the  substitution  of  one  hundred  and  five  cavalry 
ior  the  Catalan  volunteers.  Nothing  was  acconiplislied, 
liowever,  in  these  directions  until  after  1800.^'''  In  the 
mean  time  some  slight  progress  was  made  on  local 
fortifications,  and  the  engineer  Cordoba,  having  com- 
pleted his  surveys  and  made  a  general  map  of  Cali- 
fornia, had  returned  to  Mexico  in  the  autumn  of 
1708.**' 

At  the  end  of  1798  four  sailors  who  had  been  left 
in  Baja  California  by  the  American  vessel  GaUaiit 
More  brought  up  to  San  Diego  and  set  to  work  wliile 
awaiting  a  vessel  to  take  them  to  San  Bias."  In  ^Fay 
1799  James  Rowan  in  the  El'na,  an  American  ship, 
anchored  at  San  Francisco  and  obtained  sup])lies  un- 
der a  promise  not  to  touch  at  any  other  port  in  the 
pi'ovince.*^    In  August  1800  the  A.merican  ship  Bdsij, 


'^^ Pi-ov.  liec,  MS.,  vi.  SG-8;  Prov.  Sf.  Pap.,  Mii.,  xvii.  180,  188-9. 
'"Oct.  17,  1705,  viceroy  to  I'oiica,  .«iiicaks  of  Ci'udoba'.s  iipiiointnicnt. 
■    ■         ■         "  Pup. 


Ho 

IS  iiljle,  veil  behaved,  and  energetic.  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xiii.  40.  Jan. 
IT'.iy,  Cordoba  at  work  on  a  map  of  California.  Proi:  I'cc,  ^IS.,  vi.  IS.  \ov. 
'Jii,  1797,  IJorica  forwards  the  map  to  the  viceroy;  received  in  March  (or 
Nov.)  1798.  LI.,  \\.(\-2:  viii.  18!);  Pror.  ,S7.  J'ap.,  MS.,  xvii.  3.  Xov.  27, 
1797,  Ci'irdoba  ordered  bj-  V.  11.  to  return  to  Mexico.  He  sailed  in  October 
170H.  /</.,  XV.  '272-A;  xxi.  i.',S(i. 

*^Proi\  Pec,  MS.,  V.  us;},  1285;  vi.  Ill;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  :MS.,  xvii.  l!)7-i!02. 
They  wen:  examined  carefully  but  no  information  of  importuneu  was  elicited. 
"\Vm.  Katt,  Karnaby  Jan,  and  John  Stephens  were  natives  of  Bo.ston  'in  the 
American  colonics.'     ( iabricl  IJoissc^  avms  a  FrcMichnuai. 

^-May  'J7,  1799,  Rowan  to  cnmmandant.  (iives  the  pi'omiso  i-eqnired;  will 
pay  cash;  W(juld  sail  to-day  if  it  weie  less  foifgy.  i'rar.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii. 
'J'J((-8.  June  lid,  ISorica  to  vicenjy.  1'ho  Elirji  had  \'l  guns;  gave  a  draft  ou 
I'.oston  for  $!'J4.  Prov.  Uir.,  MS.,'vi.  llM-d.  Auj,'.  Hd,  V.  R.  to  1!.,  Appn  ves 
his  course;  names  John  Kendriek  as  supercargo,  and  bays  hov/islicd  <ovv  inter 
at  Monterey. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  1.    35 


540 


RULE  OF  BORICA-FOREIGX  RELATIONS. 


Captain  Clnirlcs  Winsliip,  (obtained  wood  and  water 
at  San  I^ieufo.*''  In  Oetohor  there  anchored  a  hirjxe 
vesse],  of  suspiciously  EngHsh  appearance  and  cai'iy- 
'm\f  twenty-six  guns,  off  the  nioutli  of  tlie  llio  San 
Antonio  in  Montcro}^  l^'iy;  ^"t  she  sailed  without 
conunitting  hostilities." 

In  the  spring  of  1800  there  had  come  news  of  war 
between  Spain  and  Russia.  This  brought  out  the 
usual  orders  for  precautionary  measures  and  non-inter- 
course, but  it  failed  to  arouse  even  a  ripple  of  excite- 
ment. An  invasion  from  Kamchatka  seems  to  have 
had  no  terrors  for  the  Californians  after  their  success 
in  escaping  from  the  fleets  of  Great  Britain.*'' 

Precautions  taken  to  guard  against  invasion  by  a 
foreign  foe  having  thus  been  narrated,  it  is  necessary 
to  give  some  attention  to  the  dangers  that  threatened 
from  within  at  tlie  hands  of  the  natives.  Although 
tliis  subject  of  Indian  affairs,  in  this  as  in  most  other 
periods  of  California  history,  is  prominent  n;  the 
archives,  I  do  not  deem  it  necessar}^  to  devote  much 
space  to  it  here.  The  Spaniards,  few  in  nund)er 
and  surrounded  by  savages  o['  whose  numbers  and 
disposition  little  was  known,  were  peculiarly  situated. 


*^rrnv.  JRcr.,  MS.,viii.  132;  xii.  C;  Proi:  St.  /^a;?.,  ISIS.,  xxi.  4t;  St.  Pnp., 
Sfic,  ]\IS.,  ix.  12,  13.  She  arrived  on  thc'2.")tl»  and  sailed  Sept.  4tli;  she  liad  l!> 
men  and  10  guns;  she  asked  aid  later  at  San  lUas,  Ijut  was  fri^ditened  away 
liy  t!ie  approach  of  Spanish  vessels,  leaving  her  supplies,  papers,  captain,  su- 
]i"roarg(),  and  some  sailors. 

■"Nov.  'M),  ISOO,  gijvernor  to  commandant.  Prnv.  J?ec.,  MS.,  xi.  14(»-7. 
( !  IV.  to  viceroj'.  Pror.  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xviii.  07.  Dec.  18th,  V.  R'.s  order.s  to 
look  f)ut  for  returning  whalers.  >S'/.  Pa]).,  S(tr.,  MS.,  ix.  oO.  The  Coiireiicinn 
linnight  tlio  UK  iiioihi.i  with  nine  padres  to  San  Francisco  in  May  179!t,  lieing 
kept  in  (jiuirantine  l.'l  days,  and  not  leaving  (\difornia  until  .Jannary  ]S()(). 
Coming  hack  she  arrived  at  Monterey  in  August  ISOO  witli  supplies,  pa<lres, 
and  children,  convoyed  l)y  tlie  armed  Pr'nirAj.m,  Capt.  Vivero.  They  were 
at  Santa  JJarhara  in  Septt  inher,  ar.d  left  San  Diego  in  November.  Pror.  St. 
P,:p.,  MS.,  xviii.  !»,  (it);  xxi.  30,  43-4,  4S,  54;  Pru'v.  Pec,  MS.,  ix.  1'2;  xi.  84, 
144;  St.  Ptij).,  Sac,  MS.,  iii.  '.'0;  vii.  70-7. 

^■' Doc.  21,  1701,  viccnoy  to  lioriea.  New.spapcrs  announce  Avar.  St.  Pa/i., 
S.ir.,  ,MS.,  ix.  54.  Felt.  8,  ISOO,  li.  to  connnandants.  War  not  certain; 
hut  the  province  nuist  he  ready  for  an  invasion  from  Kamchatka.  Pruv. 
S/.  Pap.,  ]S1S.,  xviii.  '23;  Pror.  ]!cr.,  MS.,  x.  5.  March  31st,  declaration 
of  war  known  at  Monterey,  lntcrcour.se  witli  Russia  forbidden.  /(/.,  ix.  "2,  7. 
Oct.  9,  180"2,  muss  ordered  for  peace.  St.  Pop.,  Sac.,  MS.,  vii.  1. 


INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 


647 


They  fully  realized  the  dangers  to  Mliicli  tlioy  would 
Ite  exposed  in  case  of  a  general  ujirising  among  the 
natives;  and  the  consequence  was  tliat  any  unusual 
action  on  the  part  of  the  aborigines,  the  rumor  of 
impending  hostilities,  gave  birth  to  long  investiga- 
tions and  a  mass  of  correspondence  out  of  proportion 
to  the  cause.     Nine  tenths  of  the  rumors  investiij^ated 

CD 

|ir<)ved  to  be  groundless,  and  the  few  that  had  real 
I'oundation  rested  for  the  most  part  on  petty  events 
of  no  interest  save  in  the  mission  or  pueblo  wliero 
tliey  happened.  Therefore  I  shall  have  something  to 
say  of  these  matters  in  connection  with  local  annals, 
hut  in  this  chapter  shall  enter  but  slightly  into  the 
details  either  of  events  or  correspondence. 

In  September  1794  fifteen  or  twenty  neophytes  of 
San  Luis  Olnspo  and  Purfsima  were  arrested  with 
some  gentiles  for  makinii;  threats  and  incitlnof  revolt 
at  San  Luis.  Five  of  the  culprits  were  condenmcd 
to  presidio  work.  Throughout  the  year  there  was 
some  apprehension  of  trouble  at  San  Josd  and  Santa 
("lara,  caused  mainly  by  the  natives  suddenly  leaving 
certain  rancherias.  Lieutenant  Sal  went  in  person  to 
make  investigations,  and  the  natives  disclaimed  any 
idea  of  revolt,  but  Fatlier  Fernandez  was  admonislied 
to  be  somewhat  less  zealous,  not  to  say  cruel,  in  his 
treatment  of  the  natives.*^ 

In  Mareli  1795  a  party  of  neophytes  were  sent 
from  San  Francisco  across  the  bay  northerly  in  search 
of  fujTfitive  Christians.  After  marching  two  ni<^hts 
and  a  day  in  that  direction  they  were  attacked  by 
the  Q'cntiles  and  oioht  or  ten  slain.  The  friars  were 
l)lamed  for  liaving  sent  out  the  party,  and  tlio  gov- 
ernor deemed  it  unwise  to  avenge  tlic  loss  and  make 
enemies  of  these  warlike  and  hitherto  friendly  tribes. 
]n  the  south  Alferez  Grijalva  had  some  trouble  with 
the  natives  on  the  frontier  between  San  Diego  and 
San  IMiouel.  Tliis  was  in  June  and  one  or  two  sav- 
ages  lost  their  lives.     Near  Santa  Barbara  there  was 

*\rrov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  33,  49-53,  100-4,  124-32,  194. 


US 


IIULE  OF  BORxCA— FOREIGN  RELATIONS. 


.ii    I  . 


xH 


81 U 


a  fi<rlii  III  October  botwccn  pa^^an'.  and  iieopliytcs  in 
wnlcli  lives  ^vcre  lost  on  both  side  ^/^ 

In  June  1707  thirty  neophytes  were  sent  across  tJie 
bay  tVoni  San  Francisco,  in  a  direction  not  clearly 
indicated,  in  search  of  fugitives,  and  they  were  rath«r 
I'ouj.ddy  treated  by  a  tril)e  of  Cuchillones  though  none 
were  killed.  This  afl'air  caused  a  long  correspondence 
and  finally  brought  positive  orders  iVoni  the  viceroy 
forbiilding  the  friars  to  send  out  such  parties.  In  July 
after  many  preliminaries  Sergeant  Amador  made  an 
expedition  against  both  the  Cuchillones  and  the  Saca- 
lanes,  mIio  had  committed  the  outrage  of  1795.  lie 
brought  in  nine  of  the  gentile  culprits  and  eighty- 
three  fugitive  Christians.  The  savages  are  said  to 
have  dug  pits  which  prevented  the  use  of  horses,  and 
obliu'ed  Amador  to  tiixht  on  foot  hand  to  hand,  seven 
or  eight  of  them  being  killed.  At  San  Luis  Ol)ispo 
a  neophyte  was  murdered  by  a  gentile  and  there  was 
a  temporary  excitement  and  fear  that  the  mission 
wouVl  be  attacked.  Depredations  continued  on  the 
southern  frontier  and  San  Diego  as  usual  was  deemed 
in  danger.*^ 

In  1798  the  savages  are  said  to  have  surrounded 
San  Juan  Bautista  by  night,  but  they  retired  after 
killing  eight  Indians  of  an  adjoining  rancheria.  In 
the  resulting  expedition  to  the  sierra  under  Sergeant 
Macario  Castro,  one  chief  M-as  killed,  four  caj)tives 
were  taken,  and  a  soldier  was  badly  wounded.  There 
was  a  false  alarm  of  impending  attack  on  San  jMigucl, 
San  Luis,  and  Purisima  by  the  Tulare  and  cluumel 
Indians.  Around  San  Francisco  Bay  and  especially 
at  San  Jose  Mission  there  were  constant  rumors  of 
preparations  for  hostilities  that  never  occurred.''-' 


m 


"  Prnv.  Ri'C,  ]\TS.,  V.  1227-S;  iv.  .S5-0;  vi.  48-r)0,  50,  14(J;  Prov.  St.  Par-, 
MS.,  xiii.  82,  177-8,  '21,'>-1(),  '241-2,  27J-G;  xvi.  71.  Accordm<i  io  Cal'ija, 
J'cy/iiics/a,  MS.,  12,  the  ranchos  of  four  men  in  the  Monterey  district  were 
destroyed  by  Indians  this  year. 

**l'rov.  S/.  Pap.,  MS,,  xv.  19-27,  122-.-),  173-8,  282-3;  xvi.  70-.3,  90,  2.39, 
249;  Proc.  Hoc,  MS.,  iv.  88;  v.  20(i  7,  207. 

"•i'/oc.  y.'n-.,  MS.,  iv.  285;  v.  210;  vi.  lOG-7,  100;  ix.  9;  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  xvii.  97,  100,  100-7. 


INDIAN  AFFAIK.S. 


CtO 


Tlic  only  rocorcktl  event  of  1799  was  an  expedition 
of  IMacario  Castro  in  June  to  the  various  nuielierfas 
of  the  j\r(»nt(;i(}y  district.  His  ohject  was  to  collect 
fugitives  fi'oni  San  Carlos,  Soledad,  and  San  Juan 
llauiista,  and  also  to  warn  the  jLjentiles  aufainst  har- 
boi'int^  runaways.  Fortified  hy  l(jn<i'  and  explicit 
instructions  from  Borica,  and  accompanied  by  thirteen 
soldiers  and  as  many  ii.,iives,  Castro  was  successful. 
In  ^lay  1800  Pedro  Amador  made  a  raid  from  Santa 
Clara  into  the  hills.  He  killed  a  chief,  broke  many 
weapons,  and  took  a  few  ca})tives  and  runaways.  The 
native's  again  committed  some  depredations  at  San 
Juan  ]jautista,  and  in  July  Sergeant  Mornga,  march- 
ing .'igunst  them,  cnpturcd  fourteen.'"'^  From  the  pre- 
cethug  [)aiagr.'iphs  it  appears  that  Be  rica's  rule  was  a 
j>eiiotl  of  peace  so  far  as  Indian  hostilities  against  the 
Spaniards  are  concerned.  Naturally  there  were  con- 
thcts  between  neophytes  and  pagans,  especially  when 
hands  of  the  former  were  sent  out  by  the  friars  to 
scour  the  country  for  fugitives,  and  here  and  tho'e  a 
tliei't  or  other  petty  depredation  was  conunitted;  but 
the  natives  were  not  yet  hostile,  tLou-h  they  resisted 
the  soldiers  on  several  occasions  in  the  hills,  and 
showed  that  in  case  of  a  general  war  they  might 
prove  forniidable. 

•''>Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  .T25-.30;  xviii.  S.*?;  Id.,  Dm.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxviii. 
10-12;  I'rov.  lice,  MS.,  ix.  »,  10;  St.  Pap.,  Sue,  MS.,  viii.  70-1. 


CHAPTER    XXVI. 


RULE   OF  BORICA— EXPLORATIONS  AND   NEW  FOUNDATIONS. 

1794-1800. 

Search  von  Mission  Sites — Exploration  of  the  Alameda— San  Benito— 
Las  Pozas— Entino— Pale— Lasuen's  Repoht— FonNnATiox  ov  Mis- 
sion San  Jose  at  the  Alameda — Local  Annals  to  1800 — Mission  San 
Juan Bautista  at Popeloctciiom — Earthquake — Mission  San  Mkuei, 
AT  Vahia— P/.due  Antonio  de  l.v  Concei-cion  Hokua— Mission  San 
Fkknanho  on  Reves'  Ranciio,  on  Aciiois  Comihavit — Mission  San 
Luis  Rey  at  Tacayme— A  New  Pueblo— Pkeliminaky  ConnESPONi)- 
ENCE — Seauch  for  a  Site — Repokts  of  ALrKRNi  and  Cokdc  a— San 

FUANCISCO   AND    AlAMF.DA    REJECTED   IN   FaVOK  OF    SaNTA    C'l:rZ— Alt- 

RivAL  OF  Colonists — Founding  of  the  Vill.v  de  Bbancifoutf— I'uo- 

TI'.ST  of  the  FliANCISCANS — PLAN   TO   OPEN  COMMUNICATION   WITH  Xi.W 

Mexico — Coloiiado  Route  to  Sonuiia. 


It  had  long  been  the  intention  to  found  a  scries 
of  new  missions,  each  equidistant  from  two  of  the  old 
ones,  or  as  nearly  so  as  practicable,  and  all  somewhat 
farther  inland  than  the  orij^inal  line.  The  friars  of 
course  were  familiar  with  the  general  features  of  the 
country,  and  had  made  up  their  minds  long  ago  about 
the  best  sites.  In  1794-5,  however,  explorations  were 
made  by  the  priests,  assisted  in  each  instance  by  a 
military  officer  and  guard  of  soldiers.  In  some  cases 
this  was  a  reiJ  search  for  new  information;  in  others  it 
was  a  formality,  that  the  choice  of  sites  might  be  offi-^ 
cially  conlirmed.  This  matter  settled,  the  necessary 
correspondt^nce  b.'tween  governor,  president,  viceroy, 
and  guardian  took  place  in  1795-G,  and  in  1797-8  the 
new  missions,  five  in  number,  were  put  in  operation. 

In  1794  the  eastern  shores  of  San  Francisco  Bay 
were  almost  a  tierra  incognita  to  the  Spaniards.    It 

I  550  ) 


THE  ALAMEDA  SHORE. 


8S1 


M'ould  j)L>rli!i})s  1)0  too  mucli  to  say  tlint  tlioso  slioi'rs 
liad  not  hcoii  visited  i'or  nearly  twenty  years,  since; 
the  time  of  Anza;  but  there  is  no  record  of  any  i)r(^- 
vioiiH  raid  ajjcainst  the  wntiles  in  tliat  re'^ion,  nmcli 
less  t)f  any  explornij^  ex|KHlition.  In  Xovendx-r  ot 
(his  year,  four  natives  were  sent  across  to  work  with 
the  pagans,  hut  one  of  tlio  two  tule-rafts  composing 
this  annada  was  swept  out  and  wrecked  on  th(3  Fara- 
llones,  where  two  of  tlie  navigators  were  drowned  In 
ilui  same  month  the  friars  wished  to  go  with  a  small 
guard  up  the  eastern  hay-shore  i'rom  Santa  (*lara  to 
conquer  the  gentiles,  taking  advantage  of  their  short 
siij)ply  of  fi)od  resulting  from  drought,  but  the  com- 
mandant at  San  Francisco  refused,  because  the  coun- 
try was  "almost  unknown,"  the  natives  perverse,  and 
tlie  adventure  too  hazardous.^  Before  June  Sergeant 
l\'dro  Amador  visited  the  southern  nart  of  this  ter- 
ritory,  and  in  his  re[)ort  used  the  name  of  Alameda, 
still  a}»}>lied  to  county  and  creek."  November  15,  17!);"), 
in  accordance  with  Borioa's  orders  of  the  9th,  Al- 
ferez  Sal  and  Father  ]  )anti  set  out  from  Monterey. 
On  the  KJtli  they  exi)lored  the  San  Benito  region,  on 
the  stream  of  the  same  name,  where  they  found  all 
that  was  required  for  a  mission;  and  next  day  they 
found  another  suitable  hx-ation  on  the  edge  of  the 
San  Bernardino  plain  near  Las  Llagas  Creek,  or  what 
is  now  the  vicinity  of  Gilrt)y.  Having  arrived  at 
Santa  Clara  on  the  21st,  they  were  joined  by  Allerez 
]»aimund»^  Carrillo,  and  started  next  day  to  examine 
the  Alameda  j)reviously  explored  by  Amador,  whose 
thai-y  tho}^  had.  The  river  of  the  Alameda  was  also 
•  ailed  by  Danti  Ilio  de  San  Clementc.  The  ox})lorers 
continued  their  journey  up  to  a  point  which  they  state 
to  have  been  opposite  or  in  sight  of  San  Francisco 


>Xov.  .30,  1704,  Sal  to  Governor,  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  28-9. 

'^Amador's  report  is  not  ':'xtaiit,  Imt  the  governor's  ackiio\vleil,<_'nient  fif  its 
roceijjt  is  dated  .June  "J,  ITfl.').  i'loi:  Ucr.,  ^IS.,  v.  54.  I  suiiiio.-^^e  ii<'  ai:|ilie(l 
tlie  name,  or  it  liad  been  iiii])lied  Lefoie,  to  a  grove  on  tlic  htreani,  >\ut.'v  it  is 
so  apiilicd  a  little  later.  Alameda  vas  suljse(|iiently  used  for  the  soiitlieiu 
Buctiou  US  was  L'outra,  Costa,  for  the  aoitlieni,  though  much  less  commonly. 


n 


ii 


m 


■m 


652 


EXI'LORATIOXS  AND  Xr.\Y  FOUXDATIOXS. 


Mission  and  Ycrba  Buena  Islaii'l^  nearly  or  quite  to 
the  site  of  tlie  niodern  Oakland  ]>erliaj»,s,  and  tlim 
turned  baekward,  discovering-  some  important  salt- 
marshes,  and  finally  erected  a  cross  at  a  spot  some- 
what south  of  the  Alameda  and  called  San  Francisco 
Solano,  arrivino-  at  Santa  Clara,  well  soaked  with  the 
I'ain,  on  the  2rjth  of  Novembor.  Both  commandant 
and  friar  kejit  a  journal  of  this  expediti<jn.  The  docu- 
ments still  exist  and  contain  many  interesting^  local 
details,  but  are  somewhat  vaguely  written.  At  all 
events  I  have  no  space  for  their  reproduction,  and  the 
still  longer  explanation  that  would  be  required.^ 

In  August  1795  Father  Sitjar  of  San  Antonio  maiU' 
an  examination  of  the  country  between  his  mission 
and  San  Luis  Obispo,  finding  no  setter  place  for  a  mis- 
sion than  Las  Pozas,  where  faniiing-ground  for  three 
hundred  fanegas  of  seed  might  bo  irrigated  from  the 
arroyt)S  of  Santa  Isabel  and  San  Miircos.  lie  was 
accompanied  on  his  trip  by  Macar.'o  Castro  and  Ig- 
nacio  Vallejo.'* 

^  Sal,  Informe  qhp  hare  de  los Parogen  que  .■<e  hem  rerojwidoen  la  AhunaJa, 
J79,'i.  MS.  Dated  San  rranciseo,  Xov.  ,'K)tIi.  Left  San  ]'"iancisco,  (Jet.  IGtii. 
Sf.  I'lip.,  Mis-i.,  MS.,  ii.  fiO-1.  j'Jaiilt.  JJlario  dc  ini  Urconoritiiii'iito  tfi'  la  Ala- 
1/ii-fla,  17'j5,  MS.  ])ato(l  Siiu  Franeisei),  Deo.  2,  17!).").  It  may  he  noted 
tiiat  Macaiio  t'a.stro,  of  Sail  .fe.se,  had  a  lierd  of  mares  at  tlii.s  time  in  the  Ala 
niechi.  Also  tliat  one  of  tlie  n  irtherii  streams  vi.sited  ■was;  ealhd  San  Jiuni  do 
la  Cruz.  »>«/,  Iiij'nrme  en.  el  eiial  maiiijwHalo  (jiie  ha  ad'/ii'tridodc  rurioti  kiiiii/os 
jiara  cumio/irar/o  at  ijoheiitudor,  ,]l  de  J-Jiier.,  1700,  MS.,  eontains  the  toUow- 
ing  geo,L,'raphieal  information  about  the  great  interior  valley  -unintelligiiile  for 
tl'c  nio.st  part:  About  1.")  leagiie.s  north  from  Santa  Clara  is  the  IJio  del  IVs- 
cadi^ro  where  salmon  are  eaught.  A  quarter  of  a  league  further  the  Rio  San 
l''ranci>'eo  Javier  still  larger.  'J'wo  leagues  beyontl,  the  Rio  San  Migu(l, 
larger  than  either.  'J'liese  three  have  no  trees  wiuro  tliej  cross  the  ItduV' n 
valley.  Five  leagues  farther  is  the  Fiio  de  la  I'asion.  1  ctw  'en  the  last  two 
is  an  ftir'nial  in  thiit  j  art  of  the  Siei'ra  Madre  vhieh  stretch  's  north  imd  is 
called  the  Sierra  Xevada.  Keeping  in  the  eiiehiat  and  leaviig  the  t'dfrm 
to  the  le't  there  is  a  legion  of  fresh-water  lakes.  The  four  ri\"rs  run  fr-in 
east  to  west  and  empty  into  tiio  eiifienada  of  the  port  of  San  Fra.  'isco.  tide- 
water I'unning  far  U]).  The  Sierra  Madn^  is  about  eight  leagues  f  nn  liio  de 
la  I'asion.  Before  coming  to  the  "ivers,  on  the  right  is  the  Sierra  ol  San  .hum, 
II  -hort  distiinee  fi'om  tlie  Sierra  Xe\ada,and  in  sight  from  the  ]irc  i  lio.  Tlie 
fiiur  rivers  werr'  n;iniid  by  C;iptain  liivera  in  December  177*i. 

An  Inilian  saiil  his  jieoplc  traded  with  a  n.'ition  of  black  lndi;u  s  wlio  had 
padri's.  AnotluM-  s])oke  of  the,Jul]iones,  ()  o  'enscat,  Taunantoe,  aj  '  <j'Misitiie 
nations,  the  last  bald  from  bathing  in  i)o  ling  lakes.  An  Indian  v  ^i.nan  said 
th.-it  live  d.'iys  beyond  the  livers  there  wjrc  soldiers  and  iiiidres.  Loxcrs  of 
mjstery  will  liinl  food  fur  rellcction  aii  :  theory  in  the  ))rceeding  reiiiaiks. 

*S/'Jar,  ll(ciiiiiifiiiiitiit(ideSiliii)iar<ihii\  i.-  ra  Mit'inn  di  Sail  M  'kjiicI  .  JVJo,  M^. 
Dated  Aug.  'I'l  th,  uudaddrcssed  toLasueu.  See  uXaoSt.  I'up.  ,MUs.  ,ls\.ii.  ,u..  M-',, 


NEW  SITES  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


653 


The  region  between  San  Buenaventura  and  San 
Gabriel  was  explored  in  August  1795,  in  accordaneo 
■with  the  governor's  instructions  of  July  2ljd,  by 
Father  Santa  Maria,  Alferez  Cota,  and  Sergeant 
Ortega  s- ith  four  len.  The  Eneino  Valley,  where 
Fianeisco  Ileyes  had  a  rancLo,  was  the  spot  best 
suited  for  a  mission  among  the  iij?ny  visited,  but  the 
gentiles  being  attached  to  ijie  ])ueblo  of  Los  Angeles 
or  to  the  privat-j  ranchos,  showed  no  desii'e  for  mis- 
sionaries.°  In  thv;  preceding  Juno  Sergeant  Ortega 
had  exploi'i'H  ihe  country  northward  from  Santa 
IJarbara  and  found  a  fertile  vfd.Ly  on  the  Ilio  Santa 
llosa,  jjrobably  near  where  SanL^  Int's  was  founded 
in  later  years."  In  the  southern  district  Father 
^Fariner  \>  ith  Alferez  Grijalva  and  six  nun  started 
iiom  San  Diego  on  August  17th  to  search  lor  a  mis- 
sion site  between  San  Diego  and  San  Juan  Capis- 
trano.  His  report  was  in  favor  of  the  valley  of  San 
Jose,  called  by  the  natives  Tacopin,  a  league  and  a 
half  beyond  Pamo  toward  the  sierra.'' 

The  results  of  the  various  explorations  were  summed 
up  by  President  Lasuen  in  a  report  of  January  12, 
171)(),  which  was  incor[)orated  b}?^  Governor  I^orica  in 
a  report  to  the  viceroy  in  February.**     The  sites  ap- 

"^ Santa  Maria,  Ifrri'islro  que  hho  de  lo«  Para'jri'  eiitrc  Snn  Guhrhl  ij  San 
niit'iiaiviifui-a,  17'Jo,  MS.  Dated  Foh.  li,  \~'M.  Thu  jjiuho  xisit.il  in  this 
tuiir  Cayt-'uiK's  rancliLiia,  Siini  \'alley,  Triuiifo,  ("iikiliazas,  Knciiu)  Valliy 
with  raiifhi'i-ias  of  (,hiapa,  TaciU'iiiia,  Tnyniiga,  ft;i(l  Mapipiiii'a,  J.a  Zaiija, 
iicail  (if  Itio  Santa.  Claia,  ami  Muliii  niin.lR'iia.  Tho  iKicunicut  is  badly 
wiitti'ii,  and  also  I  susjicct  liadlj'  copied,  and  the  :  anics  may  lie  inr.eeni'ate. 
Ill  soniL  spots  tho  paj^'ans  culti\att'd  tho  hind  on  tii.  r  own  aecotint.  (.,'oi'poral 
Widugo  owned  J,a  Zanja  ranehn.  (Joveriior's  ord.-  i  f  .luly 'J.'Id,  in  I'nir.  /'<■■., 
MS.,  iv.  l!t.  In  .^7  /'(///..  J/i.sN.,  .MS.,  ii.  5j-G,  it  it  stateil  tliat  Santa  Maria 
made  an  inisueeessfnl  survey. 

"O/Vi ;/(-(,  JJiariu  ijiic  forma  FtTipe  ^farid  Oe  Or/  .'/«,  Sun/r  iifo  (A-  In  Cmn- 
'j<iifiiii  di'  Sidila  JJiirliiira  en  (•v)iijiliiii'n)ifo  d  la  comlaUui  (jin' ithhiro  dr  J),  Fi'H/ie 
(/('  (idi/caci/iiu  falifiido  <  i  Inn  li<.iid>rt.--  <i  ri'coiion  r  lo.i  I'llio.i  jior  d  riiiidni  dil 
iKirle  III  el  dia  17  a  lu--<  S  dc  In  inaimiia  ihl  mrn  dt'  Jindo,  y  c.s  i-i,iii(i  xi jiif,  17'J,'i, 
MS,  Tho  same  diary  inelmhs  an  examination  of  tho  Mojomra  region  ou 
.lune  'Jlilh  to'JSth.  Some  exiilorations  in  1 70S  will  bo  given  later  in  connect ii  a 
villi  the  foundation  of  Santa  liu's. 

".Inly  •-'.■!,  IT'J.-),  gdveiiwir's  order.  Prov.  J,'n\,  ^]^.,  v.  -J-JO-.-iO.  Aug.  14th 
luid  'JStli,  Sept.  Iht  and  !)th,  oomnuuiications  of  Mariner  ami  (Ir.'ijcra,  /'ror. 
SI.  Piiji.,  MS.,  xiii.  1!)--J();  -S7.  Paj>.,  .V/>.,  MS.,  5:}-.-). 

^ Lamini,  Iiij\,riii<'  niiliiv  Sdio.<  jjiira  Aicvnt  tMisioiics,  J7'J<i,  MS.;  Uoilcu, 
Injur  me  de  Kui-fus  Miiiioncs,  M  dcFib,,  7750',  MS. 


M 


i  J 


5o4 


EXrLORATIOXS  AND  A'EW  FOUNDATIONS. 


proved  were  San  Francisco  Solano,  seven  or  eiglit 
leagues  north  of  Santa  Clara;  Las  Pozas,  equidistant 
between  San  Antonio  and  San  Luis  Obispo;  and  Pale, 
fourteen  leaGfues  from  San  Dieti^o  and  eisxliteen  from 
San  Juan.  The  other  two  required  additional  exam- 
ination, since  two  sites  had  been  reconuiiended  be- 
tween San  Carlos  and  Santa  Clara,  and  tliat  between 
San  Buenaventura  and  San  Gabriel  was  not  altoijether 
satisfactory.  Borica  hoped  that  by  means  of  the  new 
missions  all  the  jjentiles  west  of  the  Coast  Panoe 
might  be  reduced  and  thus  $15,0G0,  the  annual  ex- 
pense of  guards,  might  be  saved  to  the  royal  treasury. 
He  did  not  deem  it  safe  to  expose  the  friars  witli  a 
small  guard  of  soldiers  east  of  the  mountains.  The 
viceroy  if  he  consents  to  the  foundations  should  send 
friars  and  the  .^  1,000  allowed  to  each  now  establish- 
ment; but  no  increase  of  military  force  will  '  needed, 
since  the  presence  of  the  volunteers  and  tl.  ;<.'  lillery- 
men  will  release  some  soldiers,  and  the  guards  of  some 
old  missions  may  be  reduced.  The  saving  of  $15,000 
and  the  unusual  circumstance  that  no  additional  force 
was  needed,  were  strong  arguments  in  Mexico,  and 
on  the  19th  of  August  179G  the  vicero}',  after  con- 
sultation with  the  treasury  officials,  authorized  the 
carrying-out  of  Borica's  plan.''  On  Septendjer  20t]i 
Nogueyra,  the  guardian,  announces  that  he  has  named 
the  ten  friai's  required.  He  asks  for  the  usual  allow- 
ances, and  begs  that  a  vessel  may  sail  with  the  mis- 
sionaries as  soon  as  possible,  but  protests  against  any 
reduction  of  the  guards  at  the  old  missions.  Borica 
received  the  viceroy's  orders  before  the  end  of  the 
year,  and  on  May  5,  1797,  Lasuen  announc(,>d  that  the 
fiiars  were  coming  and  all  was  ready. ^" 

^Bnntciforti',  A  tdnrkarhm  <hl  Vlrreij  para  la/iimlarion  de  chiro  viicmn  )»/<- 
ioiicn,J7i>0,  MS.   Sept.  'J!)tli,  guardian  consents.  Pror.  St.  I'a/i.,  MS. ,  xiv.  I'JS  0. 

'"])fc.  '2'^,  17!1(i,  Uurica  to  viceroy,  .S7.  /'«/).,  .S'.ic,  MS.,  iv.  71-'-'.  Miiy 
t'),  1797,  Laam'n  to  B.,  hi.,  vii.  'iS-Iil.  Lasuen  says  it  will  Ijo  hard  f<ir  the 
(>1<1  niLssiona  to  contriluito  for  so  many  new  ones  at  tiie  s;nne  time;  yet  he  w  ill 
do  his  l)cst.  San  (Vulos,  Sanla  Clara,  and  San  Francisco  will  lie  called  u|i(iii 
to  aid  the  two  norllKin  cstablishnioiit.s  and  to  lend  Indian.sand  U»iU.  J.ivc- 
Ktock  ninst  lie  f^iveii  oiitrii^dit.  Santa  Cruz  certainly  antl  Suledud  i)roLaIjly 
,iuui>t  Lu  excused. 


FOUXDIXG  OF  MISSION  SAX  JOSt.  5J5 

Prolimlufiries  bciiiLC  thus  arrauu'cd,  I  come  to  the 
actual  I'uumliug  of  tlio  iive  missions,  clirouolou^ical 
order  in  this  instance  aiiTeeinuc  with  that  of  locahties 
iVom  nortli  to  south.  Desirinu:  to  avoid  anv  umieces- 
sary  scattering  of  material  I  shall  join  t(j  the  estab- 
hsliing  of  each  mission  its  local  annals  to  the  end  of 
the  decade,  as  I  have  done  before  in  the  case  of  new 
establishments. 

Borica  sent  orders  to  the  commandant  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, the  1.5th  of  ]\Iay,  to  detail  Corporal  Miranda 
and  live  men  for  the  mission  of  San  Jose  to  be  founded 
at  the  Alameda.  On  June  9th  the  troops  under 
Amador  and  accompanied  by  Lasuen  started  for  the 
spot,whei'e  next  day  a  temporary  clmrch, m cni-a iik i(.hi, 
was  erected.  The  native  name  of  the  site  was  Oroy- 
s<nn,  and  the  nauio  of  the  mission,  San  Jose,  in  honor 
of  the  patriarch  iiusband  of  the  virgin  Mary,  had 
been  included  in  the  orders  from  Mexico.  On  June 
11th,  Trinity  Sunday,  the  re^'ular  ceremonies  of 
foundation — blessing  the  ground,  raising  the  ci'oss, 
litany  of  all  saints,  mass,  sermon,  te  deum,  and  the 
burning  of  one  pound  of  gunpowder — were  performed 
))y  or  under  the  superintendence  of  Father  Lasuen, 
the  only  friar  [)resent.  The  same  day  all  returned  to 
Santa  Clara  leaving  the  new  mission  to  solitude  and 
the  gentiles.  Five  days  later  Amador  and  his  men 
came  back  to  cut  limber  and  prepare  the  necessary 
liuildings.  ]Jy  the  28th  this  work  was  so  far  advanced 
that  the  guaid,  as  was  thought,  could  com|)lete  it. 
Water  was  brouglit  to  the  plaza,  and  the  soldiers,  all 
but  ]\Iiranda  and  his  five  men.,  retii'ed  to  the  presidio. 
Tlie  same  day  the  ministers,  Isidoro  IJarcenilla  and 
Agustin  Merino,  arrived  and  took  charge.^^ 


^^  Aii'ndnr,  DUu'io  dc  la  Expeil'icJon  puni  /".'•■hir  Ja  Mi^'mn  deSfin  ,A-».-V, 
/r.'C  MS.;  Amiiilor,  l'reirnrloiiff><dCahi)il<'la('fiilt'i<l('SiniJn^i,l^'J7y  MS. 
J';itiMl  .Iiiiio  'Jstli,  Still.  Jii.<v,  Lib.  dc  Mision,  ^IS.,  tiLle-iiiiucH.  Miiy  l.'itli, 
.!.'nvcrn(n''8  ordur  to  coimiiaiiilaut.  Pror.  Itif.,  MS.,  v.  IU7.  .Irno  Illli, 
!.:isiu'il  to  L'ov.  A/i'h.  iSIa  IJurlnu-ci^yiS..  vi.  'Jl  J;  .S7.  i'lip.,  Snr.,  MS.,  xviii. 
•J'.l  :;0;  J'r^r.  live,  MS.,  vi.  1!K).  .luly.M,  ( lov.  ,o\i,vroy.  A/.,  vi.  1)L  Juno 
-!Hli,  Miiaiula  to  ((iimiiaiiiliint.  /';o/\  ,S7.  /'((/».,  .MS.,  .\'vi,  !)i.  'I'lii:  Indian 
luuiii;  of  tiic  bito  id  uUu  u  liUcu  Uroj  juii,  Oruy-soii,  and  Urj  sou.    L'uiiliiLiulioua 


i  'ijiii 


HI  ll 


jiJG 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  NEW  FOUNDATIONS. 


In  July  1797  there  were  rumors  <jf  impendinr,^ 
attack  \>y  the  savages,  and  sucli  rumors  were  prevalent 
to  the  end  of  the  decade;  but  there  was  no  disaster, 
and  I  shall  have  occasion  elsewhere  to  speak  further 
of  Indian  troubles  round  San  Francisco  I}a^^^"  The 
first  baptism  was  aihninistered  September  2d  by  Father 
Catala.  B}'^  the  end  of  1797  there  were  33  converts, 
and  in  1800  the  nundjer  had  increased  to  28G,  the 
baptisms  having  been  3G4  and  the  burials  88.  Mean- 
while the  larije  stock  came  to  number  3G7,  and  there 
were  1,000  slieep  and  goats.  Cro[)s  in  1800  were  about 
1,500  bushels,  chiefl}^  wheat.  Total  for  the  three  years 
3,900  bushels.  Padre  Barcenilla,  a  man  who,  by  reason 
of  ill-health  as  was  believed,  was  extremely  irascible 
and  always  in  a  quarrel  with  somebody,  particularly 
v.ith  the  corporal,"  remained  at  San  Jose  till  after 
1800.  Merino  was  replaced  in  1799  by  Jose  Antonio 
Uria.  All  three  were  new-comers,  and  none  remained 
long  in  the  country.  A  wooden  structure  with  grass 
roof  served  as  a  church.  Miranda  was  re])laced  by 
Luis  Peralta  in  1798.^' 


from  the  three  northern  missions  for  San  Josd  were  12  mulcn,  39  horses,  12 
yoke  of  oxon,  '242  sheep,  and  00  pigs.  Arrfi.  Minloiies,  MS.,  i.  ,')". 

'-Sec  Chapter  xxxi.  of  this  vohnnc.  July  15,  1797,  (.'orji.  jNIiranila  to  com- 
nianilaiit,  says  tliat  on  acuouut  of  tlic  danger,  the  padres  wished  to  abandon 
the  n.i^siou,  ))nt  he  lias  dissuaded  them.  J'ror.  <S7.  J'<(j>.,  MS.,  xvi.  !)(>.  Aui;. 
17,  1797,  Ania<l(n'  to  13orica.  Some  gentik-.s  ■want  to  eonu^  ncir  llic  mission  to 
live  beeaiiso  llu;  Sacalanes  tlirenten  to  kill  tl\eni  for  their  iVii'Uihliip  to  th<' 
Christiana.  /'/.,xv.  17.'i -4.  AprilO,  179.S.  Argiiello  to  15.,  Indians  makingarrows 
to  attack  tin'  ndssion.  lieenforeenients  sent.  The  coriioral  has  orders  not  to 
force  Indians  to  eonie  to  the  mission.  /(/.,  xvii.  97.  April  17tii,  Amador  says 
20  Indians  consented  to  come  and  he  made  Christians.  /»/.,  x\ii.  101.  Tin; 
making  of  arrows  seems  to  have  been  for  linnting  pnrposcs.  Jd,  xvii.  100. 
June  0th,  (!(iv.  to  Corporal  IVndta  ord"ring  great  caution  and  pnidence,  but 
the  Indians  must  be  ])unis]ied  if  fair  words  have  no  ell'ect.   I<1.,  xvii.  Kit!  7. 

'•''Sept.  27,  1797.  IJarcenilla  writes  to  the  connnandant  tiiat  tlie  sohlicrs 
will  nut  h  lid  a  hand  even  in  eases  wliere  'the  most  barbarous  Indian  would  nut 
refuse  his  ai<l.'  Private  Higni'r.idoes  nothing  but  Mag  his  tongue  against  such 
jis  assist  the.  padi'es.  Corp.  -Miranda  is  much  changed  and  will  not  work  e\cn 
for  ]iav.  Miranda  explained  that  the  padres  were  angry  because  the  sohlirrs 
Avoiild  not  act  as  vaqueros.  /Vol).  St.  I'ap.,  MS.,  xvi.  47-8.  Details  of  tlic 
trotilile  in  /(/.,  xvi.  .'J.VS,  40-7. 

",S7.  l'fii>.  J//.SV.,  MS.,  ii.  122.  Soldiers  of  the  guard  before  1800,  aecord- 
ing  to  S.  JnMi',  L'lh.  ill'  Mis'mii,  ^IS.,  .luan  Jos.'  Iligiicra,  Salvador  Higucra, 
Ju.in  (iarcia,  (,'ornelio  Kosales,  Rafael  < Jalindo,  .luan  .losi''  Linai^--;.  Uamnn 
Linares,  l'"raiieiseo  I'lorcs,  .bjsi'  Maria  Castillo,  iligucl  Sala/.ar,  liilaiio  Mi 
randa,  and  Hcrmeiicgildo  liojorges. 


//'« 


FOUXDIXa  OF  SAX  JUAX  BAUTISTA. 


667 


COIll- 

aiiilim 
An- 
ion to 

i>   the 

TdW.S 

lot,    to 

SlIVS 

i.  loo, 

llUt 
/  • 

licvs 
(I  not 
.  snrli 
c\('n 

if  I  ho 

.1.1- 

anion 
Ml- 


For  the  second  mi.ssion  Borica  instructed  the  coni- 
niandarit  of  Monterey  on  May  18th  t(j  detail  Cor- 
poral Ballesteros  and  a  guard,  ot  five  men.'^  Next  day 
Merc  issued  IJorica's  instructions  lo  the  corperal,  simi- 
lar in  every  respect  to  documents  of  the  same  class 
already  noted  in  past  chapters.  It  is  to  he  noted, 
Iiowever,  that  the  matter  of  furnishing  escorts  to  tho 
friars  is  left  more  to  the  corporal's  discretion  than 
l)cforc,  the  al>sence  of  soldiers  at  niu:ht  bciinL"-  declared 
inexpedient  but  not  absolutely  prohibited.  Sending 
soldiers  after  fugitive  neophytes  was,  however,  still 
I'orbidden.  These  instructions,  though  prepannl  es])c- 
ciiilly  for  this  new  mission,  were  ordered  published  at 
all  the  missions.^" 

The  site  chosen  was  the  southernmost  of  the  two 
that  h;id  lieen  examined,  called  by  tlie  8[)aniai'ds  for 
many  years  past  San  Benito,  lint  by  the  natives 
]'*opel()utchom.''  Here  as  early  as  June  1  7th,  Corporal 
Ijlaliesteros  liad  erected  a  church,  missionnry-house, 
granary,  and  guard-house,^''  ari<l  on  June  '24tli,  day  of 
the  titular  saint.  President  Lasuen  with  the  aid  of 
j'athcrs  Catala  and  ^Martiarena  founded  tho  new  mis- 
sion of  San  Juan  Bautista,^''  the  name  having  hcvn 

'i  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  ■\[S.,  xvii.  144- '>.  A  list  of  supplies  funiishod  tlio 
osfoltii  is  givL'ii  !i.s  follows;  l'_'  f;in.  niai/o,  4  fan.  licans,  1  liuttof  fat,  1  Knrcl, 
1  pot,  1  pan.  i  iron  laille,  1  nictato,  1  cuitlicrn  pan,  1  fi-ying-pan,  'J  Ijiiivos,  5 
axes,  ;$  lioc's,  1  iron  liar,  I  inaclu'te,  (i  knives  for  outtiii<,'  j.mmsh  ami  tiiles,  10 
hiilcs,  ■-'muskets,  1,000  cartridj^es,  Xo.  14,  1 .000  lialls, 'JOO  Hints,  ."(»  Ihs.  pow- 
der, 1  ]iair  of  shaelcles,  'J  fetters,  1  door,  1  padloek,  weigiit.s  and  measures. 
List  also  in  S!.  f''i]>.,  .1//.«. .  MS.,  ii.  ijl-'j.  ]Ma\-  UHh,  lioriea  gives  sonic  gen- 
eral orders  about  tlic  two  new  missions.  Pnii'.  >'/.  /'(■'/>.,  MS.,  xvii.  1.S7. 

^'^  llorica,  Iiiti'mcc'ciii  /.<ir<i  <f  Ciiiiifunlaiifi'  il<'  In  K.%-ollii  (./(•.■^/intnla  li  Id  fun- 
darntii  ill'  III  Minimi  ilr  Ni//;  Jiirin  Uniit'ista,  1VJ7.  MS. 

'"Written  also  I'oiipelonteliun  and  I'opelout.  The  '2H  raneberias  lielong- 
ing  to  tliis  mission  were  Onexta'-o,  Alisayrue,  ^lotssum,  Trutca,  'relioaltac, 
Xisca,  or  Xixeaea,  '^ligu.'xy,  Tipisastac,  Aus.iima,  I'oytoqiii.x,  (luaeliurrones, 
I'agosines  or  I'ayeines,  ('alendanie,  Asystarea,  Pouxouoina,  Surieuiiina,  T.i- 
niarox,  Tliithirii,  I'llijaima.  Ciiapuna,  Slitaldejama,  Keliantae,  and  Nclnius. 

"*/Voc.  7,V--.,  .MS.,  vi.  1!I0   I. 

'* Lasuen  Loth  on  the  title-]iage  of  .s'.  Jumi  /itiiiH.s/ii,  J/ih.  ilr  Mi.-^ioii,  ^IS., 
and  in  a  letter  of  .Iiiin'  '21l\i.  to  the  governor,  An/i.  Sfa  Iitirlmra,  MS,,  vi. 
•JJ  li,  eoniniits  the  strange  error  of  making  the  foundation  oi\  June  '21st.  In 
another  letter  dated  . I  line  '21th,  he  gives  tlie  date  eorreetly.  iSV.  I'lip.,  Siir., 
MS.,  xviii.  "JS- 0.  .luly  'Jd,  goveriKir  aniiounees  th(^  foundation  to  viceroy. 
J'rur.  I\d\,  ^IS.,  vi.  !)4.  Sec  iilso  Id.,  iv.  "JoO;  Arroijo  ik  la  Ctiealn,  Grain. 
Mutsuii,  p.  vii.  viii. 


|:iiii 


I' 


5JS 


EXrLOr.ATIOXS  AND  NEW  FOUXDATIOXS. 


indicated  in  tho  orders  of  tlic  viceroy,  and  the  day 
having  l)een  selected  jis  appropriate. 

Jos6  Manuel  Maitiarena  and  Pedro  Adriano  INIarti- 
nez  were  the  first  ministers,  both  new  arrivals  of  1794 
and  1797  respectively,  the  latter  serving  at  San  Juan 
until  the  end  of  1800,  the  former  leaving  the  mission 
in  July  1799,  and  Jacinto  Loj)CZ  coming  in  August 
1800.  The  first  baptism  took  place  on  July  11th,  and 
before  the  end  of  the  year  85  had  received  the  rite, 
as  had  G41  before  the  end  of  1800,  G5  having  died  in 
the  mean  time,  and  5 1  G  remaininnf  as  neoi)hvtes.  Live- 
stock  increased  to  721]  large  animals  and  2,080  small; 
agricultural  jiroducts  for  1800 — much  the  largest  crop 
that  had  been  I'aised — amounted  to  about  2,700  bush- 
els.''^" A  mud-roofed  wooden  structure  was  the  mis- 
sion church  hefore  1800. 

Beyond  the  statistics  tjiven  there  is  nothing  to  bo 
noted  in  the  local  annals  of  San  Juan  Bautista  except 
certain  Indian  troubles  and  the  earthquake  of  1800. 
The  Ansaimcs,  or  Ansayames,  were  the  natives  who 
caused  most  trouble.  They  lived  in  tlie  mountains 
some  twenty-five  miles  east  of  San  Juan.  In  1 798 
they  are  said  to  have  surrounded  the  n)ission  by  niglit, 
but  were  forced  to  retreat  by  certain  ])rompt  measures 
of  the  governor  not  specified.  In  November  another 
band  known  as  the  Osos  killed  eight  rancheria  Ind- 
ians, and  Sergeant  Castro  was  sent  to  ])unish  them. 
Tliey  resisted  and  a  fight  occurred,  in  which  the  chii'f 
Tatillosti  was  killed,  another  chief  and  a  soldier  were 
wounded,  and  two  gentiles  were  brought  in  to  be 
educated  as  interpi-eters.  In  1799  the  Ansaimcs 
again  assumed  a  threateninjTf  attitude  and  killed  five 
jloutsones,  or  Mutsunes,  who  lived  between  them 
and  the  mission.  Acting  under  elaborate  instructii)ns 
from  Borica,  ( 'astro  visited  several  rancherias,  i-ecov- 
ered  over  fifty  fugitives,  administered  a  few  floggings 

'"  Tlie  soldiers  uaiiicd  in  the  mission-books  before  18(X)  were  eorpnml  .1  ..an 
Italli'stcids.  .Vntoiiiu  iMiiitiiu/,  .Tosi'  Manml  Ili^uoin,  .JiiseCtUiKlalupr  llaiiiiivz, 
Matian  IJodrii^an'z,  Manuel  ISiioncs,  Liicas  Altamirauo,  Isidiu  ikiics,  and 
Jose  Iguacio  Lugo. 


FOUNDING  OF  SAN  ]MIGUEL. 


569 


\vitli  no  end  of  warnings,  found  some  <»f  tlie  prevalent 
juniors  of  past  niisdeeds  to  Ije  unfounded,  and  brought 
in  a  few  captives  for  presidio  work.  Again  in  1800 
the  Ansainics  killed  two  ]\tutsunes  at  San  Benitt) 
('reck,  l)urned  a  house  and  some  wlieat-fields,  and 
were  with  difficulty  kept  from  destroying  the  mission. 
Sergeant  Gabriel  Moraga  marched  with  ten  meji  and 
hrouglit  in  eighteen  captives  including  the  chii'ftains 
of  tlie  Ansainu!  and  the  Carnadero  ranchei'ias."^ 

There  were  shocks  of  earthquake  from  the  11th  to 
the  3 1st  of  October,  sometimes  six  in  a  day,  the  most 
severe  on  the  18th.  Friars  were  so  teriificd  that 
they  spent  the  nights  out  of  doors  in  tin;  mission 
carts.  Several  cracks  appeared  in  the  ground,  one  of 
considerable  extent  and  depth  on  the  [tanks  of  tlie 
Pajaro,  and  the  adobe  walls  of  all  the  buildings  Avere 
cracked  from  top  to  bottom,  and  threatened  to  fall. 
The  natives  said  that  such  shocks  were  not  'ncom- 
Hion  in  that  vicinity,  and  sp(>ke  of  subteri-anean  ils- 
sures,  or  caverns,  caused  by  them,  frum  which  salt 
water  had  issued.  " 

The  site  of  the  third  mission,  between  San  Antonio 
and  San  Luis  Obisjto,  was  called  Las  Pozas  by  the 
Spaniards  and  Vahid  l)y  tlie  natives.-'    "I[ere,"  says 

^' /'roc.  R<c.,  MS.,  ix.  0-11;  vi.  100-7;  Borica,  Iih<tn(rcioh  "/  Sdrijuilo 
('(intro  xohir  rccorrrr  lax  I'diichcrias  dc  O'liilikx,  IIW,  ^IS.,  in  f'ror.  Si.  /*"/'., 
xvii.  ;i'2.1-8.  l)atc'<l  Monterey,  June  Ttli.  (!untro,  Diario  dc  mt  Expcilii'iiiii  d 
I'ifi  Ildiichi  ria<,  It'JO,  MS.  l)iited  June  '2'Mi.  It  .seiiiis  tliut  llie  Spauiunls 
Were  in  the  liubit  of  goiiii;  to  the  Ansaiiiic  country  after  fi'/ni>tjiiiif,  or  salt- 
IH'tre.  Besides  thope  nauied  in  the  text  the  Oi'estaco  and  <  luapo  raneheria.s 
are  mentioned.  Seealso.S/.  J'd/i.,  Sac.,  MS.,  viii.  hO- 1 ;  Prur.  S/.  /'.';i.,  MS., 
xviii.  I!3.  In  ISOO  the  San  Juan  Indians  .scut  'A  wagons,  0  yoke  of  oxen,  !> 
hiir.se.-*,  and  I.")  Indians  to  Mimterey  when  an  attach  from  foi'cii:u  vessels  was 
feared.  I'or  this  they  were  n  luuuerated  hy  onh  r  of  the'  viceruy  to  encourage 
zeal  in  like<ase.s.  Jd.,  xix.  7. 

2-Coniandante  Sal.  to  governor,  Oct.  .'il,  180(),  in  .?/.  P(i]>.,  .l//>^.  and  ('olim, 
Ms.,  i.  40-'2.  Nov.  llllth,  governor  aeluiowledges  receijit.  /';■(. c.  /,'<(•.,  .M.-n., 
XI.  147.  Dec.  Sth,  governor  to  viceroy.  Prar.  St.  I'd}).,  MS.,  xxi.,  .")!.  Feh. 
Kith,  v.  II.  to  gov.  Id.,  xviii.  09.  This  earthiiuake  liai?  l)een  noticed  also  in 
/,''iiidn'/d,'.'<  OniHoii;  Vdlijo,  ]Iht.  Cid.,  MS.,  i.  I(i7:  T'lll'dr.-i  /l!st.  Cn/..  11(1; 
Triisk,  in  t'(d.  A''iul.  Xid.  Sricmr',  iii.  1,'!4.  On  Nov.  'JJd  a,  sIkk  k  was  felt  in 
the  e-itreme  south.   Pror.  Sf.  Pa/i.,  MS.,  xxi.  M. 

'•''I'lierc  i.s  nnieli  <lou1>t  al>iiut  tjiis  aiiorigiu'd  nanip.  Tiill'i'rent  cdpyist.s 
I rom  Lasuen's  original  'ettersand  entries  in  tlie  niissioud)oiiks  make  il;  \'iitie;l, 
Havaijc,  in  title-page  of  S.  Miyiul,  L'dj.  dc  Misioii,  .MS.;  Vahea,  another  fronj 


I 


i.'  a 


■J-f 


SCO 


KXrLOP.ATIOXS  AXD  NEW  FOUXDATIONS. 


U'^ 


M"  ■%- 


Lasuen  on  July  25,  1797,  "with  tliu  assistance  of  tlic 
liuvcrend  Padro  A])osto]ic  Pruaclier,  Fr.  Jjiionavcn- 
tura  Sitjar,  and  of  the  troop  destined  to  guard  the 
new  estalihshnient,  in  presence  of  a  great  nuiltitude 
of  gentiles  of  both  sexes  and  of  all  ages,  whose  i)leas- 
ure  and  rejoicing  exceeded  even  our  desires,  thanks 
to  God,  I  blessed  water,  the  j)lace,  and  a  great  cross, 
which  we  adored  and  raised.  Immediately  I  intoned 
the  litanvof  the  saints,  and  after  it  cliant(;d  the  mass, 
in  which  I  preached,  and  we  concluded  the  ceremony 
by  solemnly  singing  the  tc  deum.  May  it  all  be 
for  the  greater  honor  and  glory  of  God  our  Lo)'d. 
Amen."  Thus  was  founded  the  mission  of  San  Miguel, 
ill  honor  of  "the  most  glorious  prince  of  the  heavenly 
niihtia,"'  the  archangel  Saint  Michael,  for  which  Sitji.r 
and  Antonio  de  la  Concepcion  Horra,  a  new-comer  of 
J  790,  v/ere  a[)pointcd  ministers.  Jose  Antonio  Ro- 
driguez; was  corporal  of  the  guard.-* 

A  beginning  of  missionai-y  work  was  made  by  the 
baptism  of  15  children  on  the  day  of  foundation;  at 
the  end  of  1800  the  number  had  increased  to  385,  of 
■whom  53  had  died  and  3(52  were  on  the  registers  as 
neoj)hytes."'''  The  nundjer  of  horses  and  cattle  was 
372,  while  small  animals  numbered  1,582.  The  crop 
of  1800  was  1,900  bushels;  and  the  total  product  of 
the  three  years,  3,700  bushels.'-^  Sitjar  left  San  ^ligiul 
and  returned  to  his  old  mission  of  San  Antonio  in 

sanu!  f)ri.eiii;il;  Vahirt,  Murray,  from  Lasnon's  letters  of  ,Tuly  2r)th,  in  Arch. 
Slit  Udrhiirri,  JIS.,  vi.  23-4;  \'ahc;'i,  Pina,  from  ]5oi'ica,  July  31st,  in  J'ror. 
n<c.,  IMS.,  vi.  04-0. 

■-'.SV(,(  Mlt/iicl.  Lll).  (If  ;V;.sv"o»,  MS.;  Itodiiguez'  letter  of  .July  2r)th.  Si. 
Pup.,  Sitr.,  ]\1S.,  xviii.  27-S;  Lasiien's  letter  of  Ai'g.  Tith,  referring  to  the  vn- 
iisualiy  favoralile  disposition  of  the  native.^,  l)Ut  suggesting  eaution.  Id.,  vi. 
0(1-7;  Pror.  h'lc,  MS.,  vi.  103.  See  also  refoienees  of  preceding  note.  Con- 
ti  il)\iti<ins  from  San  Antonio,  San  Lui.s,  and  I'urisinia  were  S  mules,  23  horses, 
8  yoke  of  oxen,  12S  eattle,  lS4sl'eep.  Arrli.  Mi.ii(iii(:s,  MS.,  i.  2(11. 

2' I  give  the  ligures  as  they  stand  on  the  records.  The  sum  of  the  deaths 
and  rx>-l<iit( >^  is  rarely  the  same  as  the  liajitisms.  When  less,  the  delicioiKy 
may  he  attril)uted  to  runaways;  but  when  greater  it  i.s  inexplicable  Sixve  oil 
the  theory  ol  an  error  in  the  registei'. 

''"The  soldiers  of  the  guard  were  .Tost''  Antonio  Rodriguez,  corporal,  Man- 
uel .Montci'i),  Jose  Maria  (iuadalu])e,  and  Juan  !Maria  IMnto,  according  to  liie 
niission-linok.  According  to  the  report  of  1707-8,  the  bell  iit  San  Miguel  was 
soon  litter  its  hanging  found  to  be  cracked  and  worthless.  Arch.  Sla  Barbara, 
MS.,  xii.  G(J. 


FOUNDING  OF  SAN  FERNANDO. 


Ml 


August  1708.  Juan  ^lartiii  Ix'g'aii  a  very  long  tei'iii 
of  niinistiy  in  So{)t(iiilx'r  I7*J7,  and  iKtltasar  Car- 
nicer  a  short  ono  in  ^fay  J  71)0.  Iforia,  l)L'tt('r  l;iiown 
l)y  the  name  of  Concupcion,  served  only  ahout  two 
months,  Avhen,  being'  charged  with  insanity,  he  ^^■as 
enticed  to  visit  ^loiiterey  on  some  }>r*'ten(led  Imsi- 
ness  of  ini[)ortanoe  and  sent  to  his  college  l)y  order  of 
.Ijasueu  and  c(jns(Mit  of  tlie  governor,  sailing  on  the 
Conccpcioi)  or  Prlnccm,  which  loft  Monteicy  in  St'i)- 


tenil 


)er 


II 


0  IS  sai( 


1  t(»  1 


lavc  been  a  \(i 


y 


d^i. 


anc 


1 


worthy  fi'iar  Leforo  he  came  to  Calilbrnia;  and  in 
])i'oof  of  his  insanity  notliing  more  sc-rious  is  rei'oi'ded 
than  baptizing  nati\'es  without  sutlicient  preparation 
and  neglecting  to  keep  a  proper  regist<;r.  ""I'liere  is 
no  special  reason  to  doubt,  however,  tliat  the  chai'ge 
was  well  founded.  After  his  return  to  the  college, 
on  July  I'l,  1708,  lie  made  a  long  report  in  which  he 
rharii'ed  the  CaHfornia  I'riars  with  gross  mismanau'c- 
nient,  with  cruelty  to  the  natives,  and  with  inhuman 
treatment  of  himself.  Tliis  report  I  shall  have  occasion 
to  notice  more  fully  elsewhere.  In  tin.'  mission-books 
of  San  ]Miguel  tliis  padre's  signature  a}t])ears  but 
once — on  the  title  of  the  death-register,  where  his 
statement  that  he  was  ono  of  the  founders  was  sub- 
sequentl}'  struck  out.  The  original  mud-roofed  wood- 
en church  was  not  replaced  by  a  better  structure 
until  after  1800. 


I'iltllS 


For  the  fourth  mission,  between  San  Bnenavcntura 
and  San  Gabriel,  additional  exploration  revi.'aled  no 
better  location  than  tliat  of  IleN'es'  rauclio  in  Encino 
A'allev,  called  bv  the  natives  Achois  Comilunit.  A. 
([uarrel  between  lieyes  and  the  friars  respecting  the 
o\vnershi[)  of  the  land  W(jul(l  be  an  aj)])ropi-iatc  intro- 
duction to  the  narrative  of  this  foundation;    but  no 

-'  Aiig.  20t]i,  Lasiicn  to  ;,'overnor  in  St.  Pii/i.,  S'lv.,  MS.,  vi.  !)3-4.  Sept.  4th, 
gdvev'-oi- to  viceroy.  /'/.,viii.  4.  S('i)t.  'Jil,  ( lov.  to  LasiU'ii.  Proi:  lu'.,  MS., 
vi.  UK),  llorra  scomsto  liavo  jjcen  tran.--fciTi(l  sulisi'(|iuiitly  to  tlic  Qucirlaro 
iiillegc,  for  wliii'h  tlio  iniai'diau  thanks  (iod  in  u  letter  to  La.suen,  May  14, 
17'J'J.  Arrh.  SM  /,'-;/•/„;,■,/.  MS.,  xi.  '2S0-1. 

IIlHX.    (.'AL.,    VUL.   I.      3li 


* 


W2 


EXPLOr.ATIOXS  AND  XEW  FOUXPATIONS. 


siicli  fontrovcisv  I><  rcf'oi'dcd,  tlioiiLili  ihv  I'.'inclici'd's 
lioiiHC  was  a])[)r()|tiiatt'(l  as  a  (l\vc■llill^•  lor  the  iiiission- 
arics.  Jjasiicu  liad  gone  down  fVum  8aii  ^li^^ucl  to 
Santa  Barbara,  wliencc  ho  started  at  tlic  end  of  AnjLj'ust 
Avitli  Serjeant  ( )hvera  and  an  escort.  WItli  the  aid  of 
Father  Fi'aneisco  ])unietz,  on  the  8th  of  Sej)teinher,  in 
the  pj'esenee  of  the  troo[)s  and  ii  great  crowd  ol'iiatives, 
lie  |)erf()rmed  the  usual  ceremonies,  and  dedicated  the 
new  mission,  as  required  by  instructions  from  ^lexico, 
to  San  Fc  rnando,  liey  de  Fsj)ana.-^  Francisco  Javier 
XTri'a  was  tlu;  associate  of  iJumetz,  and  botli  served 
until  tlie  end  of  IHOO  and  later.  Ten  cliildi'i'U  werel)aj»- 
tized  the  first  day,  and  thirteen  adults  liad  been  added 
to  tlie  list  early  in  October.  There  wej'e  55  neophytes 
at  the  end  of  "l?!)?,  and  310  at  the  end  of  1  SOO,  i)a|.- 
tisnis  having  anioimted  to  o52  and  deatlis  to  70.  Five 
liundred  and  twenty-six  was  the  nundjer  of  cattle, 
nudes,  and  horses;  and  GOO  that  of  sheep.  l*rodncts 
of  the  soil  in  1800  were  about  1,000  bushels,  thongh 
tliey  had  amounted  to  1,200  bushels  the  year  before, 
the  total  yield  for  three  years  being  4,700  bushels. 


V\      \l> 


The  fifth  and  last  of  the  new  estal)lishmcnts  was  not 
founded  until  the  next  year.  In  October  1797  a  new 
exploration  was  made  between  San  Juan  Capistran(» 
and  San  Diego  by  Corporal  Lisalde,  with  seven  sol- 
diers and  li^'e  Indians,  escortin<jr  fathers  Lasucn  and 

-*St  Fcnliiiaiul  was  Fernando  III.,  Kinj;  of  Spain,  vlio  roigncd  from  I'JIT 
to  li!.")!,  luidri'  ^\  liosc!  rulo  tlic  crowns  of  (.'astile  and  Leon  wuri;  united.  Jlr 
was  canonixud  in  1071  by  (,'Ionient  X.  Aug.  "JMtli,  (Joycocclica  to  IJorica  uu- 
nouncing  Lasuen's  departure  for  Iteycs'  ranelio.  J'rui:  Ht.  I'dj'.,  MS.,  xv. 
fi'2.  Sejit.  Sth,  Lasuen's  report  of  foundation.  .S7.  I'd/).,  Sn'-.,  .MS.,  xviii.  "Jll-T: 
Arrh.  ,S/a  Jldr/iara,  MS.,  vi.  '-'4-5.  Sei)t.  Stli,  eertitieate  of  Sergt.  Olivera;  iif 
calls  the  site  Aehoie.  I'ror.  Rrr.,  MS.,  iv.  02;  vi.  ]!)!,  l!)(i.  Out.  4tli,  (loyenc  - 
elu'a  to  Ijoriea,  sends  Olivera's  diary.  (Juarddiouse  and  storediou.'  e  linislu d. 
Tv.T)  house!--  hegun,  clnireli  soon  to  bo  begun.  Pror.  St.  P<y.,  MS.,  ■  i.  "itl!  7; 
I'ror.  J't'c,  IMS.,  iv.  !l'2.  Contributions  fi'oni  Santa  ]5;'ubara,  San  onenaven- 
tiira,  San  (labriel,  and  San  Juan  were  IS  mules,  4(j  iior.ses,  ](i  yoke  of  oxin, 
.T 10  cattle,  oUS  sheep.  Arrh.  Mi.<im>f:s,  :MS.,i.  'J02.  'riii;  niissiond)ooksof  Sim 
Fernando  I  examined  at  the  nussion  in  KS74.  They  consisted  of  l)aj)ti.<ni;d 
register  1  vol.,  17!)S-18,J'J,  1st  entry  April  'JS,  179S,  signed  by  l>umetz;  mar- 
riage i-egister,  1  vol.  1797-1847,  iirst  entry,  Oct.  8,  1797;  and  tlie  Lihra  <!■' 
Pufcufr.-!  y  lie  fiirriitdvlo.i.  In  the  legal  ditlietdties  that  followed  the  deatli  uf 
Andres  I'ico  the  books  disappeared  and  could  not  be  found  by  Mr  Savage  in 
1877. 


FOUXDINT;  of  SAN  LUIS  UFA'. 


B63 


Saiitiaufo  from  Sail  .Fiian.  Tlio  party  so]>arat(Ml  to 
ii.lurii  north  and  south  at  the  old  Capistrano,  wliich 
thoy  douhtlcss  selected  at  the  time,  Octohor  Gtli,  a.-< 
the  best  mission  site,  for  we  h(.'ar  no  more  of  the  I'alu 
of  former  exj)editions.-''  ])nrin;^  JJeeember  there  was 
a  eorrespr)nden('(^  lietwecMi  ])orica  and  Lasuen  on  the 
subject,  1)}'  which  it  a[i[)ears  that  the  lai'gt;  nunii)er 
of  docile  natives  was  tlie  chief  inducement  to  ibund  a 
mission  in  this  re<j^ion,  l)ut  that  a^n'icultural  and  other 
advantai;es  M'erc  believed  to  be  lackinijc.  The  ij-ov- 
I't'iioi"  insisted  on  the  f  tuiidation,  and  projthesied  that 
diili(,'ulties  in  the  futui'o  would  be  less  serious.^" 

The  u'overnor  issued  ordi'rs  the  'J7tli  of  Februarv 
1798  to  the  c(^nnnandant  of  San  Diej^o,  who  M'as  to 
furnish  an  escolta  and  to  recpiire  IVom  the  soldieis 
pei'sonal  labor  in  erecting'  the  necessary  buildiii'^s, 
without  nuH'muring  at  site  or  work,  and  witli  implicit 
obedience  to  Lasuen. ^^  The  records  show  no  subse- 
((uent  proceedings  till  the  ICtli  of  June.  On  that 
(late  at  the  spot  called  by  the  natives  Tacayme,  an<l 
by  the  Spaniards  in  tlie  lirst  expedition  of  17G!)  San 
•Juan  Caplstrano,  or  later,  Capistrano  el  Viejo,  in  the 
jiresence  of  Caj)tain  Grajera,  the  soldiers  of  the  guard, 
a  few  neophytes  from  San  Juan,  and  a  juultitude  of 
o'cntiles,  and  with  the  aid  of  fathers  Santiai^'o  and 
Peyri,  President  Lasuen  with  all  due  solenmity,  su])- 
])lemented  by  tlie  ba})tism  of  fifty-four  childi'i'U, 
ushered  into  existence  the  mission  of  San  Luis,  ]iey 
do  Francia,  it  being  necessary  hereafter  to  distingui?-  h 

""  Lixahic,  Rfconor'nnicnto  dc  lets  tkrras  para  sitiiar  la  Mis'ion  iJ'-  San  Lnii, 
11U7^  MS.  Tlic  pliiccs  iianifd  nrc  Ins  Aiiimns,  Las  Lai<iiiiitas,  Teuii'ca  laii- 
tliciia,  raniiia,  I'llllala,  ami  San  .luaii  Caiiistiaiif).  lu  (Irijulni,  Jii/'i,riii(i 
I'fJii'e  Idn  ruiif/n-riiiH  (pic  .-c  hulliin  <ii  lai  I'li  rrnn  v.rjilnrnihis  yur  tl  l^ailrt  Marl- 
?"';■,  llU.'i,  MS.,  tlicre  art!  iiaiiRd  the  follow  iiit,'  raiii'licrias;  Mcscuaiial,  I'o- 
iia|ia,(  iaiial,  Mocoqiiil,  and  Ciianii,  ina  littlo  valley  called  J'lseli.'i;  I'auui.f  lante, 
Algiialcaiia,  Cai)ata_y,  Tarupin,  (^'iiLriias,  C'alagua,  Matagiia,  and  At;i,  in 
iinotlier  valley  tlifee  leagues  distant;  Cnrila,  Topanie,  Luquc,  ('iipaine, 
J'aunie.  and  I'ale,  tlireo  leagues  frcini  fdrniiT  \alley,  and  sjieakiiig  language 
(if  San  Juan;  I'alin.  Panianie,  I'anuia.  and  A^iihiijines,  lower  down;  (  liae/ipo 
anil  I'anianielli  in  Santa  Mai'garita  Valley;  Chunielle  and  (ihusini)le  in  Las 
riores. 

^"Ijas\icn  to  Borica.  An-li.  Ai-r.oh\^i>udu,  MS.,  i.  44;  to  Lasuca,  Proi\  Jhc, 
MS.,  vi.  -JOl. 

"'yVut'.  y.Vc,  MS.,  V.  ■-•73-4. 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


0      <°  ^^ 


7. 


664 


EXrLOPwVTIOXS  AND  NEW  FOUNDATION:^. 


l)i't\vo('n  tlie  rstaMishiiR'nt  of  Sail  T-iuis,  kiu^",  and 
San  liiiis,  l)ish(»j).^'  All  was  i>ro.s[»L'iily  at  first.  Jn 
a  week  Aiitt)ui(i»  l*<'yri,  tbo  uiiorgetic  fouiulcr,  liad 
seventy -seven  children  baptized  and  twenty-tliit  r 
catt'chuniens  under  instruction.  By  tlie  first  t>f  .July 
lie  had  six  thousand  adobes  made  ior  the  niis^ioii 
buildings.  In  July  he  -was  joined  by  Jose  Fauia, 
M' ho  was  succeeded  in  the  autumn  of  1800  by  Jose 
(jiarci'a.  Jose  Panella  was  assiijjned  to  this  nilssinn, 
and  served  for  a  short  time  in  1798,  durin^j^  the  ab- 
sence of  one  of  the  ministers,  who  went  to  the  bat  lis 


o 


so 


f  San  Juan  Caj)istrano  for  his  health.  Panella  iiuuK 
hiinsi>lf  unpopular  by  his  harsh  treatment,  and 
great  vwis  the  discontent  of  the  natives  and  the  claim  ir 
for  a  chanci'e,  that  Lasuen  was  obliiJ'ed  to  send  him 
away  and  promise  the  return  of  the  other  padic, 
jn'obably  P<'}ri,  who  was  greatl}*  Ijeloved.^  The  ba[i- 
tisms  in  1798  were  214;  before  the  end  of  1800  there 
neophytes,  371  having  been  baptized,  and 


were 


.).)/ 


50  beinir  the   number  of  burials,     Thei 


e  were 


Gi: 


horses,  mules,  and  cattle  in  1800,  besides  1,000  shei  j> 


Products  of  the  soil  were  2.000 


.le 


Is  of  wheat,  i-JO 


of  barley,  and  six  of  maize,  tlu'  ,  .tcr  being  just  tlie 
amount  sown,  while  eight  bushels  of  beans  produced 
nothing.  Tlie  mission-books  of  San  Luis  Ivey  iwv 
the  (.tnly  ones  in  California  which  I  have  not  exam- 
ined.    Their  whereabouts  is  not  known. 


It  had  long  been  deemed  desirable  to  promote 
colonization  in  California,  and  tlie  prevalent  fears  cf 
forei'jfii  aggression  did  much  to  cause  definite  actif'ii 

"-S.iint  Louis  was  Ldiii.s  IX.,  kinj^  of  France,  who  ixigiied  fiviui  l-'Jd  to 
1'270,  Jiiid  (•iuni'il  liis  rc]iutiitioii  for  jiicty  l)otli  at  Iiuine  and  in  tlio  1.111.  ;iili  h. 
•luiK'  nitli,  I..iisiu'n  to  IJdiioii  n'liorting  the  founihition.  An/i.  >Va  lUrhnnt, 
MS.,  vi.  •_'.')  T:  xi.  11;  J /•■//.  .l/-;..///.>7*f(./(.,  MS.,  i.  47-l».  Julyl-Jth,  li.  toLafiiun. 
/'ror.  I!,r.,  MS.,  vi.  -JlS  10.  Auu.  Ist,  15.  to  viciroy.  /<'/,,  v.  -JT'J;  ^i.  !;s  <(. 
('onhihiitionM  of  Saiitii  IJarhani,  San  (JaljiicI,  San  .Inaii,  Sun  I'ioyo,  ami  Sai. 
l.iiis  l!(V;  <i4  horses,  •_'.S  yoke  of  oxon,  31U  luad  of  cattle,  0O8  bIu  p.  .1/vA. 
Mis:„ii<s,  MS.,  i.  -JOJ. 

"■'Tlic  governor  in  a  eo'iiniunication  to  Lasuen  on  the  Huhject  calls  Ihc  uli- 
Kent  niissionary  .liiiin  Mai  Mm/,  luit  there  was  no  such  jadre  in  (.'uliioinia. 
J'riii'.  /,*..■.,  MS.,  vi.  •J-JJ-."!.  Dee.  7,  17!W,  lioriea  also  writes  a  letter  of  warn- 
ing and  advice  to  the  friar.  Id.,  'J'J7-8. 


A  NEW  rUEBLO. 


50.-) 


to  1)0  tnkoii  at  tliis  epoch.  TIjc  coinplctcd  liiu'  of 
iiii>si(iiis  as  |>lanii((l  was  rapidly  to  civilize  the  natives, 
it  a  larger  Spanish  poi)ulation  was  desiraMe  and  new 

swell 
•hided 


]uui>h»s  of  <jr(.iite  de  razon  were  ia  he  founded  a 


;is  new  nussions. 


Tl 


ihiect 


ns  suoject  was  doubtless  iiu 


htl( 


ill  a  <]jeneral  sense  in  IJoiiea'sorit^inal  instructions;  hut 
llic  lirst  definite  action  is  seen  in  a  report  of  the  loyal 
trjhunal  of  accounts  to  the  viceroy,  dated  Xovt'nil)er 
IS,  170.").  In  this  document  it  is  reconnnendtMl  as  ji 
iiidst  important  measuiv  for  the  wi-lfai-e  and  pv<itcctiou 
III"  the  S])anish  possessions  in  Califoi'nia  that  the  ^ov- 
rniDi',  with  tlu>  aid  of  Engineer  Cordoha  and  other 
I  Dicers,  proceed  to  select  a  site  and  to  found  a  jtuehlo, 
ill'  villa,  to  he  called  Brancifoi'te  in  honor  of  the  viceroy. 
This  estahlishment  as  a  coast  defenct'  should  he  put 
oil  a  military  hasis,  securely  fortified,  and  settled 
with  soldiers  as  pohladorcs.  The  site  must  he  stilected 
and  the  lands  divided  accordini^  to  existinL(  puehlo 
rciiulations  and  the  laws  of  the  Indies.  Each  ollicer 
and  soldier  is  to  have  a  housedot,  and  hetwecm  those; 
of  the  ofHcers  lots  are  to  he  assioiu-d  to  chieftains  of 
rancherias  who  may  he  induced  to  live  with  the  Span- 
iards, thus  assurino'  the  lovaltv  of  their  suhjects. 
Live-stock  and  imiilements  may  he  lurnishe<l  hv  the 
i;i>vcrnment  as  hitherto.  Insti'ad  of  an  hai»ilitado 
lliere  is  to  he  a  town-treasurer;  and  Alherni  may  com- 
mand, actinu^  as  lieutenant-_i;'»»vernor.  As  the  time 
of  the  infantry  soldiers  e\]>ires  tluy  are  not  to  ho 
icenlisted,  hut  new  recruits  ohtained  from  New  Spain 
will  cr(\'ite  an  immi'jfration  without  the  hcivy  co^t  of 


liiino'niijf  ui  St 


■ttl 


ers  as  stich 


It  is  to  he  supi)osed  that  the  vicel'oy  ap[iro\'ed  this 
plan  in  its  main  feainics  at  least,  and  sent  corr»s]tond- 
I'llers  to  ]»orica,  though  no  sut-h   order  aj>pcars 
^  archivi's;'''     Jt  had  l»t'en  indicated  in  the  plan 


til 


■"'  l!riuii'i/(irfi\  Iiiforinc  <hl  Heal  '/'rlliininl  saliri'  I'lniildcinii  ilr  uii  ;. 


I'„i 


I 


iiKirii  I'miiriloi'li', 


/.:,  MS.    T 


•(■]i(irt  M'.is  j)icj)arcil  hy  l>iltr;iii  k 


Niiv.  ITtli,  1111(1  aiiin'iivcil  liy  till' trilmiiJil  Nov.  Ist 

^■'' The  order  (lati'il  Dec.  It"i,  17!'"',  ini'l  iin  lo.'-iiig  tlic  iiiu]it.ir's  ivport  j.'iv(i 
iiliovo  is  jilliitk'il  to  liy  IJoriea  on  June  10,  17'JO.  ^''.  l'ni>.,  Mii^x.  unil  Colon. 
M.S.,  i.  304. 


600 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  NEW  FOUNDATIONS. 


tlmt  the  nt'W  cstablislimcnt  should  bo  on  or  near  S;iu 
Fraiiciseo  Bay,  and  in  the  spring  of  179G,  on  rociipi 
of  tlio  viceroy's  instructions,  wliatever  tlicy  may  luac 
been,  tlic  governor  began  to  move  in  the  niattci', 
though  in  January  1795  he  had  instructed  the  coni- 
niaiulants  to  rcjwrt  on  suitable  sites  for  new  pueblos, 
and  though  Sergeant  Amador  seems  to  have  explond 
uith  the  same  view  as  early  as  July  of  the  same  year 
the  coast  region  from  San  Francisco  to  Santa  Cruz." 
On  May  2 1st  Borica  requested  Alberni  and  C6rdt)l»ii 
with  an  escort  of  six  men  to  meet  him  at  Santa  Cruz 
on  the  28th.  During  the  next  few  weeks,  the  thne 
made  some  personal  explorations  not  described  in 
detail,  and  June  IGth  the  governor  asked  the  others 
to  report  on  the  best  place  for  the  town,  and  to  give 
their  ideas  generally  in  connection  with  the  plan  of 
foundation.  Private  letters  of  similar  purport  weic 
written  on  the  17th  and  18th.^' 

Alberni's  report  was  dated  at  San  Francisco  July 
1st,  and  that  of  Cordoba  the  20th,  the  two  being  in 
substance  identical.  Three  sites  were  considered:  the 
Alameda,  San  Francisco,  and  Santa  Cruz.  The  first 
was  pronounced  unsuitable  for  a  pueblo,  not  only  li»- 
cause  the  bed  of  the  creek  was  so  low  as  to  prevent 
irrigation,  but  because  there  was  no  wood,  timber, 
stone,  or  pasturage,  except  at  a  great  distance.  San 
Francisco  was  declared  to  be  the  very  worst  place  in 

'"Jan.  9,  1795,  Borica  to  commaiulants.  Prov.  Ifec,  iv.  12(>-7.  Ainwl"r, 
licronochiikiifii  dc  Tcrrcno  drmle  Suv/n  ('niz  hnsta  San  I'riniciKCO,  i;.7.j,  MS. 
Dated  July  4th,  he  describes  particiihirly  four  fertile  spots  witli  more  m-  Irss 
advantages  for  settlements  at  distances  of  8,  \'2,  loS,  and  20  leagues  from  Sini 
Francisco,  the  last  Ijcing  5  leagues  from  Santii  Cruz.  July  '2',k\,  lias  i-crcix* il 
the  report  of  .July  4th,  and  orders  Amador  to  improve  the  road  with  the  .liil 
of  commandants  at  Santa  i'niz  and  Santa  Clara  (San  Francisco  ?).  Prm:  Hi  ■•. , 
MS.,  V.  .'j7-(S.  May  11,  179(i,  Salazar  in  his  report  to  tin;  viceroy  mentiniMd 
a  spot  suitable  for  a  pueblo  about  midway  between  San  Francisco  and  Sjiiita 
Cruz  where  there  is  an  anchorage.  ,San  Benito  was  also  a  gooil  site,  buttlitii' 
were  many  Indians  retjuiring  a  mission,  as  there  were  not  at  the  fonm  r 
spot.  Arch.  Sta  lidrhnra,'Sl>''.,  n.  "liy-l. 

'^'  Prov.  St.  J'a/i.,  Jliii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxiv.  6,  7;  Si.  Pap.,  il/ws.  ami  Colmi., 
MS.,  i.  304-5,  374-.");  Translation  in  Sl,i  Cniz,  P<<p,  T)!  ;  Prov.  St.  J'n/'., 
MS.,  xxi.  241.  In  his  letter  t<)(.'6rdoba,  Borica  says  tliat  the  viceroy  ciiiiihit 
entertain  the  request  of  tlie  Catalan  volunteers  to  have  lands  granted  tluin, 
but  instead  will  foun<l  a  new  town  and  give  them  luuds  therein  ua  a  rccom- 
peuso  w lieu  thuii'  term  cxpiics. 


A  SITE  FOR  THE  VILLA. 


867 


;ill  ralifornia  for  tlio  j)urpc)so  in  view,  sinro  tlio  jicn- 
iiisiila  aiVoi'dod  ncitlu'r  lands,  timber,  wood,  n<»r  water, 
iiotliinif  l)iit  sand  and  brani1)le.s  and  raij^inii*  winds. 
Tlie  Santa  C^ruz  site,  across  the  river  from  tlie  mis- 
sion, liJid  all  the  advantaj^es  wliieli  tlie  otliers  lacked, 
;ind  had  besides  ])roximity  to  the  sea,  atiurdiii;^  facili- 
ties for  export,  plenty  of  tish,  witli  an  abnndanc-e  of 
stone,  lime,  and  clay  for  building.  The  establishnuMit 
of  a  town  hero  could  moreover  do  no  jiossilde  harm  to 
the  mission.  The  settlers  should  Ite  j)ractical  I'armers 
from  a  cold  or  tem[)erate  climate,  and  should  have 
jiouses  and  a  granary  built  for  them  at  ex})ense  of  the 
L2()vernment  in  order  that  thev  nii!»ht  apply  tliem- 
selves  at  once  to  aixriculturo.  The  soldiers  and  inva- 
lids  arc  entitled  to  more  assistance  than  other  settlei-s 
by  reason  of  their  past  services.  The  scheme  of  add- 
ing Jndian  chiefs  to  the  town  is  impracticable,  since 
there  arc  no  chiefs;  some  mission  Indians,  however, 
might  be  j)rofitably  attached  to  the  settlement  to  work 
and  learn  in  company  with  Spaniards.^"* 

August  4th  B<)rica  transmitted  tlu'se  reports  to  the 
vicei'oy  with  his  own  enthusiastic  aj)proval,  jir'fnounc- 
ing  the  Santa  Cruz  site  the  best  between  Ca|)e  San 
Lucas  and  San  Francisco,  and  giving  some  additional 
jiarticulars  about  the  anchorage.  He  recommends 
that  an  adobe  house  be  built  for  each  settler  so  that 
tlie  ])revalerit  state  of  things  in  San  Jose  and  Los 
Angeles,  where  the  settlers  still  live  in  tuh^  huts, 
l)eing  unable  to  build  better  dwellings  without  neg- 
lecting their  fields,  may  be  prevented,  the  houses  to 
cost  not  over  two  hundred  dollars  each."'^  On  Sc])- 
tcmber  2;3d  another  communication  of  the  gf)vei-nor 

^^  A^hrrni,  Ptiririr  nohrc  cI  ni/io  rn  ijiiP  (hhr  finnhtrsc  el  iillrro  Pmhh)  ill' 
Itraiirl/nrtr,  J7!ii!,  MS.  A  Y'.nt  is  traiisliiti'il  in  J)iriiii  l/i\i  Col.  lll.^f.  S.  J'niii- 
l■i.^<^l),  Ai'j).  IS.  Curiloliff,  /iil't>r>ii)'  unrcir  ilil  r^itio  ilr  llniiirijnrli',  J7!H!,  MS. 
\'vvy  iiiacoin';iti.'ly  transhitrd,  niul  ilatiil  ,Iuly  -M,  in  Sla  Cnr.,  P<ip,  ;>.'l-.">. 
r>ii(f  iiicntioii  lit'  the  (K'cisiiiii  a'.'aiiist  Sail  Fiaiu  iscd  in  Itdiid'i'/ili'.-i  (truiimi, 
;«l'.l:   Tiilliiil's  J/i^t.  Ciil.,   UKt;  L'lllof,  in  Ofrlfiinl  M,,ii//ili/,  iv.  :t:t7  s. 

'•'■'S/,  ]'(!]>.,  J//S.S'.  mill  Ciiliin.,  MS.,  i.  'J.")S-(i().  'I'li(>  vcltiiiticrs  kIioiiM  lia\n 
;i  year's  pay,  ami  as  a  ri'hiinjro,  '1  mares,  '1  chwh,  'J  slii'i'jt,  '1  ;,'iiatH,  a  ynko  uf 
iixi'ii.  iilough,  liaii'Dw,  lioc,  iixi',  knifo,  imiskct,  and  "J  lior.scs;  otlior  aciiios 
besidt'd  the  huuse,  stock,  tools,  etc.,  jiud  ^'lO  per  month  for  a  year. 


508 


EXPLOriATIOXS  AXD  NEW  FOUXDATTOXS. 


to  the  viceroy  contained  surrf,'estioiis  of  siinilai"  pur- 
port, and  as];cd  for  (ourclasses  of  scttlcj-s:  iiist,  )'(»l)Ust 
countrv  [)('()j)li'  iVoni  cold  or  temperate  clinies;  second, 
carpenters,  sniitlis,  stone-cutters,  and  masons;  third, 
tailors,  tannei's,  shoemakers,  and  tile-makers;  an<l 
f'ouith,  sliipwrights,  and  a  few  sailors,  to  take  advan- 
tage of  the  ahundancc  of  wliales.*"  Ifavini^  received 
]^orica's  re])ort  and  also  the  opinion  of  the  le^al 
adviser  of  the  royal  treasurv,  the  viceroy  on  Januaiv 
25,  1797,  in  accordance  with  that  opinion,  ordered 
liorica  to  proceed  innnediately  with  the  foundation. 
II(^  had  already  sent  a  list  of  eight  men  who  hail 
volunteered  at  Guadalajara  as  settlers."  The  begin- 
ning was  to  1)0  made  with  such  settlers  at  San  Jose  or 
Anijft'les  as  had  no  lands  and  )ni<>ht  he  induced  to 
change  their  residence  to  J3i-anciforte.  New  settlers 
and  artisans  were  to  he  sent  as  soon  as  possible:  in 
fact,  orders  had  already  been  issued  for  the  collection 
of  vagi'ants  and  minor  criminals  to  be  shipped  to  ( 'ali- 
fornia.  The  pi'esident  of  the  missions  was  oi'dei'ed  to 
render  all  possible  assistance;  and  IJorica  nnist  for- 
ward at  once  an  estimate  of  cost  and  a  memorandum 
of  ne(;ded  impU-ments  and  other  articles.^' 

The  recei[)t  of  the  viceroy's  orders  was  acknowk!dg<'<l 
by  Borica  on  April  20,  1797,  and  three  days  later  lie 
sent  the  necessary  orders  to  the  commandant  of  Santa 
Barbara  and  the  comisionado  of  San  Jose  in  order 
that  recruits  for  the  new  establishment  miirht  be  oh- 
tained  iVom  the  settlei's  and  rancheros  at  and  neartlie 
two  old  pueblos.  At  the  same  time  Lasuen  directed 
liis  friars  to  allbrd  the  required  aid,  though  he  had 
received  no  instructions  on  the  subject  from  his  collegi>, 
and  deemed  it  strange  that  the  king  should  have  oei- 
niitted  the  foundation  of  a  villa  so  near  a  mission 


<"w.  p„p.,  f;ac.,  ^rs..  iv.  r)7-8. 

<'()ot.  --'i,  i7!)(j.  r.n,'.  St.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xiv.  ion. 

*'■  JlitiiKijof''!',  J):rf(uiirii  ihl Fkcnl  di'  liml  Aiidipiiria  mhrr  In  fuinhv'nm  ih' 
In  V'illdtlr  linutiifiiitc,  AjirolxK/o  par  cl  I'irn;/  ai  ,.'.'>  ilc  L'lit  ro  /,",'',■",  MS.; 
inaccurate'  triiii.slition  of  cupy  ciTtilk'd  by  liorica  May  Oth  in  S'a  Cnir.,  I'njt, 
Cl.  Mention  in  Dipt.  St.  I'ap.,  S.  Josv,  M.S.,  i.  70-7. 


FOUNDINf;  OF  BRANCIFOIITK. 

cst;il)lisl)C'(l  witli  royal  .ij>i>r«»v;!l/''  T1k>  O^nrrprion 
arrived  at  ^[oiitcrcy  May  li'tli  uitli  ;i  party  <»t'  col- 
onists on  l)oai'(l_  in  a  pitiaMc  i^iiitv.  of  (K'stitiition  and 
ill-lu'aUli.""  It  was  necessary  to  provide  some  kind 
of  a  liome  for  them;  and  before  the  vnd  ol'  ^Fay  (Ja- 
hriel  ^loi'a^'a  was  sent  Jis  oonnnissioner  to  wvci  Imi- 
j)orary  shelters  at  IJraneiforte,  sinee  Cordoha,  who 
was  to  superintend  the  I'ormal  estahlislnnent,  had  other 
duties  which  woidd  keep  him  busy  for  a  time.  Jt  is 
impossible  to  give, the  exact  date  when  ^Moiai^a  be_^^all 
his  woi'k,  when  the  first  settlers  took  jtossession  of 
tlieir  new  homes,  or  when  the  formal  foundation  oc- 
curred.*' 

Tlie  17th  of  Jidy,  possibly  at  or  about  the  time 
that  tlie  st'ttlers  left  Monterey  for  Ih'anei forte,  lioiica 
issued  instructions  to  Comisionado  ]\lora;_;a  for  the 
internal  uianaj^fenu'nt  of  the  villa.  The  town.^  men  must 
be  made  to  live  in  peace  and  liarmony;  no  concubin- 
a'jfo,  <>'and)lln'«",  or  drunkenness,  which  oilViices,  like 


'en' 


43 


April  20th,  Roriea  to  viceroy.  Pmv.  J,',r.,  MS.,  vi.  !M  -J.     M:iy  '2<\.  15.  to 


i-oininiind  lit.   A/.,  iv.   8'.t-!»(».     1'..   t 


l>    Cdllll.-iKlIlill 


May  nth,  LiisiKii  to  15.  St.  /'«/».,  Sn<:,  MS.,  vii.  'JT-.S, 


do  8.  Josi-.  /./. 


T 


icy  Mi'ic 


,l( 


)  l{ii))hs,  Fiiiiiiii  Cordcro.  .Tosc'  N'ici'iitc  ^^)ji^■a 
(or  M()rir(i\  wilV  ami  live  chilili'iii,  .lost'  Maria  Arcco,  .lu  !•  I'.^iilio  a  and  uifc 


Ant. 


Jiisi''  Silv(■^;trc   .Miichnca  ai'.d  witV 


.F< 


•do,  .Tdsi''  Mi'.'iK  1   I 


A''ii.stiii  Xarvaiz.     'J' 


dilU 


fi'i'iit  lists  I.I'  arrival,  di|iartui 


.losti 
I'ttlcIlK'Ilt 


rioi^ 


dillcr  KOHK'\v!i;it.     'Flic  lirst  huU.-i  the  la.st  four  iiaiiics  i.iid   lia<<la!iari 


mil 


(lit/nian  whicii  iiovor  appear  «;;aiii.     Tlic  iiiiio  colonists  vitii  their  fauiilie.<< 
17  [lersons,  wen;  of  t'lo  vapdiond  and  eriininal  class,  lint  tliey  dilieieil  Iron 


the  (iist  .«cttlcrs  f,f  the  oti 


]illelil 


IS   III    lielll'_ 


for  the  must  part 


alh'il 


.Spaniards.     Tliey  iiicliided  'J  farmers,  '2  tailors,  1  carpenter,  1  miner,  I  mer- 


chant, 1  ciii,'ravi 


I  with  no  trade.  ,V/.  I'ai,.  Mi.i.<.  ami <  <.lo,i.,  MS.,  i.  VM- 


r.;  /' 


/,' 


8!l-!>0;  xxi.  uViC. 


vi.  <)2;  I' 


.St.  J'(i>).,  MS.,  xv.  ^'S.iA:  xiii.  'J77-S:  xvii.  31, 


^■'M:.vl"J.  I7!I7.   P'oriea  to  commandant.     When  the  .settle 


forto,  cattle,  iiiipl'  inents,  etc.,  iviillie  furnished. an  i 


.tor 


each.     I 


•ri)i' 


SI.  I\ 


after  completin','  t! 


'/' 


,  MS.,  xvii.  :{1.   Mav  I.'itii,  I'..  tiiC 


ICCollIlt  hcingiipcneil 


ranci- 


itU 


It  S.  !■ 


rancisco,  thi'  shim 


,r  til 


oha.       1  >ileets  hii 


<t:l  ( 


\, 


efiil 

ami 


dary,  ;ind  tha'  for  a  removal  of  S.  .losi'',  to  (.'o  to  Sta  Cniz  and  make 
survt'ys  and  jihiiis  for  the  town  of  Uianciforte  ;ind  its  huiidin'.'s  piil 
I'livate,  M'ith  ;in  i'  tiinate  of  expenses,  hi.,  xxi.  '21  in  1.  M.iy  'JiiMi,  l>.  to  .Mni:i;.'a. 
Jnstriietions  t"i  hiiild  some  temporary  huts  for  himself  ;ind  the  '.'nanl  and  to 
take  his  fninilv  (here  to  live;  then  to  Imild  snme   lar';e  hiit.i  to  aeeomiimdatu 


I.- 


:i»  f 


imilies  each,    also   temporary. 


Th 


irs  must  woiU  and  th 


o 


cohinists  al  o  if  they  arrive  liefore  the  woiiv   is  dmie.      Iniplenieiits.  stoeU 


ill  he   S'llt   hv   ,Sal.      (Ji'irdolilV   irs   to    Im     olievi  d    V  hen   lie    conns. 


etc.,  \\  i 

Cnr:,  Arrh.,  MS.,  OT-S;  /V- 


Slu 


MS. 


IV, 


M7;.SV-(  Cniz,  I 


'J7th,  Sal  actiie' 


Vr/,, 


M. 


en  tary  for  I'orica  forwards  hhmk-hooUs,  j.apcr,  and  mu- 


tcrials  formaUin''  ink.  Sin  Cruz,  Arch.,  MS.,  G'J. 


'i 


S70 


KXI'LOUATTOX.^  AXT)  XEW  FOUXPATIONS. 


neglect  of  puMic  work,  must  l)e  piinislud.  Mass  must 
l)eiitteii<k'(l  on  liolidays,  on  penalty  of  tliitc  liouis  in 
tlie  st(»eks;  prayers  and  tlie  rosary  mn^it  close  tlie  day's 
labor;  and  certificates  of  eomi)liance  with  the  annual 
<'ommunloi!  and  confession  must  be  forwarded  re<iu- 
larlv  t(»  the  (governor.  All  intercours*;  with  the  uiis- 
sion  Indians  and  gentiles  was  prtiliibiti.^d;  and  the  most 
friendly  relations  must  be  maintained  with  the  friars 
of  Santa  Cruz.  T\\e  greatest  ])recautions  iiuist  be 
taken  to  insure  proper  care  of  the  colonists'  clothing, 
implements,  and  other  ])roperty,  and  to  prevent  sales, 
which  were  to  l)e  void.  And  Ihially  all  labor,  before 
(  \)rdoba's  arrival,  was  to  be  directed  to  tlu;  i)reparatioii 
of  the  nct'ded  shelters  for  men  and  animals,  monthly 
reports  of  ])rogress  bi'ing  sent  to  the  governor.''"  ].>y 
August  12th  Cordoba  was  on  the  spot,  had  surveyed 
the  lanrls,  done  some  work  on  the  temp<)rary  houses, 
begun  an  irrigating  canal,  and  was  in  search  of  suit- 
able stone  and  timber  for  the  permaneut  edifices,  lie 
also  furnished  Borica  with  an  estimate  of  cost,  !?-•'>,- 
405,  which  early  in  October  was  forwanled  to  the  vice- 
roy, and  a  little  later  by  order  of  October  24th,  the 
work  at  Branciforte  was  susjiended  for  want  of  funds, 
Cordoba  retiring  to  the  })residio.''' 

Thus  the  proj)osed  greatness  of  the  Villa  of  Bran- 
ciforte was  indefinitely  jiostponcd;  l)ut  there  remained 
the  tenn)oraiy  huts,  the  nine  pobladores,  the  comi- 
sionado,  and  the  military  guard.  The  colonists,  though 
not  convicts,  were  of  a  class  deemed  desirable  to  get 
rid  of  in  and  about  (xuatlalajara  whence  they  came. 
They  had  bei-n  aided  at  the  bcL'^innini'-  to  the  extent 
of  from  .$20  to  .$25  each;  and  they  were  to  receive 
from  the  government  .$11G  annually  for  two  years, 


*"  Ijorira,  Tiixt merlon  dr  dirhjir  lafiindwion  ile  la  Xiievti  Villa  (/'•  llniiici- 
forte,  1707,  MS. 

"  Aug.  \'2th,  O.nloba to  IJorica.  Pror.  fi!f.  Pop.,  MS.,  xvii.  149;  xxi.  "JCm  (i. 
The  irrigfiljle  laiuls  were  1,.100  x  1,.")(X)  vara.s;  thoso  (U'liemliiig  on  rain  'J. ()()() 
to  ;{,0()0  varas.  Oct.  "tli,  (<<>y.  to  victroy  witli  estimate  of  cui^t.  Prm:  /I'r.-., 
MS.,  vi.  "lO.  Oct.  '24tli,  to  C('i>«l()l)a  onk'i'ing  snsiiuiisinu  of  works,  tliuiigli  lie 
is  to  k'ave  the  inissiou  mill  in  good  .shape.  Pror,  S/.  P(i]>.,  xxi.  '_'7-.  Aug. 
2-d,  Boiiou  orders  a  '  model  fence  '  to  be  erected  at  Biuacilorte.  Id.,  xxi.  iiUlJ. 


PROGRESS  AT  BRANTIFOIITE. 


CTl 


and  ^C)C)  for  tin.-  iK-xt  tliroo  years/"  Ijcsldcs  tlu'  livo- 
^totk  aiiil  im[>leiiu'iits  for  wliicli  tlu-y  wiTc  »)l»liL;t'<l 
•gradually  to  pay.  Tluy  wci'e  thus  (.•iiablcd  to  livf  altrr 
a  fasliion,  and  they  never  became  noted  for  ilevotiou 
to  liard  work.  There  was  no  change  in  the  nunihcr 
of  regular  jtohladores  down  to  1800,  thoui^li  lialf  a 
<lozen  invahds  and  discliar<^ed  soldiers  wei'e  adtk-d  to 
the  settlement/''  perhaps  more,  for  the  I'eeords  on  the 
subject  are  meagre.  Corporal  ^foraga  remaint-d  in 
charge  until  Xovend)er  17'J'J,  when  Ignacio  N'alK'jo 
was  ordf.'red  to  take  his  place  as  comisionado,  arriving 
about  the  20th.'''"  Tiic  settlers  raised  in  ISOO  about 
1,100  1)Us1r'1s  of  wheat,  maize,  and  beans;  and  their 
horsi's  and  cattle  amounted  to  about  500  liead.  I 
aj>[iend  in  a  note  a  few  minor  items  which  make  up 
all  that  ]>rancirorte  has  of  history  down  to  the  end 
of  the  decade  and  century.'^^ 

<f  Prov.  Sf.  Po/).,  MS.,  xvii.  31,  41,  80-90. 

*"  Fil).  1,  17IKS,  tlio  govuriior  statis  to  tlic  viceroy  thattlu'ii'  wire,  hfsidcs 
tlio  it.  two  invalids  tiiid  Olio  discliai'^joil  soldiur.   /'cor.  AVv.,  MS.,  vi.  (i.^.     li 


list  of  17!t!>,  P 


>SV.  Pup.,  xvii.  •i()4.  six  invalids;  Marcrlino  liiavo,  Mar- 


fu.s  liiioms,  Marcos  \'iIUla,  Josc'^  Ant(jiiio  Rodri^'in/,  .liiaii  .lose  l\ialta,  .loa- 
i|uin  Castro.  Tlio  iiojuilation  tables  niako  the  nunilicr  of  imiiiu  ls()(».  17,  or 
()(»  persons  ill  all ;  but  I  ku])1)osc  tlii.s  may  have  included  be.sidis  those  jn.st 
nieiitii>nid  t'ldUi  ;{  to  .">  soldiers  of  the  1,'uard  with  tluir  faniilic-:.  ^'et  I'l  .set- 
tlers, <ine  an  Indian,  are  reported  by  Vallejooa  Dec.  .'il,  17'.)0    St.  Pap.,  Mi-m., 


MS. 


51 


i'ror.  J?>'r.,  MS.,  iv.  302;  Savt,f  Cruz,  Airh.,  MS.,  fi.-.. 

The  work  called  S'n  Cruz,  A  Pfcp  into  the.  P'i>it,  'J'/ir  Eni-hj  Drii/x  oft  Zip. 
ViUitiji'  if  /Jrinicl/orlf,  should  be  noticed  liere.  It  is  a  seriis  of  articles  pub- 
lisliert  in  tlio  S/n  Cnn  Luciif  Itan  from  •Inly  ls7(i  to  An;,'.  IS77,  wliicli  I  h;ivo 
i-oUeeted  in  a  .scrap-book.  Each  of  the  4'i  articles  contains  the  translation  of 
an  o)i;.;inal  document  from  the  archives  with  preliminary  remarlisof  consider- 
able interest  by  the  translator,  Mr  Williams,  iin  old  nsideiit  of  S.aita  Cruz. 

d  till'  result  so  far  sujieiior  to 


'I'l 


,f  tl 


10  jilan  or  this  work  is  so  jiraiscwortliy,  a 


th 


what  newsp:ipcrs  usually  funiish  in  IIjc  way  of  local  history,  that  the  numer- 
ous inaecurncies  of  detail  may  almost  lie  panl'incd. 

Ill  the  fiilhnvinjj  I  omit  many  itemsof  no  iiiiiK.rtanco  or  interest.    Dec.  14, 


ll 


Sal  to  MoraL'a,  SiiuL;  (i  v;iras  of 


for  each  setlltr  f'r  bedclothes. 


Sffi  Crin,  A )•'•/>.,  MS.,  »;;*.     .Tnii.  '28,  171'S,  jiorica 


toM. 


r.'iL'.'i,  .Must  teach  the 


Oui 


dal; 


iiari'iios   a''ricu 


Itur 


,d  sti 


inst  tluir  iiiitural  l:i 


treat 


tlieiii  with  charity  ami  love,  but  punish  j.'rave  faults  ami  malirious  failure  to 


rk.    /'/.,  71;  -S/fi  Crin,  l',rp, 


•I;   /' 


/.'. 


MS.,  iv.  'J(i4.    March  ;id,  I'.o- 


rica  says  the  community  iiuist  till  the  field  of  .N'arvaez  if  be  is  ill.  /'/.,  iv.  tlWi, 
May  3(illi,  cows  a  nil  .slut  p  jiroini  i  'I.  Each  self  ''.'got  three  cows.  /(/..  iv.  "271, 
274,  Jiily27tli,  a  settler  to  attend  to  no  other  vork  tliiiii  tilling  his  own  lields. 
Sin  Cruz',  Arch.,  MS.,  70;  S/n  Cnr.,  Pvcp,  11.  Oct.  29tli,  Cordcio  and  Arceo, 
rumiways,  if  caught  must  work  in  irons.  ]il.,'i\  and  13.  Oct.2Stli.  r.orica  orders 
Moragu  to  iiis])ect  the  wardrobe  of  settlers"  wives  and  r"port  vliat  is  needed. 
Prof.   I've,  MS.,  iv.  282.     E.xpense  for  wages  ami   rations  to  cud  of  17!'8, 


'I 


I 


g 


I '  '» '■ 


I    ■! 


:  ■' 


M 


'xa*. 


673 


F.xri.onATioxs  axd  new  foundattoxs. 


^rc'iinwliilc  ill  ^Fcxioo  Au«,aist  .']0,  171)7,  the  San 
Fcrnaiido  cdllc'ru  scut  to  tliu  viceroy  a  protest  against 
the  choice  of  a  site  so  n<';M'  that  of  the  mission.  The 
utihfy  <»f  the  new  estahhslmient  was  not  to  be  (jues- 
tioncd;  l)nt  the  villa  site  was  on  tlie  j)asturage-;^roun(! 
of  till'  natives;  troubli's  would  surely  result;  the  laws 
allowed  a  mission  at  least  one  league  in  every  direction ; 
and,  according  t<^  a  rej)oi't  by  Father  Seiian,  there 
were  good  lands  nearer  San  Francisco.  The  only 
result  of  this  protest  before  1800  seems  to  have  been 
a  icjily  of  the  governor  dated  February  G,  171)8,  in 
whi'/h  he  gave  statistics  to  show  that  the  mission  had 
more  land  and  raised  moi'e  <;u;in  than  could  be  attended 
to;  that  the  neophytes  were  dying  off  and  there  were 
no  more  pagans  to  <'onvcrt;  and  there  wa-^  no  betti'r 
site  b(;(Aveen  Santa  Cruz  and  San  Francisco  than  that 
at  Branciforte.^- 

81,7-0.  J'no:  SI.  r,tj,.,  MS.,  xrii.  41.  Fvh.  4,  17!)0,  a  close  watch  to  ho. 
ki'lit  (111  t!io  const.  SidCnn,  /'i<'/>,  IIJ.  ^loiiii,'ii  must  ^o  on>vit!i  lii.s  ilutiix, 
for  liirt  fliancc  of  iir()inotion  dcpeiKlt  on  it,  IScttcr  times  ooming  if  tli'"  wiiiat 
crop  is  lart'd  for.  'J'lic  king  will  send  Jiis  troops  where  tiiey  firu  noedcd,  not 
wlii'M-  tiny  wisli  to  go.  S/aCniz,  Arch.,  MS.,  iVZ-'.'i.  Marcli  (itii,  I'orica  wants 
infonnatiou  aliDut  a  .site  for  iiraiioho  for  iioi'scsand  eattlciieartiio  villa.  Mai'iii 
•'J7lli.il  llie  i-et tiers  olijeot,  let  notliinfj;  i>e  done;  tliconly  ohjeut  was  toaid  them. 
77..  (il-  2,  (':i;  /'  »,',  IT),  1!).  April  .'Id,  iJoiiea  constnts  to  divi<ling  of  sowiiiji- 
lands.  Will  hold  Moraga  res|)onsil)lc  for  i-emissiiesa  of  any  settler  in  earing 
for  his  land.  Sial'niz,  Arch.,  M.S.,  (i-.  May  I'Jth,  the  settlers'  two  years  at 
f'!l(>  ))(  r  year  cxpiic;  to-day.  St.  J'a/i.,  ^fi■■i<.  timl  Culoii.,  MS.,  i.  .'ISO-l,  ;js,'i. 
( >et.  Kit  !i,  two  s(  ttlers  may  f,'o  to  San  .lose  and  return  on  a  fixed  day.  S/n  ( 'rir., 
Airh.,  M;?.,  (i.")-(i;  J'kji,  '2',i.  Nov.  'Jlst,  Sal  notilies  Moraga  that  Vallejo  will 
supersede  him  as  eomihionado.  IJ.,  '2.'t.  Dee.  'Jdtli,  Sal  to  Vallejo,  LiUfls  of 
the  lattery  at  Monterey  to  ho  lired.  I)on't  he  alarmed.  /(/.,  '2.">,  127.  l)eu.  Jllst, 
Sal  as.-ures  Ci  i  lea  that  Vallejo  will  pelfol'm  his  duties  faithfully.  J'ror.  Sf. 
J'li/i.,  MS.,  xvii.  "JsO.  Settlers  must  not  make  ]ileasure  trips  tcj  San  ,Io.se. 
,S'((;(  ,/u.i\  Arrh.,  MS.,  iii.  .V,);  Sta  t'ntz.  Arch.,  MS.,  18.  Jan.  .'{,  ISUO,  .set- 
tlers in  iieid  of  eorn  and  heans.  The  eomisionadu  of  San  Jose  to  make  a 
coiitraet  with  some  jierson  to  furnish  these  .supplies  at  the  expense  of  the  gov- 
enitiieiit.  S(ni  J<i.<i'  Arch..  MS.,  iii.  iw.  Feb.  lOth,  Sal  to  Vallejo,  at  the  end 
of  17!'!*  t!ie  !-;etllers  owed  the  treasuiy  )?.V)S;  the  a])proi)riatiou  fur  ISOO  is 
§!"i4!>,  so  that  receiving  ni)thing  they  would  still  ho  in  deht.  The  delivery  of 
cigairitos  and  other  articles  not  I'ations  and  tools  has  been  suspemhid.  Slii 
Ciiiz,  Arc/i.,  MS.,  (;.3.  Oct.  9lh,  aid  to  be  furni.shed  to  the  jiadres  it  asked  for. 
S/aCriiz,  I'lip,  ."Jl.  Dee.  Tith,  governor  to  viceroy,  the  ISraneiforte  settlers 
lire  ii  scandal  to  the  country  by  their  immorality,  etc.  They  detest  their 
exile,  and  render  no  service.  Daily  complaints  of  disorders.  Prov.  St.  I'fiji., 
M.S.,  xxi.  ."iO-l.  Dee.  lllh.  death  of  Comandante  Sal  announced  at  liranci- 
fovte.  Sla  C'riir.,  Pup,  45.  The  nine  jiohladorcs  received  in  1800  rations  at 
^10  each.  Piov.  St.  Pnp.,  llni.Mil.,  M.S.,  xxvi.  10. 

■  -/iriiirl/'irtf,  L'l  /linnrturin  </.-  Sun  Fnu'iiulo  nl  Virrry  unhre  vl  xitio  ilc  la 
Xuecu  I'llla,  1','j7,  MS.,  Feb.  Uth,  liorica to  viceroy,  hi Piov.  lite,  MS.,  vi.  70. 


COMMUNICATION  WITH  NEW  MKXICO. 


r.73 


Tii(l('{i(ii(k'iit  of  tli«!  ('\[>loi'uti()ns  umuV'  \vitli  a  \  icw 
to  iH'W  I'stiiblislinieiits,  Jioric.-i  luid  a  sclii  iiir  of  (ijn'ii- 
iiiL^  ('(tiniMUiiicutioii  with  New  Mt;\ic(»,  mIk  re,  as  Im; 
liad  licard  from  CJovornor  Concha  t]iidiiL;h  (hinral 
Nava,  tljcrc  wire  liftcL'ii  l»U!i(hv(l  j^i'iitc  do  razoii  with 
iR'ithrr  lands  nor  occupation.  ]!<'  sent  io  >[i\ic(t 
caily  in  17J)r)  lor  cojiics  of  (jtarct's'  diary  and  n':t|>. 
Jla\in<''  obtained  these  lie  instructed  (-It'VcoecIica  ol' 
Santa  JJiirbara  at  the  end  of  the  y<;ar  to  make  in((ui- 
j'ii's  ahout  the  eastern  country  and  to  sugije.^t  some 
way  to  send  a  letter  aeross  to  the  governor  c»f  X<.w 
^lexico  l»y  the  natives,  who  could  at  tlie  same  time 
explore  the  route.  In  January  17i)(5  (joycoerhea  sent 
to  the  cfovernor  such  va<jue  and  unrellaMe  rmnors  as 
he  could  {gather  from  the  natives  (^f  the  channel  re- 
specting^ the  country  heyond  the  Tulares;  and  in 
Filjruary  he  informed  ]^>rica  that  ]\o  had  made; 
arrangements  with  the  native  chief,  Juan  ^Fajia,  and 
four  com.i)anions  to  carry  the  letter,  but  that  ]''at!ier 
Tapis  had  forbidden  their  departure,  at  least  until  an 
Older  could  be  obtained  from  Lasuen.''^ 

This  state  of  the  matter  was  reported  to  the  vice- 
roy in  ]]orica's  conununication  of  Octobe^r  l2d,'^  and 
the  attorney-general  having  ie[)(>rtedfavorai>ly  on  the 
scheme  of  interconununication  as  useful  to  Calitor- 
nia's  connnerce,  development,  and  defence,  the  \  Ict'roy 
recjuested  Borica  to  send  to  3Icxico  tlie  maps  and 
papers  on  which  his  prctject  rested;  that  the  jiioject 
be  also  sent  to  the  cc»mmandant  general  for  his  in- 
s[)ection;  and  that  ]iasuen  forward  his  views  about 
the  employment  of  the  Santa  IJarbara  Indians.  This 
was  in  January  iri'T,  and  in  .Xjtril  l^asuen  aiiswered, 


'  April '29,  170.">,  Jjorii'a  to  viuiidy.  / 


MS.,  vi.  -14.    Di'o.  Mtli. 


liorica  to  (loycotoliL'a,  /</.,  iv.  41.  4o  7.  .Ian.  IStli,  tJuvciHch-ja  to  iJiPiiia. 
/'/•«,(•.  S/.  Pd/K,  MS.,  xiv.  l(i,  17.  Fil..  lOtli,  LI.  to  Id.,  ,S7.  l'(!/i.,  Siu.,  MS., 
iv.  74-7.  Sept.  'JStli,  r>orit'a  oriki-.s  till'  i«ulr(-i  to  uso  f,'ciitlo  iiKasuri -i  willi 
till'  Tiilan!  liiiliaiis  so  that  tliiri'  may  I'o  no  lUlliculty  on  llic  piojiusiil  iciiitc. 
/'/•')('.  l,'(i\,  M.S.,  vi.  174.    .Sals  re)iort  of  .Ian.  olst,  alivaily  ailiidcil  to,  was 


in()iiii'ii  s  sint  liini 
■iiiiniiii<(i(iiiii   fun 


l.v  tl 


le  ji(jvi  rnoi-, 


[H'olialily  ill  an.swor  ti 

•'' Jlurlrx,  liifi 
similar  conirnunicatiuii  dated  Uotubi-r  5th  id  givoa  in  Ai\li.  SUi.  Udrbuni, 


M, 


i:ur,,  MS. 


M.': 


73  (i. 


1 


r.Ti 


EXPLORATIONS  AND  NEW  FOUNDATIONS. 


ar^j^uiiiL,'  tliiit  it  was  dangcrouH  to  stinl  a  party  (if 
iiativfs  so  far  ainoii<^  forci^ni  and  hostile  tribes,  siiici' 
on  oii«!  side  or  the  otlicr  excesses  would  sun;ly  In- 
eoiiimittcd.  Moreover  the  chief  it  was  proposid  to 
s(  iid  was  very  useful  to  the  luission  and  any  accident 
t(»  hini  would  lead  to  trouble  with  his  n(!0[tle;  and 
finally  Tapis  had  not  forbidden  the  expedition,  but  had 
simply  refused  to  urge  the  neophytes  to  undertake  it."'^ 
Ifere,  so  far  as  the  archives  show,  correspondence  on 
this  matter  ceases.  It  is  probable  that  more  was 
written,  but  not  likely  that  any  actual  expedition  wjis 
made,  and  certain  that  communication  was  not  opened 
with  Xew  Mexico.  Neither  was  there  anvthini- 
accomi»lished  toward  opening  the  Colorado  liivcr 
I'oute  l)etwe(>n  California  and  Sonora,  a  subject  slightly 


ag 


itated  during  this  period.'^^ 


''"'.Tim.  11,  1707,  viceroy  to  I^asiicn.  Arch.  Stn.  Bi'irhnra,  MS.,  x.  7^  7. 
Apiil  -IMh,  Lasucii  to  V.  It.,  Id,  77-H3.  Im'1).  14,  1798,  V.  K.  calls  for  Aiii- 
lla;.'ii'.s  iiliMs  on  tliu  i)roject  ami  the  best  way  to  exccuto  it.  Pvov.  St.  J'nji., 
MS.,  xvii.  !t. 

^'"Ajiiil  10,  17!'"),  IJorica  to  viceroy,  asks  to  have  Fagcs  send  his  i)ap( f.-i 
rclatiii!,'  t')  liis  <-'.\iicilition  to  the  Colorado.  Prnr.  Itiv.,  MS.,  vi.  44.  S(  jit.  I, 
17!l7,  IJoriia  lliiiik.s  no  party  of  less  than  .*?.■»  can  siifely  pass  to  Sonorn.  /</., 
vi.  .'»;i.  Dec.  'I'l,  171I7,  ri'fers  to  Arrillagc's  report  anil  sciienies  of  Oct.  "Jti, 
17!»<>;  1st,  a  presidio  (,f  100  men  at  Sta  '  lya  with  'JO  at  S.  Felipe  and  "JO  :it 
Sonoita;  'Id,  a  jncsidio  on  California  side  .t  mouth  of  Colorado,  to  lie  crossed 
in  lanoes.  IJoi  ica  prefers  the  latter,  and  advises  that  all  attention  he  f;i\(ii 
at  jirtscnt  to  jiacilication  of  the  Indians  between  Sta  Catidina  and  the  Culn- 
rado.  /';oc.  AVc,  MS.,  vi.  (Ja-O.  April  24,  1798,  Amadorsays  that  the  padiv 
of  Sau  .)os(''  went  to  the  Colorado,  and  that  the  Indians  iled,  fearinc  enfnrct  d 
liaptittni.  I'rov.  St.  I'np.,  MS.,  xvii  123.  Iicfercncc  to  the  general  topic  in 
A:.aiaa,  YitHlruccion,  MS.,  90. 


CIIAPTiCli  XXVII. 


MISSION  ruoonKss. 

1701-1800. 

AliUIVAI.   ANT)  T)i:rAl!Tri!K    OF    rAUKKS— (I  K.NKUAI.   StATISTICAI-  VuV— TiIP 

ri;i:siin:N(  v  •   Ili-iscopAi,  I'owKits — Tiii:  iNytisiTioN-  l!r.V!i,i. ;  (iicKHu's 

RKPnIiT— VllWS    OF    SaLAZAII — CaUMKLITE     MOXASTKI:-        I'ldl  s     FrMi 
HacIKNDA — ("oNTIloVK.liSlKS— TlIK    ()l,l>  (^tlKSTIoSS     1)I>.  ISSlIi   .A  S  KV 
Ki:i)rrT|ri»      JN      NiMllKK   OF     FuiAlW— llKTUlKMKVT— TlIAVI.I  I  i  ■  (i    Kx- 
I'KXSE.S— I  IIAl'l.AIN      lilTY— (iLAltUa — IlUNAWAY     NldllUTI     -MIS8IOV 
ALCAt.M'.S   -  Isid  ANS    CiN     lIoIiSF.IiACK — LoCAl,     Ql'AliKl.l ..   — ClI  \  liliF.S    OF 

(.'oN<-i'i'(iii\  m;  IIdkka— Invi:sti(;atio\-  IIoimca's  Kiiti.i;n  (Ji-ksti-'Ss — 

ItKl'I.IlN  of  (  'uM  WOWTKS  AM)  FuiAliS— I'UF.SIDF.XT  LasIEN's  l!  KPOUT— 

Tin:  .MissKisAiius  AfyciiTKU — Ecclfsiastical  AIiscki.i.anv. 

At  tlic  luniiiiiin!;^  of  this  dcoiidc  tlio  iiiis.sioiis  M'tTo 
L'lovcn  in  miiiiljci';  at  its  end  tluy  liad  been  increased 
l)y  new  estalilisliiiicnts,  as  reeordcd  in  tlu^  i»)'ef'edin^' 
chapters,  U)  (  inhteen — \\itliin  three  of  the  ]li^•hest 
number  ever  reached.^  In  171)0  there  were  twenty- 
six  friars  on  duty,  liefore  1800  there  came  up  from 
the  colle<^(,'  thirty-ei^ht  new  missionaries;  twenty-one 
retired— some  on  the  expii'ation  of  their  r<\L>ular  term 
of  ten  yciirs,  otlierson  account  of  faihnu'  lieaUli,  f(»ur 
virtually  dismissed  for  l>ad  conduct,  and  four  sent 
away  moi'c  or  less  aftlicttMl  with  insanity;  while  three 
died  at  their  ])osts.  This  left  forty  still  in  the  ser- 
vice, or  two  ministers  for  each  of  the  einhttH'U  missions 
and  four  sn|!tMiiumeraries.  Six  of  the  old  jtioneers 
who  had  come  before  1780  were  still  left.''^ 

'  The  sevi'ii  mw  missions  in  tlic  ordci-  nf  tlicir  tiiiivling  wci-o:  Santa  frnz, 
Solodnd,  San  .l«isi\  San  Juan  IJautista,  San  .Mi;-ucl,  San  rcnamlo,  and  San 
l.uis  ]{t'y.  'I'lirio  wdv  siiliscinicntly  fuumli'd  Santa  In'  s,  Sai-  K..  "ad,  and  San 
Franc'ist'o  Solano.  Vur  n  ^'ciu'rul  statistical  view  of  the  missions  in  17!M) 
Ki'o  fliajitfi-  xix.  (if  tliis  volume. 

'■'The  ori^'inal  •_'(>,  the  names  of  pioneers  Ix  iiij»  italicized,  were:  Arroita 
Ai'cnuza,  t'al/ada,  Cambou,  Cruzado,  Duinetz,  l>auti,  Fustcr,  (lania,  Giiibet, 

I  075) 


I  Kuil 

ill' 


676 


MISSION  r-ROGRESS. 


Tlic  average  of  integrity,  zeal,  and  aLility  among 
tlie  new  friars  was  lower  than  in  the  ease  of  Junipero 
Serra's  eonipanions, sinec  a  tlt)zen  or  more  were  either 
refractory,  innnoral,  inefficient,  or  insane;  yet  the  Hst 
inchuled  such  eminent  names  as  Pe^'ri,  Payeras,  Via- 
der,  ^Fartinez,  and  Catala,  together  with  many  laithfid 
and  efficient  Christian  missionaries. 

The  eleven  old  missions  in  1790  had  in  round  num- 
bers 7,500  converts;  in  1800  they  had  10,700,  a  gain 
of  3,200  for  the  decade,  320  a  year  (jn  an  average, 
or  about  80  a  year  for  each  mission.  During  the 
period  the  pi'iests  had  baptized  12,300  natives,  and 
buried  8,300,  leaving  800  to  be  regarded  as  approxi- 
mately the  number  of  deserters  and  apostates.  5lean- 
while  in  the  seven  new  establishments  bai)tlsms  had 
been  3,800  and  deaths  1,000,  leaving  2,800  converts  on 
tlie  rolls.     Thus  for  old  and  new  missions  toirether 


La-'iiini,  ^rarincr,  Miguel,  Xobon,  Onimas,  Patcrna,  Pciia,  Picras,  Piiilif, 
Huiic/itr.,  Saiila  Muria,  Santiago,  Soiian,  Sifjar,  Tapis,  ami  Turrciis. 

The  new-conuTSJ,  I5S  in  miinhcr,  were:  Abclla,  ]5arccuilla,  IJarona,  Car- 
iiiocr,  Carranza,  Catala,  ('atalan,  Cipn's,  Corti'a,  Iv-pi,  Esti'vaii,  Faura, 
I'c'rnaiiilt /.  (;'),  (Jaivia,  (!ili,  Guiizalez,  Ii(jna,  Iturrato,  Juiiiie,  Laiulaeta, 
I.opez  ('.2),  ^ilartiruTiia,  ^lartiii,  MartiiU'Z,  Merelo,  Merino,  Panella,  I'ayeras, 
Pcyri,  I'uyol,  Salazar,  Uiia  ("2),  Viailf-r,  and  Viilals. 

The  deaths  were  Mariner,  J'al'  nia,  and  Fi(n'<!i\  There  left  California,  "21: 
Arroita,  Arenaza,  Catalan,  Danti,  Oninias,  E.^pi,  Fern;uidez  (2),  (Jareia, 
llnbi,  Salazar,  Giii,  Girihet,  llorra,  Lopez,  Torrens,  Canibon,  Nolioa,  I'eiia, 
I'leras,  ^lerino.  Lists  of  friar.'i  in  difi'erent  years,  with  f^cneral  flatenicnts  of 
inniihors,  in  S/.  Pap.,  JA/w.,  MS.,  ii.  4,  7^-8,  100-2,  107-8;  iii.  .1-.");  Anfi. 
(SVft  liiirhara,  ]MS.,  xii.  O.l-O,  01,  00,  08,  'I'.io;  ,Sf.  I'np.,  Sac,  MS.,  iv.  14-17; 
J'ror.  Sf.  J'aji.,  MS.,  xvii.  8.'>— 1.  These  lists,  however,  aiford  Ijut  a  very 
small  part  of  the  data  from  whieh  I  have  formed  my  loeal  tables  and  l)io- 
graiihit's  of  padres,  ddia  which  I  have  had  to  collect  littlo  by  little  from  a, 
thousand  siuirees. 

Arrivals  in  1701  M'crc  Gili,  Landactn,  Baldomcro  Lopez,  and  Salazar,  in- 
tended for  Santa  Cruz  and  Soledad,  or  to  replace  others  who  were  to  be  sent 
to  those  new  missions  while  Cambon  retired.  In  179-  eame  Lspi;  and  in  17!'.'! 
Catal.i,  the  latter  as  cliaplain  on  a  Xootka  vessel.  This  same  year  Orainas 
and  Itubi— the  latter  a  black  slutp  of  the  I'raneiseaii  iloel; — departed,  and 
I'aterna,  an  old  pioneer,  died  in  harness.  In  1704  live  new  priest:i  \tcre  sent 
to  California — nu'U  of  a  diflerent  stamp,  it  was  thoufsht,  from  those  who  liad 
givin  tlie  1  resident  so  much  trouble.  Minjc'rtojui,  in  Doc.  I:l<K  '  c/.,  MS., 
iv.  ,'fO-40.  'i'hese  were  Martin,  Martiarena,  Ksti  van,  ^laiiuel  I'ernande/,  and 
(Ire^'orio  I'ern.uidez.  The  dejiartures  were  Xoljoa,  I'ieras,  I'ei'ia,  and  (lili  — 
the  latter  another  source  of  scandal — who  sailed  on  th^'Ctjiici  iic'oii,  \\v\.  1 1  tli. 
J'roi:  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  .\i.  lo?,  17.'),  'JOi';  xxi.  1 4-_',  140  7;  Arch.  Arzoi,t<i>udu, 
MS.,  i.  ;iO.  A'ieeidy"s  license  dated  Jan.  10th;  governor's,  ^lay  .'Ust.  In 
170.">  .lainie,  Cijil'i's,  and  Tnyol  came;  while  Salazar  and  Sefii'.n  I'etired,  the 
latter  ten, jiorarily.  SI.  P,ip.,Sn<\,  ilS.,  i.  .",0;  Pruv.  /.Vc,  MS.,  vi.  17;  /Vw. 
ISt.  I'iqi.,  Sis.,  x.\i.  "JoO.     Danti,  Lopez,  Culzada,  and  Arroitu  sailed  in  July 


ar,  111- 

SCllt 

iiiias 
rai.l 

V  f-l'Ilt 

,  had 
MS., 
.  au.l 

nth. 

.     In 

1.  tlic 

I'nr. 

July 


STATISTICS.  577 

we  have  a  total  population  of  13,500,  a  gain  of  0,000 
in  ten  years,  during-  which  tinio  the  baptisms  had  been 
i(;,100  and  the  deaths  9,300.  There  is  no  doubt  tliat 
the  deaths  W'ere  largely  in  excess  of  the  births,  though 
there  are  no  available  means  of  accurately  estimating 
the  latter.^ 

The  mission  herds  and  flocks  nndtiplicd  about  three- 
fold during  the  decade.  Horses,  mules,  and  horned 
cattle  increased  from  2'2,000  to  07,000;  small  stock, 
almost  exclusively  sheep — goats  having  diminished 
very  rapidly  antl  swine  being  comparatively  few — 
from  20,000  to  80,000.  Agricultural  products  had 
been  30,000  bushels  in  1790,  the  smallest  subsequent 
crop  being  also  30,000  in  1795,  and  the  largest  75,000 
in  1800.  '  About  three  fifths  of  the  whole  croj*  in  1800 
was  wheat,  whicli  was  less  proportionately  than  usual, 
one  fifth  corn,  and  one  tenth  barlev,  the  remainder 
being  beans,  pease,  and  various  grains.    Wheat  yielded 

or  August  1 700.  Other  priests  wished  to  retire,  but  the  guardian  thought,  as 
they  had  been  eager  to  conic  to  California,  it  was  best  nut  to  iierniit  them  to 
leave  without  the  most  urgent  reasons.  Arr/i.  Shi  ll'nlxini,  MS,,  xi.  .")(}-7, 
'J74;  ,St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  xvii.  S;  J'rov.  Sf.  Pnp.,  MS.,  xxi.  ■J4(i;  Proi:  /.Vc, 
MS.,  vi.  103.  The  now-eoiners  of  1700,  arriving  in  June  by  the  A lairMzn, 
were:  I'ayeras,  Jos(5  Maria  Fernandez,  Peyri,  Viadcr,  and  CortLS.  /'/•(/(•.  .S7. 
Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  130;  Pmv.  Sf.  Pap.,  B<  n.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxiv.  7;  also  Catalan 
and  llorra.  In  April  1707  the  Vonceprion  is  said  to  have  brought  1 1  priests. 
Pri'V.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  145-0;  xxi.  'J54;  but  there  were  really  only  7: 
IJai'cenilla,  Caruicer,  CJonzalez,  Martinez,  ^1.  lino,  Uria,  and  I'anella.  The 
same  vessel  carried  back  to  San  Bias  in  September,  (Jareia  and  A.reiiaza,  who 
were  ill  and  luul  served  out  their  term;  anil  also  the  insane  priests  Jos6  Maria 
Fernandez  and  ( 'oncepcion  de  llorra.  Prov.  Per.,  JIS.,  vi.  !)4,  !)8,  lO'i;  Prov.  SI. 
Pap.,  MS.,  xxi.  *J(i4;  Areh.  Sta  linrham,  MS.,  xi.  57-8;  St.  Pap.,  Sat-.,  MS., 
vi.  107-S.  On  her  next  trip  the  Coiicepcion  brought  to  Santa  Barbara  in  May 
17il8  Scii:m  and  Calzaila,  returning  from  a  visit  to  Mexico,  and  also  llie  si.K 
new  friars:  Banma,  Faura,  Carranza,  Abella,  Martinez,  and  Viilalcs.  Arrh. 
Ar.ol<is}>a(lo,  MS.,  i.  47;  Prov.  Pre,  MS.,  vi.  75-0;  J'ror.  St.  Pap.,  MS., 
xvii.  1!(;  xxi.  '27!);  St.  Pip.,  Sar.,  MS.,  viii.  l.'{.  ^lanuel  Fernaiiclez  and 
Torrens  retired  this  year,  i.s  did  Tl'.  Landaetaand  Miguel  teni]wraiily.  Arvh. 
SI, I  ndrbam,  xi.  00;  .S7.  P(.p.,Sac,  :MS.,  vi.  107.  /Vl/r.  ,SV.  I'ap.,  .M'S.,  xvii. 
■J,  n.  In  1707  Merelo,  Jaiinto  Lf>pez,  and  Jose  Uria  arrived;  while  Fspi, 
(iiribet,  Merino,  and  Catalan,  the  last  two  alllieted  with  insanity,  obtained 
leave  to  retire,  sailing  in  January  1800.  This  last  year  of  tlie  decade  Fuster 
and  Mariner  (lied;  Landaetaand  Migutd  came  back;  and  Carcia  and  Iturrate 
were  added  to  the  force,  soiiic  of  them  api)arently  against  their  wishes.  Prov. 
/.'m'.,  ]\IS.,  vi.  1-27-0,  '24;};  ix.  12;  xi.  144;  xii.  1;  J'ror.  SI.  Pap.,  :MS.,  xxi.  30, 
44,  202;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  vii.  77;  Anh.  Sla.  linrlmra,  .NiS.,  ix.  24;  xi. 
01-2;  281 -'2,  284. 

'  The  governor  in  a  report  of  1800  states  that  the  number  of  deaths  is  ul- 
niost  double  thnt  of  births.  Bandinl,  Doc  Hist.  Cut.,  MS.,  No.  3. 
Hist,  lal.,  Vol,  I.    37 


i'il 


II 


-.78 


mSSION  PROGRESS. 


on  an  averairc  fiftocnf'old,  barley  cightccnfokl,  and  corn 
iiinety-tlireetbld  for  the  ten  years. 

Forniin  Francisco  Lasuon  remained  at  the  hvad  of 
the  Franciscan  community  as  president,  perlbrniiii^' 
liis  duties  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  classes,  loved  and 
respected  by  friars,  officers,  soldiers,  settlers,  and 
ne<jphytes.  He  received  no  pay  for  iiis  services,  beiiiL^ 
a  suj)ernunierary  friar,  and  no  stipend  being  allowed 
except  to  the  two  regular  ministers  of  each  mission. 
Tlie  duties  of  the  supernumeraries  were  as  arduous, 
and  tlios(i  of  the  president  more  so,  than  those  of  the 
ministers,  yet  though  petitions  were  made  and  the 
viceroy  was  disposed  to  grant  them  in  Lasuen's  favor, 
tlie  attonu^y  general  always  interposed  objoctidiis. 
])umetz  and  Peua  held  patents  after  jNIugdrteguis 
depaj'ture  to  assume  the  presidency  in  case  of  acci- 
dent.* The  power  to  administer  the  sacrament  nf 
confirmation,  grajited  by  the  pope  In  May  l?."^."), 
cxpiied  ^Tay  4.  1795,  althoiigh  Lasiien  had  actuallv 
exercised  it  only  since  1790,  or  half  the  full  period. 
The  privilege;  was  never  renewed,  and  there  wei'c  no 
more  conlirmations  until  California  possessed  abishoji 
of  her  own.^  Tiie  ordinary  episcopal  powers  of  ad- 
ministering sacraments  other  than  confirmation  wciu 
conferred  on  the  president  by  the  bishop  of  Soiiora. 
As  vlcdt'io  foirntco  Lasuen  exercised  those  powciN 
toward  the  civilians,  and  as  vicario  castrcnse  towanl 
the  military;    that  is  to  say,  as  a  kind  of  chaplain 

*Arch.  S/n  liiirhini,  :MS.,  xi.  220,  2r.0-.1.  Vicorny  Rcvilla  C;i,^(Mlo  in 
liis  rtport  of  ITIKi,  St.  J'dji.,  JZ/'.^v.  ami  Co/oii.,  MS.,  i.  IS,  21,  iiiiiilu's  tluit 
iiii.ssioniii'ios  iirc!  (iftcii  rcin.ivcd  iiniR'ccss.iiily  l)y  llicir  prolate;  Ijut  it  il'n-< 
not  doarly  fiiiiii'jir  tliat  lie  icfcr.s  particularly  to  ( 'alifoiiiia,  \vlicn;  lie  .^-lys 
till'  friai.s  ))i'it'iii'iu  tii(  ir  dntifs  in  a  ino.st  (.'oniiiiciulablo  inaniicr.  Soo  iiopcV  ilr- 
cri't'S(jf.J,iiy  8,  1701,  ami  1  )(•(.•.  12,  l7!l7oii  (lualiticalioiis,  <lutios,  In  mors,  etc..  <'f 
friars  of  tlio  l'r(iiiai.'aiiila  ride  c(illc'j:;os,  in  ^IrcA.  tiiu  Udrhara,  M.S.,  x.  \W- 
:i(i;  ix.  ;{7-40;  /Voc.  ,S7.  /'((;).,  .MS.,  xiii.  272-:i. 

''Sept.  0,  17!)2,  pope's  license  forwarded  from  ^'.xico.  Arch.  Sta  Uilrhiu-d, 
MS.,  X.  2S;);  yet  I.a.suen  say.slio  ie(eive<l  (lie  power  on  .Inly  l.'i,  17'.I0.  .S'.  J)hji>, 
Jj'ih.  <l<:  Mi.-^inii,  Ms.,  4').  Kxpires  May  4,  170.").  Arch.  SI  a  lid  r'na  fit,  MS.,  >.i. 
2:i;t;  I'rnr.  St.  ]'(i/>.,  MS.,  xx.  2St.  April  ii,  170.'),  Uorica  to  Lasiien,  leiirii;) 
that  tlie  president  is  liurrying  tlirongli  the  province  to  use  liis  priviKgo 
%\lulo  it  lasts,   /'yor.  y.'i(.'.,  MS.,  vi.  144-5. 


VICEROY'S  REPORT. 


579 


o-cncral.  The  new  Ijishop  renewed  the  eoncci^ision 
ill  17!)G,  and  Lasuen  .sul)delcgated  the  authority  to 
liis  subordinate  missionaries.'^  Lasuen  was  also  coni- 
issary  of  tlio  holy  inquisition  for  California  after  ITl.T), 
but  so  far  as  the  records  show  his  oidy  duties  in  this 
capacity  were  to  receive  and  publish  an  occasional 
edict  on  general  matters.^ 

In  an  exliaustive  report  on  the  missions  of  Xew 
Spain  Viceroy  Revilla  (Jigcdo  presented  to  the  king 
in  179.'3  an  liistorical,  descriptive,  and  statii^tical  view 
of  the  Cahfornian  establishments,  which  is  an  inter- 
esting and  iinj>ortant  document,  though  e.\pr(>ssing 
only  cii  rcstoiic  what  I  have  presented  in  detail  i\\n\i 
the  same  original  papers  on  which  tins  re])ort  v.as 
founded.  An  effort  was  made  also  about  this  time 
by  the  Spanish  and  ^Mexican  authorities  to  insure 
greater  regularity  and  thoroughness  in  reports  of 
missionary  progress.*^    Father  Salazar  having  returned 


''Sept.  .SO,  1700,  Insliop  to  Lasuen,  confirming  faciiUii's.  Dec.  KItli, 
Lasuen  to  hit-hop,  cxpressinp  thanks.  MareJi  '_'(),  17i>7,  Lasuen  tal;es  the 
(i.ith  as  vicario  loraneo  heloro  P.  Arenaza.  June  IDtli,  liisliop  reserves  th<i 
ri^ht  of  granting  ilivoix'c  and  sonic  (itlier  episeojial  faculties.  A  nil.  Sl<i  ll'tr- 
liiint,  MS.,  xii.  l!)i2-8.  Dec.  18,  17!t(>,  Lasuuns  eircuhirto  llie  padres.  11., 
\\.  i;!'J— tl.  Mareli  *20,  1707,  Lasuen  notifuH  IVirica.  Is  only  iiwailiiig  tlio 
license  and  hlessing  of  tlic  guai'dian.  Arch.  Ar.iJ'iyiiiido,  ALS.,  i.  4'),  Mareli 
-2{\,  ]5.  to  Lasuen,  will  proclaim  him  juez  vicurio  celesi:istic(j  in  tin;  jnc- 
sidios.  I'ror.  L'lr.,  :MS.,  vi.  1S4-.:').  Juno  'JOtli,  15.  sjiys  tiic  title  of  vicar 
must  ho  ju'csented  to  the  government.  /»/.,  vi.  1!("J-H.  It  appears  tiiat  '•«<- 
In  iini'  powers  were  conferred  hy  Lasuen  on  only  seven  friars.  An:h.  Sla  Udr- 
Inini,  ^IS.,  xi.   14.")-(i. 

"Oct.  lo,  17!'."),  Lasuen's  jirifeiitc  ih  Comhion  dfl  Santo  Oficio  pent  from 
Mexico.  An-h.  Sl'i  Durham,  AhS.,  xi.  .Ki.  Several  edicts  of  17!'.'),  17117,  and 
lS();)in.ln/i.  J/^s■;o/H.^,  MS.,  i.  1S7-8, 'J-JS;  Dor.  J/isl.  C,,!.,  MS.,  i\'.  (;7  8. 
In  ollcuces  of  wliich  the  inip.isition  had  cognizance  tlie  natives  were  nob 
<lirectly  snhject  to  that  triiiunal  hut  to  tiie  ]irovisor  cle  Indias,  «  ho,  with  the 
Kiiowh'dge  of  the  in(|uisiliiin,  acted  as  judge,  /•'/•/'(•'/'.'/''ox  ///•  /mlio.i,  MS..  (5. 
Some  ad'iitional  itemson  C'cele^iastical  matters  ;i  re  given  latei^  in  tliischapter. 

*  III  rllht  (liiirdii,  Citrhi  :.vhn'  nii-i'Oiir.-^  </<:,.'!  ilf  Jj/riiiiilirr  <fr  /,'.'/./,  in  /'''■/•. 
Uiiir.,  v.  4_'7-lill;  also  MS.,  i.  Seo  also  chap.  xxiv.  of  this  volume.  Oct.  'J:2, 
I7!!4,  viceroy  to  governor,  urging  eumpliancc  willi  rnyid  order  of  ^I;;rc!l  ■_'!, 
17'^7,  which  rcijuired  attention  to  mission  welfare;  and  re])orts  eveiy  tw"  or 
three  years  on  mission  progress.  /'/■/(/•.  <S7.  J'tip.,  MS.,  xi.  '20'.>.  .luly  'JS,  I7!'"i, 
llrancitorte  sends  I'mrica  ;i  eo|iy  of  his  predecessor's  report  of  17I''!  to  r.rrx  e  an 
a  guide  for  new  rc))orts;  and  also  calls  fiir  su;.';';estions.  S/.  /'//;/.,  ,l//w.  ini'l 
fill.,  MS.,  i.  1.  .Ian.  '_',  I7!l'>,  Lasuen  in  !i  circular  says  the  council  of  the 
ludies  have  read  the  mission  repiirt.s  ;uul  than';  ul  o>  king's  nani'^  hjr  progi-iss 
niaile,  which  is  great  comi.ared  with  other  missions  with  heltci'  advaula  jcs. 
The  guardian  sends  tho  thanks  of  the  college.  Anii.  Sta  liurhara,  MS.,  ix. 


580 


MISSIOX  PROGRESS. 


from  California  was  called  upon  by  tho  vicerojr  for  ^ 
report  on  the  condition  of  the  country,  which  was 
rendered  ^lay  11,  179G,  but  contained  little  of  value 
respect ing  the  missions.  Salazar  estimated  the  wealt  1 1 
of  the  Franciscan  establishments  at  $800,000  in  build- 
ings and  chattels ;  but  he  complained  that  progress  was 
impeded  by  the  excessive  labors  imposed  upon  the 
friars;  also  by  the  preference  shown  to  settlers  in  tho 
purchase  of  supplies." 

On  the  subject  of  secularization,  not  referring  par- 
ticularly to  California,  Revilla  Gigedo  expressed  his 
dissatisfaction  with  the  condition  of  such  missions  as 
had  been  given  up  to  the  clergy.  He  would  take  mt 
steps  in  that  direction  without  a  better  prospect  of 
success.  Curates  could  do  no  better  than  friars  in  the 
instruction  and  improvement  of  the  natives.^"  In  a 
letter  of  179G  Governor  Borica  says  that  accoivling 
to  the  laws,  the  natives  are  to  bo  free  from  tutelage 
at  the  c'ld  of  ten  years,  the  missions  then  becoming 
(loctrinas;  "but  those  of  New  California  at  the  rate 
they  are  advancing  will  not  reach  the  goal  in  ten 
centuries;  the  reason,  God  knows,  and  men  know 
something  about  it."" 

Two  s|)ecial  projects  for  the  advancement  of  Cali- 
fornian  interests  were  devised  in  Mexico  durinsf  the 
decade;  and  both,  being  opposed  by  the  Franciscan 
authorities,  seem  to  have  been  given  up  at  the  end  of 
1797.  The  first  was  to  establish  a  Carmelite  monas- 
tery at  San  Francisco,  wliich  was  to  consist  of  twelve 
friars,  and  cost  from  $25,000  to  $30,C00.  It  was  to 
be  supported  by  an  agricultural  establishment,  become 
the  nucleus  of  a  settlement,  and  thus  promote  both 
the  colonization  of  the  country  and  the  civilization  of 
the  natives,  to  say  nothing  of  the  usefulness  of  tlio 
monastery  towers  to  navigators  as  landmarks.  This 
matter  was  referred  to  two  friars  who  had   been  in 

'  Salazar,  C'ondicion  Actual  de  Cat.,  In/orme  General  al  Vircy,  11  dc  Jlai/o 
179G,  MS. 

'"/.V'ivV/fr,  Gifjrdo,  Carta  de  1793,  MS.,  25. 

"Aug.  3,  17'JO,  Borica  to  Albemi.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben,  Mil.,  xxiv.  7,  8. 


PROJECTS  DEFEATED. 


581 


Calirornia  and  who  roportod  adversely.  The  seooiid 
j)n>ject  was  to  estahhsh  a  hacienda  of  the  pious  fund 
in  Jacoj)in  Valley  near  San  Diego,  but  the  guardian 
of  San  Fernando  pronounced  the  sclienie  iiu[)ractica- 
hle  if  not  absurd.  The  ijfeneral  ariJiunent  of  the- 
Fi-anciscans  on  these  questions  was,  that  so  far  as 
the  conversion  of  the  natives  was  ct)ncerne(l  the  old 
methods  were  sufficient,  and  any  iiniovation  would  be 
dangerous;  and  that  for  the  promotion  of  settlement 
ly  gente  de  razon  the  new  establishments  would  luive 
no  advantages  over  the  old,  which  were  far  from  pros- 
perous.'^ 

The  regulation  of  1781,  as  we  have  seen,  provided 
for  the  sjfradual  reduction  of  the  ministers  to  oik^  at 
each  mission.  Until  this  was  effected  friars  retiiiiig 
or  dying  were  not  to  be  re})laced.  This  regulation 
was  disregarded  by  the  friars  and  the  secular  author- 
ities made  no  attempt  to  enforce  it.  The  subject  came 
up  and  was  discussed  during  this  decade,  but  nothing 
was  effected.  The  law  renjained  unchauLred,  and  was 
jtractically  disregarded  as  before."    Respecting  the  re- 


iM."'.         iliU    rL|)UlL,     llilLUU    \JK\:.    -.Ill,     IS    limilj     IIUVIIIIII     lU    illUHlUl     SUIIJLLl,    I'l 

wIiIlIi  iiKirc  anon.  It  is  iiuticualilc  that  tlie  p;iuiri)iaii  sjuak.s  very  ironica'.ly 
of  tlic  'ilaiiicsticated'  gun(ilus  whose  scrvict's  it  was  juiiposcil  toiitili;:e  in  Iho 
nt'W  cstaMishiiiunts,  greatly  cxaggeiatin!^  the  ilaiigcr  of  the  old  missions  and 
imehlos  from  the  natives,  and  innilying  without  iiitendini;  to  do  s.)  that  nt.i; 
imuli  ha  '  l:'i'n  e'l'ected  liy  ni'arlv  3(/  years  of  niissionarv  worlv.    Ijorioa  also 


l;ri>n  e'l'ected  liy  iii'arly  3(/  years  of  missionary  worlv.    Ijorioa  alsi 
disapprj'.  the  iiaeienda  beeausc  there  would  i^e  no  marUet  for 

Vr^.r.  I!t;.,  }.!S.,  vi.  (il. 

'^lluvilla  (ligodo,  Crirfii  do  J70J,  24,  disapproves  the  reiluetion,  anion; 
other  reasons  beLau-;e  it  would  favor  inniioraiity  on  the  ]iait  of  the  friars. 
Api'il  .'k),  I7y(>,  the  trnardian  writt's  to  l,asnen  that  the  ti-eal  wants  to  Ui 
reasons  for  non-coniplianee  witli  the  reglanjenlo;  eonsri|uentiy  ail  th(^  a 


'  produee. 


illoU'  till! 

d'nii- 


than  tli;;t  on  themselves.  Pror.  J,',r.,  MS.,  vi.  CO  1.  .Sept.  :t,  lO'.lit,  I'adni  Lull, 
IJ.'jiOf-ii'ioii.  ltd  tludidinii  xohrv  In  rcdnci'iuii  ilf  Mlxioi/ii'ii><  fii  ( 'fl  inriiin,  /,',''.'', 
MS.,  pi'esc  nts  the  usiud  arguments  against  redueiug  the  ninnlter  of  missiim- 
nries,  and  also  opposes  Ilorica  s  scheme  of  reducing  the  kiikjiIo,  not  only  iieeausu 
it  is  contrary  to  tlie  king's  intentions,  but  because,  while,  us  lioviea  nays,  tho 


o8u' 


MISSION  PROGRESS. 


tircmcnt  of  fi'iars  to  Mexico  tlicro  M'as  now  no  conti-o- 
versy  between  the  secular  and  Franciscan  authorities, 
because  the  latter  were  consi(leral)]y  troul)led  to  keep 
the  missionaries  at  their  posts,  and  welcomed  even 
secular  interference  to  aid  in  the  task.  In  1795  there 
came  a  royal  order  that  the  governor  and  president, 
mi<dit  urant  license  to  retire  for  duo  and  certiiicl 
cause  without  waituig  for  a  report  from  Mexico;  huo 
before  the  end  of  this  decade  this  rule  seems  to  have 
been  modified."  Since  1787  and  down  to  1794  friars 
cominu'  to  or  rcturninij  from  California  were  allowed 
two  hundred  dollars  for  travellini^  expenses  on  land 
and  ninety-tlv^e  cents  per  day  v.iulo  on  the  water. 
Subsequently  their  stipends  wore  allowed  to  cover  the 
time  consumed  on  the  journey  provided  there  were 
no  unnecessary  delays.^'' 

two  priests  spoiul  k'>3  I'.iria  ('lOO  on  thcmsrlvcs  tlioy  spend  the  remainder  for 
tlic  natives,  ;!';:1  Ll.i'3  ii  pnicticdly  the  only  wiiy  of  obtaining  ncec'-s;irv  iirli- 
eles  liinee  tlicrc  i:-i  no  market  for  mission  produee.  In  ISOO,  or  perhaps  laiei', 
Lasiien  i;i  i'-  Liter  to  the  guardian  argues  the  same  .side  of  tlie  eayo  liKi.-t 
earnestly,  .'.'.i.eaks  rather  bitterly  of  any  ^ehemo  to  econiimize  on  the  I'lsy  of 
pO!,v  over-Vidrked  fri:ir.s  when  the  king  is  so  liberal  in  other  expense;;,  and  w- 
I  e::  lS  his  old  determination  to  retire  if  tlie  eliango  be  insisted  on.  Lamu  ii,  ( 'or- 
■trN/iniiilnici'i,  MS.,  ;jj:)-3.'!. 

"17i>.'>,  a  priest  retired  on  a  provisional  license  of  the  comamlante  at  Mr.a- 
terej'.  Afr/i.  Arr.ohtsjxido,  ^IS.,  1.  S.'?.  17i>4,  the  lOyearsof  Gcrviec  to  count 
from  the  date  of  cniljarking  from  Spain.  Arch.  Sta  Barhara,  MS.,  vi.  ■_".14- 
.").  Roj'al  oi'ders  referred  to  in  my  text  dated  Sept.  Ki,  171)4.  Sent  from  Mex- 
ico .liuioS,  171).").  Pniv.  St.  Ptiji.,  !MS.,  xiii.  J"J4-.").  Just  before  the  uccipt 
of  this  order  lioriea  refuses  Danti'fi  petition  to  retire  until  leave  is  obtained 
from  Mexico.  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  vi.  149.  I)ee.  !),  17'.I7,  viceroy  to  the  ;  r.av- 
dian,  friars  must  not  go  to  ^Mexico  to  Bolieit  license  to  retire  to  I 'pain.  .I/'' .'/. 
Sta  lidi'hara.  MS.,  xi.  59.  Sept.  1,  1^0!),  governor  to  viceroy,  luider.-taaile 
that  no  leave  to  retire  is  to  be  given,  even  on  expiration  of  term,  until  ;r.;l  ;i- 
tutes  eri'ive.    The  pri'.'sts  are  not  pleased  at  this.  Prur.  Sf.  Pap. .  M;i..  xxi.  !-'. 

'■'On  measures  adopted   I7S0-8,  see  Arch.  Sta  IJdr'iura,  ^IS.,  x.  'J, 17  V'.'; 


•J41 


xii.   40-1;  Pror.   St.  Pap.,   MS.,   vi.   •2;)l>-.'?;  viii.    I-!). 


It 


XI.    .)! 

Beems  that  the .'>J(*.)  vas  to  be  paid,  like  the  stipend,  horn  the  pious  lunil.  wlnoU 
in  17t>7  vras  charged  with  .S'^944  for  friars'  travelling  expenses  f  rthc  j  a:  t  'JO 
yeai'S.  In  IX'eendi;r  17!'3  the  guardian  attempts  toseenrc  travelling  expeii.es 
for  sp.pernumerary  fiiars  going  to  C'alih:rnia,  and  succeeds  after  come  e:: re- 
Kp-.judenco  in  getting  aii  advance  of  thiir  stij^eud  to  jay  these  cxiea  e:, 
thou;  li  their  stipend  would  eeaso  on  arrival  until  asi-igned  t)  a  minion,  rr.i'.u 
this  i-orre  ■ponde'.iee  it  appears  that  by  royal  order  of  April  '20,  17!'.t,  the  i  ;i- 
jiend  began  on  the  ihdo  of  departure  from  ]\Iexico.  Arch.  Sfa  JJilr/iara,  }.;S., 
xi.  "240-. d.  ]>y  order  of  Sept.  K?,  1794,  ilic  stipend  was  extended  to  date  cf 
arrival  in  Mexico  on  return  and  all  gratuities  for  travelling  exj.enses  wee 
abeli.^hed.  I'rov.  St.  }\i/>.,  'Mt<.,  x'ni.  l'24-.j;  Arch.  St'i  JJ-rfiara,  MS..  i\. 
'.i-2l-r>;  Va'fcjo,  J)oc.  lli^t.  Cat.,  "'S,,  xxviii.  date  .July  '20,  171).'i.  'i'lie  friars 
subsequentl.v  had  nmeh  trouble  on  account  of  the  naval  authorities  v.  Iio 
demanded  li>'.'2j  i)erday  instead  of  95ets.     Jloreover  the  government  in  :'c'iiO 


MISSIONARY  ESCORTS. 


583 


IMany  of  tlic  old  :n;ittors  of  dispute  still  rcniiiinod 
o|)L!ii,  but  as  a  ride  tlicy  gave  risu  ttj  no  very  bitter 
c-oiiti'oversv  durinu^  this  pei-iod.  No  regular  chaplains 
were  appointed,  though  liorica  made'  an  ellort  to 
secure  such  a[)[)ointinents;  neither  dt)es  it  appear  that 
the  IViars  got  any  [i;iy  for  attending  to  the  sj)iritual 
interests  of  soldiers  and  settlers."'  In  the  niattei'  of 
mission  escoi'ts  and  their  iluties  there  were  no  radical 
changes  and  few  disputes.  The  soldiers  were  in- 
structed to  treat  the  padres  always  with  respect  and 
evilently  did  so,  the  chief  complaint  being  that  they 
would  not  always  serve  as  vatpieros  and  servants  of 
all  work,  a  rclusal  the  padres  could  never  (piite  un- 
derstand. The  guard  furnished  to  a  friar  engaged  in 
his  several  duties  abroad  was  still  regulated  by  the 
governor's  or  commandant's  instructions,  or  in  some 
cases  left  to  the  cor^toral's  discretion.  The  b'iai's 
desirud  discretionary  powers,  but  submitted.  The 
strict  rule  of  Fa'jfes  that  no  soldier  on  cscf^rt  duty 
should  sleep  away  i'roni  the  mission  was  relaxed  some- 
v.hat  in  urgent  cases  by  the  viceroy's  orders;  but  the 
order  that  no  stjldier  should  be  sent  after  fuiritixe 
natives  or  allowed  to  visit  the  rancherias  of  gentiles 
without  superior  command  was  strictly  enforced, 
and  the  friars,  now  that  their  temper  had  cooled  a 
little,  doubtless  recognized  the  necessity  of  such  a 
rule.  The  instructions  of  Borica  to  the  i>uards  show 
an  earnest  desire  to  maintaii;  harmonious  relations 
with  tlie  missionaries,  as  well  as  a  prudent  and  wise 
})olicy  toward  the  gentiles.  Doubtless  the  fKitience 
of  the  friars  was  often  sorely  tried  by  tlic  indolence 

cisps  when  the  return  voya;,'c  was  very  long  1)y  no  fault  of  the  piii'.sts  refiiseil 
to  pay  the  i'uU  btipeud  as  pur  royal  orilir.  Arch.  SUt  Iklrharn,  MS.,  ix.  41-.'i, 

''' Sept  20,  IT'Jn,  governor  to  viceroy  asking  for  a  friar  for  each  presiilii', 
ii9  the  niisKionavie.s  have  too  niiicli  to  attend  to.  Pror.  SI.  I'liji.,  MS.,  x\i.  117. 
.Iiinc  18,  17!)i,  viceroy  must  liave  more  infurniation  before  decidimr.  /</.,  xi. 
h'^l-'J.  Novcniher  'JSth,  gov.  eireidates  nine  (lUcstioiiH  on  tlie  perf(jrinan(;c  of 
ihapLiin's  duties  liy  padre.s;  and  A]iril  li,  IT'.T).  explains  more  fully  to  the  \". 
1!.  asking  again  for  eiiaplains  at  a  salary  of  .SiOd.  I'ror.  I'tr.,  MS.,  iv.  Vll; 
Ai.  41-'J.  ^Nothing  more  is  heanl  from  Mexieo.  June  17.  i7i"i,  Coniandanto 
•  ioycoeeliea  eoniplaiiis  of  the  padres  having  deuliutd  to  hear  eunfeasioni.  St. 
Piq'-i  Suf.,  Xm.,  ix.  73. 


■I! 


'li'  ! 


584 


lilTSSIOX  PROGRESS. 


and  insolence  of  individual  soldiers,  but  of  the  govern- 
ment they  had  no  cause  to  complain.  The  guards 
were  reduced  in  n'.ost  of  the  old  missions  on  the  estab- 
lishing of  new  ones,  and  this  brought  out  a  protest 
from  the  Franciscans,  which  was  in  some  instances 
successful.'^ 

Desertion  of  neoph3^tes  became  prevalent,  especially 
in  the  northern  missions,  the  pretended  motive  of  the 
fugitives,  and  in  some  instances  the  real  one,  being 
ill-treatment,  overwork,  and  hunger;  l)ut  oftcner  tlit- 
true  cause  of  apcwtasy  was  a  longing  for  the  old  free- 
dom and  dread  of  the  terrible  death-jatc  in  the  mis- 
sion communities.  As  we  have  seen,  the  soldiers  of 
the  guard  were  not  allowed  to  })ursue  runaways; 
neither  was  the  practice  of  sending  neophytes  after 
them,  ap|)r()ved  by  Fages,  allowed  during  Borica's 
rule.     Gentiles  might  be   bribed  to  bring  tlieni  in; 


"  Ilnncit,  IiiK/riirfion  /larii  hi  Enmltn  dp  Snn  Junn  Baiil'tstn,  J'i'J?,  MS.  Tliis 
iliicuiiKiit  was  orduri'd  to  he  posted  in  every  mission  for  tiio  j;uiiliiiico  of  tlic 
corporal.  Snl,  Iny/nirrinn  ul  dtho  dc  Sta  Cruz,  l'"i,  MS.;  /I/'/c.-,',  fiiftnir. 
para  In  J:'si-t,l/a  do  /'iiri-<!iiia,  l^SS,  M8.;  Id.,  Jimlnir.  jmni  S.  M'njittl,  J7S7, 
MS.  ]'i-oliil)itioii  of  I'SL'orts  for  long  cli-stanees,  ajipi-oved  liy  Idni.',  .Ian.  1."!. 
1700.  Juii/m,  Pa/Ill  de  J'liidos,  MS.,  !.").">.  17'J4,  soklicr.s  to  liu  alturnatiil  in 
oscolta  anil  ])i'fsiilio  mTvico.  Proc.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  8;  Proi:  ll<<\,  MS., 
V.  4S.  Muskets  to  lie  11  red  and  reloaded  once  a  week.  Some  com|ilaiiit  nf 
failuic  to  keep  wateli  at  night.  No  e.scorts  for  long  distances.  Arri/liKj'i. 
PajKl  d<;  Pitiifo.'f,  MS.,  I'.Mi  7.  May  IT),  nOi"),  escorts  of  pailres  must  return 
to  mission  same  day.  I'rov.  Jtcc,  ^IS.,  iv.  llV^.  .June  .'Id,  Doriea  to  viceroy. 
The  padres  still  ask  for  escorts  to  visit  ranchcrias;  Ijut  I  attribute  present 
tranipiillity  to  the  measures  of  my  predecessor  and  refuse.  We  nmst  not  risk 
our  peace  in  the  hands  of  a  careless  soldier.  Pror.  I'a:,  MS.,  vi.  5'i.  Oct. 
5th,  approval  of  ^'.  ]{.  J'ror.  St.  Pap.,  MS-,  xiii.  i'l-'.\;  but  on  Nov.  7tli  the 
V.  R. ,  on  petition  of  tlie  guardian,  reconnuend«  concessions  in  uigent  cases, 
alwa.ys  with  due  piudence.  /(/.,  xiii.  (M-Ci.  On  tliis  ground,  Lasuci-,  March 
5,  17!)G,  informs  the  jtadres  that  the  old  restriction  has  been  removed,  the 
matter  never  having  been  jn'operly  understood  in  Mexico  before.  l>uc.  lli-^l. 
Cal.,  MS.,  iv.  ii(i;  Arch.  Sta  lidrliara,  MS,,  xi.  137.  Corporal  at  Soled.id 
had  to  give  monthly  reports  on  manufactures,  etc.  Proc.  Iti'f.,  MS.,  iv.  \~'\. 
Must  keep  a  diai'y  of  events  to  be  sent  in  every  month.  St.  Pap.,  Sar.,  MS., 
vi.  1.  Escoltas  to  build  themselves  houses  to  save  paying  rent.  Pr^r.  Si. 
Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  17r).  .June  J>,  1790,  padres  to  have  escorts  on  journeys,  or 
on  going  to  confess,  etc.,  but  not  to  pur.sue  fugitives.  J'rnv.  /Ac.,  MS.,  iv. 
(M;  v.  S{>.  No  aid  to  padres  to  punish  Indians  unless  two  agree;  Init  to  alle- 
viate sufTcring  the  reipiest  of  one  to  suUice.  LI.,  v.  8!).  April  'J'.l,  17!I7, 
Argiiello  reprimands  a  corporal  for  having  furnished  only  one  soldier  to  escoit 
seven  padres.  J'roi:  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  57.  Lasuon,  Jiij'inne  BUmd,  J7U7-S, 
MS.,  (')7-8,  objects  to  the  leduction  of  the  guard  in  the  old  missions.  Oct. 
11,  170!J,  the  guai-dian  complained  to  the  V.  R.  ihat  the  escoltas  were  too 
small;  and  the  report  was  sent  to  Rorica  on  Dec.  17th.  Prov.  Ht.  Pap.,  MS., 
xviii.  148-0. 


1 


REOULATIOXS. 


685 


and  occasionallv  an  expedition  of  presidio  soldiers  wati 
sent  out  to  make  a  wholesale  collection  ol*  apostates, 
but  such  raids  were  not  yet  very  frequent.  Kintl 
treatment  of  returned  fu<,dtives  was  required  by  the 
oovernor,  and  was  to  a  larjjfe  extent  enforced.  Neo- 
j)hytes  sometimes  stowed  themselves  away  on  the  San 
Jilas  vessels,  or  escaped  by  land  to  Sonora.'^ 

The  laws  required  an  alcalde  and  several  regidores 
to  be  elected  annually  in  each  mission,  a  policy  which 
had  in  earlier  times  met  \vith  considerable  opposition 
from  the  ptJ,dres,  who  insisted  that  the  natives  w'ere 
by  no  means  fitted  for  S(;lf-government  even  to  this 
slight  extent.  After  1792  those  elections  ceaseil  alto- 
gether until  Borica  brought  up  the  matter  in  179(1 
and  insisted  with  the  viceroy's  approval  on  the  en- 
forcement of  the  law.  President  Lasuen  obeyed, 
but  in  his  instructions  to  the  padres  he  clearly  indi- 
cated that  the  election  was  to  bo  a  mere  formality 
and  the  autliority  of  the  native  officials  merely  nom- 
inal, the  whole  system  being  intended  simply  for  tlie 
instruction  of  the  neophytes  in  the  forms  of  civil 
government  with  a  view  t(j  the  time  w-hen  the  missions 
sliould  be  secularized.  After  1790  the  elections  wei'o 
regularly  reported  to  the  governor  each  3'ear,  and  the 
padres  sometimes  caused  the  choice  to  fall  on  a 
trusty  neo[)hyte  wlio  could  be  allowed  to  exercise 
slight  authority  as  a  kind   of  overseer.     The 


gov- 


'"  1701,  Fagcs'  policy  of  sending  neophytes.  Fiirjrx,  Papel  dc  Piiiffnn,  ilS., 
I.')!—").  Jjiii.  1."),  1704,  govoinor  to  viceroy.  I'rogrcss  has  liccn  niiulo  in  llio 
rodiK'tion  of  gentiles  and  fugitives  by  gentle  measures.  A  chief  has  even 
l)rought  in  fugitives  voluntarily.  Proi:  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xxi.  l.'Jl.  17'.)o,  lio- 
riea  approves  siiiding  pagans  after  fugitives.  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  v.  (i!).  171Mi, 
fugitives  to  1)0  treated  well.  Pror.  si.  Pap.,  MS.,  xix.  17<!.  1707,  vierroy 
forbid*  any  Indian  being  taken  to  Mexico.  J'ror.  I'cc,  !MS.,  vi.  1!).").  17'.)N, 
ninety  fugitives  (if  Santa  Cruz  reeoveved  l)ysoldiera.  I'rui'.  Sf.  I'ip.,  MS.,  xvii. 
101.  Kov.  S,  1708,  viceroy  to  Lasuen,  disapproves  the  sending  of  neoiihytes 
after  fugitives,  except  in  extreme  eases  after  consultation  witli  tlie  governor'. 
Arch.  Sin  Jiarhnru,  MS.,  vi.  73.     Mar.  4,   1700,  Lasuen  instruet.s  the  padres 


accordingly.  /'/.,  xi,  140-7;  La-suen's  original  order  in  Poc.  Hi  t.  Cal.,  MS., 
iv.  7l-;i.  July 'J2,  1700,  governor  to  padres  of  San  .Tuan.  Tlicy  may  send 
Indians  after  fugitives  to  peaceful  ruueherias.  /'roc.  Ji'cr.,  MS.,  vi.  '2\2. 
I'iight  of  Indians  to  San  Lias  and  Sonera.  Pnn:  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xi  "iOO;  xxi. 
1S.~);  I'lvr.  Jt(C.,  ilS.,  iv.  58.  On  fugitives  from  San  Frunei.-ico  v  here  tlio 
most  trouble  occurred  sec  chapter  xxxi.  of  this  volume. 


586 


MISSION  PROGRESS. 


friHiiont  (lid  not  choose  to  interiei'c  so  lonj^  {is  tlio 
prcsciihod  I'ornialitics  wore  complied  witli."  The  ^sec- 
ular authorities  still  found  fault  because  tin;  nc;o|ihytes 
were  j)erniitted  to  ride  and  thus  fitted  to  he  formi- 
dahle  I'oes  in  the  future;  but  the  friars,  while  appreci- 
atinix  the  dantjer  and  adniittini^  that  one  white  man 
was  e(]ual  to  six  or  eij^ht  Indians  to  care  for  their  herds, 
claimed  that  as  there  wej'e  no  Sj)aniards  to  be  had 
even  if  the  missions  were  able  to  pay  for  their  services, 
they  must  necessarily  employ  natives  as  vaqueros.-" 
In  two"  local  controversi(  -*  elsewhere  narrated,  that  is 
to  say  at  Santa  Clara  respectinii;'  boundary  lines  be- 
tween missioTi  and  pueblo  and  at  San  Francisco 
respecting  the  establishment  of  the  raneho  del  rev, 
the  friars  were  victorious  in  the  first  and  defeated  in 
the  second,  receivini^  strict  justice  at  the  hands  of 
the  authorities  in  California  as  well  as  in  Mexico. 
Indeed,  throughout  this  decade  there  was  an  evident 
disposition  on  the  part  of  viceroy  and  governor  to 
j)romo(e  friendly  relations;  while  guardian  and  presi- 
dent, especially  the  latter,  were  much  more  disposed 
than  formerly  to  conciliatory  methods."^ 

"On  mission  alcalilos  before  1790  sec  Prov,  lice,  ^IS.,  i.  1'20;  iii.  71,  170; 
Arch.  Sta  lidrliurit,  MS  ,  x.  !J4-(J.  Sejit.  '22,  179(i,  Borica  to  Lasuen  anil  tu 
till)  paih'i's,  requiring' coniplianco  with  the  law.  Prav.  Pec,  MS.,  vi.  17.');  Sfn 
Cruz,  J'(trroi/iiia,  MS.,  Hi;  Arch.  Ar:.nlii.</in<lo,  MS.,  i.  44.  Nov.  '2,  17!'!!, 
Lasiieii'.s  circular  to  tlic  pailres.  Arch.  Sta  JSurlntru,  MS.,  xi.  lliS-t);  vi.  IIS- 
I'.l.  Xov.  19,  1700,  Tiorica  to  viceroy  stating  his  action  in  the  matter.  S/.  P(ijk, 
(SV(r.,  MS.,  iv.  G()-7.  I'ce.  "20,  1707,  vii'croy  to  Lasuen.  Arch.  S/n  JJdihnrd, 
MS.,  X.  OO-.'l.  Dec.  2,  170(),  ]5(jrica  to  Lasuen,  ap])rovin:,'  the  election <jf  neo- 
phyte alcaldes  and  regidores  who  arc  to  act  generally  under  the  padres'  direc- 
tion, hut  in  criminal  matters  under  the  corporal  of  the  cscolta.  Prot:  lice., 
^IS.,  vi.  17S-0.  Jan.  7,  1707,  Borica  orders  padres  of  San  Diego  to  depose  a 
l)ad  alcalde  and  elect  a  new  one.  hi.  Jhirch  .'10,  1708,  Borica  tells  padres  of 
Soledad  they  were  wiong  in  changing  alcaldes  without  subuiittiiig  the  case  ti( 
the  government.  Prov.  lice.,  MS.,  vi.  210. 

'"'  Tills  matter  was  pretty  well  settled  before  170G  so  far  i\n  t!ie  mi.ssions 
were  concerned.  Prov.  7iVc.,MS.,iii.(i4-."), S7;  Arch.  StaJj(ir!iura,}>lH.,\i.'){>'2- 
fi;  viii.  (jo.  jNlay  28,  1701,  the governorsays  the  Indians  an;  getting  too  nuich 
meat  to  eat,  are  becoming  too  skilful  ridei's.  and  are  acrpiiriug  the  insolence  o* 
Apaches.  Pror.  St.  P(i]i.,  MS.,  x.  1.jO.  Strict  orders  against  any  gentile  or 
any  Indian  servant  of  soldier  or  settler  being  allowed  to  ride  or  to  have  anu>. 
iV.  Jo^c,  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  SO;  iii.  05. 

'■"  For  the  controversies  at  Santa  Clai'a  and  San  Francisco  see  chaptir 
xxxi.,  this  volume.  Revilla  (iigedo,  Carta  ile  170J,  MS.,  21-."),  dwells  en 
the  importance  of  pti'omoting  harmonj' with  the  friars.  Jan.  2,  170">,  Lasui-n 
in  a  circular  ordur.-j  the  ]jadrcs  to  forward  to  him  uU  consultations  of  the  gov- 


IIORRA'S  CnARGES. 


:.S7 


The  leadinuf  controversy  of  the  deoaclo  in  Frnnciscaii 
circles  resulted  from  certain  char<>-es  made  aLjainst  tho 
missionaries  by  one  of  their  own  number,  thoni^h  in 
subse(|uent  investigations  tho  secular  authorities  be- 
came involved.  The  results  of  these  investigations 
])resent  the  best  information  extant  I'cspectinuf  the  de- 
tails of  the  mission  routine  in  certain  of  its  phases, 
and  they  will  be  used  elsewhere  in  a  cha[)ter  ilevoted 
to  the  subject;  but  here  I  present  the  matter  only  in 
a  g'eneral  way  as  a  prominent  historical  event  and  as 
illustrating  the  missionary  policy  of  tho  time.  In  1 71)7 
1  *adre  Antonio  do  la  Concepcion  Ilorra,  who  had  come> 
to  California  the  same  year,  was  sent  back  to  ^lexico 
by  Presid(!nt  Lasuen  on  a  charge  of  insanity.  Back 
at  the  college  on  July  12,  1708,  Horra  addressed  a 
memoiiai  to  tho  viceroy  in  which,  besides  complain- 
ing bitterly  of  the  treatment  to  which  he  had  been 
]»ei'sonally  subjected  on  a  I'also  charge  of  insanity,  ho 
made  some  serious  charges  against  the  Californian 
iriai's  of  cruelty  and  mismanagement.  There  was 
nothing  in  the  document  to  indicate  that  the  writer 
was  of  unsound  mind,  unless  it  was  his  closing  re(juest 
to  be  sent  away  because  his  life  woulil  bo  in  danger  if 
it  were  known  that  ho  had  revealed  prevalent  abuses 
to  the  viceroy."'^ 

rnior.  Arch.  Stn  Bdrhnra,  xi.  l.^.l.  Ciita!:'i'.s  reported  liostility  to  sottlora 
ril)iiktMl.  y'roi'.  ViVc,  MS.,  vi.  l(i!)~70.  li:  ciiso  of  iiiuovntions  the  padres  to 
li;'  caiUious  and  consult  the  president.  Lusmii,  ('ornsjji,i/il<  iirict,  M.S.,  ;ilS- 1!*. 
])(•('.  14,  ITOo,  IJuiica  to  Ooyeoeeliea,  ho  must  give  tho  jiadres  all  nec'led 
aid  hy  vieeioy'3  order.  Pruv.  Jkc,  MS.  iv.  SO.  Jan.  IT!'",  eorporals  Mo- 
r,i'/a  iind  \'allejo  forced  to  apologize  to  (.'atala  for  tiieir  rudene.^s.  /(/.,  vi. 
17!!-S;);  iv.  'JO-i-,j.  A  padre  must  .settle  Iiis  troubles  v.  itii  a  conipaniim  nr 
ajipeal  to  the  prelate;  the  governor  will  not  interfere  in  such  niuttei-s.  A/., 
vi.    li)7. 

-"■'  Jf'irrii,  Itfpn'tentaclon  al  Virnj  roulr<i  lo!<  Miskmi'rfmde  (^(ilil'uniat,  17')S, 
MS.  Sitj.-ir,  Lataun,  and  Miguel  were?  the  jiarticuhir  ol)ject.s  of  llo:'ia".i 
■wrath.  Sitjar,  oliended  at  I'adre  ( 'cincejciun's  criticisms,  went  to  his  inti- 
liii'te  friend  Lasuen,  who  believed  the  -ihsurd  story  of  insanity,  and  .sent 
Mi'ruel  who  treati'd  him  as  a  maniac,  even  layin;,'  violent  hands  on  him  and 
nialtrtatin';  liim  all  the  way  from  San  MiLjuel  to  Monterey  wluie  he  was 
tlaown  into  a  fever,  all  of  which  could  be  proved  by  I'cyri,  tho  soh'aei's,  ancl 
tlie  surgeon.  He  cites  many  witnea^■,es  ineludin,' (Jov.  l)i)riea  to  prove  tliat 
he  \A  not  mad,  and  others  to  prove  his  past  services;  but  lie  can  j.ct  no  jus- 
tice at  tho  college  because  all  tliero  arc  frieniLs  of  l^asuen.  isec  also  chapter 
x.wi.,  en  Tadre  llorra's  life  and  experience  ill  Culiioriiia. 


I 


5S8 


MISSION  PROGRESS. 


On  Aiiujust  3 1st  tlio  viooroy  sent  tlio  rcprcsonta- 
tions  of  Jlorra  to  li(»rica,  wlio  was  ordered  to  investi- 
gate and  report  on  the  truth  of  tlio  chariLfes.  IJorjci 
uccordini^dy  des|)atclied  pi'ivate  instructions  to  tlie 
four  eonmiandants  to  send  in  answers  t(»  fifteen  r(U('s- 
tions  pro[)ounded  on  the  manner  in  which  the  IVi.irs 
were  discharging  their  (hities.-^  This  was  on  I  )ecenihrr 
(kl,  and  before  the  end  of  tlie  month  tlie  required  rep(»rts 
were  made  hv  Argiiello,  Goycocchea,  Sal,  and  Actiii"- 
Comandante  Rodriguez;  while  Crajera  sent  in  liis 
reply  in  March  171)!).  These  replies,  especially  those 
of  (jroycoechca  and  Sal,  went  iar  to  supjxirt  some  of 
the  mad  friar's  accusations.^*  The  report  which  Jjorica 
jtrobahly  made  to  the  viceroy  on  receipt  of  his  subor- 
dinates' statements  is  unfortunately  not  extant.'-'  It 
was  not  apparently  until  this  report,  including  those 
of  the  connnan<lants,  reached  ^lexico  that  anything 
whatever  was  known  at  the  college  of  liorrti's  repn-- 
sentation  against  the  friars  or  of  the  resulting  investi- 
L^ations.  In  February  1791)  the  guardian  sent  Lasueii 
a  statement  of  the  charges,-"  and  a  little  later  copies 
of  other  documents  which  were  lost  in  crossinuf  the 
gulf  of  California,  and  Lasuen  did  not  receive  the 
iifteen  (piestions  and  the  connnandants'  rej)lics  until 
Septend)er  1800.  In  October  Tapis  and  Cortes  of 
Santa  Barbara  sent  in  to  the  president  a  long  and 
com[)lete  rejily  to  Goycoechea,  wh-^sc  statements  had 
been  more  full  t  lan  those  of  the  others  and  sliiihtiv 


^'Aui;.  .list,  viccro_  o  Eorica,  in  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  40;  Borim, 
Qithire  /'/•''(/itiita-i  "of/rc       imo.i  dc  MiHioiirroH,  1708,  MS. 

•^  Arn'udlo,  Uc'imeslu  la.i  Qui  lire  Prcijitntwi  mhir  Ahiinofi  (fc  Jflnioiirro^, 
1708,  iMS.  Diitc'tl  San  F  ucisco,  Dec.  1  Itli,  nml  more  favorable  to  tin-  ])ailris 
than  tlic  otliiTS.  lloi/ron  a,  I'r-^jnicclu,  etc.,  MS.,  Sta  Iji'irbaia,  l)uo.  14tli; 
Sii/,  ltc-<j>ii(stii,  etc.,  !MS  Monterey,  Dec.  l.")tli;  Itoilr'tiiiu::,  L'ly/nicsla,  vie, 
MS.,  San  Diego,  Dec.  19v  ;  C'rajera,  IteypucMa,  etc.,  MS.,  San  Diego,  ^larch 
21,  IT'Ji). 

''■'On  Oct.  .to,  1708,  liowcvcr,  Borica  in  a  letter  to  the  viceroy  expresses 
his  opinion  tliat  tlie  best  way  to  insure  the  advancement  of  the  natives  wa.s 
to  form  a  re;j;lamento  for  the  whole  mission  routine,  inclniling  instruction, 
food,  dnss,  (iwcllin.L's,  care  of  sick,  labor,  punislnneuts,  and  amu:;emeuts, 
and  to  hold  the  president  responsible  for  exact  compliance  with  the  rules;  tor 
at  present  his  authority  is  sometimes  disregarded.  Prov.  AVc,  MS.,vi.  IOj-Ci. 

^"Feb.  ti,  1800,  guardian  to  president,  in  Arch.  Sta  Uurbara,  MS.,  xi. 
2S4-7. 


LASUEX'S  RnroKT. 


fiSO 


less  TiivoraMc  to  the  friars,"  And  filially  pjv; MiMit 
Ijasiun  (li'votcd  liimsflf  fVoni  NovciwIht  \2,  IhOO,  to 
.luiio  ID,  I  HOI,  to  tli(!  juvpaiation  of  a  coinpiclu'usivo 
r\|M»sitioii  of  tho  whole  suhjoct,  which  is  not  only  the 
hiulinn'  production  of  the  vcnorahlo  authoi-'s  pen,  hut 
till!  most  eloquent  and  complete  defence  and  present- 
ment of  the  mission  system  in  many  of  its  phases 
wliieh  is  extant."'*  It  is  in  a  chapter  on  the  mission 
system  and  routine  that  the  details  of  all  tliese  docu- 
ments must  he  chieily  utilized  as  already  intimated; 
i)ut  it  seems  necessary  to  present  here  a  general  view 
of  the  questions  at  issue,  which  difficult  task  1  pro- 
ceed to  perform  as  brielly  as  possible. 

It  was  tho  policy  of  tlie  government  and  tho  duty 
of  the  iViars  to  introduce  the  Spanish  language  in  place 
of  the  vernacular,  thus  fitting  tho  natives  for  future 
citizenship.  Padre  Concepcion  accused  the  friars  of 
an  almost  total  neglect  of  this  duty.  According  to 
the  commandants  religious  services  and  some  teachings 
of  Christian  principles  were  conducted  daily  in  the 
north  in  Sjianish ;  in  the  south  the  natives  were  taught 
in  their  own  language,  thoujjjh  the  doctrina  was  often 
repeated  to  them  in  Spanish.  In  general  intercourse 
the  vcrnacularwas  used  wherever  the  friars  had  learned 
it,  and  in  some  missions  exclusively.  Nowhere  were 
the  natives  compelled  to  learn  Spanish,  and  every- 
where tho  friars  were  more  or  less  inditierent  on  the 
subject.  Padres  Tapis  and  Cortes  affirmed  that  at 
Santa  Barbara  the  doctrina  at  mass  was  taught  in 
Spanish  and  in  the  afternoon  cither  in  one  language 
or  another;  but  ^hey  admitted  that  the  natives  were 
not  required,  only  persuaded,  to  use  the  Spanish. 
And  finally  Lasuen,  while  maintaining  that  it  was  usc- 

*'  Tapis  and  Cortds,  lifplira  de  los  MinUtron  dc  Sta  Bdrhara  d  la  llei^pnexta 
ijuc.  did  (I  C'omandaiile  Clorjcoechea  a  las  quince  ])rc<iuu'u8 dc  IJorica  Kohre  (ilntsoa 
dc  MisioiicroK,  ISOO,  MS.  Dated  Oct.  .'iOth.  Other  padres,  not  unlikely  ouo 
from  eacli  mission,  sent  in  similar  reports  on  the  subject,  but  I  have  found 
none  of  the  documents  except  this. 

^^  Ldsucii,  Ikpreufntachm  sohre  los  Punfosrepresentadoa  al Superior  Gohicmo 
por  cl  P.  J'l:  Aiitouio  dc  la  Concepcion  {Ilorra)  contra  los  misioneroa  de  esta 
Xacvu  Catlfornia,  ISOO,  MS.,  with  autograph  signature. 


IJI 


I;  .1.1 


coo 


MISSION  PROGRESS. 


loss  to  preach  to  the  natives  in  a  languar^e  they  did 
not  understand,  claimed  tliat  an  honest  eftbrt  was  niadu 
to  teacli  Spanish,  that  exercises  were  conducted  in 
that  lanLjuage  once  a  day,  that  the  natives  were  com- 
pchcd  to  use  it  in  tlieir  petitions,  that  premiums  were 
olFered  for  acquirini^  it,  and  moreover  that  the  nativus 
were  inchned  to  learn  it."*^ 

Respectinj^  Ilorra's  statement  that  natives  wui-i! 
baptized  without  sufficient  instruction  in  the  faith,  and 
then  oi'ten  allowed  to  return  to  the  forest,  to  be  w- 
haptized  })erhaps  at  a  later  date,  the  commandants 
thought  the  preliminary  teaching  of  eight  days'  (ir 
more  and  rarely  less  might  be  sometimes  too  littlo, 
some  padres  being  more  careful  than  others,  and  that 
rebaptism  might  occur,  though  they  knew  of  no  in- 
stances where  it  had  occurred.  The  padres  claimed 
thateiji'ht  davs  was  the  minimum,  tliat  the  instruction 
was  am}de,  and  that  a  second  baptism  could  never 
happen  under  their  system  of  registers.  Lasuen  knew 
of  but  three  cases  of  rebaptism  out  of  27,000  con- 
verts. All  but  Go^'coechea  agreed  that  neophytes 
were  never  allowed  to  return  to  the  woods  and  moun- 
tains except  for  definite  periods  and  purposes.  In 
answer  to  the  charge  of  insufficient  food  many  details 
weie  given  of  the  rations  actually  served,  which 
though  insipid  and  unvarying  in  quality  seem  to  have 
been  sufficient  in  quantity.  Sal  and  Goycoeclua 
deemed  tlio  amount  of  food  too  small  for  laboring 
men;  but  Lasuen  affirmed  most  earnestly  that  tin- 
natives  had  all  they  wanted,  not  only  of  the  everlast- 
ing afofe  and  pozo/c,  but  regular  allowances  of  meat 
and  milk,  with  fish  occasionally,  and  always  a  plate 

'•^'Ttfivilla  Cli'.'oilo  iimlerstaiuls  tliat  tlic  natives  permanently  Hrttlcd  uso 
Spanisii;  liiit  tlio  tVinr.s  Kmi'u  the  veniarular  to  advance  tlieir  iustnu  tinii. 
Carta  i/e  n'.U,  MS.,  11,  l,").  Rl).  1!),  17!),-),  I'.i.iica  to  president,  eiKLi>iiii^' 
ro\;d  order  tliiit  native.-!  lie  tau^dit  S[iiinisli.  l'r>iv.  lli<\,  MS.,  vi.  M.'i.  Fel). 
'j;!d,  eircidar  (if  president  reipiirini;  padre.s  to  promote  learning;  S]i!inis!i  aud 
forliid  tlie  use  of  vernacular.  Airli.  Sla  Hdrlidta,  MS.,  xi.  l'Ji>.  Dec.  ITi'i^i 
]k)rica  says  that  Sitjar  of  Sau  ]Mi.LCiiel  tea-lien  in  the  vernacular.  Vroc.  Jin'., 
MS.,  vi.  ...■>.  March  •_'!,  17'.)!),  (irajera  says  tlic  natives  !.t  i^aii  l)ie;.'o  aro 
taught  the  doctrines  in  their  own  laiifzuage  1)V  educated  iudians,  no  cH'uit 
being  made  to  teach  Spanish.  J'roi;  .bV.  J'aj>.,  ^IS.,  xvii.  11)2. 


TREATMENT  OF  INDIANS. 


r.O) 


from  t]io  padres'  tablo  if  asked  for.  The  inissi(Mi 
Indians  were  always  latter  than  the  gentiles,  their 
work  was  easier  than  that  required  to  gain  a  subsist- 
ence in  the  old  way,  and  the  gentiles  gi'eatly  preferred 
tlie  Spanish  grains  to  their  wild  seeds  and  fruits. 
Still,  as  the  president  admits,  the  neo[)hytes  did  desert 
and  plead  hunger,  and  they  were  always  glad  to  get 
permission  to  go  to  the  moiite  for  a  time  to  live  in  the 
old  way.  Such  pennissions  were  given  more  freely 
in  times  of  short  supplies;  but  no  Indian  was  ever 
com])elled  to  go.  As  to  the  clothing  of  the  neophytes 
there  was  a  substantial  accreement  on  the  one  or  two 
l)laakets,  breech-clouts  or  jDctticoats,  and  shirts  given 
to  each  native  every  year  or  two,  iftid  no  expression 
of  <)].)inion  that  the  supply  was  not  adequate  to  their 
wants,  exce|)t  by  Sal. 

1'he  dwellings  of  the  neophytes  were,  as  Lasuen 
admitted,  in  many  places  like  those  of  the  geniiles, 
but  cleaner,  better  on  the  Channel  than  elsewhere, 
and  in  some  missions  already  replaced  by  adobe  houses 
■with  tile  roofs.  These  dwellings  like  the  presidios 
and  other  buildings  went  througli  successive  stages, 
and  were  improvetl  as  fast  as  possil)le.  Unmarried 
females  it  wa.^  found  necessary  to  lock  up  at  niglit 
and  to  watch  closely,  but  they  were  given  generally 
tlie  best  room  in  the  mission,  and  subjected  to  no  hard- 
ships, Ti\  only  "<;  few  missions  were  bachelors  loclced 
up  or  forced  to  sleep  in  the  mission.  On  these  p(jiiits 
llorra  liad  made  no  special  charges  except  as  thty 
w<'re  included  in  the  general  one  of  ill-treatment. 

On  the  subject  of  labor  tliere  was  a  radical  differ- 
ence of  o[)ini()n.  According  to  the  connnandants 
the  -working  hours  were  i'rom  six  to  nine  hours  p^r 
day,  varying  with  the  season,  with  extra  work  <»n 
sjiecial  occasions  as  in  harvest-time.  Task  worlv  was 
also  eoiiunon,  1)ut  the  tasks  were  so  heavy  that  tin' 
time  was  not  materially  reduced.  Wonu^n  nmst  cai'ry 
adobes,  stones,  and  l)ricks,  and  wlien  with  child  or 
giving  suck  their  tasks  were  not  suiiicienlly  dimin- 


I  il 


692 


MISSION  PEOGEESS. 


ishcd.  Children  were  employed  at  driving  away  birds 
or  at  other  lii>hter  labor:  the  aged  and  sick  wore 
exempt.  The  I'riars  on  the  contrary  aflTrm  that  work- 
insjf  hours  were  from  four  to  six  hours;  that  not  moro 
tlian  hair  the  natives  worked  at  tlie  same  time,  the 
rest  escaping  on  some  reason  or  pretext,  for  they  wcn-e 
always  excused  even  when  their  plea  was  doubtful; 
thnt  many  did  little  even  when  pretending  to  work; 
that  tasks  were  assigned  whenever  it  was  possil)le, 
and  so  light  that  the  workers  were  usually  free  in  the 
afternoon  or  a  day  or  two  in  every  week,  and  finally 
that  all  proper  allowances  were  made  for  women  in 
their  various  conditions.  Lasaen  compares  the  mis- 
sion tasks  with  those  imposed  on  such  natives  as  were 
sent  to  work  at  the  presidios  where  they  were  obliged 
to  toil  from  morning  till  night;  and  he  ventures  to 
doubt  the  sincerity  of  the  commandants'  compassion 
for  the  poor  overworked  neophytes. 

The  commandants  in  answering  Borica's  questions, 
and  indeed  the  governor  in  asking  them,  touclied  on 
several  points  not  included  in  Horra's  accusations. 
One  complaint  was  that  too  short  a  time  was  allowitl 
to  the  neophytes  for  gathering  wild  fruits.  The 
answer  was  that  at  Santa  Barbara  one  fifth  of  the 
whole  number  were  allowed  every  Sunday  to  go  to  the 
moide  for  a  week  or  two,  and  elsewhere  a  similar  sys- 
teni  was  adopted.  If  the  converts  ai'o  to  be  freed 
from  every  restraint  like  the  pagans,  says  Lasuen, 
when  are  they  to  become  civilized  ?  Another  charge 
of  Sal  and  Goycoechea  was  that  the  natives  were 
carefully  restricted  from  all  intercourse  with  the  geiito 
do  razon,  and  were  not  allowed  to  visit  tlie  presidios 
or  to  afibrd  any  aid  to  the  soldiers,  the  missionaries 
being  afraid  of  losing  their  services.  These  state- 
ments the  friars  denied  as  false  and  cahnnnious. 
There  was  no  effort  to  restrict  intercourse  except  in 
special  cases  with  vicious  persons;  any  neopliyte  was 
free  to  visit  the  presidio  on  holidays  or  with  leave  of 
absence,  and  none  had  ever  been  punished  for  helping 


CRUELTY  TO  XEOriTYTES. 


50?, 


the  soldiers,  except  sometimes  tor  abscondinq-.  ]\rore- 
over  the  })residios  had  always  been  supi)lied  with 
servants  of  all  kinds  for  no  compensation  save;  what 
the  employers  cliosc  to  pay,  and  neither  missions  nor 
natives  h;:d  ever  been  l)enefited  by  this  intercourse. 
The  alxn'iqines  did  not  like  to  work  at  the  presidios, 
where  tliey  were  ill-treated  and  often  cheated  out  of 
their  pay;  yet  most  of  tlie  work  on  the  jn-esidios  had 
be(!n  done  by  laborers  furnished  from  tlie  missions. 

''  The  treatment  shown  to  the  In(Hans,"  savs  Padro 
Concepcion,  "is  the  most  cruel  I  have  ever  read  in 
history.  For  the  sliixhtcst  things  they  receive  heavy 
|lo<jroiiiM-s,  are  shackled,  and  put  in  the  stocksj  and 
treated  with  so  nuich  cruelty  tluit  tliey  are  kept  whole 
days  without  a  drink  of  water."  The  con)mandants, 
witliout  expressino-  an  opinion  as  to  the  })ro])ri(>ty  or 
undue  severity  of  the  punishments  inflicted,  sim[)ly 
sjiecity  those  punishments,  administered  by  the  padres 
at  will,  as  tlog;L:,ing,  from  fifteen  to  fifty  lashes,  or 
sometimes  a  novenarv  of  twenty-five  lashes  per  day 
for  nine  days,  stocks,  shackles,  the  covma — a  kind  of 
h(jbble — and  imprisonment  in  some  of  the  mission- 
rooms,  for  nciilect  of  work  or  reliixious  duties,  over- 
staying  leave  of  absence,  sexual  otlences,  thefts,  and 
([uarrelling  auK^ng  tliemselves.  Ilarely  or  for  seri(tus 
oifcnces  were  the  natives  turned  over  to  the  military, 
nr  assistance  asked  from  the  soldiers.  The  friars  ad- 
mitted all  this,  exce[)t  that  they  denied  that  more  than 
twenty-live  lashes  were  ever  given ,^°  affirming  more- 
over that  only  at  Santa  Bdrbara  were  M'onien  put  in 
the  stocks,  and  that  they  were  very  rarely  flogged. 
Til'}'  claimed  that  according  to  the  laws  they  stood 
///  loco  pare»^/.s'  to  the  natives,  must  necessarily  re- 
strain them  by  punishments,  and  inflicted  none  but 
proper  penalties,  pardoning  first  offences,  and  alway.s 
inclining  to  mercy  and  kindness.     The  soldieys  were 

■'"Sept.  '20th,  170fi,  Borica  saya  to  a  padre  that  only  2')  lashes  may  lio 
f,'i\i'n ;  heyoiul  this  the  matter  belongs  to  royal  jurisiUctiou.  f'ruv.  Jicc,  MS., 


vi.  174. 


Hist.  Cal.,  You  I.    38 


1 1 


594 


MISSION  PROGRESS. 


not  asked  to  render  aid  because  Governor  Neve  liad 
opposed  It;  and  natives  were  not  sent  to  the  presidio 
because  tliere  they  were  ill-treated,  used  merely  as 
peons,  could  easily  escape,  and  always  came  back 
worse  than  ever.  Lasuen  admits  that  there  mav  haw^ 
been  instances  of  undue  severity,  and  that  one  niis- 
sionarv  had  been  removed;  but  he  denies  the  charnfcs 
of  cruelty  at  San  Francisco,  which  had  had  most 
weiti'ht  with  Borica,  and  insists  that  for  cverv  instance 
of  apjjarent  severity  there  have  been  many  where  tlic 
commandants  have  blamed  the  friars  for  excessive 
tolerance  and  yielding."^ 

Father  Concepcion  renewed  the  old  complaint  that 
the  padres  in  selling  mission  products  to  tlie  presidios 
disregarded  the  tariff  of  prices  established  by  tlie 
government.  Although  the  president  indignantly  de- 
nied any  variation  from  the  legal  rates,  and  altliougli 
the  different  statements  arc  somewhat  confusing  in 
detail,  yet  from  the  testimony  of  the  officers  and 
from  the  admissions  of  Ta[)i3  and  Cortes  it  is  evident 
enougli  that,  except  in  the  articles  of  Avheat  and  corn 
in  ordinary  years,  and  in  the  more  oi'dinary  qualities 
of  animals,  little  attention  was  paid  to  the  price-lists 
either  by  missionaries  or  any  other  class  in  California. 
It  was  easy  for  the  friars  l)y  jjleading  the  needs  ot" 
the  neophytes  or  the  choice  quality  of  the  article 
desired,  to  avoid  selling  or  obtain  an  extra  price;  but 
grain  and  ordinary  live-stock  they  were  almost  always 
olad  to  sell,  and  sometimes  at  less  than  the  leo'al  rates. 
That  wines  and  liquors  werci  bought  by  the  friars  at 
high  [)rices  in  addition  to  the  quantities  obtained  in 
^lexico,  was  unsu})ported  by  any  evidence.  Finally 
the  missionaries  were  accused  of  havinix  accumulated 
wealtli,  though  the}'  pleaded  poverty.  To  this  the 
connnandants  re})lied  that  they  knew  nothing  of  tlie 

^'  Soo  chapter  xx\i.  of  this  vohiino  for  tho  charj,'c  of  cruelty  at  San  I'l.in- 
c'isi'o,  wl.iih  l>oriia  l)tlie\c'(l  to  lie  well  foinidi'd;  al-so  Prur.  Jlic.,  .MS.,  v.  •JiKi; 
vi.  !)7-8,  ll.j,  172,  ITii;  PrM-.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  8S;  /</.,  lini.  Mil.,  \\\'~ . 
8-10.  liistnictioiis  of  t!io  viceroy  in  \'\y>\  and  1797.  in  favor  of  kilulne^i  and 
uierey  to  tlie  Indians  so  fur  as  justice  and  caution  may  allow.  ,S7.  Pap.,  Mi<.-<. 
add  CoL,  .MS.,  i.  'J3-4. 


THE  rPvESIDEXT'S  COXCLUSIOXS. 


503 


mission  wealth,  beoausc  tlic  fi-iars  Iccpt  tlic  matter 
s('eret,an(l  simply  gave  some  figures  respL'ctiiiL;-  amounts 
paid  and  due  ibr  mission  su])plies  to  the  pii'sidios 
during  the  past  year  or  two.  The-  padres  made  no 
reitlv  to  the  main  charge,  thou!>h  announeinu:  their 
readiness  to  repl}^  when  lecpiired  to  do  so  hy  tluir 
sU})('rioiTs;  l)ut  they  indignantly  repelled  the  insinua- 
iiou  that  there  was  anvthinu;  in  their  iinaneial  manai>'e- 
nient  or  condition  kept  secret  from  the  government."'' 
'  Such  was  the  controversy  and  such  the  statements 
presented  on  the  leading  points  hy  hoth  parties,  though 
the  resinne  does  but  scant}'  justice  to  the  subject,  and 
(Specially  to  Lasuen's  report,  many  of  the  minutiiv 
being  necessarily  omitted.  The  author  manifests  some 
dissatisfaction  that  the  charixes  of  ji  man  who  left  Cal- 
iibrnia  under  such  peculiar  circumstances  should  huvo 
been  made  the  basis  of  this  investigation  without  a 
] preliminary  taking  of  testimony  as  to  the  state  of 
ill-;  mind.  He  is  indignant  at  the  conmiandants,  not 
only  ibr  \\hat  he  I'cgards  as  misstatements  on  certain 
details,  but  cliiefl}'  ibr  what  they  failed  to  say  and  I'or 
what  their  silence  implied.     They  had  failed  to  rei'ute 

"'Of  the  Rupplii'S  fninif^lic'd  liy  missions  tn  ]ir<'siili<)S  the  accounts  prcricrved 
!nc  vtry  iiic;;;n'e  :\w\  i'uvnitntary,  soiiio  of  tl.n  in  licing  prc.scnt'il  wiili  l.ical 
.•inn:il.;.  IVrliaps  an  !ivcia;;e  of  .Sl,'Ji;o  per  ytai'  i'or  e;;cli  niiriK-ioii  durinr;  tliis 
<lrc::(Ic  wouid  he  a.  fair  CKtiniuto.  This  amount  and  the  ^^tipend  of  '"■SCJ  for 
ci'.eh  r.-ir:.'  ion  was;  ;'ll  the  revenue  of  the  j^adres  to  snipport  theniHclvca  and 
Keep  their  chureiies  in  order.  So  far  iis  can  Ite  ji:d;;ed  Inni  the  p;;rtiul 
accoi'.nts  (,f  the  proeurador  extant,  the  annual  imnn.r'u^  <.<{  supplicM  ord(n'e(l 
hy  tl:c  iiiai'S  were  fully  C(pial  to  tiieir  ereilit?^.  I  th.iuli  there  v.;!'!  little 
foundation  for  the  eharj.'c  tliat  the  padres  were  accunmhitin;;  money  either  at 
the  rui^iiiion:)  or  in  Jleideo  in  these  early  years.  ];;:'aiiee  a,'-i:inr>t  the  missions 
Sept.  G,  1;'(.!0,  t?!!.  rretcurador's  accounts  in  .SV((  (V/'",  Pan-oijH'fi,  JIS.,  18. 
M;y  11,  17Wi,  Salazar  e:;tiinatcs  the  mission  wealth,  in  l)uildin"3,  etc.,  at 
S'v.\C.id.  Si:la:.ar,  Cuiid/duii  dcfiial  dc  ('(tl.,  .MS.,  G(-)-7.  l^cc.  171^8,  Eoric;^ 
to  viceroy,  he  never  interferes  in  mi.SLsion  linanees,  and  is  merely  inl'ormed 
at  1  ud  of  each  year  (li  produce  exislinj;.  ]3olh  he  and  the  couimandants 
luliivc  the  j^idres  to  h;.vo  largo  surpluses  it  Mexico  auil  in  the  coders  at 
S.tn  I'ic  o,  San  .Tuan,  ( 'aiiistrano,  and  .San  (labriel.  lie  advises  investigation 
ill  Mexico.  The  president  aids  7iew  niissioUH  ahundantly.  'i  here  are  com- 
plainl.'iof  not  f(H(,v.iiig  the  tarill',  hut  I'.oriea  e:;]  rei^ses  no  opinion.  ]'roi\ 
l!<<\,  ^iS.,  vi.  110-17.  Aug.  U),  17!'r),  Lasiun  to  ISorica.  repre  eiiling  Iho 
iiijui.ute  <  f  liceping  /.  rain  at  the  same  low  pi  ices  as  in  yti-is  (  f  pluity.  Arrh. 
>'7  l,i'rl,ar(i,  ^iS.,  vi.  !i7-l(>l.  In  17!>;'.  I'lclio  A.  de  Aiitepaiiduccta,  canon 
of  ruehhi,  left  a  legacy  of  -SoOO  to  the  Calii'ornia  niisi-ioiis,  i;;:i(i  apiiee  wiih 
SK)  f ji- Sta  IJaihaiii  and  Soled.ad,  and  !:(;()  for  Sta  <  in::.  /</.,  xi.  '2:.r>.  On 
luissien  trade  for  this  peii(.d  :ee  next  chajiter.  Lists  ef  iiii  rea.se  in  church 
\cstnients,  etc.,  17o4-o.  iSV.  rcji.,  JUnti.,  MS.,  ii.   15- 'J7,  "iH-'J. 


C96 


MISSION  PROGr.r:.^:=l. 


the  stati'incnts  of  cvcr-coniplainhig  no()pli3'tcs  \vi:f:i:i 
tlicMi-  ov.ii  observations  nm.st  liavo  .shown  to  he  uiiic- 
liahle  witnesses;  and  because  of  certain  petty  quarrels 
about  the  services  of  tlie  natives  as  peons  at  the  foi  ts, 
tliev  hnd  u'iven  weiu'ht  to  the  charo'e  of  a  nia(hu;;ii 
and  had  done  ijreat  wron!jf  to  the  missionarv  cause. 
Lasuen  chunicd  tliat  he  and  his  band  of  friars  were 
working-  lionestly  for  tlie  conversion  of  the  natixH.-; 
accor(hn_L,'  to  the  v.ell  known  rules  of  their  order  and 
the  reiiulatioiis  of  the  Spanish  !>-ovcrnnient,  b^'  wliidi 
they  stood  in  the  ])ositiou  of  parents  to  tlie  aborigines. 
He  admits  that,  being  but  men,  they  chffered  Ironi 
one  another  in  judgment  and  patience,  and  conse- 
quently that  errors  were  couuuitted;  but  he  aflhrns 
most  earnestly  that  the  natives  were  shown  all  the 
kindness  that  was  consistent  Vvith  the  restraint  implied 
in  the  missionary  and  ])arental  relation.  The  venei'- 
able  i'ria.r's  words  and  manner  imju'css  the  reader 
most  forcibly,  and  a  close  study  of  the  sul)jcct  has 
convinced  me  that  he  was  right;  that  down  to  1800 
and  considerably  later  the  natives  were  as  a  rule  most 
kindly  treated.  We  are  by  no  mear.s  to  conclude 
that  tlie  friars  were  now  free  from  all  blame  in  their 
([uarrels  with  the  secular  authorities,  or  that  they 
had  lost  the  arbitrary  spirit  that  had  distinguished 
them  in  the  davs  of  Serra  and  Fages.  Xeither  are 
their  protestations  of  a  scrupulous  regard  for  the  wij;- 
idation  in  the  details  of  business  management  to  be 
implicitly  credited;  but  in  the  matter  of  neo[)liyte 
labor  at  ])residio,  [)ueb]o,  and  rancho  the  friars  hero 
as  elsewhere  wei'c  usually  right  and  the  military 
wrong;  and  so  fir  as  they  touched  this  point,  cruelly 
to  natives,  or  accumulation  of  wealth,  Horra's  charges 
must  be  regarded  as  for  the  most  part  unfounded. 
After  I'cference  to  the  fiscal  and  the  usual  delays,  in 
April  1805  the  viceroy  i'cnder(>d  Ins  decision,  coiii- 
j)letely  exonerating  the  missionaries."'^ 

"•'' April  10,  1805,  viceroy  to  governor,  the  padres  .ire  cleared  nnd  arc  to 
,contiuuc  ill  Ibo  same  course  of  zeal  aiid  brotherly  love,  etc,     Coiuiiwialauli 


ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS. 


597 


Tlioro  arc  a  few  inisccllniu'onstopit^s  conncctod  with 
the  cc-clcsiastical  adiiuni.stratioii  of  the  province  that 
may  appropriately  receive  hriet'  notice  hero.  There 
were  as  yet  no  regulaily  appointed  clia{)]ains,  and  the 
i liars  continneil  to  care  for  the  spiritual  interests  of 
soldiers  and  settlers,  a]ipare'ntly  without  any  compen- 
sation. An  income  was,  liovvevei",  dei'ived  IVoni  the 
saying  of  masses  for  souls  in  purgatory,  some  soldit.-i's 
leaving  a  large  i)art  of  their  small  properly  to  he  t:l^^5 
cxitended,  or  durino*  their  own  life  iinviii''"  i'ees  lor 
niemhers  of  their  families."^     ]\lo,-.t   of  the   mission.^ 


If  >ii';,'c'(l  to  jnomotc  liiin 


s/.  r 


ap. 


?kIS.,  xix.  2,  X     Saiuo  dati: 


\'.  J;.  ti>  yiuirdian  to  same  oh't'ct,  tiio  fiootl  jiaiuc  t.f  tliu  jiailiv.;  iu  iio\vi.;ij  tav- 


(Oi'i  du. 


1  l.v  1'.  C( 


(jiici'iicioii  tj  cliai":i;; 


;1  (li; 


;-tlr 


10  cnianatuiiia  of  nii  nusoiind  luiiiil. 


•uuiciit  i.i  lay  collection,  ivt'creiieu 


cal's  ()iiiui(ai  is  alr.i)  extant.  J', 


MS. 


lo:<t.)      Ail 
.  I   :5.     lie  i 


';r.Rnt  of  tl;u  l!wi- 
hisca  tliat  t'lcio 


lo  .';v;ce]aii',f  deeiciou  liecausc  a  few  points  may  be  pi'oved.     Tlicrc  i 


i  a 


natural  e-juiiictof  iutcre.st.-i  between  patlrea  and  eoniina 
liave  to  tome  to  the  forinei'  for  s       " 


.sliict  dcali 


[ppl: 


id  til 


ince  tlicLii;:er 
jfr.l  niana.'fciner.t  iiiul 


jf  tlie  friars  arc  attrilmlcd  to 


iiioa.nnes.s  or 


then 
rpi;; 


(1i:j..enh;ioiiti  Ijetweeu  the  Iiidi 


(1  .soWi 


d' 


r:pite 


iloivover 
the  re;;orl.j  of 


pnr.i  hnienta  are  inllieted  ■\vliie!i  seem  to  tlio  pailiva  too  tcverc.     It 
is  dillieulfc  to  olitain  testimony  from  di:uiitereKted  parties  i:i  California.     It  in 


1  i;y  the  poor  India.ii  l:as  to  ):e  all  his  life  in  the 


J  otii 


eis,  lleVi-r 


(nvns  aiiyiliin^r,  and  is  fed  on  ra.tions.  yet  it  cannot  now  lie  lielred. 


Iti 


ip: 


tha 


th: 

Iriar.i  th 


tl 


rlvin  the  decade  there  had  Letu  an  iitleniV-t  to  take  from 


10  ni:!na';cnicnt  of  the  tcniiioraliiies,  c  ri'";ir.at<'( 


L'h 


(1  l.y  !;oi!.c  tf 


to  I, a 


:;0,  171)4,  I'.  Miui'irte.^nd,  f(;rmc;ly(,f Cii'.iioiT.ia,  w 


■;  iea 


iiien  e,\preu.iiiig  in  slron; 


la 


■d  liy  tome  iiu  n 


.f  t! 


lie 


^e  hid  opi:o.sition  lo  the  j  n  j  o;:iti!  ii 


;e  efille^c 


to  ! JVC  ii;>  the  ten'.;  < 


n 


lid  1)0  ii  ]:ity  'for  the  disconnected  reaooniir.s  of  two 


'.la! l!>rean  c;;;;rl:vtati3 


to  stop  t 
lirojcets  o 


he  \\oi 
f  the  V 


k  Ijeynii  by  a  holy  Maliore:iii.'     I'(.Ltiin;iteIy,  however, 
loiilddie  n  foniieiM  meet  wiih  but  little  ciiec/i'.ra'feine'.it, 


the  hamo  may  lie  .'aid  of  the  eoiii])l:.iiits  (.f  two  oilier  pa<Iref!,  Cili  and  JIubf, 


who  have  spoken  a-jaiiut  the  (' 
y;.V^  .A]S.     April  ;;0,  17!!1,  the  b 


liiornia  n:l.-;;j)oiialKS. 


i  llijU 


jf  Sonorii  eall.j  L;;l! 


';/'■', 


Utcniir-ii 


the  ri'Val  order  of  March  (i,  IT'Ji',  .'.raiitiii!'  an  eeelo:jiaKtic:d  tax  on  ail  ie\e- 


iue'.lldin''  till 


of  mi.-^sionr.rica 


;  l:s  liini  ti; 


V)  I  tr  ce: 


.t.  f.r 


fi'ur  yea.rs  (ii  the  :  tii:(iids  of  all  the  friars  and  all  other  rcvcmies.     Lasrcii 
replies  that  the  California  i  a.dres  have  no  revenue,  except  the  sti;;end  of  ^-l.-O 


la..';:,  j-nd  even  with  that  they  have  iiotliin^; 


eaeii,  jiveu  as  a 

name  the  articles  needed  for  the  eluircl 


to  di: 


•.tt:. 


Mild  I  CO  a 


ilk 


e  colicr'o  collcc.ci 


1 


th. 


I  pel 


1  v.illi  thcni  paid  for  llic  invoic 


If  the  kin' v.- 


to  re 


UCJ 


the  !-,;ipeiid  l)y  a  tax,  let  the  inattir  Ijo  arraii;;ed  a.t  the  erllu;e;  rrauci 


fii 


lars  lu.vc  no^ 


liin;'  to  do  or  say  about  rev 


.statement,  tlioiiijh  rej^rettin^'  that  his  word  di;e.s  i: 
lirn-<i,  ^!S.,  X.  (d-S.     I  liear  no  more  of  this  r.ia.ttei 


eiir.e  niat.ers. 


ot  EV 


11 


fV.OVU 


lace.  .  !/•<•/(.  ,S7;  /.' 
;e:;t.  1!),  ]?.,0,  Eo! 


says  that  a  royrd  order  decides  that  temporiditics  are  to  !;e  ii:corporated 


m 


the  royal  hacienda.   / 


of  teniporali'd 
'2y{).     171)-',    17'J( 


(lor 


Ai 


J,\ 


MS. 


IV, 


171.    i; 


17'J"S  d'y.-i 


•cctor-.',Tuera 


ippoint- (1.    /' 


S\   l\ 


:m: 


stipends. 


Arrh.  Arr.,!:, 


i,    roxenior   si;  lis  cirlilicates   f(  r   the  jadres    to   <.xt  their 


do,  Jl; 


P 


tl  ('. 


Mf 


VI. 


^' Sant-i  Eirliar.i  .Misdoii  receive  1  alms  f^ 


1800.  Arch.  ,SOi  lidrl, 


ir  /.-(  masses  sai 


Ii 

1  fr 


!ll  ti: 


rhiiri(. 


MS. 


\',\\.     Tiie  fiiar.s   had  al.-o  mai-scs  to  tay 


'  ¥i 


508 


MISSION  PROGRESS. 


liad  now  a  palisade  or  adobe  enclosure  serving"  as  a 
cemeterv.  No  pueblo,  and  of  the  presidios  oiiiy  San 
Diego,  liad  a  cemetery.  It  was  customary  to  buiv 
jj^ente  de  razon  in  the  churches  or  chapels,  but  the 
I'riai'S  made  an  efl'ort  to  break  u[)  the  [)ractice.^''  ]v)t!i 
soldiers  and  natives  often  esca[)ed  a  tloyging  by  takin;;' 
advantage  of  their  rio'lit  of  church  asylum,  and  occa- 
sionallv  this  taking  refuge  in  the  sacred  edilice  led  1;) 
j)etty  misunderstandings  between  the  officers  and 
iViars,  though  there  were  no  notable  instances  during 
this  decade.''^ 

The  perl'oi'mance  of  religious  duties  by  the  })e(>|i]c 
was  rigidly  enforced,  as  is  shown  by  many  orders  iu 
the  archives."'  Papal  bulls  or  indulgences  were  sent 
to  California  every  two  years,  and  such  as  were  imt 
sold  were  burned  at  the  end  of  a  specilied  time.  Tin.' 
habilitado  of  ]\Ionterey  was  general  administrator  of 
this  branch  alter  1797,  and  each  commandant  attended 


foi"  ineml)ers  of  t'.icir  onV'v  abroad.  Oct.  2'J,  1705,  L.isiion  says  in  a  ciicular 
that  tlio  iiuni'.'n.us  ik'atlis  of  friar.s  at  San  Fernando  ami  otiicr  i.'o!lc;;<s  ami 
(■.:/  routf,  Ikivo  liuiduncil  llic  i-onnnunity  with  over  7,000  uiawsus.  Jlauh  ]  aih'i; 
i.i  to  say  liow  nuiiiy  !k'  can  take.  /./..  i\-.  ,';i2.'5-4.  Deo.  7,  ISO!),  Lasucn  oiiiirs 
mass  and  Ic  <lLiun  on  tlu;  accession  of  J'opc.  Pius  VII.  hi.,  xi.  14S-!). 

''>l)(c.  L'i),  170-_',  Lasucn  to  AiTiUa^L^a.  Arh.  Ar.<jl,if^;.(i<l:,,  .MS.,  i.  '1^  \). 
17ni),  ScAan  l■cfu^^('.'^  to  liury  ^Maria  del  ( 'dnncn  .-Vlviso  in  the  in'cwidjo  eh;;;.i  1. 
J'rnr.  Sf.  J'tiji.,  J'lin.  Mil.,  J\1S.,  .\x.  ,5,  (!.  Two  soldiers  Ijuried  ia  the  cli;:;;cl 
at  San  l)ie,i,'o.   Pn,i\  St.  J'n]).,  J^re-ililios,  MS.,  i.  5;},  CO. 

^''' JiUy  "JO,  ]~',)i.  .uovernor  order.s  an  Indian  cnlprit  to  1)0  taken  out  of  the 
church  at  Santa  Chira  by  foi'ce  since  his  oii'cnce  was  not  subject  to  ccclcxiiis- 
tical  inunmiity.  J'roc.  Itvr,  MS.,  ii.  1,")0.  l>ee.  0,  IVDS,  l.asuen  ccrLilie ;  that 
he  found  a  soldier  in  the  church  claiming  asylum  for  having  struck  a  ■\vonimi. 
lie  was  ordered  on  .L';uard,  and  as  there  wa  <  no  one  to  ri'placc  him  Lr.aaen  ;:ivo 
liiui  ;i2'"/"'f/''  i'jli.'i'ii  toi)rotcct  his  right  of  asylum.  Ai-rli.  Ar.o'il'ijiif'n,  }.1S., 
i.  o;).  ^lar.  "Jit,  l.'iOO.  commandant  of  Monterey  orders  a  soldier  to  1><'  given 
\\\t  for  trial  on  Ix'.il.  Id.,  ii.  5-lJ. 

"'  Maich  i!S,  17"'l,  Arrillaga  to  commandants.  All  oiriccrs  and  men  1  y  ;!il 
day  of  Pentecost  are  to  show  cer'ilicates  of  h.'iving  compiled  wilh  e!:!;;'i.h 
rules.  .S7.  I'd]).,  Sac,  MS.,  i.  li;i.  April,  171)'i,  Padres  of  Sta  Cvvy.,  Siii 
Clara,  und  S.  Fninciseo  certify  to  those  who  have  eonip'.reil  with  the  aii:iU:d 
jireeeptof  coufe:;:  ion  and  connnunion.  Pror.  SI.  Paj'.,  IMS.,  xiii.  'J.'M— !i,  '2t2  4. 
S'ept.  'J;',  17I'.">,  J"'.'!  K)  couii.iionr.do  of  San  .lose.  T(;har  is  ;-ent  to  the  piicUu; 
if  he  doe.i  not  confess  williin  !.'>  days  he  is  to  he  sent  to  Monterey  in  ir.  :i.;.  Pe 
must  also  go  to  work.  San  Jom-,  Arch.,  ^IS.,  iv.  '27.  Jan.  14,  \7'jo,  1.;'.:  .na  in 
a  circular  rc;a"et:i  the  c:uvlessness  of  many.  All  must  ■oninni;;c  on  c:;tcr 
«n<l  he  exaniineil  ia  the  doetrina.  Atr/t.  Sla  Jidrlidr  >,  M.-^.,  xi.  141-,'.  dune 
(jtli,  ( 'orpond  I'erulta  is  to  ai'rei't  any  of  the  San  Jose  Mission  j'uard  ;;nd  l:cv.i> 
them  so  initil  they  perform  their  duties,  /'nw.  .S''.  ]'a/i.,  MS,,  x\ii.  1('7. 
li'.iman,  the  tailor,  nnist  he  kept  handcuiled  until  he  eonii>lies.  Pior.  Ji'a:., 
ilia.,  iv.  1)0.     Arrellauo  to  be  shackled.  Prov.  St,  Pup.,  MS.,  xxii.  24. 


IMAGE  OF  THE  VIRGIX. 


599 


to  his  own  district.  Some  statistics  on  tlic  sul)jcct  Jiro 
oivcn  in  connection  with  local  annals.  So  far  as  can 
1)0  deternuned  IVoni  the  records  the  annual  I'evcnue 
from  this  source  was  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  dollars."** 
A  sacred  imago  of  our  lady  of  Guadalupe  sent  to 
California  in  1795  was  hy  license  of  the  highest 
ecclesiastical  authorities  allowed  to  be  touched  hv  tlie 
original  picture.  In  one  instance  the  soldiers  estah- 
lished  a  kind  of  ranclio  where  was  raised  a  herd 
devoted  to  decoratintr  the  iiuao'e  of  the  viru.in.^'^ 


^^Prm.  nee,  IMS.,  iv.  MS,  290;  Prov.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  ix.  241;  xv.  42-.1, 
4S,  77-K;  xvi.  !)S,  2J0;  /,/.,  Boi.  MU.,  :MS.,  xxviii.  !);  Si.  Paj>.  .!/;,«.,  MS.,  ii. 
(i.'>;  .S'.  ,/(>/,  Arch.,  M.S.,  vi.  42.  The  bulls  scut  sold  from  2  reals,  or  2.5  cunts, 
to  §2  each.  Tho  iliilfcrunt  kinds  woro  vivos,  latichdos,  composicioii,  und 
di/itnld.'i. 

•'"J'rou.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  ix.  194r-5;  xiii.  79. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 


PUEBLOS,  COLONIZATION,  AND  LANDS— IXDUSTRIES 
AND  INSTITUTIONS. 

1T91-1800. 

PPEBLO  PnOOUKSS — STATISTICS — JoRDAN's  PUOPOSED  CoLONY — EFFOnTS  OF 
GOVEIINMKNT — MAltUIAdK  EXf'OUKAfiEI) — InNS — ViEWS  OP  SaLAZVU, 
SkSaN,  AM)  COSTANSO — Wo.MEN  WaNTKL) — CoNVlCTS — FOLNDLINll.S— 
TeNTKE  of  LaM>S — rt'ElSLO  AM;  MISSION  SiTF.S — C'lIUoSOLOCU'AL  .STATE- 
MENT, 177;;-!!0  — PllESIDIAL  PlTEDLOS  — PliOVISIOXAL  GllAXTS — LaNU- 
TITLKS  AT  I'^XI)  OF  C'ENTrilY — LaBOU — IXDIAN  LAIiOREItS — SaILOHS— 
AkTISAN       IxsTlUCTOns  — MANrFACTUREIlS  —  MiXIXO — AoUICULTLliE  — 

Flax  and  IIkjii-— St'orK-iiAisixo. 

The  missions,  as  may  be  seen  from  the  prccediiiif 
sketch,  if  \\c  regard  only  tlie  primary  object  ibr  wliicli 
they  were  founded,  were  successful  and  prosperous. 
Given  a  band  of  earnest  and  able  missionaries,  a 
friendly  native  population,  and  a  military  force  for 
protection  if  needed,  there  was  nothing  to  prevent 
success  and  pros])erity  in  a  land  so  blessed  b}'  nature. 
The  p'overnment  had  nothin;*'  more  to  do  in  the  matter. 
If  the  towns  were  less  successful  in  their  efforts  at 
colonization  and  progress  it  was  not  because  they  were 
deemed  of  less  impoi'tance  or  received  less  attention. 
Nor  was  it  because  the  colonization  system  was  less 
judiciously  managed  by  the  crown  than  the  uiission- 
ary  system  by  the  Franciscans.  It  was  because  this 
problem  was  more  complicated  than  the  other.  It 
would  not  solve  itself,  and  faithful  provincial  office  is 
with  wise  regulations  could  not  solve  it.  It  is  not 
necessary  to  claim  that  tlie  king's  officers  were  as 
devoted  to  the  welfare  of  the  towns  as  the  friars  to 

(COO  ) 


PUEBLOS  NOT  rnOSPEROU.S. 


001 


that  f)f  tlicir  missions,  for  tlu'V  liad  otlior  diitles  und 
lacked  the  iiiccMitivc;  of  holy  /I'al;  hut  had  their  oppor- 


tunitu' 


th 


d  11 


leii'  authorit\\  and  tlicir  enthusiasm  corri'- 


th 


^pon 


led  t( 


o  and  exeeetleil  lliose  o 


Ith 


tl 


lo  missionaries, thev 


never   could   nuve   ma( 


1   h 


de  tl 


le 


1 


hl( 


>uei>l()s 


prosj 


)er. 


T 


wo 


CO 


i'atal  ol)stacl(?s  to  success  were  the  worthless  character 
of  the  original  settlers,  most  of  them  half-hi-eeds  of 
the  least  enerL;"etic  classes  of  Nueva  A'i/caya  and 
Xueva  (hdicia,  and  the  lack  of  provincial  connuer 
to  stimulate  industry;  for  before  1800  the  settlers 
c<juld  not  have  sold  additional  jiroducts  of  their  lields. 
I  ij^ive  elsewhere  the  local  annals  of  the  three  ( 'ali- 
fornian  j)Ueblos,  San  Jose,  Los  An^'eles,  and  JJranci- 
I'orte — tlie  latter  honored  with  the  title  of  villa  -during 
this  decade.^  The  united  p()[)ulatiou  of  the  three 
towns  in  1800  was  about  oaO  in  something  over  ;i 
hundred  I'amilies,  including  a  dozen  or  fifteen  men 
wJio  raised  cattle  on  ranchos  in  the  vicinity  and  v.hose 
families  i'or  the  most  part  lived  in  the  [)Ueblos.  About 
thirty  families  had  been  brought  from  al)road  as  set- 
tlers and  had  been  paid  wages  and  mtions  and  (other- 
wise aided  ibr  a  teiin  of  years;  while  the  ino'ease 
came  i'rom  childi'en  who  gi'ew  to  manh(!od  and  from 
sokliei's  Vvho  had  sirxcd  out  their  term  of  (.Milislnient 


ami   retired,   oiten   with   pension^ 


Tl 


ies(>,   although 


;enera 


iiy 


(.Id  n)en,  weic  as  a  ru 


letl 


U!  most  succe>- 


4ul 


iarmers.      The  onlv   industries  of  the   settlers   wer(i 


Iti 


aericulture  a 


did  stock-raisinu'.      Thev  had  1(;,50()  head 


o 


f  catile   and   horses,   about   1,000   she 


ei> 


!•' 


an( 


I  t! 


lev 


raised  about  !),000  bushels  of  grain  each  year,  suiplus 
jiroduets  being  sold  to  the  presidios.  Each  settlei'  had 
liis  lield  which  he  was  required  to  cultivate,  and  he 
had  to  contribuce  a  certain  quantity  of  grain  each 
year  to  the  conunon  fund  from  which  municipal  ex- 
})enses  were  jjaid.  Each  pueblo  had  a  small  guard  of 
soldiers,  who  were  practically  settlers  also;  and  each 


m  ad(Ution 


liti 


to  its  alcalde  and  reuidores  had  a  comi- 


m 


*  See  cliMptev  xxix.  of  this  volume  for  Angeles;   ebapter  xxxii.   for  .Sui 
Jose,  mul  eliaiiter  xxvi.  for  lirancifoite. 


C02 


INDUSTRIES  AND  IXSHTUTIOXS. 


sioii.'ulo,  gi-'iicrally  oorpDnil  of  Hk;  muai'd,  wlio  rcpi'o 
f-H'iiti.'d  th(j  governor  luul  reported  directly  to  tlio 
eoiiiiiiMiidaiit  of  tlic  nearest  nresidio.  Labor  was 
largely  doiK'  by  lilivd  gentiles,  j^os  Ang(des  was  more 
pojiuloiis  and  prosperons  than  either  of  the  otliei's, 
Mhile  Jh-aneiforto  was  as  yet  but  a  burden  to  the 
ijoverinnent. 

A  Si)anisli  visitor  in  1792  stated  in  his  narrative 
that  sohhers  in  California  ^vhen  too  old  for  service 
Avero  not  allowed  to  settle  as  farmers,  and  he  eiit icised 
this  state  of  thin^i^s  very  unfavorably;  but  needlessly, 
I'or  no  such  conditions  existed.  jManv  of  the  invalids 
went  to  live  in  the  pueblos,  a  few  obtained  ranchos, 
and  others  remainctl  at  the  presidios,  performin;^"  a 
certain  amount  of  military  service.  It  was  even  per- 
mitted them  to  settle  near  the  presidio  but  outside 
the  walls,  though  it  does  not  appear  that  any  did  so 
at  this  early  period."  Ak^jandro  Jordan's  [;roject  for 
a  colony  to  be  established  iu  the  interests  of  trade 
under  govermcntal  protection  and  with  somewhat  ex- 
travagant emoluments  for  himself,  was  disapproved 
by  the  king  on  Arrillaga's  advice,  as  already  noted, 
after  neo-otiations  lasting  fi'oin  171)2  to  1704.''  Revilla 
(jiigedo  in  179o  favored  the  settlement  of  some  Span- 
ish families  at  the  missions,  though  he  admitted  the 
great  ditliculty  of  iiudin;j:  families  possessing  the  re- 
(juired  moral  qualilications.*  Costanso  in  his  report 
of  1794  f-ays:  "The  lir^t  ttiin<j:  to  be  thought  of,  in 
my  opinion,  is  to  people  the  country.  Presidios  to 
support  missions  are  well  enough  for  i\  time,  but  there 
seems  to  be  no  end  of  them.  Some  missions  have 
been  lor  a  hundred  years  in  charge  of  friars  and  pre- 
sidial  guards.  The  remedy  is  to  introduce  gente  de 
razon  among  the  natives  from  the  beginning.     Cali- 


^Siittly  Me.rirana,  Vhirjr,  102-.3.  Oct.  24,  1792,  governor  orders  tluit  no 
quiet  rccliio  is  to  lie  prevented  from  settling  at  ilie  presidio  of  Monterey. 
J'rov.  ]l(C.,  .MS.,ii.  MX).  V.inconver  p:ives  it  ratlier  .niperlicial  and  inaccurate 
account  of  the  ].ueI)los,  which  he  did  not  visit.    Voyaijc,  ii.  49j-G. 

''See  chapter  xxiv.,  thi.-i  vohinio. 

Uiccilta  (Jhjcdo,  Carlu  de  17D3,  23-4. 


srKciAL  rnojKCTS. 


003 


foriiiMiis  iiii(l(i'st;iii(l  this,  iuid  clunior  for  iiidiistiinu.s 
citizens,  Iv'icli  sliip  should  carry  u  iniiiihcc  of  taiiiiru's 
with  !i  |>roj)(i-  outiit.     Tlic  kiii_n'  supplies  his  soldiiM'! 


with  to(»ls,  why  noi.  the  larnier  and  niechaiiic  as  \V( 


Tl 


K'V  sliould  l)e  St 


■tiled 


near 


the  1 


■IH 
Missions  and  ininulo 


with   the   natix'es.     I'hus   the   missions   will    heeonio 
towns  in  twenty-live  or  thirty  years.'' 

In   171);')  ]]orica  made  some  special  efl'orts  to  pi 


mote  marriai^o  among  soldii'rs  and  settlei'shy  iavorablo 
ren'ulations,  and  lie  even  discouraij'ed  tlu;  enlistment 


es 


(»t'  the  sons  of  settlei's  in  the  ])residio  com])ani 
hut  an  ahsurd  pro})osition  Ironi  AEexico  tt)  establish 
imis  for  the  convenience  of  travellers  at  ten  suitable 
s[)ots  in  C'aliiornia  met  with  no  favt)r  from  Boricii 
and  tlie  pi'oject  died  a  natural  death.'' 

In  J7!)()  u  sp(M-ial  agitation  of  this  subject  of  colo- 
nization began  in  ^[exico,  with  the  founding  of  Jh-au- 
<-iforte  as  a  result,  as  ("Isewhere  narrated.  Father 
Sala/.ar,  lately  fi'om  California,  was  calli'd  U[)()U  for 
his  views  on  the  condition  of  the  country.  His  ie|/ort 
on  the  jtueblos  was  not  an  enc()uraging  <;ne.  The  in- 
habitants were  idlers,  paying  more  attention  to  gam- 
l)ling  and  playing  the  guitar  than  to  tilling  their  lands 

id  edueatinu'  their  children.     The  pa'jf'ans  did  most 


ai 


P 


6  Costcuisd,  I:>fi,rmc,  V.'^U  MSi. 

"April  i;i,  ITD's  Jjorica  tu  eoniinaii<laiits,  nmiTia2;cs  to  bo  promoted  by 
all  lur.iorablo  lucaus.  Soldiuis  to  bo  aided  with  anearsof  p^'y,  with  what 
they  have  in  thu./oy.'i/y-',  or  even  by  an  advance  of  I^'IO.  Parent.s  of  enutraet- 
iii;,'  partie.i  to  be  aided  with  sueli  ell'eetb  as  can  be  paid  for  from  their  erop^i  in 
a  year.  L\^/h,I:IIo,  Due.  lli.^t.  CuL,  MS.,  i.  II ;  /Vor.  /.Vr.,  MS.,  iv.  bJlJ-.-JO; 
J'if.r.  St.  J'<i/>.,  ^bS.,  xiii.  'J27-S.  (loyeoeehca'.s  reply.  May  l.")th.  /(/.,  xiv., 
T'i.  Xov.  I!),  ITDli,  V>.  diieets  the  coinniaiidant  of  San  I'raueiseo  to  try  and 
]ire\-ail  on  Maria  .'-imonaOrtejra,  a  v.idow,  to  nniain  in  tin  country;  for  sooner 
or  later  sunie  i  oldier  or  civilian  will  ask  la  r  hand  in  man  i:\iv.  l'r,i'.  SI .  I'li/i., 
Jirii.  J/,7.,  ?iIS.,  xxiv.  10,  11.  Feb.  It,  IT'.lo,  (ir.'ijeva  has  received  n.'.scjnler 
not  to  accept  ajiy  recruit  from  An;,ales,  "in  order  that  the  pop  ilation  may 
not  be  ies.icncil.'  /(/.,  xxi.  7.  March  b_',  171'."),  15.  to  viceroy,  explaining  that 
the  popnlalion  ef  Calirornia,  \\hieh  he  p,iveH  as  1,'J7">,  !■■*  luiieli  too  KiaaU  for 
the  lv)inn'i  propoKcil;  also  that  travellers  have  to  sleep  out  of  doors  to  caro 
for  their  animals,  etc.  .S7.  /'«;<.,  Sar..  MS.,  xvii.  ;]-(».  Oct.  .".tli,  tlie  U-ViiinuL 
lie  rijiitwlih  id  atlvises  the  V.  It.  to  subnut  the  scheme,  recouunenileil  by  IJel- 
tran,  to  a  coureil  before  adopting  it.  J'ror.  St.  Puji.,  JiS.,  xiii.  Ili7-!'.  Oct. 
l.'>,  170('>,  ];.  asi;.s  for  a,  list  of  settlers  living  on  ranchos  and  for  an  opinion 
whether  they  should  be  allowed  to  do  so.  Dec.  2i)tli,  he  decides  that  r.nless 
tile  lanclicros  will  keep  slicep  they  must  live  at  the  pueblo.  Proc.  Jhc,  MS., 
iv.  ~i),  8tj. 


604 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


of  the  worlv,  took  a  large  part  of  tlic  crop,  and  Nvoro 
so  well  supplied  thereby  that  they  did  not  cai'e  to 
be  converted  and  live  at  the  missions.  The  fiiars 
attended  to  the  spiritual  needs  of  the  settlers  free 
of  charge,  and  their  tithes  did  California  no  good. 
Young  n)en  grew  up  without  restraint,  and  wandered 
auKjng  the  raneherias,  setting  the  Indians  a  bad 
example  and  indul<>:in<''  in  excesses  that  were  suic 
sooner  or  later  to  result  in  disaster.  The  !>reat 
remedy  was  to  build  up  connnerce  and  give  the  colo- 
nists an  incentive  to  industry.  Now  they  could  not 
sell  all  their  produce;  they  obtained  a  small  price  lor 
what  they  did  sell,  and  often  they  could  not  get  the 
articles  they  wanted  in  payment,  or  had  to  pay  exces- 
sive rates  lor  them. 

Without  the  encouragement  of  trade  the  country 
could  never  prosper;  but  other  reforms  were  alsct 
needed.  There  should  be  a  settlers'  fund  similar  to 
the  military  funds,  in  which  each  settler  should  de- 
posit annually  a  sum  varying  according  to  the  size 
of  his  i'amily.  In  tlie  sale  and  purchase  of  su[)plies 
an  oi'icer  should  stand  betwei'U  the  settlers  and  the 
habilitados;  each  pueblo  should  moreover  support  a 
j)riest  and  a  teacher.''  Father  Jose  Senan  was  teni- 
])orarily  in  ^Mexico,  and  a  rep(-)rt  was  also  obtained 
from  him  which  agreed  with  that  of  Salazar  in  most 
res[)('cts.  This  writer,  however,  attached  special  ini- 
j)ort;aice  to  the  introckiction  of  a  better  class  of  set- 
tlers. Mo  would  appoint  to  c>ach  pueblo  a  diroctoi', 
or  comisionado,  of  better  abilities  and  not  j'elated  t.» 
the  inliabitants,  and  he  would  enlbrco  residence  ofisll 
settlers  in  tlie  towns,  and  not  on  distant  ranches  out  (»!" 
I'each  ol"  .''.plritual  care  and  exposed  to  dangers.  Abo\  e 
all,  toVv  us  should  not  be  placed  too  near  the  missions.^ 

'  Suluzur.   Cf)i:il!r 
julvouatcfi  llu'  lr;ni:'rc'r  of 


Ar'nal  </.'  Cal.  17U(',,  MS.,  T:'.-S-'.     The  iuitlior  also 


Sim  ]jla.s  r.aval  slali(. 


oil  and  slii[i-y;',ril 
I'raiii'i.  CO  Of  }.I(j:i'(nvy.     Tliio  woulil  lie  for  t'lu  iiitfiu^  t  if  tiio  (Ic'pr.i'tiuint 


siiu'o  v/a'ca  ami  food  woul 


ilevi'loii  tliu  iiiiaiHtricH  o 


f  Cali 


cheaper  tliaii  at  San  JUa 


!;• 


')" 


,./«  r/(/  yV/i//r  (il  \ 


II''  u 


Jiff  I  'i.ini 


'■lOII   ( 


h'  r 


and  it   wouli 


CiiH, 


Ilia,  1700,  MS.    Diiti'il  at  college  of  Sail  lenmiulo  i\lay  14,  17Wi.    Jlarcli  I'J, 


CONVICT  vSETTLERS. 


605 


In  Ills  coiTcspondonrG  of  1707,  Borica  si  ill  ureses 
colonization,  substantially  approving  the  ideas  of  Sal- 
azar  and  Scuan,  and  issuing  orders  which  conipelleil 
retired  soldiers  to  live  in  the  pueblos.''  We  have  seen 
that  nine  persons,  though  lather  of  a  woi-se  than  l)et- 
ter  class  compared  with  the  rest,  were  obtained  f)oni 
Guadalajara  and  settled  at  Branciforte.  In  1797-8 
an  eHbit  was  maile  to  obtain  a  reenforcenient  of  mar- 
riageable women,  in  which  the  governor  v  as  seconded 
by  the  viceroy,  but  in  which  he  does  not  seem  to  huvo 
been  successful. ^° 


There  was  another  class  of  colonists  much  more 
casil}'  obtained  and  by  no  means  beneficial  to  the 
country.  Unfortunately  California  was  from  this  time 
to  a  considerable  extent  a  ])enal  colony  for  ]\Iexico. 
(xovernor  Fages  was  perhaps  responsible  fur  the  be- 
ginning of  the  })lague.  In  1787  ho  proposed  that 
artisans  imprisonctl  in  ^Mexico  and  (jiuadalajara  shouM 
have  their  sentence  commuted  to  exile  to  California 
on  condition  of  woi-king  out  their  term  at  the  presi- 
dios or  missions,  and  subserpiently  remaining  as  set- 
tlers. Nothing  was  done  on  this  proposition;  but  in 
l7i)l  three  ^>rc.s^/t?/rtr/(w,  or  convicts,  were  sent  up  to 

1707,  P'orii'a  to  viceroy,  refers  to  voluntary  eiuolment  of  settlers  at  Cuaxla- 
lajani.  I'ror.  He,  vi.  S3, 

"Xiiv.  1(1,  17117,  liorica  to  viceroy,  iavoring  commerce  and  admitting;  that 
tlio  jMnliliis  luive  a  Rurjilus  of  12,000  l;i".!_'as  of  grain  for  which  there  is  no 
niiirk't.  Twelve  sailors  from  the  ('r»>ri  /ir'idii  and  Sail  Cur/on  have  vnhmU'ered 
to  remain  at  M.>:itercy.  /'/•'»•.  ],;  ■.,  ?,!S.,  vi,  OI-_'.  Oct.  loth,  ]!.  to  eom- 
mandiuit  nt  Monterey,  invalided  or  disehav.'ed  snldiers  niu.st  live  iu  the  tow  iis 
auil  not  on  ranehos  nor  in  tlie  ]ircsidio.  indci-s  fhey  v.  isli  to  continue  niilitaty 
^<erviee,  Cmrnt,  Dor.  ]li<t.  Cnl.,  MS.,  i.  10'.)- 10.  '  Miiy  I7i>!>,  Setller  llosales 
petitions  tlie  viceroy  for  permission  to  lr:-,ve  ( 'alifol•nia^\  itli  his  finnily.  I'mr. 
Hir.,  MS.,  vi.  li!.'),  Ihancit'oite  in  his  Iii.ilniri\oii,  MS.,  oJ-S,  speaUs  of  Cali- 
fornia's need  of  colonists,  and  of  his  eH'mts  in  her  hehalf. 

'"Sept,  17,  1707,  lloiic.'i  to  vieei'oy,  wants  good  wives,  stroni;  yonng  sjiin- 
sters,  cspec!""y  for  criminal  scUlers,  since  tlie  ])adres  ohjected  to  the  nativu 
women  i  m  .ng  such  hnshand.s.  IJesidcs  good  lieallh  tlio  girls  must  hring 
good  clothes,  so  that  they  miij-  go  to  chmcli  and  he  improved.  A  shii'  ijiia 
mill  of  a  (.'alifornia  fiiualo  colonist  must  iie  a  si'ri.'e  pett'ooat,  .a  nlnr.o  mr- 
rii'iitc,  a  linen  jacket,  tv.o  woollen  shit'ts,  a  pair  of  stoeUiii,';s,  aiid  a  pair  of 
strong  shoes.  Hror.  l!(i\,  .MS.,  vi,  ("."i-O,  .Jan.  'Jo,  170S,  viceroy  .says  iir'K:« 
have  liecn  given  to  procun^  young,  healthy,  single  women  fur  the  ]V)lylad(ir.s, 
hut  the  ta.sk  )ircseuts  some  diiliculties,  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  I'.!,*-'.,  xvii,  lO-'-'O, 
June  !;  17'IS,  liorica  says  one  lumdred  women  arc  wanteil,  Pruv  iicc,  Mc}., 
vi,  7o. 


COG 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


Montoi'oy  to  labor  with  sliackled  foot  for  rations;  and 
the  sainu  year  wo  licar  of  a  convict  blacksniitli  tcacli- 
ing  tlio  natives  at  San  Francisco.''-  In  1798  tlic  Con- 
ccpeurn  brought  twenty-two  convicts,  of  various  grades 
of  criminahfv,  sonic  of  them  merely  vagrants  like 
those  formcily  destined  for  Branciforte.  Tliey  wen; 
set  at  worlc  by  Borica  to  learn  and  teach  trades,  a 
saving  of  nine  tliousand  dollars  beiniif  thereby  effected 
as  the  governor  claimed.'^  Three  convicts  had  arrived 
the  year  before,  and  subsequently  such  arrivals  were 
of  iVequent  occurrence.  Some  artisan  instructors 
sent  to  tlie  country  by  the  government  will  be  noticed 
a  little  later.  In  1800  nineteen  foundlinos  were  sent 
from  ]\Iexico  under  tlio  care  of  Madrc  jMari'a  dc  Jesus, 
nine  bo^'s  under  ten  years  of  age,  and  ton  girls  soiiu' 
of  them  already  marriaixeable,  wlio  wore  (hstributed 
in  respectable  himilies  in  the  difierent  })residios.''' 

TIk'1'0  wiis  a  royal  order  forbiddiiif;  convicts  from  scttliii;^  in  piiuliloa 


tintil  t!i(  ir  sci 
l)roi'o:ili(  n  ill  !;is 
<;f   I7!)l  v.er.'  1l;iki 


v.iio  served  (lUt.    /' 


.S7.  J 


■np. 


.M: 


VI.  !>S. 


Iij'annf  (I'lii.  ilr  M/s'io>i(.<,  MS.,  I.")-!.   The  three  jir"siili:iri()H 
•uenz,  l{;it',>el  I'aeheeo,  and  Felipe  Alvarez,  sent  iiji  l)y 


IJdiiieu  from  J^oreto.   J^roc.  SI.  J'aji.    ^IS.,  xxii.  1.").     Smith  lit  Sun  Fraueisei 
J</.,  X.   11. 

'-  The  three  of  170"  wore  l^afael   Arriola,  Tomas  l^seamilla,   and  Je 


IT!*.' 
•is.-.: 


,s/.  / 


«/> 


MS.,  x\ii.  I.'U.     t'orrcsjidnderice 


/' 


<SV.  /'-//)..  ,MS.,  XV.  '24!t-r)0;  xvii.  7,  SS-i),  IS-';  xxi 


I?<r.,  MS.;  vi.  !)!-•'    J()!-'J;  S/.  J 


the  '22  .''ent  in 
-.,  L\SO. 


7.~i-(i.     I'oiir  (irlivo  liht.s  ai'o  }:ivcn,  the  IV 


'(ij>.,  S(ir. 


viii.  n-i;t,  OS  U;  Ix. 


intrhein'' the  names:  Jose  iK 


llevos.  .Tuse  !Maria  I'ere/,  Jose  X'aziniez.  Juan  Hernandez,  Jo.se  ^'ehls(|ucz,  Cor- 


lielio  l[ 
IJalderr 
Jiradeia 


Ciiavez,  Jose  Salazar,  Antonio  Ortega,  .Itli: 


L 


la,  Pedro  Osorno,  .lose  Calzado,  Jt 


Aviia,  Jose  J  lei 


|iez,  Josi5 
dez,  .losi^ 


J. 


1! 


JiisC'   lio.sa.s,   .id.stj   C'havira,  C'asiniiro   (onejo,    I'ali 


Franeo,  Maria  IVtr^i  Arand.'i,  .Inse  iiareena,  Felipe  Ilernundcz,  Ivaiail  (! 
Juan  lil.ineo,  2V)  in  all.  tiiou^h  the  nnnd'er  is  sp(jk<'n  (if  a.s  from  17  to  'J I,  and 
:.re  said  io  have  laniled.    They  arri\i.'d  in  August.    The  expense  of  smidiiiu 


them  \\as  :}i()'>.     Tl 


lere  \vere  ,5 


hattei 


miners. 


1  .sh 


1  sil 


verslinili. 


1  tr;ide 
tiade,  I 


l.akeis,  I  tailor,  I  hiaiiket-niaker,  I  laborer,  I  overseer,  ."{  without 


<1  1 


Tl 


lero  were 


4  S 


jianiaids  only. 


There  wvix 


a  saddler 


iiid  2  earpenti  I's,  not  convicts,  perhaps  included  in  the  list  I 


Sever.il  I' 


liars  ai.si)  came  on 


the  same  vessel.     After  tile  arrival  of  these  cme 


vielsall  ].erson:!  not  lia\  ing  jiass;  orts  were  orderid  to  be  arrested.   I'rur.  lli 


MS.,  iv.  bid.     ]Vb.  •-'(•),  r,!)S»,  I 


>orii,'a 


■ul 


jlisiies  a  ser 


ics  of  1  :\vA  for  the 


duet  of  the  ciinvict  workmen.    They  v.ere  subjected  to  stiiet  surveillance  an  i 


iil( 


.1  f, 


w 


liande:;  alio 


jprivilcf^;! 


r 


ri>i\ 


S/.  I'd/'.,  ^IS.,  xvii.  -Ji:)-!.    August  iSO.t.  lb  r 


Nov.  ls;„t,  J, 
t>  1 
MS.,  XN 


o\v(  il  to  c.'U'n  wages  liy 


hist 


rade  as  siidiller 


/' 


A'l 


MS.,ix.  \: 


Vis.  Simelital  sentenced  tod  vear.s  iis  .settler  in  ('alilorn 


le  acconi!iaiiu 


4. 


d  by  his  wife.  Si.  /'((^>.,  .SVfc,  MS.,  ix.  ")7-S;  J'rci:  S/.  /''//■, 


Tveiity-one  children  left  Mexico  f(ri'  San  Was  and  one  died  on  the 


voyage.     The  expense  is  aaid  to  have  been  §4, 703.     There 


,  pl.'ii.  to  tie. Hi 


I 


TEXCRE  OF  LANDS. 


C07 


The  toimro  of  lands  i.s  an  interesting  topic  of  Cal- 
ifornia history,  botli  in  it.solf  and  especially  in  view 
of  tlie  litigation  of  later  times.  In  its  earliest  })hases 
the  suhjcct  falls  more  naturally  into  the  annals  of  this 
decade  than  el.;ewhere,  though  a  general  statement 
Avith  hut  i'evv  details  is  all  that  is  re(|uired  here.  As 
soon  as  the  territory  was  occupied  hy  Spain  in  iTGi) 
the  absolute  title  vested  in  the  king.  No  individual 
ownership  of  lands,  but  only  usufructuary  titles  of 
various  grades,  cxisted^i  Califin-nia  in  Spanish  times. 
The  king,  however,  was  actually  in  possession  of  only 
the  ground  on  which  the  presidios  stood  and  such 
adjoining  lands  as  were  needed  in  connection  with  the 
loyal  service.  The  natives  were  recoi2fnized  as  the 
ownrrs,  under  the  king,  of  all  the  territory  needed  for 
their  subsistence;  but  the  civilizing  process  to  which 
they  were  to  ])e  subjected  would  greatly  reduce  the 
area  from  that  occu[)ied  in  their  savage  state;  and 
thus  till 're  was  no  prospective  legal  hinderance  to  the 
establishment  of  S{)anish  settlements.  The  general 
laws  of  Spain  provided  for  such  establishments,  and 
the  assignment  to  each  of  lands  to  the  extent  of  Ibiu' 
S(|uaro  leagues.'*  Meanwhile  neither  the  missions, 
nor  t  liC  IViars,  nor  the  Franciscan  order,  nor  the  church 
own-d  a)iy  lands  whatever.  The  missionaries  had  the 
us(.  of  ^.U(  h  lands  as  they  needed  for  theii^  object, 
u  .)!<  'i  w.-'S  to  j)reparo  the  Indians  to  taki;  possession  as 
indivio'  '.ais  cf  the  'ands  they  now  held  as  connmmities. 
When  tins  was  acconn)lished,  and  the  missions  had 
become  jRieblos,  the  houses  of  worship  would  natu- 
rally become  the  i)ropei'ty  of  the  church,  an<l  the  Iriai's 
would  move  on  to  new  spiritual  concjuesls.  Jvich 
mission  ;md  each  presidio  was  at  the  ])ropei'  lime  to 
become  a,  [)Ueblo;  other  pueblos  were  expected  to  be 

'JO'  .y;i(iii'l  tlic  wir.io  iimiilK'r  of  girls.  Two  of  the  jiirls  wi-rr  ni.-ifiinl  hctdi'u 
tl..  I'ld  (/f  llic  yiar.  .SV.  /'"/).,  .Sar.,  MS.,  iv.  71;  vii.  "i-C;  /'n.i:  .V.  J'n/i., 
MS  ,  iii.  !>,  IH,  :il;  Nxi.  ;U,  47:  /,/.,  JIni.  M!/.,  MS.,  xxviii.  •-'-';  I'ror.  /.',.•., 
-Ms.,  ;.  11,  I'J;  .\r/i.  .SVft  /l'<r/),irii,  MS.,  xii.  ;{U7;  Jlii.-i'nuKiii/f,  Siijilrnn  iilo, 
i.^i.  J■.((//;^  /,i..lr:i'-cloii,  MS..  SS--). 

^^  l!(ci,i,i:u(i )i(  (If  l.iil'iin,  lili.  iv.  <it.  v.  ley.  vi.,  x.     I  intentiouully  avoid 
couditioiia  ami  details  in  llii.s  chapiter. 


COS 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


f'ouiRlcd  from  time  to  time;  and  four  square  leao-uos 
of  land  was  flie  area  to  be  assigned  under  oi'diiiary 
eircunistances  to  each;  but  the  fixing  of  boundaries 
was  tacitly  left  until  the  future  increase  in  the  niunber 
of  establishmeiits  should  render  it  a  necessity,  noth- 
ing in  the  mean  time  being  allowed  to  interfere  with 
the  area  to  which  each  pueblo  would  be  entitled, 
though  the  missions  in  their  temporary  occu})ati(jn 
were  not  rest'icted. 

In  his  insti ;  ,'  *    •  •  of  177-3  Viceroy  Bucarcli  author- 
ized Captain  Iii  to  n)ake  a  beginning  of  the  I'utuie 
])ueblos  by  distributuig  lands  to  such  persons,  either 
natives  or  Spaniards,  as  were  worthy  and  would  dedi- 
cate themselves  to  aLTriculture  or  the  raising  of  stock.'' 
liivera  did  grant  a  [)ii3ce  of  land  in  1775  to  ^fanuel 
Butron,  a  soldier  who  married  a  neo])hyte  of  San 
Carlos;  but  the  land  was  subsequently  abandoned,  and 
if  any  other  similar  ij^rants  were  made  by  Rivera  there; 
is  no  record  of  the  fad,.     In   November   1777   the 
pueblo  of  San  Jose  was  founded  and  a  somewhat  in- 
formal distribution  of  lands  to  settlers  was  made  by 
order  of  Governor  Neve.    In  1781  Neve's  rcLrulatioii 
went  into  effect,  and  one  of  its  sections  regulated  the 
distriI)ution  of  pueblo  lands;  prescribed  the  assign- 
ment to  each  settler  of  four  Yields,  each  two  hmuhvd 
varas  square,  besides  a  house-lot;  specified  the  lands  to 
be  devoted  to  various  uses  of  the  conununity;  and 
made  jtrovision  for  the  gradual  I'xtension  of  the  town 
by  the  granting  of  new  lots  and  fields.     Under  tliis 
regulation  the  itueblo  of  Los  Anwles  Avas  founded  in 
the  same  year  of  1781.     The  formal  distribution  ef 
lands,  however,  and  the  giving  of  written  titles  toek 
place  for  San  Jose  and  Los  Angeles  in  1783  and  I7S(! 
lespectively.^"    These  titles  were  the  nearest  apjn-oach 
to  absolute  ownershij)  in  California  under  Spain;  b'lt 
the  lands  were  forfeited  by  abandonment,  I'ailure  to 
cultivate,  and  non-compliance  with  cerlain  conditions, 

^'•BiicareU,  Iiistriicrinii  th- 17  dc  Agosto  dc  1773,  MS. 
'"On  foiuulation  of  San  .los^'  and  Angeles  and  the  distribution  of  lands, 
SCO  chiiptLr."  \iv.  and  .wi.  of  tliis  volume. 


tllC 


>S(.  P(,p 


PRIVATE  RANCHOS. 


COO 


Tlicy  could  not  be  alienated;  and  one  instance  is 
recorded  of  lands  being  taken  for  hemp  culture  from 
a  settler,  who  was  given  others  in  their  place.  New 
grants  of  pueblo  lauds  to  new  settlers  were  of  con- 
stant occurrence  hereafter.  Neither  in  the  regulation 
nor  in  the  proceedings  under  it  was  any  attention  paid 
to  exterior  pueblo  limits,  save  the  vague  establishment 
of  a  boundary,  at  San  Jose  at  least,  with  the  adjoin- 
ing mission.  This  matter  was  practically  and  natu- 
I'ally  left  to  bo  agitated  by  the  crown  should  there 
ever  in  the  distant  Tture  be  danixer  of  the  town 
exceeding  its  four  leagues,  or  l)y  the  pueblo  itst'lf  in 
case  of  encroaehments  by  other  towns  or  by  indi- 
viduals. 

In  1784  application  was  made  to  Fages  by  private 
individuals  for  o'rants  of  ranches.  He  <>'ranted  written 
permits  to  several  men  for  temporary  occupation  of 
the  lands  desired,^'  and  wrote  to  the  conniiandant  gen- 
eral for  instructions.  General  Ugarte  replied  in  178(1, 
on  the  recommendation  of  his  legal  adviser,  Galindo 
Xavarro,  by  authorizing  the  granting  of  tracts  not  to 
exceed  three  leagues,  always  beyond  the  four-league 
limits  of  existing  pueblos,  without  injury  to  missions 
or  rancherias,  and  on  certain  other  conditions  includ- 
iiiuf  the  buildinsr  of  a  stone  house  on  each  rancho  and 
the  keeping  of  at  least  two  thousand  head  of  live- 
stock.^^ The  instructions  required  the  inniiediatc  as- 
signment by  clear  landmarks  of  the  four  leagues  to 
each  pueblo;  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  au}^  such 
survey  was  made,  that  any  documents  were  given  in 
place  of  the  temporary  permits,  or  that  the  few  pro- 
\isional  grants  subsequently  made  differed  in  any 
respect  from  those  [sennits. 

^'  The  ranclios  since  known  as  Los  Xictos  and  San  Rafael  were  thus  Rrantod 
to  Manuel  Nicto  and  Ji)S(''  Maria  \'enltigo  in  ITSl.  In  the  case  of  Xieto  his 
lung  possession  until  1801  and  that  of  liis  eliihh-en  after  liim  vas  ui'i^ed  aa 
iilfording  presumption  of  a  complete  title;  l)ut  the  supreme  eourt  hehl  that 
lages'  written  permit  destroyed  this  presumption.  Tiie  land  conuuission  luid 
aheady  taken  a,  similar  view.  Nieto  vs.  ('(trprulir,  21  Cal.  4.")(i. 

"*  Fagea'  report  to  Ugarte  Nov.  20,  1784.  Xa»;arro's  ojiinion,  Oct.  2",  ITS."). 
at.  Piqi.,  JlisK.  ami  Colon.,  MS.,  i.  3-5-7.  Ugarte's  order  June  21st.  Id.,  i.  343. 
Hiai.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    3» 


CIO 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIOXS. 


Til  17S9  ti  series  of  instructions  was  irsncvl  \vit!i 
royal  a});)rovul  I'or  the  c>stal)lishnicnt  of  tliu  Villa  of 
Pitic  in  kjonora  since  called  Ilennosillo,  instructions 
wliicli  were  to  be  followed  also  in  the  founding  of 
similar  esLal)lishnients  throughout  the  northern  i)ro\- 
inces.  Omitting  details  unimportant  to  my  jiresent 
])urpose,  each  pueblo  was  to  have  as.signed  to  it  with 
tiehnite  bounds  four  square  leagues  of  land  in  rectan- 
gular form;  the  land  given  to  each  settler  to  depend 
somewhat  on  his  character  and  needs,  but  might  be 
fifty  j)er  cent  larger  than  that  already  given  in  Cali- 
fornia; aiid  after  four  years  the  ownersliij)  might  be- 
come absolute.  I  do  not  lind  that  this  regulation  cvei' 
had  any  chect  at  Los  Anwles  or  San  Jose.'"  In  l7i)0 
a  pensioned  corporal,  Cayuelas,  who  had  married  a, 
neophyte  of  San  Luis  Obispo,  asked  in  the  name  of 
his  wife  for  lands  at  Santa  Margarita  belonnimx  to 
that  mission;  but  the  grant  was  opposed,  probably 
with  success,  by  the  friars,  on  the  ground  that  the  land 
was  needed  I'or  the  community,  to  which  the  neophyte 
in  question  had  I'endered  no  service.-' 

A  beginning  of  the  presidial  ])Uel)los  was  made  by 
General  Nava  in  1791,  when  he  autliorized  com- 
mandants of  presidios  to  grant  lots  and  fields  to  sol- 
diers and  settlers  desiring  them  within  the  prescribed 
four  square  leagues,"^  but  there  is  no  clear  ovidoncu 

'"P(7«',  hiH'rmx/nn  aprohdda  por  S.  J/',  que  fcforwd  para  <l  estnhlrv'imU'nlo 
dc  la  wti-ra  V'd'a  dc  I'ilir,  //  nt'Uid'ida  (tda/ihir  d  hi.i  d<  iivis  iiH(;r((>;  jtohlaeloiKS 
jiruiiiiiddu.-),  17i>'d,  MS.     ])iito(l  Cliilai;i]iu:i,  Xov.  14,  17^1). 

''"yl/r/f.  ,<ln  JJiirhara,  j\lS.,  xi.  .'iaS-!),  40l)-J;  J'nn'.  St.  Pap.,  MA.,  ix 
]().']-(».  This  instiiiicc  ami  that  of  ]>uti'ou  are  tho  ciily  ones  rin'ovdcd  <if  hud 
bfing  asked  for  liy  iic'()]!liytes  hoforo  1800.  In  faet  only  '2i  ni'iiphyto  -WDnirii 
li'>(l  niaiTiud  gcuto  do  lazoii  since  170!).  Lafiien,  in  Arch.  Sla  liurbara,  MS., 
ii.  1!)-'. 

*'  Xava'.s  (loerce,  dated  Oot.  22,  1701,  at  riiihualina,  and  approved  ])nivi- 
.«ionally  I)V  tlio  viceroy  liefoio  .Jan.  10,  17!):$.  .SV.  /''//).,  J/;,sv.  and  i'olou.,  MS., 
i.  :\-10--l,  :U1-'J;  Prol:  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi.  27-8.  This  deeroo  lias  l)een  often 
translated  and  referred  to  in  legal  reports,  i*onietinies  erronconsly  under  the 
date  of  March  22d.  AccordinL;  to  tiie  Ordciiair.a  (!'•  [idrmlcid' "  of  178(1,  the. 
royal  intendentcs  had  l)een  intru.stcd  with  tho  <listril)ution  (if  royal  landN; 
but  this  order  .'ihows  that  tiio  four  leagiics  belonged  to  the  pueblo  and  were 
not  included  in  tiic  king's  lands.  I)iriiicll(\i  Colon,  llisl.  S.  P.,  VA-'>.  In  C  >. 
Slip.  Court  Hi  pl.t.,  !»  Widlarr,  OHO,  it  is  stat<'d  that  tlie  words  '  tho  extent  of 
4  leagues  inea.sured  from  tho  centre  of  the  plaza  of  the  jnvsidios  in  eveiy 
direction,'  foun<l  in  an  order  of  Xava  of  .lune  21,  17!)l,  and  in  other  ]iapeis, 
cuuscd  Los  Angeles  to  claim  before  the  land  coniniiissiou  10  square  Icagui.s 


LAND  GRANTS. 


611 


<liat  any  such  iG^rants  were  made.  Arrilla_i2;'a  reported 
to  the  viceroy  in  171)3  that  no  grants  liad  heeu  made 
by  his  predecessors  under  the  oider  of  1780,  and  that 
on  account  of  this  failure  to  act,  and  because  of  the 
ultimate  riujlit  of  the  natives  to  the  best  sites — • 
although  lie  was  constantly  asked  for  ranches  and 
believed  that  it  would  be  well  for  the  country  to 
grant  them — he  would  not  act  witliout  further  in- 
structions.--' Yet  early  in  1794  he  reported  that  ho 
had  permitted  several  persons  to  settle  on  the  Rio  do 
Monterey  from  three  to  five  leagues  from  the  pre- 
sidio, the  ])ermission  being  only  provisional."^  In 
April  1795  Borica  sent  to  the  viceroy  his  views  on 
the  subject.  He  did  not  know  why  his  predecessors 
had  failed  to  grant  sites  for  cattle-raising,  but  he  did 
not  favor  such  concessions.  It  would  be  difficult  to 
tell  what  lands  the  missions  reallj^  needed,  since  new 
convei'ts  were  C(3nstantly  made.  Troubles  between 
the  owners  of  ranchos  and  ranchcria  Indians  would 
lead  to  excesses  and  war;  the  animals  of  the  settlers 
would  do  injury  to  the  food-su})ply  of  the  gentiles; 
the  rancheros  would  be  far  removed  from  s])ii-itual 
care  and  from  judicial  supervision;  and  linally  the 
province  had  already  live-stock  enough,  there  being 
no  ex|)ort.  Borica  therefore  proposed  that  no  ranchos 
should  be  granted  for  the  present,  but  that  settlers 
of  good  character  be  allowed  to  establish  themselves 
pro\isionally  on  the  land  asked  for  near  a  mission  or 
pueblo,  to  be  granted  them  later  if  it  sliould  prove 
best.  In  fact  several  ranchos  already  existed  under 
those  conditions."* 

instead  of  4.  This  wiuilil  literally  Ijo  CA  square  leagues;  but  the  ori;,'i"al 
'■4  1.  ineasiiriMl  from  Uie  ecntro  of  tliu  i)laza,  -  in  each  <lircction,'  might— like 
the  corri'spoiiiliiiL;  di'llnitiou  in  tlie  Jircopilncion  tic  Jiuli(i.-< — bo  inicrpn-tod 
naturally  KJ  sipiaro  Icauues.  It  is  a  curious  comi)Iic  ilion;  but  that  an  artUi 
of  4  siitiaro  lca;irue.s,  either  ill  aquarc  or  reetan;:nlar  form,  was  what  was 
intended,  and  in  hundreds  of  cases  actually  surveyed  for  each  Spuuisli  puebhj, 
tlu  re  eiu  be,  I  suppose,  no  doubt. 

*■-'  I'lV.  St.  P(i/>.,  MS.,  xii.  4.J-7.  This  report  was  sent  back  to  lioriea 
for  his  o[)inion  on  Au.^.  '!'>,  17'J4.  Arrillaga  recognizes  the  four-lcayuc  limit 
even  in  the  case  of  nussions. 

^■'/Voc.  ,S7.  /'«/).,  MS.,  xxi.  \n-2;  xii.  189. 

2' April  ;$,  17'JJ,  Uurica  to  viceroy,  rruv.  Rec,  IMS.,  vi.  30-41. 


Cli 


INDUSTRIKS  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


There  was  certainly  a  degree  of  force  in  sonic  of 
Boriea's  arguments,  though  most  of  them  were  quite 
as  conclusive  against  his  substitute  for  lancl-L>rants. 
Indeed  there  is  something  mysterious  about  the  pref- 
erence of  successive  governors  for  provisional  ])erniits 
of  occupation  over  the  regular  concessions  authorized 
by  superior  authority.     I  suspect  that  the  preference 
ma}"  have  been  largely  on  the  part  of  the  settlers  tlieu)- 
selves,  who  did  not  like  to  comply  with  the  conditions 
attached  to  a  regular  grant.    There  were  some  sixteen 
I'anchos  in  the  retnons  of  Los  Angeles  and  Monterey 
thus  provisioiiall}'  held  by  some  twenty  men  in  ]7t)5. 
Two  and  doubtless  more  similar  permissions  were  given 
l)efore  the  end  of  the  decade."'     In   179(J  a  part  of 
the  land  which  Fages  had  allowed  Ni»jto  to  occujiy 
was  taken  from  him,  on  the  claim  of  San  Gabriel  mis- 
sion that  it  Avas  needed  by  the  natives.     In  1707  the 
Eneino  Kancho,  held  by  Francisco  Heycs,  was  taken 
from  liim,  and  both  land  and  buildings  were  appro- 
l)riated  by  the  new  mission  of  San  Fernando.     This 
same  year  the  Villa  de  Branciforte  was  founded,  pi'e- 
sumably  on  the  plan  of  Pitic,  though  there  is  no  [posi- 
tive information  extant  respecting  the  distribution  of 
lands  in  that  famous  town.     In    1798   Borica  gave 
some  kind  of  a  confirmation  to  the  title  of  Verdugo 
at  San  Ilaiael,  but  we  know  nothing  of  its  nature. 
The  condition  of  land  matters  in  California  at  the  end 
of  the  decade  and  century  was  then  briefly  as  follows: 
There  were  eighteen  missions  and  four  presidios,  eacli 
witln^ut   settlers,-"  but   each  intended   to  become  a 
])ueblo,  and  each  entitled  to  four  square  leagues  of 
land  for  distribution  to  settlers  in  house-lots  and  sow- 
ing-lands, or  for  other  pueblo  uses;  three  pueblos  of 
Spaniards  already  established,  entitled  like  the  })ros- 

^*Sec  chapters  xxx.  und  xxxi.  for  lists  of  the  ranchoa  ^vith  adilitioniil  de- 
tails. ]>oiica,  wliatovcr  nuiy  have  been  his  real  motives,  opposed  even  Ihu 
provisional  conccssiou.s  iu  several  instances. 

^"It  is  noticeable,  however,  that  some  of  the  tracts  occupied  near  Monte- 
rey under  the  jirovisional  permits  were  probably  within  the  limits  (if  the 
prospective  presidio-pueblo,  where  there  was  uo  legal  authority  for  grauthig 
lands  for  stoek-riiisuig. 


MAXUFACTURES  AND  LABOR. 


613 


pcf'tlv'o  ones  to  four  leagues  of  land,  tlioni:(h  like  tlieni 
as  yet  without  lixed  boundaries,  inhahitod  by  o.ver 
one  hundred  settlers,  each  of  whom  held  about  four 
acres  of  land  still  subject  to  conditions  and  not  to 
be  alienated  or  hypothecated;  and  linally  twent}'  or 
thirty  men  raising  cattle  on  ranchos  wlijch  thoy  occu- 
])ied  temporarily  by  ])erniission  of  the  authorities, 
without  any  legal  title,  though  some  of  them  or  their 
children  subse(j[uently  became  owners  of  the  land. 

Besides  the  missions  and  pueblos,  conversion  and 
colonisation,  there  are  various  institutions  and  indus- 
tries of  the  province  whose  progress  during  this  peried 
merit  brief  notice  here;  though  in  most  i-espects  that 
})rogress  was  great  oidy  in  comparison  to  that  of  otlier 
epoclis  of  California  history.  The  oreler  in  Vvhich  tlie 
several  topics  are  treated  being  a  mutter  of  no  mo- 
ment, I  beii'in  w'ith  that  of  manufactures  and  labor. 
At  tlie  lirst  occupation  of  Upper  '^^Vdifornia  soiue 
Christian  Indians  I'rom  the  peninsula;  the  oidy  per- 
sons lor  many  years  who  were  honored  witli  the  name 
of  Califoi'nians,  were  brought  north  as  servants  of  all 
work  in  the  new  missions.  The  presidial  com[)anies 
usually  had  a  few  smiths,  armorers,  and  (•ar[»entcr.s 
wliose  services  were  available  at  times,  as  well  for  the 
j'riars  as  ibr  the  sokliers;  the  soldiers  themsdves 
were  oljliwd  to  render  assistance  in  buikliu''-  and 
some  other  kinds  of  work.  Gentiles  were  hired  iVoiii 
the  rir;>t,  especially  on  the  Channel  coast.  After  117 -^ 
men  were  enlisted  and  paid  as  sailors  to  serve  iu  Cal- 
ifornia as  laborers,  and  amoni«'  the  settlers  at  the 
])Uc'blos  were  persons  of  various  trades,  on  which, 
liowexi'r'  none  seian  to  have  dej)ended  for  suljsist- 
cneo.  This  was  the  condition  of  mechanical  indus- 
try down  to  1700.  Besides  the  rei)airs  executed  on 
arms,  ir(ij)lenK'nts,  and  articles  of  clothing,  there 
were  rude  attempts  at  tanning  and  various  other 
simple  and  necessary  processes  suggested  by  the 
needs  of  the  soldiers  and  ingenuity  of  the  friars ;  but 


111' I 


C14 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


progress  in  tlii.s  direction  was  sliglit  uiid  is  but  vagiu-ly 
recorded. 

During  the  last  decade  of  tlie  century  all  tljo  classes 
of  laborers  mentioned  continued  to  be  eni[)loyed,  except 
that  no  new  natives  were  brouglit  IVoni  l>aja  Cali- 
fornia, Neophytes  were  extensivoly  hired  i'roni  the 
iViars  for  all  kinds  of  presidio  work,  the  mission  and 
not  the  Indian  receiving  the  pay,  and  there  were  lew 
Spanish  families  without  a  native  servant.  This  (jues- 
tion  of  neo})liyte  labor  was,  as  we  have  seen,  a  I'luit- 
fid  source  of  misunilerstanding  between  friars  and 
olfieers.  Gentiles  were  also  hired  in  larue  nuuibcrs  to 
wark  botli  at  presidios  and  ])ueblos,  being  paid  cliielly 
in  grain,  but  also  with  blankets  and  other  articles  of 
elotlilng.  Neg(jtiations  for  laborers  were  made  for 
the  most  part  with  chiefs  who  contracted  to  supply 
the  required  number.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the 
chiefs  were  already  so  far  advanced  in  civilization  as 
to  make  a  profit  on  the  contracts.  Spanish  regula- 
tions required  kind  treatment  and  fair  comi)en.';:ili;)n 
to  all  Indian  laborers,  and  any  notable  or  liabitual 
abuses  in  this  respect  would  in  these  eai"lythne,;  have 
largely  cut  off  the  supply.  The  friars  eomplaine  I  I'lat 
the  ijentiles  earned  so  much  grain  and  clotliiu'''  tliat 
one  of  their  ciiief  in(;entives  to  become  Chrisiians  v.'as 
lost.-'     The  sailor  sirvlentes,  several  of  whom  Vvero 

'^'Xov.  10,  1701,  Scr'^t.  Orte'^ja  wanted  men  to  build  a  house,  etc.,  r.t  ^■;m 
Gabriel;  but  the  ^^(h'cs  rcfuKud  to  furnish  any  even  for  v/agcs.  Pr  >r. ,''!.  Prp., 
^IS.,  X.  4,  5.  The  f^enliles,  t!iouf,fli  la::y,  oIHt  thcnisclvcri  t.)  v,-ork  ic.v  ;i  ,.:<::it(i 
and  ild'.y  ratior.3  of  meat  antl  boiled  maize.  The  best  are  cho.:cn,  v.!;  )t:d;o 
their  lihmkclj,  l:;y  dov.ii  their  arms,  and  go  to  work  brin^;iiH;  builili;i;;-;:uito- 
rials.  1SV/.7  //  M<.c.,  Vhij',  l(U-j.  (Jrcat  caro  taken  in  eniployi;ij  i;:d'r.r.s, 
and  a  daily  nwv.x  of  money  raid.  Vduruiii.rr's  I'l'i/afU',  ii.  4D7.  Jd::y  7,  171)4, 
governor  to  Sal,  if  padres  want  a  gratuity  for  Indiana  al)ovo  wa;:c:i  ii  r.i;;st 
1)0  refu:;ed.  At  Sia,  13:irl)ara  liiey  L;vt  I'.)  eents  per  d:;y,  and  an  rJ..ii!:l  cf  cr.'ii 
per  week.  S::n  Ant.rnio  Indiain  at  tlie  l!anch:>  del  lley jL^et  a  c:.to:>  an  1  'avnda 
jier  r.iurdh.  liven  if  eontent  v.  ith  little  they  should  bo  given  all  they  dc.-.crve. 
/';•»'.  />('.,  M.v,  ii.  147-Ji,  b>;5.  Dec.  17t'4,  at  San  Diego  Indiuua  rot  (no 
real  and  ration"..  /Vjc.  Si.  J'uji,,  MS.,  xii.  7.  Inilian:3  must  bj  (rc;;l.:d  v. dl 
and  v.oik  erinally.  i'mr.  7.Vc..  jMS.,  iv.  l.j,  1(5.  Ajjril,  17!H5,  Indian  1., borers 
not  to  be  oblaineil  widiont  governors  permission.  I'ror.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiv. 
17t).  17!Ki,  Sal  semis  ;;;>  blankets  to  San  Jose  witli  whieli  to  hire  ',',i  Indians. 
They  wi.l  bo  trcr.ted  \-,ell.  Any  cipUaivjo  helping  to  get  them  maybe  given 
n.  iji:it'li-ar'o!i.  Travelling  e.-vpcnsea  pai(b  Later  some  invalid;  are  i.cnt  to 
lo(jk  after  the  oJ;  who  were  to  be  treated  with  (tljumt  coitusirac'iod.  S.  Jii<c, 


ARTISANS  FROM  MEXICO. 


015 


furni.slu'd  id  each  of  tlio  new  missions,  did  not  in  ninny 
instiuu'cs  oivo  Hati.sihctiitn.  There  was  also  some  diHi- 
('ultval)out  tlieir  waives  beinii'  paid  by  tlie  royal  treas- 
uiy,  and  they  were  all  sent  baek  to  San  IWha  in  171);"), 
lliou^li  sailors  were  sLdjse(|Uently  allowed  to  remain  in 
California  as  workmen  at  the  presidios  and  as  settlers.-"* 
In  the  promotion  of  manufaetures,  however,  a  de- 
cided eil'ort  was  made  in  this  decade,  and  with  consid- 
erable success.  The  ])lan  atlo]»ted  was  to  send  skilled 
artisans  from  ^Mexico  under  government  pay  to  ti-ach 
their  trades  to  neo{)liytes  and  to  white  aiiprvntices. 
About  twentv  of  these  artisan  instructors  were  sent 
to  California,  chic-lly  in  1792  and  17'J5,  a  few  of  whom 
remained  ])ermanenlly  as  settlers,  but  most  retired  on 
the  expiration  of  their  contracts  before  1800.-' 

Airh.,  MS.,  ii.  T.").  W.'i':;cs  paid  to  niission,  not  to  Tiidiiins.  Prov.  S/.  Pap., 
^IS.,  .\xi.  \7)6.  li^O;"),  iiiijsiou  liuU;;ii3  got  two  reals  ]iur  day,  one  in  extra 
fo(xl  and  eiic  in  cloLli,  or  Koinetiiau.!  money  Ironi  jiresidiu-s.  i'livatc  persona 
jiay  ill  corn  cr  meat.  Arch.  Sla  Hdrhiini,  .MS.,  ii.  11!). 

-' Prov.  St.  P.:p.,  :.!S.,  xii.  l!)3-4;  xiii.  GO,  VIWA;  xvi.  'J;  Prov.  Rrr.,  MS., 
iv.  2'.)-;  V.  5.     The  fjailur  «.';•(•/(  ;(^s  j.'ot.t'^U)  per  nionlli  and  lit  ctii'  rations. 

One  slave  i/>  ine!!li;;ned  dn!in,%'  tl:e  decade,  lie  was  owned  liy  >  i.  Albcrni, 
and  wa;i  tried  I'l.r  robbery  in  I70S.   Pna:  Per..  .NLS.,  vi.  102. 

-''i  iieir  niiiiKS  v.eie:  Sa;itia;_;o  l!uiz,  Manuel  1).  liuiz,  Toiibio  Ruiz,  Salva- 
dor li;v(ra,  Jcacje.in  liivcra,  and  I'edro  Alcihitara,  nia:  on:;;  .^i;lrianf^  Tajiia, 
potter;  C'ayctinioLope:^  mill-maker;  .lose  \.  Ramirez  ;nid  .''■alvador  Vejar,  car- 
penter;-:; ?,.i;:ucl  Sa.!:,qi';:dor,  tanner  and  shoemaker;  .loa([nin  Avalo.s,  tanner: 
^iariano  Taj  into  v.wA  .leamiin  IJotello,  tailor.s;  IV'dro  (Jon/alez  (iarcia,  .lose; 
Arroya,  ar.dJosJ  F.  Arriola,  Maeksmiths;  Antonio  l)(jni.  llenriipie;'.  ;.n<l  -Mari- 
iino  Joiio  Jlendoza,  weavers;  Manuel  Munoz,  lii/oiirro,  ribhon-nialcer;  Joso 
dc  Lcii  Reycb  and  Ai;tcnio  Hernandez,  .saddlers.  One  or  two  of  tlie^e  names 
nay  have  l;ccn  ther.e  of  settler-s  who  had  trades;  and  one  or  two  of  convicts. 
A  few  of  tlie  VKicn/rox  u'ot  td,0(.)i)  per  year,  and  the  journeymen  from  !?.'iOU  to 
SjOO.  The  con.ti'acltJ  v.crc  for  four  or  li\'c  years.  Sept.  It),  ITHO,  rai,a's  speci- 
fies ol  mechanic:!  ncoded,  besides  teachers,  millers,  and  a  surveyor.  <S7.  /'"/'■• 
,S(f.,  MS.,  XV.  l;!;  Sf.  J'f//>.,  Jilix.,  MS.,  i.  8-J.  17!K)and  17l/J,'lists  of  trades 
cxistin^'r.  /,/.,  i.  'J:;,  !)S,  l(il-'_'.  Salvador  Rivera,  the  stone-cutter,  v.as  at  lit  t 
left  at  Xootka  in  1701.  SI.  Pa/>.,  S'o-.,  yi>^.,  y.  <).").  l''our  mechanics  arr'.'  I 
in  Dec.  17'.)1.  J'ni:  S/.  Pep.,  JJi  ii.  Mil.,  ^]S.,  xv.  0.  Viceniy  s:iy;!ii  carx^ei.;.  r 
mu.st  tcacli  his  traile  to  at  least  1:2  Indians  in  the  four  years.  I'rur.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  X.  i;!7.  In  1701  tailor  at  ?.lontercy  tlid  .^-Ki-j  v.orth  of  work  for  ))riva;o 
jiartie.'j.  Prcjv.  Si.  I'i'p.,  Ji<ii.  JP/I.,  ^iS.,  xiii.  11.  June  •_';»,  17'.'-,  opinion  of 
the  l:..;c;!l  on  the  project,  includin;;  provision  for  grantin;.;  the  i!rLis::ns  land  anil 
makini;  pernianeut:  eltlers  of  tlicni.  The  en;„'ineer  Mij'uel  ('(istansi'i  appears  as 
one  of  the  r.dviotr:j  in  tlie  matter.  -SV.  J'(i/>.,  Sar.,  MS.,  ix.  (V2-H.  Mai-eh  170.'!, 
three  arii;an:i  sent  back  as  useless.  Pror.  J!(r.,  MS.,  ii.  IV)'.].  .Jan.  1704,  no 
visible  pro;;res3  ma.de  thou^di  the  artisans  work  well.  I'rov.  .SV.  I'(tp.,  MS.,  x.\i. 
178-0.  Uf  the  value  of  work  done  by  the  artisans  half  goes  to  the  tn  asury,  one 
third  to  apprentices,  and  one  sixth  to  artisans.  /</.,  xi.  l.-).Sj  /'ror.  liic,  MS., 
viii.  149.  April  'i!),  170o,  V.  It.  wonders  that  tliou;.di  wa/res  have  been  paid, 
§10,000  ia  yet  due  the  artisans.  Id.,  iv.  227.    July  19,  ]VJo,  new  opinion  of 


1 


III 


CIO 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS, 


At  first  tlie  artisiiiiH  wore  distributed  in  tlic  missions 
and  presidios,  or  in  some  cases  travelled  from  one  place 
to  another  .u'ivinijf  instruction.  Tlie  i'riars  were  of 
course  pleased,  for  tliey  thus  received  almost  withnur, 
cost  instniftioMS  for  themselves  and  their  n(M)ph\ies 
which  in  the  i'uture  must  contribute  huj^cly  to  the 
prosperity  of  their  establishments.  But  they  were 
«lee])ly  j^rieved  when  they  found  that  the  kind's 
mechanics  were  by  no  means  disposed  to  rcLii'ard  them- 
selves as  mere  mission  servants  to  be  utilized  aeeordiiii;' 
to  the  orders  of  the  padres,  and  at  the  necessity  of  pay- 
inii  somethin<x  for  the  work  done  by  the  artisans  in 
the  course  of  their  teaching.  As  usual  they  wanted 
all  the  benehts  of  the  entei'priso  and  its  mana'>'en)ent, 
but  pleaded  poverty  when  payment  was  asked.  T\\v 
Movernnient  was  not  willinuf  to  do  so  much  for  the 
missions,  and  after  J  795  the  fi'iars  were  obliged  to  ]);r 
for  the  Work  done,  to  pay  the  artisans'  salaries,  or 
send  their  neophytes  to  the  pn.'sidios  to  be  tauj^ht. 
In  many  eases  tlu^y  refused  to  do  either,  and  ([uite  a 
controversy  ensued.  But  the  dilliculty  settled  itself 
as  the  terms  of  contract  expired,  and  before  1800  the 
neopliytes  had  acquired  a  stock  of  instru(.-tion  whieli 
it  was  thought  would  suffice  for  the  ujission  needs."" 

the  fiscal  on  dctnils.  Prov.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  .')0-C0.  Av.g.  24,  170.'),  B.  says 
\  .  li.  liiis  onlci-od  work  of  ;irtis;ins  to  cease  lit  missions.  Priv.  I'cc.,  MS.,  v.  (Jl. 
I'liy  bcgiin  ^\]im  iirtis;ins  left  Jlexico.  Si.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  vii.  41  .*!.  I'iity 
dollars  adviiiued  for  travelliiii^  expenses.  The  nianied  ones  to  I)',  ^.iveii  in 
California  a  male  and  female  Indian  servant  for  eacli  faiiiilx',  to  he  feil  ami  edu- 
cated. J'rcr.  S'.  Paj,.,  MS.,  xiii.  -KVl-A;  Piov.  lUr.,  MS'.,  iv.  1.S4.  j)ee.  4, 
17'.)."),  liseals  rejiort,  witli  details  of  contracts.  Jd.,  xiii.  .■!4-4"2,  .Tan.  17'.><>.  the 
missions  must  he  ."sked  to  .'Uipport  tiie  new  ai'tisaiis  ex]iected.  J'roi'.  J'cc,  M^., 
V.  7N.  17!l(l,  ciloit  to  oi)taiii  Mhitc  apprentices.  I'ror.  pif.,  ]MS.,  iv.  ."i:?-4, 
7li-3;  V.  'IV.);  J'rov.  St.  Pa]>.,  MS.,  xiv.  I(i.  Jidy  17iHi,  l.mds  ordcied  -ranted 
(in  puchlos)  to  seveivd  arti.^ans.  J'roc.  Pec,  M.-^.,  viii.  Hit.  17117.  the  l)asis  ef 
jiay  was  chaiiL;cd  in  later  years,  one  ei  ;hth  of  the  value  of  wo'k  done  I'oiii'i  t^i 
the  aiti-an,  and  se\eii  eiglitlis  to  thi  treasury.  Prov.  Pre,  MS.,  vi.  !)U-1  (and 
inany  other  rifercnces).  See  also  for  voluminous  coirespondence  on  this  siih- 
ject--eliietly  on  tlie  names,  salaries,  en;;a!finj,',  distriljulinn,  arrival  and  dijiart- 
me  of  the  artisans — Pror.  Si.  Pap.,  JLS.,  x.  41;  xii.  10:2-;);  xiii.  40-"-',  .ii!  .'!, 
00,  107,  l-JlJ-7;  xiv.  (i;  xvi. -J;).',  •_>!;];  xvii.  40,  l.'!.");  xxi.  :{0-7,  44,  7:1-4.  Wl-Hd, 
'2-J!t,  -JiK).  'r.S,  'Jo.'J,  -280,  -287;  /'/.,  Uen.  JPiL,  MS.,  xxi.  0;  xxiii.  ;!;  A/.,  /V- 
fiiiHu.<:,  MS.,  ii.  4,."),  S2-;i;  ,SV.  J'ap.,Sac.,  MS.,  ii.  9,  10;  iv.  •_',  (i-2;  vii.  47  '•>; 
xvii.  S;  J'rov.  P,r.,  MS.,  ii.  137;  iv.  190,  210;  v.  14;  vi.  32,  35,  70;  Arrli. 
Arzoh'ispado,  MS.,  i.  ;>,3. 

30  Dec.  21,  17'J2,  Lasucn  to  Arrillaga,  some  of  the  artisans  show  a  ten- 


WEAVIXr,  AND  TAXXINO, 


017 


Soino  wliitc  apprentices  were  olitaiiied  and  taujj^lit, 
tliouj^li  instances  were  not  \vantin^L(  Avhci'u  ])areuts 
deemed  it  de^radinin'  to  i)ut  their  sons  to  a  trade. 

The  results  of  all  these  eflbrts  were  that  heforo 
1800  rude  looms  were  set  up  in  many  of  the  mis.si(>ns, 
on  which  hy  Indian  labor  the  wool  of  the  country  was 
woven  into  blankets  and  coarse  fabrics  with  which  the 
net)pliytes  were  clotlied;^*  hides  were  tanned  and  made 
into  shoes,  some  of  the  coarser  parts  of  saddh's  and 
other  leatlier  i»;oods  bein']f  also  manufactured,  thou«ih 

ilfury  to  •.\ct  i\»  iijjlci  ri<  rt\.t\n}V  iUnn ! ii>itrucfon<.  The  tailofsdfin'tiiiiiouiittoimich, 
ill  fiR't  t::il(irs  tuv  not  iiuK'li  muduil  in  a  coiiiitry  wlieru  tacli  nativu  i  i  tail'ir  f(,r 
liiiiisclf.  Jt  i.^  iHjt  well  to  send  tlio  liiitives  to  tlio  in'usidio.s  for  instnu'tioii; 
)iut  it  would  lie  a  i^'ood  idi'a  to  let  certain  artisans  tiavel  from  niis.icjii  lo  mi  ;- 
sion.  Arr/i.  Ai-.iihi!Hi<iil(t,  MS.,  i.  'M-2.  17'JU— t,  several  Sail  t'arlos  ludiaiH 
iiistiiicted  in  Htone-eiittin;,',  ln'icklayinj,',  etc.  Arch.  Shi  ll'lrhnrn,  MS.,  xii.  .!>. 
I'ee.  I7!'."i,  l)Oi  ica,  oi'der.s  mis.sioiis  to  .'■ieiid  eaeli  foil!' or  11'  hidians  to  i)i'csidio.-<. 
'I  liiy  will  lie  .supporteil  and  will  liave  a  soldier  to  tearli  them  relii;ion.  I'lin'. 
Ji'cf.,  Ms.,  V.  'J,'i.)-(i.  July 'JS,  I7!l(i,  J>asiien  in  a  eireular  le.i.'rets  the  restric- 
tions, but  orders  the  jiadres  to  send  the  neoiihyte.s  to  the  [)residi(is,  not  how- 
( \'r  e.speetini.,'  any  good  lesult.s.  Ai-f/i.  Sta  JJarlnira,  MS.,  \i.  i;;S.  Aug.  S, 
ITIHI,  1>.  says  to  Lasuen  seven  eiL;hths  of  iiroduet.s  of  work  must  go  to  Ireas- 
ui'v  and  one  eighth  to  artisan.  An  Indian  hoy  and  girl  must  he  suiiidied,  tin 
servants,  or  a]>]ieal  will  lie  made  to  the  viceroy.  J'ri'i:  Her.,  MS.,  vi.  l(i(i-7, 
jii."!  4.  Dee.  'Jil,  17!i<),  V.  Iv.  pays  th:;t  the  artisans  arc  eng;aged  to  teach  tho 
natives  and  not  to  .serve  at  missions.  Tho  missions  nmst  pay.  Arch.  S/a 
Jliirlmrc,  MS.,  ix.  1()7-S.  .Vjiril  •_'(!,  17!I7,  J>asuon  to  V.  IC.  jrotesting  against 
giving  the  artisans  one  eighth  of  the  value  of  their  work  when  the  mission 
furnishes  all  the  material,  and  also  ag.'iinst  sending  Indians  to  the  ]>resid.iiii 
as  being  suliversive  of  all.suliorilinalion.  /'/.,  ix.  l()!)-7-;  J'ror.  S/.  I'd}'.,  MS., 
XV.  i'Si-'J.  Xov.  I'J,  ]7!!S,  1).  bus  given  a  mission  the  free  use  of  a  smith  and 
ei'.rpenter  for  a  year.  I'nn:  l.'cc,  JMS.,  vi.  'JJO.  Sept.  'Ji,  17!t!l,  ^'.  1!.  to  gov. 
iind  president,  asking  them  to  eomo  to  some  eoncln.-ion  how  bi  st  to  instruct 
neophytes  witliout  li.ik  to  Christian  duties.  Arch.  Sin,  Hnrlicrii,  MS.,  ix.  I7.'i- 
-1;  I'ror.  Sf.  Piif.,  MS.,  xvii.  n.",!);  Vror.  ]!rc.,  .MS.,  viii.  I',):!.  Jan.  -I'l,  ISCO, 
l.asuen  to  V.  11.,  neophytes  ought  not  to  be  sent  to  the  piesidi(js  where  they 
ar(^  nr.ed  as  peons  and  often  run  away;  still  S'lmething  may  be  eli'ected  by 
sending  docile  youth  and  rctpiiring  a  stiict  watch  over  them.  Tiie  ohjectinii 
to  the  artisans  coniing  to  the  missions,  is  tho  re([uired  payment  for  theai-tieh  a 
niade  by  them  which  the  mission  <'annot  ali'ord,  especially  after  funiishiuj^ 
servants  and  material,  and  as  the  oljjects  made  are  not  sold.  Arclt.  Sla  IJur- 
bara,  MS.,  ix.  17')-M). 

•'"For  items  about  weaving  sec  I'ror.  Ucc,  JFS.,  ii.  I(i2-(t;  iv.  OH-'),  "J.'il, 
:!()0;  V.  '_'()(;.  •J45-7;  vi.  ;i,  7!'',  SI,  117,  -'30;  ix.  .->;  I'rov.  .SV.  I'n/,.,  MS.,  xii. 
•_'l;  XV.  (;7-S;  xvi.  '2?,■^,  '2i)]-2;  xviii.  IS,  10;  xxi.  1SI»;  /-/.,  Jlcn.  Mil.,  xxv.  14; 
S/.  Pdj,.,  J/;.-w.,  MS.,  ii.  100;  ,SV.  Pap.,  S'ic.,  ^LS,,  vi.  103-:);  Arch.  St.i  Mr- 
l)'trit,  MS.,  ii.  (iS,  !)i;-7;  ix.  IdS-'J;  ]'inicoun  r.'!  I'oi/a:!'',  ii.  ll-l.'i.  Mo  blanket.H 
wei'o  broight  from  Mexico  after  17!)7.  A  little  eottori  cloth  was  wo\en  from 
material  brought  fiom  Sau  Lias.  Tho  Indians  had  soin(!  naturrd  skill  at  dye- 
ing. 'J'he  ribbon-maker  was  found  to  bo  of  no  use.  Tlieic  was  a  prop(Jsitioii 
in  17!t7  to  nudce  the  learning  of  a  trade  obligatory.  \\'eaving  was  a  failuio 
at  jMonterey.  Some  lump  was  used  lor  neophytes'  garments.  I'.  l']s|)i 
wanted  to  establish  a  fulling-mill,  but  the  governor  di<a]>iiroved  the  scheme. 
The  pueblos  ^ot  none  of  the  instructors,  but  some  weaving  was  dune  there. 


618 


INPCSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS, 


not  enough  as  yet  to  avoid  imjjortation  from  jNToxico.'''' 
Soap  Avas  nuulo  of  suitahlo  quality  and  rjuaiitity  to 
su})[)ly  lioiiic  needs  after  171)8  ;"'■'  coarse  jtottcry  \v;is 
])r()ducod  at  San  Francisco  and  several  other  places;'" 
ai]d  water-power  flouriiio'-niills  were  built  at  Sai)tu 
Cruz  and  San  Luis  Obispo,  possibly  also  at  Saii 
Gabriel  and  San  Jose,  which  with  the  (ahonas  worked 
by  horse  or  man  power  and  the  mctatc.s  of  tli(^  nco- 
jiliyto  women,  supplied  the  province  with  ilour.''' 
Some  details  of  these  different  branches  of  manufac- 
tures will  be  found  in  local  annals  of  the  dill'erent 
towns,  missions,  and  presidios.^'^ 

In  the  way  of  jjublic  improvements,  repaiis  were 
several  times  ordered  to  be  made  on  the  roads,  espe- 
cially at  the  crossings  of  streams  where  couriers  were 
liable  to  be  delayed.  There  w^re  several  supp<jse(l 
discoveries  of  rich  mineral  deposits,  including  one  of 
quicksilver  in  the  black  nmd  at  Santa  I^arbara  in  170G. 
In  fact  Father  Salazar  reported  that  the  province  Wi\s 
.supposed  to  be  very  rich  in  metals,  which  were  not 
developed  for  fear  that  foreigners  would  rush  in,  but 
actual  mining  operations  were  confined  to  an  occasional 
tiip  after  t('qitcs<ju>te,  or  saltpetre,  and  the  extraction 
of  hrca,  (n'  asphaltum,  from  the  pitch- wells  of  tbo 
Channel  coast,  used  to  some  extent  i'or  roofing."'' 


^".^  Pap.,  Bnu,  ]MS.,  i.  4G-7;  Piov.  Hoc,  MS.,  iv,  50,  220;  Arh.  Sm 
Ldrhnnt,  MS.,  ii.  72-H,  129.  Some  2,000  hides  were  tninicd  iit  Snnta Clara :is 
early  as  171)2,  luit  very  few  of  tlicm  coulil  be  sold.  At  Sta  Barbara  the  em- 
poral  of  the  i;u;iril  was  paid  Sl.'O  per  year  to  attend  to  the  tannin'/. 

33/Voc.  y.'<<\,  MS.,  iv.  ;);{,  JS,  .-,0,  Kk  H;.",  •M.\;  v.  211 ;  i\.  i";  Pro,'.  Si. 
Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  111).  Abont  .'?l,00()  worth  of  soap  was  rocjniivd  ciieh  yeai'. 
There  w-.m  a  niaiiufaotory  of  this  artiele  at  the  raueho  del  rev  in  Mimti'rev. 

=  '/V(w.  .sv.  P,//,.,  MS.,  xvi.  2.j;  xviii.  2o0;  J',ol\  AVc,  MS'.,  iv.  7.'>;  v.  W: 
Arrli.  S/fi.  Iliohant,  MS.,  ix.  ;{i:{. 

=■■'  Pn  r.  /,•>,:,  .MS.,  ii.  1(;2-;5;  iv.  177,  1S7-S,  221,  2:V2,  2.V.,  2^,",:  v.  .^0:  vi.  ('., 
()S;  Ari'lt.  Sla  JUirlmra,  MS.,  xii.  o!);  Lo'i  Aii'/cioi  IPt4.,  7.  Jldlin  Hid.  S. 
Joxc,l\4. 

"'See also  /general  eonnnnnieationson  the  prosressof  the  various  inditstri  s 
between  ^Mvernnr  and  viceroy  in  J'rur.  h'rc.,  MS.,  vi.  ()7-^',  t'D-DO,  117;  S!. 
i'«y).,  J/;.«.  and  Co/.,  :\IS.,  i'.  70;  Uc/'t.  S/.  Pup.,  S.  Jo.--;',  MS.,  i.  4(1;  St. 
J'lip.,  il/;.s.><.,  MS.,  ii.  0, 

"  J'rov.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  107,  17.");  xxi.  170  7;  Pror.  P,r.,  MS.,  iv.  .-.7-^: 
'.irfi.  Sill,  lii'riiufd,  !MS.,  ii.  M-T\.  The  only  ship-bnildin;.;  in<lustry  reeorde  1 
U  the  buildin'j;  of  a  large  boat  by  the  sailors  left  by  Capt.  L'orr  in  1700.  Pro  ; 
lice,  MS.,  vi.  79. 


AOEICULTUEE. 


C19 


32 


t(. 


Agricultural  statistics  arc  given  elsewhere  in  cliap- 
tcrs  devoted  to  missions,  puel)los,  and  to  local  prog- 
ress; but  it  is  well  here  to  give  the  giand  total  of 
produ{!ti()n,  which  was  on  an  average  50,000  bushels 
ot"  grain  per  year  during  the  decade  Of  this  yield 
3G,000  bushels  were  wheat;  11,700  bushels,  corn; 
5,400  bushels,  barley;  1,800  bushels,  beans;  and  1,200 
buj.Lcls,  miscellaneous  grains  such  as  pease,  lentils,  etc. 
Of  other  crops  no  statistical  records  were  kept,  though 
each  establishment  had  a  vegetable  L,nirden,  a  fruit- 
orchard,  or  a  vineyard,  most  having  all  of  these  in 
ji  prosperous  condition  supplying  the  wants  of  the 
country.  There  have  been  some  interesting  discus- 
sions  in  modern  times  I'cspecting  the  dates  at  which 
gra])es,  oranges,  and  otlier  iruits  were  introduced  in 
California;  but  there  are  no  records  whicli  can  throw 
light  on  the  matter.  INIany  varieties  of  I'ruit,  includ- 
ing j)robably  grapes,  were  introduced  irom  the  penin- 
sula by  the  earliest  expeditions  between  1700  and 
1770;  nearly  all  the  varieties  were  in  a  nourishing 
condition  on  a  small  scale  before  Junfpero  Serra's 
death  in  1784;  and  very  few  remained  to  bo  introduced 
after  LSOO.''" 

Lorica  gave  and  reqrnred  his  commandants  to  give 
nnich  personal  attention  to  the  ad\'ancement  of  agi'i- 
cultural  interests,  using  various  ex[)edi'jnts  of  reward 
iind  threat  to  accustom  the  settlers — for  there  was 
rarely  any  occasion  to  interfere  with  the  friars  and 
tlu'ir  subjects — to  habits  of  industry  and  to  precau- 
tions againr-.t  possible   I'aniine    in  years  of  drought. 

''■'  Tiifi)rmiititiii  (ni  tlicsc  inattcrs  is  very  iricnjTrc  ruul  of  ;i  f'cncnil  imtiu'c. 
Viilli  jii  l;;isi  licaril  from  Iii.s  fullicf  aii'l  oUicrs  of  ihf  J'liinliii/iin -i  Ur.-.t  viiua 
were  Lroi'.'ht  u;i  in  ITfiO,  ami  [ihintwl  at  Sail  Oicijo.  Tc/.V/o.  Doc.  Jtisf.  ('a!., 
MS.,  xNxvi.  'J:  iS.  raloii,  V'ala  <li'  Jinn'/nri  Strm,  IflO,  'J-0,  eti'.,  incntinns 
}.'r;'.l)<.M,  vc/'cUillc's,  fruit?,,  etc.,  as  lIuiiiisliiiiL;  in  17S4.  Yiild  of  MouttTcy 
gavilcu  si'.r.ifici.t  to  j)ay  for.apu'diiL'r  ill  17S4.  J'lor.  .V/.  /''''/'.,  MS.,  v.  .')4.  I.ii 
I'li'oiK.ii  Ici'l;  tlm  llr..L  potntoi;;  in  (,'alifoiiii;i  in  17N!.  TIhTi:  arc  oonio  traili- 
tioi'S  of  wild  I  rapes  foiuul  in  tlic  country  mar  San  Antonio,  and  inijiroxxil  liy 
cuhivalion.  ii'oiiif-.,  Lo  (/tie  naf.c,  }i\^.,  lU.'i-O.  I'agcs' (.ankii  in  IT'-iMH  witii 
'JOJ  fr;!iL-irc'c:'.,  vines,  etc.  Pior.  .V.  J'ii/>.,  MS.,  x.  KiT.  Ve.ncoiiver  naim  .s 
iiii  ny  kinds  if  fruit  raised  in  17!'-.  \Vine  inannfaetnred  in  llii'  souiIk  rii 
mis.' ion ;  in  17!  7-'l  Arrfi.  Xt  JJarlxmi,  MS.,  .\ii.  (Xi,  70,  17!"'^  Tlic  culturo 
of  \  inc.s  ;.n.l  ulive.i  niu.it  bo  eiicourugcd.  Proi'.  Jive,  MS.,  iv.  IGU. 


m 


620 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


Regular  weather  reports  were  insisted  on,  though  very- 
few  of  th(nu  liiive  been  preserved.'"^  T]ie  hardest  years 
for  the  provinee  were  1794  and  1795;  but  even  in 
those  years  tlie  drouglit  (Hd  not  extend  over  all  lli«' 
territory,  so  that  more  than  half  the  average  erop  was 
])rodueed.  In  1793  the  governor  seconded  by  l*resi- 
dent  Lasucn  prohibited  the  kindling  of  iires  by  nco- 
})liytes  and  gentiles  which  had  in  several  instances 
caused  considerable  damaixe  in  the  grain-fields/"  In 
1795  owners  of  gardens  were  required  to  fence  theiu, 
or  at  least  to  make  no  C()n![)laints  of  ravages  by  cat- 
tle." The  chief  enterprise,  however,  of  an  agricult- 
ural nature  in  which  the  government  took  an  inter- 
est was  tlie  attem])t  to  introduce  the  cultivation  of 
flax  and  hem]).  The  establishment  of  this  industry 
in  the  American  colonies  oF  Spain  had  been  orden;;! 
by  the  king  in  1781,  and  tlie  orders  had  been  jjroniul- 
gated  in  California  as  elsewhere,  without  receiving 
any  practical  attention;  but  in  1795  special  or. Icrs  and 
a  ])acl\age  of  seed  having  been  sent  U])  to  ]),I<)ntercy, 
the  experiment  was  undertaken  in  earnest  by  I>ori(a's 
directions,  San  Jose  being  selected  as  the  spot  and 
Ignacio  Vallejo  as  the  su])erintendent,  with  the  aid  of 
a  soldier  who  knew  sometliing  of  llax-culture.  S<^nie 
tletails  of  the  e\])eriment  will  be  found  in  conntction 
with  the  local  history  of  San  Jose  I'or  this  period. 
There  were  some  iailures  of  crops,  and  others  ivsidt- 
ing  from  inexperience  in  the  various  processes  to 
Mhich  the  product  was  subjected;  but  sev(>ral  lots  of 
the  staple  sent  to  jMexico  gave  satisfaction,  and  in 
1800  the  prospects  of  the  new  industry  were  consid- 
ered encouraging,  and  ]ireparations  were  made  to  send 
Joaquin  Sanchez  to  sujierintend  it  in  California,'' ' 

'^  MiiHir  ofmnmiiiicuticiis  of  tlio  povcniorou  nsriculturc.  Pror.  Hrr,,  ]\!S., 
iv.  'y2-:i,  (i!l-l;,(i;  v.  (i;!;  vi.  07,  SO;  J/<j.f.  >7.  I'ap.  S.  Jo>i(!.,  MS.,  i.  .VJ.  J5uri.a 
oU'i'itil  ,1  jiiviiiiiim  cf  S'J,")  till-  tin-  Imv.'i'st  crdii  in  17!H(. 

'Tnr.  S(.  /'((y,.,.AlS.,  xii.  IST-S;  /''.,  Jltn.  Mil.,  xx.  5;  An/i.  Jo./,;.- 
;)«(/<>,  MS.,  i.  ."4;  Arr/i.  Sin  Jli/rh/u-a,  MS.,  vi.  "JIO   14. 

"  /',■<, r.  y.'rv.,  :\1S.,  iv.  Ill,  17,  'Ji),  ;'.:J-4,  '27'J,  'J'.KJ;  /Vol',  f:i.  J'np.,  MS., 
xiv.  77. 

^-Nov.  i;!,  17S1,  lojiil  oiik IS  iniblislicd  by  Ncvc.  Pror.  S(,  Pup.,  MS., 


STOCK-RAISING. 


621 


The  companion  industry  to  agriculture,  and  tlio 
favorite  occupation  of  Californians  from  the  first,  as 
requiring  less  hard  work  than  tilling  the  soil,  was 
stock-raising.  California  had  in  1800  in  round  nuni- 
hers  187,000  animals  in  her  herds  and  flocks:  74,000 
cattle,  24,000  horses,  1,000  mules,  and  88,000  sheep, 
not  to  mention  the  com])aratively  few  asses,  goats, 
and  swine.  Of  the  total  number  the  missions  had 
150,000;  the  presidios  18,000;  and  the  pueblos  1G,000. 
The  increase  had  been  uninterrupted  from  17G()  except 
in  the  year  1794-5  when  there  was  a  slight  decrease. 
The  king's  rancho  at  jMonterey  witli  branches  at  San 
Francisco  and  San  Diego  furnished  to  the  presidial 
(.'on)panies  a  very  large  jiart  of  the  meat  consumed 
and  nearly  all  the  cavalry  horses  emjJoyed  in  the 
service,  the  ])roceeds  of  sales  on  royal  account  varying 
from  i;iU,000  to  .^3^000  per  year.  The  missionaries 
always  looked  with  much  hostility  on  these  establish- 
ments as  depriving  the  missions  of  the  best  and  almost 
the  only  market  for  their  produce;  but  liaving  founded 


iii.  2-17-."r!.  17S">,  other  orders  of  the  iuidiciiL'ia  published.  //.,  v.  2.")0-l. 
!pt.  115,  ITS."),  .JosL'  de  (ialvtzto  ]''iii.'os  on  aiding'  the  ciitcrjiiiMu.  iSV.  I'op. 
Sac,  ?,1S.,  iv.  ;!.").  Sept.  (i,  ITH^!,  vieei'oy  onlers  lliix-enltni'e  to  he  jiromoteil 
ill  iill  the  missions.  Arrh.  Std  Dnrhdru,  .MS.,xi.  "ili!!— 1.  Sept.  Ttli,  ;,'n;iidi,ni 
al.-jo  reeoinmends  the  mutter,  siijiii;.;  that  a  wihl  iiax  is  found  on  tiie  (Jali- 
foi-ni.i  eoaiit.  Yi/.,  xii.  11,1,').  A\v^.  l.'i,  IT'.M,  two  faiU'Lras  of  hemp-seed  sent 
to  J^asuen.  I(l.,\{.  2(i7-S.  Instnietioiis  for  hemp-eidturo.  Instruments  sent 
171)o.  ,sv.  />((/..,  Sac,  MS.,  XV.  15-17;  Diji'.  St.  /'up.,  S.  Josi',  MS.,i.  ,'h\  {>; 
I'l'iir.  !,'('(■.,  .MS.,  iv.  lie.  See  eha])ter  xxxii.  for  experiments  at  San  Josi'. 
.Niay'Jl,  I7!'li.  'iax  find  iiLiVip  to  ho  free  of  dutv,  aurl  implements  free  from 
(axca.  dii'ila  In  ,1/r.,.,  viii.  '.),V8;  I'roi:  S/.  /'(■///.,  :MS.,  xiv.  1!)4.  Dee.  I!», 
1 790,  ]-orica  to  V.  ll.,'M  fanegas  of  seed  harvested.  Missi(jns  as  a  rule  will  not 
1h;  fihlo  to  raise  hemp.  No  success  yet  in  working  the  inatei'ial.  .SV.  /'«/*., 
Sit''.,  MS.,  iv.  7>).  lleni[)  e\])orted  in  171)li-7  of  no  use.  Pror.  ]'■<'.,  MS.,  iv. 
'J7iJ.  17il;\  samjdea  sent  to  .Nlexieoand  a]ipioved.  7.7.,  vi.  1(1.'!;  viii.  1S!)-!I!). 
I'm,:  St.  I'ap.,  MS.,  xxi.  272,  2.S7.  May  :!,  17!»S,  hemp  sent  to  V.  Viader 
to  try  experiments  in  spinning.  I'ror.  It<i\,  MS,,  vi.  21:>.  17!)!l,  2.")  arroha.i 
<'f  hem])  sent  to  Mexico.  I'riee  $l$oO.  I'lospects  favorahle.  Prov.  St.  Pii/>-, 
MS.,  xviii.  iSli-4;  xvii.  2111.  Culture  mn-t  he  introduced  at  lil•ancifort(^  A/., 
xvii,  ;U4-1.").  San  Carlos  using  hemp  lor  oi'dinary  cloth  for  neophytes. 
/';■()'.  JiW.,  vi.  117.  l!'.(X»,  crojis  not  good.  /(/.,  ix.  l."i;  S.  Jo.ti!  Arr/i.,  MS., 
iii.  70.  Ariangemcnts  in  .Mexico  to  continue  to  cncourngc  the  new  industry 
and  to  send  Joaijuin  Sanchez  to  California.  .S'.  t/o.sc',  Ari/i.,  MS.,  v.  'M;  St. 
J'fi/K,  J//.s,s'.  (ui:(  i'»l.,  MS.,  i.  5.V7;  Si.  Pup.,  Sue,  MS.,  ix.  102-4.  I'.y 
tlicse  arrangements  the  mcinorki  ships  were  to  take  Iiax  and  hemp  in  good 
condition  and  pay  for  it  in  cash.  Sanchez  ilid  not  sail  for  Califoinia.  (I'ln rru, 
J)iii\  Wit.  ('((/.,  MS.,  iii.  17(>-!).  Vague  indications  that  cotton  was  also 
tried.  Prov.  lice,  MS,,  iv.  lOS;  vi.  201);  ix.  0. 


C22 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


tlie  ranc'lios  at  a  time  when  the  missions  bad  no  live- 
stock to  sell,  tlic  government  was  not  disposed  to 
abandon  tliem  later;  and  indeed  it  was  claimed  that 
only  by  means  of  tlie  rancbo  del  rey  and  of  the  fixed 
tarilis  of  prices  were  the  friars  kept  from  maintaining,^ 
an  oppressive  monopoly." 

In  l7'JG-7  Borica  made  a  special  effort  to  promote 
tbe  raising  of  slicep  in  connection  with  tlic  mauiifae- 
tnre  of  cloth.  Statistical  reports  do  not  show  that 
the  increase  in  the  mission  llocks  was  much  great.-r 
in  those  than  other  years,  though  it  was  uniibrnily 
rapid;  while  in  the  pueblos,  to  which  Borica  gave  liis 
attention  more  ])articularly,  very  little  was  accom- 
plished.^' The  Calilbrnian  cattle  were  very  prolilic, 
and,  under  the  carl}^  regulations  forbidding  tlie 
slauglitcr  of  cows,  multiplied  with  wonderful  rajiiib 
ity.  The  pueblos  were  not  allowed  to  let  their  large 
stock  increase  beyond  fifty  head  to  each  settler;  the 
rancheros  had  no  very  large  herds  before  1800;  and 
in  the  missions  durinuf  the  last  decade  efforts  wwc 
directed  rather  to  restrict  than  encourage  further 
incre;ise;  yet  in  s|)itc  of  all  restrictions,  and  of  the 
ravages  of  bears,  wolves,  and  Indians,  and  of  tht; 
constantly  increasing  slaughter  for  meat  and  tallow, 
c.'.ttle  were  becominix  too  numerous  for  the  needs  ut' 

*^  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.  x.  01;  xii.  .-^O,  07;  xvi.  02;  xvii.  U-IO;  /r/.,  Uni. 
MIL,  xiii.  1-7;  xvii.  1;  xviii.  4,  f);  xxv.  "2-4;  Prov.  Hie,  MS.,  i.  2().S;  iv.  IC, 
117,  i:;4,  2.V)-(!,  27:!,  2S.-,;  V.  04,  (!S,  S,"),  2(!0;  vi.  100,  104,  100;  St.  Pup.,  J/Zs-., 
MS.,  i.  7.")-4;  .SV.  /'"/>.,  Misx.  and  Col.,  MS.,  i,  (58-78.  Soc  also  cluiptcrs  \w. 
{)iiil  xxxii.  for  locril  items  rispcctini;  the  raiicho  ilol  rcy.  170."),  ctittlc  lost  on 
tlic!  roiid  were  cliav(;c(l  to  the  eoiisumptiou  of  the  troops.  1700,  4,000  ciiUlu 
l)eloiiu'iiii4  to  the  leal  liaeieiula,  fi'oiu  which  many  private  ])er.soii.s  were  ^^iip 
plieil.  170."),  each  soldier  inight  have  two  miich  cows.  There  seem  to  li:.ve 
l>eeii  .soiiio  siieep  011  the  raiieho.  After  1707  an  account  was  made  of  tlie 
liides,  which  hetore  had  hceii  left  to  the  soldiers. 

<' J'^IIort.s  at  Sta  IJarliara.  I'rcv.  Per.,  MS.,  iv,  00.  liancheros  must  keep 
shwp  or  live  in  the  ]nielilos.  /</.,  iv.  8(i.  Introduced  at  Angeles,  S.  ilose, 
an<l  San  Francisco.  Jil.,  vi.  70.  livery  settler  should  have  at  least  1!  .-.'iee;<, 
tor  Mhiili  Ihey  may  pay  in  grain.  /</.,  iv.  147.  ]>reedln;;-slieep  t'^  he  iiur- 
chased  and  .sent  to  Monterey.  /<(. ,  iv.  02.  Six  hundred  and  tourt<'on  slirep 
at  7  ''eals,  wethers  >"-2,  received  from  San  ])ie,i;o.  iSV.  J'oj).,  iS.'C,  MS.,  vi.  (1. 
\Vool  iit  S.  (laliricl  20  reals  per  ari'oba.  JiL,  vi.  (i.  Two  hundred  slucp  dis- 
trihuted  at  Aui^'eles  Aii,i;ust  1700.  /(/.,  vi.  1.  Every  settler  a'.,  San  .lose  iriust 
keep  ;{  sheep  for  every  larger  animal.  JJqit.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Joii',  MS.,  i.  7i>  4. 
Tlie  liiced  at  San  I'rancisco  was  merino,  and  better  than  elsewhere.  J'ror.  SI. 
rap.,  MS.,  XV.  S,  !). 


■^ 


HORSES  AND  MULES. 


G:3 


the  country.  Horses,  not  being  used  for  food,  nor 
as  yet  stolen  extensively  by  Indians,  were  largely  in 
(excess  of  all  demands  at  four  or  five  dollars  each. 
Mules  at  iiftccn  dollars  were  generally  in  demand, 
com[)aratively  few  being  yet  raised.  Tithes  of  all 
live-stock  except  in  the  missions  were  branded  each 
year  in  October  or  November  and  added  to  the  rancho 
del  rc}'.'*' 

*^1701,  mission  stock  should  be  reduced  to  prevent  dispersion.  Tlie 
Indians  cat  too  iiuieli  meat.  Missions  not  allowed  to  buy  animals  from  tin; 
troojis.  Tlio  rai.sing  of  horses  .ind  mules  should  bo  promote<l.  Yearly  slaughter 
for  meat  ordered.  Fa,"es  to  liomeu,  in  Prov.  SI.  I'up.,  !MS.,  x.  15'.).  \'u,  170. 
17!'-,  no  more  fat  to  be  shipped  from  San  Bias,  ami  'J'lO  ccjws  to  bo  killed 
each  year.  It  is  Ijetter  to  make  monthly  <listriljations  of  meat.  Arrillacra,  in 
/'/.,  >:i.  1)7-8;  Prov.  J'cr.,  MS.,  ii.  l.Vi.  VanetJiiver  took  some  eattlc  away 
for  ISiitany  I'aj-  and  the  Sandwich  Islr.ndH.  V((iirouv(r'.'i  I'n;/.,  ii.  1)0;  /•/•()(•. 
St.  PdjK,  MS.,  x.\i.  ]22.  1791,  no  market  for  horses.  Mules  promise  bettei-. 
I'ueblo  SLoek  nnieh  exposed  to  Indians.  Soldiers  allowed  only  three  or  four 
cows.  King's  SLf)ek  not  much  all'eetcd  by  the  removal  of  females.  Adobe 
houses  built  for  soldiers  guarding  stock,  in  place  of  huts  of  hides.  j\rr/IUt;in, 
J'((/iil  i/ij  J'nii/i-n,  MS.,  IbiU-'Jl.  17!)r),  rancheroa  have  but  litilc  stock  and  it 
nmst  not  incn^a.sc.  Prov.  SK  Pcip.,  MS.,  xiii.  'HY.),  210,  Si'l-,').  170(1,  wild 
Ix.'asts  troublesome,  jirevcnting  the  increase  of  tithes.  A  lion  attacked  a  cor- 
poral, soldier,  and  Indian  ^\oman  at  Kancheria  Xueva.  Prov.  l!<r.,  MS.,  ix. 
(I,  iv.  (ilj.  1707,  no  settler  to  have  over  50  head  of  large  stoelc,  for  each  of 
which  three  head  of  small  stock  must  be  kept.  /(/.,  iv.  "204,  '284;  />('///.  SI. 
P(i/i.,  S.  Josf'\  MS.,  i.  7.'!-4.  Two  reals  to  be  paid  on  each  heatl  of  cattle 
killed,  f^.  Jnsr,  Anh.,  MS.,  v.  .31.  Tithe  cattle  to  l;c  brandc  I  with  royal 
rancho  brand  applied  crosswise  to  prevent  confusion.  /(/.,  v.  .'11.  Over  I2,U(K) 
horses  on  the  .\lonterey  ranches  in  lS(K)(evidently  an  error).  Arrtlbtja,  L'atado 
ill'.  JSOU-1,  MS.,  in  Duiaiini,  Doc.  UUt.  Cal.,  3,  4. 


CHAPTEE  XXIX. 


IMDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 

1791-lSOO. 

CoMMERCR — Trade  of  the  TRANsroRTS — Otter-skins — Projects  of  Mar. 
Qi'EZ,  Mamaxeli,  Ixciarte,  Ponx'e,  Mexdez,  axi)  Ovixeta — Provixcial 
FiXAXCES — IIabilitados — Factor  axd  Comjhssary— Complicated 
Accounts — Supplies  axd  PiEvexues — Taxes — Touacco  Moxopoly— 
Tithes — ]STilitary  Force  axd  Distrip.utiox — Civir,  Coverx>[ext — 
Ppoposed  Separatiox  of  the  Califohxias — Administratiox  of  Jus- 
tice— A  Cause  Celebre — Executiox  of  Rosas — Official  Care  of 
Morals — Use  of  Liquors — Gaiipxixc — Education' — Rorica's  Efforts 
— The  First  Schools  and  School-masters. 

California  had  as  yet  no  commerce.  Not  a  tradinQ:- 
vessel  proper  touched  on  the  coast  before  1  800,  tliough 
there  had  been  some  Httle  exchange  of  goods  for  meat 
and  vegetables  on  several  occasions  between  the  Cal- 
ifornians  and  such  vessels  as  arrived  for  purposes  other 
than  commercial.  "  It  is  sad  to  not  see  a  single  shi[»- 
owner  on  the  Pacific  coast,"  wrote  Costanso  in  1794; 
no  trade  in  the  South  Sea,  and  therefore  no  revenue, 
a  lack  of  population,  and  great  expense  to  the  crown. 
The  Cadiz  merchants  from  mistaken  motives  stifled 
the  coast  trade  in  its  infancy.  A  grand  commereo 
might  be  developed,  affording  California  colonist",  a 
market  for  their  products,  including  fish  and  salted 
moats.^  The  Spanish  laws  strictly  forbade  all  trade 
not  only  with  foreign  vessels  and  for  foreign  goods, 
l)ut  with  Si)anish  vessels  and  for  Spanish- American 
goods  except  the  regular  transports  and  articles 
l)roughf^  by  them.  At  first  the  transports  were  for- 
bidden to  bring  other  goods  than  those  included  in 
the  regular  invoices  to  the  habilitados,  and  great  prc- 

"  Coslansd,  In/oi-me  de  170.},  JIS. 

( C24 ) 


TRADE  WITH  THE  TRAXSPORTS.  G25 

cantioiiR  were  insisted  on  to  prevent  smui^t^liiig  iJy 
friars,  soldiers,  and  sailors.  After  178;"),  liowevor, 
trade  was  Tree  on  the  transports  except  that  I'roni 
1790  to  1794  one  half  the  regular  rates  of  duties  must 
be  jiaid,  and  that  at  no  time  could  foreign  goods  he 
introduced.  The  methods  of  conducting  tliis  traf- 
fic are  not  clearly  indicated,  but  apparently  the  olil- 
cers  and  even  sailors  of  the  transports  brought  up 
from  tSan  Lias  on  private  speculation  such  articles  as 
they  could  I)arter  with  the  soldiers.  In  the  absence 
of  money  this  trade  could  not  have  asstuned  large  pro- 
j)ortions;  but  the  soldiers  ibrmed  the  habit  of  exchang- 
ing the  regularly  I'urnished  sjfoods  needed  bvtlKirfam- 
Hies  I'or  liquors,  bi'ight-colored  cloths,  and  worthless 
trinkets.  To  prevent  this  the  gov(>rnor  sometimes 
dela3'ed  opening  the  regular  su])i)lies  till  after  the  v(!S- 
sel  had  departed.  The  supply-ships  continued  during 
this  decade  as  before  to  take  an  occasional  small  quan- 
tity of  salt  or  salt  meat  to  San  Bias,  besides  receiving 
the  needed  supplies  for  their  retui'U  trips.  The  iin- 
jiortation  of  mission  produce  from  Lower  California 
v\-as  allowed,  but  naturally  little  was  done;  in  this 
direction,  thouu'h  one  or  two  lots  of  brand v,  ii'>s,  and 
raisins  for  the  liiars  were  sent  up  overlan(h- 


'Fcli.  2n,  1701,  Tugrs  (lisafiprovcs  tlio  froo  tr.'iile  \vi(Ii  S:in  IjIms  hccniiso 
tlie  polilicis  f::i(.i'i;ice  I'.scfut  iii'liclcs  in  liai'tcr  fm- luxiiiics  iiiid  li(]iU'v.  J'njiil 
tia  Pini'i  K,  Ms.,  ITiS-O.  17!'.'$,  the  viciroy  thinks  no  ln-jinrh  of  (nnnn'Tfc  is 
lil;t'ly  to  sni-C'tnl  unless  it  nuiy  )»o  thi,'  shijinuMit  of  f^rnin  to  San  lUa'^.  It'  rill'i 
ii'i'jcdii,  Car'  I,  (Ir  J!',/.!,  MS.  171*-1-,  (lov.  allows  iniixji-tation  I'ioui  liaja  Cali- 
fovnia,  cxct'pt  of  mescal  anil  f)f  her  licpu-.rR.  J'ror,  S>.  Pap.,  .MS.,  xii.  il!)  II. 
Xov.  17r4,  jnihlifa;  1(11  of  till' kin^Lj's  renewal  of  iici'n.su  (i.f  I'd),  l'!,  1701),  for 
free  trade  v,  i  Ji  f  an  lilas  for  10  years.  J,/.,  xi.  1^(1-7;  xii.  0,  l'>,  177-«.  .May 
'27,  170"),  v.  li.  has  learned  tliat  the  hahilitados  have  )  aid  the  half  diitie.s  on 
S.ui  r.'.as  imports  down  to  Nov.  '.!l,  1704.  This  would  indicate  perliaps  that 
tliis  duty  was  j^aid  i;n  tiic  regul.';r  iiiciDorri^,  a.s  well  as  on  extra  (joods.  /'/., 
xiii.  01-2;  xii.  \'>~k  .luno  S,  )70.''>,  all  foreign  floods  except  sneli  as  are  in- 
eluded  in  the  rc'oiLir  invoices  of  the  hahiiitado  ;reiieral  arc  to  he  eonli  ■cated 
hy  v.  R.'.s  or.  er.  //.,  xiii.  I'DS;  I'm:  AVc,  .AlS.,  vi.  47;  <S'.  ./'«'•',  Arch., 
MS.,  iv.  ;!1.  July  7,  170."),  f'erez  Fernamlez  of  San  Francisco  wants  instiaie- 
tiona  how  to  cany  out  this  order.  .S7.  /'«/).,  S<tr.,  .MS.,  i.  '_'!-■_'.  I70i'),  loyal 
order  not  to  admit  goods  frf)ni  foreirai  vessels,  /ror.  L'lC,  MS.,  viii.  Iiio. 
An.L'.  17,  170(1,  \'.  1;.  transmits  loyai  order  of  May  Hth  approving  certain 
restiielioii.'j  imposed  on  the  leaving  ■  .  ^ititli,  etc..  in  payment  fn- supplies  hy 
captains  Mooi'c  !  nd  Locke.  I'nglish  cunning  and  pretexts  fur  traiio  must 
l)evatcli((l.  :/.  I'cji.,  Site,  MS.,  v.  HO  1.  170S  0,  Ijiandy,  llgs,  and  ruisiua 
sent  xij^i  fr(  ni  llaja  ('a'.iforiiia.  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  vi.  "JIU,  UoS. 
Ui»T.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    iU 


l!ll! 


Ill 


626 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


Witliiii  the  limits  of  California  trade  consisted  in 
the  delivery  of  goods  from  the  presidio  warehouse  to 
the  soldiers  for  their  pay  and  rations  and  to  the  set- 
tlers in  [)aynicnt  for  grain  and  other  supplies,  the  ha- 
bilitados  being  required  to  purchase  home  productions 
rather  than  to  order  from  JNIexico.  Money  was  ])aid 
but  rarel}^  but  goods  were  delivered  at  cost.  For 
the  benefit  of  the  pueblos  Borica  urged  not  only  the 
exportation  of  grain  that  the  settlers  might  have  a 
market,  but  the  sending  by  the  government  of  special 
invoices  of  goods  to  be  sold  to  them  at  a  small  advance 
on  cost,  in  order  that  they  might  not  be  compelled  to 
purchase  inferior  articles  at  exorbitant  prices  from  the 
San  Bias  vessels.^  The  missions  also  sold  supi)lies  to 
the  presidios,  and  sometimes  received  goods  in  i)ay- 
ment;  but  they  preferred  as  a  rule  to  keep  an  oj)en 
account  which  was  settled  once  a  year  by  a  dral't  oi' 
the  habilitado  on  Mexico,  with  which  special  invoices 
of  articles  needed  by  the  friars  for  themselves  or  their 
neoi)])ytes  or  their  churches  were  purchased  and  sent 
to  California  free  of  all  duties.  The  friars  still  scut 
a  few  otter-skins  to  Mexico,  and  an  occasional  carn'o 
of  tallow  ft)und  a  market  at  San  Bias.* 

^  1/04,  orilcrs  to  try  nil  possiljlc  lioine  products,  paying  in  goods  nt  cost. 
Prov.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  10;)-4;  xii.  01,  00;  xiv.  70-7;  I'rw.  V.Vc,  JLS.,  ii. 
r27-8;  i\'.  lis.  170(),  care  uuist  bo  taken  to  prevent  the  si'Lllcrj  fjulliiijj;  too 
iiuich  of  tlitii'  grain,  and  keeping  none  for  seed.  .S'.  Jour,  Arch.,  JiS.,  ii.  7;>-4. 
Correy;iondence  hetween  governor,  viceroy,  and  iudjilit.ado  geiieiv.l  alioiit  tiie 
prcjject  of  special  invoices  of  goods  for  ilio  puelilo  trade.  'I'lic!  nialter  was 
taken  under  consideration.  St.  Pup.,  Sac,  MS.,  ix.  IS-'JO;  Pror.  P.rc.  MS., 
vi.  7,  l;),'>-4.  Tlio  settlers  were  disposed  to  cheat  the  government  liy  selling 
damp  Hour.  S.  Jour,  Arch.,  ilS.,  vi.  4G. 

*  Till!  only  eoinnninication  which  I  find  respecting  tlio  fur-trade  in  tliia 
decade  is  a  somewhat  remarkable  circular  of  I're.sident  Lasucn  dated  July 'Ji, 
1701,  iii  Arch.  S/u  Bdrh(tr<x,  JIS.,  ix.  HM-l."),  317,  in  whieii  ho  says  that 
advices  from  Mexico  promise  better  prices  for  otter-skins,  which  r.iay  there- 
fore be  aeeuniulatcd.  They  ct.n  be  sent  to  the  Mission  sindico  so  ]\ieked  and 
mixed  wi^h  other  goods  that  the  contents  of  the  packages  may  not  Ijg  appar- 
ent; liiit  the  guardian  or  procunidor  should  be  notiliud  as  to  the  detr.iis  of 
marks,  etc.!  Lasuen  in  the  same  circular,  /(/.,  ix.  .'iJ.VlO,  s;iys  that  too 
much  tallow  1  xs  l)ecn  sent  to  San  IMaa  and  the  price  is  lower;  therefore  the 
remainder  may  be  disposed  of  to  pWvate  persons.  1704,  the  guardian  ;;ivcs 
the  bad  quality  of  tlie  tallow  as  the  reason  why  the  ships  have  rei'uocd  it. 
1'hey  will  take  500  or  000  arrobas  yearly  at  §2.r)0  if  well  pre;  ared.  IIo  semis 
direclions  for  preparing  it.  Doc.  Jlixt.  t'a!.,  MS.,  iv.  al-'J;  Arch.  Sin  r.ar- 
(iiira,  MS.,  xi.  'i.'iS,  '204-7,  271-15.  Salazar  complains  that  ]uiel;l(;s  have  the 
preference  aa  sellers,  and  also  of  tlie  long  time  that  the  missions  have  to  wait. 


COMMERCIAL  PROJECTS. 


C27 


In  1793  the  king  granted  to  Roman  Marqucz  of 
the  Coniercio  do  Indias  license  to  make  an  experi- 
mental trading  voyage  from  Cildiz  to  San  Bias  and 
California,  with  the  privilege  of  introducing  Spanish 
goods  free  of  all  duties,  though  foreign  goods  must 
pay  seven  per  cent.  Californian  products  exchanged 
for  these  goods  might  also  be  exported  free  of  duties. 
Due  notice  was  forwarded  to  the  viceroy,  and  by  him 
to  Borica  and  Lasuen,  who  notified  friars  and  com- 
mandants to  bo  ready  for  the  expected  commercial 
visitor.  It  was  announced  in  November  17D4  that 
the  vessel,  the  Levante,  had  actually  sailed.  A  year 
later  came  the  notice  that  as  jMarquez  had  failed  to 
carry  out  his  enterprise  it  would  be  undertaken  by 
Ignacio  Inciarte.  Here  the  matter  seems  to  have 
droj)ped  out  of  vicw.^  Meanwhile  the  king  and  vice- 
roy in  1794-5  approv^ed  the  petition  of  Nicolas  Ma- 
maneli  who  proposed  to  make  a  trading  voyage  from 
California  and  return;  but  nothing  more  is  heard  of 
the  scheme.^  Permission  was  also  granted  to  Antonio 
Ponce  to  build  a  schooner  and  open  a  trade  ])ctween 
San  Bias  and  California.^ 

I  have  alluded  to  Borica's  reconnnendation  in  favor 
of  the  sending  of  special  invoices  by  the  government 
for  pueblo  trade.  In  May  1797  the  habilitado  gen- 
eral made  a  long  report  in  favor  of  the  project,  ex- 
plaining that  nothing  but  a  market  \\)r  produce  could 
arouse  Californian  industries  from  stagnation  to  pros- 
perity; enumerating  the  facilities  for  a  profitable 
exportation  of  furs,  hides,  fish,  grain,  llax,  oil,  and 
wine,  and  especially  sardines,  herring,  and  salmon,  and 
insistiui;  that  the  u'overnment  must  take  the  initiative 
in  ()[)ening  this  provincial  commerce,  since  the  pros- 

Coiiil'ii'ion  Actual  <h  CuL,  MS.,  71-3.  ITOrt,  contract.s  not  to  1)o  mnili!  with 
Missi(!ii  nin jofilomoH  without  consent  of  jjidic.  .S'.  ./o.sv',  Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  40. 

''  \'ii;ci(iy"H  (.oiuniiuiiiation  of  Ai)iil  "J,  IT'.M,  ciicl' ::i:;i,'  royal  oi(\r  of  Out. 
1,  17!;:5.  find  otlicr  pajurs.  Prov.  SI.  /'a/K,  MS.,  xi.  lOS,  isS-O;  xii.  '2] -2; 
J'ror.  />(■.,  MS.,  iv.  lllJ-17,  111),  140;  Arc/i.  Arzoln.^i'Uilu,  MS.,  i.  40;  Cntu- 
laro.  MS.,  i.  '240. 

Til).  '28,  1705,  viceroy  to  governor,  in  Pror.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii,  12. 

'  j\'«em  Espunu,  Acucrdos,  MS.,  y'2-3. 


628 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


pccts  ot  tlio  first  were  not  sufficiently  flattoriiig  to 
attract  private  companies.  Ho  ur^ved  the  sending  of 
an  experimental  invoice  of  .$G,000,  and  gave  many 
details  respecting  the  management  of  tlio  business. 
Here  so  far  as  the  records  show  the  matter  ended 
without  practical  benefit  to  Los  Angeles  and  San  Jose."* 
Two  other  commercial  schemes  in  behalf  of  Califoinia 
were  devised  in  1800  and  were  still  in  abcvance  at 
the  end  of  this  decade.  Juan  Ignacio  Mendcz,  wlio 
had  brought  some  goods  to  California  for  sale  on  the 
su])ply-ship  in  1798  and  had  worked  in  the  country 
as  a  carpenter,  asked  for  a  license  to  export  California 
proikictions  on  private  account  by  the  same  vessels. 
Juan  Bautista  Ovineta  asked  for  the  approval  of  a 
contract  which  he  had  made  with  the  settlers  of  San 
Jose  and  Brancifortc  for  one  thousand  fanegas  of 
wheat  each  year  at  two  dollars  and  a  half  a  fanega. 
The  viceroy  and  fiscal  were  disposed  to  favor  l)ot]i 
projects,  but  called  on  the  governor  for  his  opinion.'' 


^Ctircaha,  hiforme  del  IldhUitado  Oencrnl  sohre  la  rcmis'ion  de  memoriae  de 
E/crtm  para  Ion  Pwhhn  dn  ('ali/oniia,  179T,  MS. 

"Oct.  .'],  1800,  viccioy  to  ;,'ovi'raoi',  on  tlio  Mondcz  proposition.  <S'^.  Phik, 
Sac,  ^18.,  ix.  104-(!.  Doc.  IS,  1800,  fiscal  to  V.  II.,  on  Ovincta's  contrai  t. 
Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  12-'i.  Viccioy  Azanza  in  his  yiisfniccloii,  Ms,, 
91-2,  speaks  of  a  proposal  of  Tcpic  merchants  to  supply  California  with  in  r- 
clmniliso.  On  prices  1  .nppciultho  fol'owing  items:  Feb.  '20,  1701,  Fiij^es  su;,f- 
gests  a  reduction  in  soino  of  tlic  tarilF  prices  for  grain  and  meat.  Pror.  S/. 
7\(/).,  MS.,  X.  l.'()-7.  Prices  at  Sta  Barbara  and  S.  Ijucnavcntura,  1704  (d 
ls-_'l.  Arrh.  Sla  Barbara,  MS.,  vii.  44-Oli,  80-111;  ix.  48,j-7.  Sei.c.  22, 
170."'),  liorica  gives  a  list  of  articles  which  could  be  advantiigeously  sold  iu 
Calilornia,  including  hats  costing  S22  and  scllingat  §.30  per  dozen;  stockiii.--. 
?9-§  12  pur  dozen;  handkerchiefs,  §i;i-§18  per  dozen;  gold  lace,  §2S-^,.C)0  jur 
pound;  chocolate,  1.7'>  leales  to  3.5  rcales  per  poun'.l.  J'ror.  St.  Pap.,  Jim. 
MIL,  JIS.,  xxii.  2.  1700,  cojiiiU/o-i,  saddle-pads,  50  cents  a  pair.  Prov.  /.'<'•.. 
MS.,  vi.  100.  Wheat,  §;{  per  fanega.  Ihpt.  St.  Pap.,  S.  Jose,  MS.,  i.  (;ii. 
Freight  on  grain  from  Angeles  to  Sta  Barbara  7  reals.  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  iv. 
82-.'J.  1797,  wool  18  reals  per  arroba  (9  cents  per  pound).  /(/.,  iv.  01;  i-'i 
at  Monterey.  Drpt.  Si.  Pap.,  S.  Josr,  MS.,  i.  78;  Prov.  Jlec,  iMS.,  iv.  21  I. 
Lambs  olFored,  7  reals;  asked  by  padres,  §1.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  5IS.,  xv.  SO. 
1708,  tiles S20  per  thousand.  /(/.,  xvii.  97.  Bulls,  8-1.  A/.,  xvii.  103.  Calves*, 
f!4;  cows,  §.').  Proc  Jier.,  MS.,  iv.  102,  lO.'i.  1799,  blankets .?4.r)0;  brandy, 
J!  1.07  per  ci/fr»'^7,'o;  Tigs,  .SO  cents  per  pound;  olive-oil,  40  cents  per  pound. 
J'rov.  lli'C,  ilS.,  iv.  110;  vi.  233.  Chickens,  50  cents  per  dozen.  .S'.  ./oni', 
Arch.,  MS.,  vi.  41.  June  20,  1799,  Borica  favors  reduction  iu  pric(!  of  horses 
fr(jin  .i;'9  to  .'?7;  marcs,  .?4  to  §.');  and  colts,  .§5  to  §3.50.  Other  tariff  prices  fair 
enough.  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  vi.  120-7.  Soap,  15  cakes  for  §1.  Tithe  wheat 
niaj'  be  sold  for  13  reals  for  cash  or  on  4  months'  time.  S.  Jose,  Arch.,  MS.,  vi. 
48,  41. 


TROVINCIAL  FIXANCE. 


G29 


Till!  matters  of  provincial  lii)an('i\  pn'sidial  sn])j»li(^s, 
and  habilitjido's  accounts  aiv  closely  allied  to  tliat  of 
coniinorcc,  since  the  distribution  of  su[)|)lics  consti- 
tuted for  the  most  part  the  trallic  of  the  country. 
Tlun'e  were  no  ladical  chani^'es  in  the  system  of  hnan- 
cial  manai^ement  during  this  decade.  ]Cacli  year  an 
a|)[)ropriation  from  the  royal  treasury  was  made  in 
ISIexico  to  cover  all  Californian  expenses,  according  to 
the  pay-roll  of  officers,  soldiers,  artisans,  and  settlei's. 
Ijelbre  179()  it  was  about  i;iUU,O00;  subse(iuently  by 
reason  of  the  reiinforcements  of  Catalan  volunttsers 
and  artillerymen,  of  artisan  instructors,  and  of  the 
settlers  of  I)rancif>rto,  the  amount  was  raised  to  about 
$81,000.^*^  ]']ach  year  in  !March  or  April  a  list  was 
sent  from  California  of  all  the  articles  which  v/ould 
be  needed  for  the  following  year  and  which  coidd  ii<»t 
be  [)urchased  in  the  |)rovince.  From  the  a])[)n)[)ria- 
tion  was  cleducted  the  amount  of  drafts  on  3Ie\ico 
with  which  supplies  obtained  in  California  had  been 
paid  f  )r,  and  also  the  amount  of  various  royal  revenues 
iitained  in  Calilbrnia  and  represented  by  drafts. 
Then  there  was  added  the  amount  of  su[)[tlics  furni.slied 
in  (Jaliibrnia  to  vessels  oi  by  (hie  authority  to  native 
laborers,  or  othei'wise  jiroperly  disposed  of  ]''inally, 
the  mcmorias  of  needed  articles  \\'erc  purchased  at 
j\lexico  and  San  ]jlas  and  shl})})ed  regulai'ly  to  tlie 
north.  The  accounts  of  each  presidial  company  and 
of  the  vohmtecirs  and  artillery  were  kept  separate,  and 
tliere  was  visually  a  balance  of  a  few  hundred  or  a  few 
thousand  dollars  for  or  against  each  company,  accord- 
in<>'  as  the  memorias  were  less  or  greater  than  the  net 
ap])ropriation.  The  ]ial)ilitados  were  not  allowed  to 
include  in  their  lists  articles  of  luxury.  Some  coin 
was  sent  with  each  invoice,  enough  to  pay  the  salaries 

'"  For  sopunito  iircsiiliiil  iiccouiits  sco  cluiptcns  xxx.-xxxii.  Th.a  fdllowiiig 
rc'foi'ciic'H  arc  soincwliiit  i;ciu-i'al  in  tlnir  ii.'itiu't',  I'lnbraciiiL;  accounts  aiiil  iVag- 
iiicuts  iclaliiig  to  all  tlio  prcsiilios:  ,SV.  /'«;<.,  Sw.,  MS.,  i.  47-'s  ii-  •>•>,  -W;  vi. 
ll.'i;  ix.  4S,  .iS-OO,  T-Mi;  xv.  li)  I'J;  Pror.  .SV.  l'<i/>.,  Jh'ii.  M,/.,  MS.,  xiv.  8; 
xix.  ."),  ?-!•;  xxvi..");  xxvii.  ■'),(!;  xxviii.  '2\-2;  Prm\  Her.,  MS.,ii.  IG;);  v.  ii,  7, 
10;  vi.  rj;)-l;  I'rvv.  SI.  rap.,Uii.,  xvii.  3o-Ul;  I'roi:  St.  !'•'}>.,  J'n.'iidtos, 
MS.,  ii.  70-68. 


i 


; 


I  III 


Ill 
1      i 


I  ii 


fl 


630 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


of  tlio  pfovcrnor  and  one  or  two  otlicr  officers,  witli  a 
Hinall  iiiDount  for  tlie  soldiers.  There  was  at  one  time 
an  order  that  all  balances  due  the  conii)anies  be  s(!nt 
in  coin,  but  I  find  no  evidence  that  anything  of  the 
kind  was  ever  done." 

Until  171)1  the  purchase  of  supplies  and  j^^eneral 
management  of  California  business  in  Mexico  was  in 
the  hands  of  a  i'actor,  Pedro  Ignacio  Ariztegui  being 
tlie  last  to  hold  that  position,  preceded  by  Kan  ion 
^Manuel  de  Goya  from  177(5,  and  his  place  taken  by 
Jose  Avila  from  1785  for  several  years.  Francisco 
Hijosa  as  conmiissary  attendetl  to  the  business  at 

'•From  the  voluminous  correapondcnce  on  tlio  topics  treated  in  tliis  and 
the  next  pjiragriipli  I  present  the  following  items:  171M),  full  details  on 
forniH  of  aeeounts.  Prnv.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  ix.  •JSll-O'J,  .'JO").  Viceroys  orderij 
for  rejjorts,  etc.,  to  aid  llomeu  in  his)  investigation  of  presidial  accounts.  /(/., 
ix.  3i;{  I!).  Sept.  2(1,  1790,  Kevilla  (jigcd(j'.s  letter  to  court  recommending  tlio 
appointment  of  Carcaha  as  hubilitado  general,  and  explaining  the  desira'  il- 
ity  of  the  new  oliice.  EdndUlo,  Doc.  Hid.  (Jul.,  MS.,  i.  8,  !).  May  14,  1701, 
royal  order  creating  the  ollicc.  Pruv.  St.  Pop.  Bin.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxv.  2.  Oct. 
',),  1701,  viceroy  communicates  royal  approval  of  (Vircaba's  appointment  to 
governor.  Pron.  SI.  Pop.,  MS.,  x.  lI}(i-7.  Sept.  '20th,  habilitado's  di.licits 
to  be  charged  to  the  company  pro  rata,  and  he  is  to  live  on  2.5  eta  per  day  under 
arrest,  his  property  also  being  sold.  /(/. ,  x.  7(i.  Some  clerical  fees  Irul  to  l)o 
paiil  from  (California  on  statements  of  account.  /'/. ,  xii.  10,').  Damaged  ellects 
ehai'geil  to  tho  factor;  expenses  to  company.  Prov.  I'cc.,  M.S.,  ii.  \'>S,  .Ian. 
4,  170.'}.  Sending  of  supplies  suspended  until  accounts  arc  cleared  up.  Pnn'. 
Sf.  Pup.,  livn.  Mil.,  MS.,  XX.  4.  Jan.  23,  1794,  habilitado  geii':ral,  his  appoint- 
ment, accounts,  etc.  Altera  Efipailu,  Acii< rdos,  MS.,  40-.'{.  May  12tli,  guv. 
complains  to  v.  U.  of  lack  of  system  in  tlie  accounts.  Pron.  Si.  P(tp.,  Al>., 
xxi.  l.')S-40.  17!'4,  Col.  Alberni  was  refused  50  arrobas  of  flour,  because^  it 
could  be  bought  in  (Jalifornia.  St.  Pop.,  Sac,  MS  ,  ix.  41-2.  Article:!  of  lux- 
ury not  to  be  included  in  niemorias.  balances  in  coin,  one  fourth  in  small 
change.  Prov.  liec,  MS.,  iv.  124-,");  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  182-3.  Dec. 
170."),  10  ])er  cent  advance  to  be  charged  on  goods  distributed  to  In<lians.  A/. 
The  habilitados  had  to  send  wi!h  their  memorias  .in  account  of  tiie  conditiuii 
of  arms,  dress,  and  other  kinds  of  property.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  01. 
.Jan.  1,  170,"),  liorica  to  Qft'caba,  complaining  of  the  inellicieney  of  liis  olliciis 
especially  as  habilitados.  Orajer.a  is  named  as  an  exception.  Prov.  >/.  /'c/'., 
MS.,  xxi.  21.3-14.  April,  S!(i,o'0O  in  silver  coin  sent  to  CaUfornia.  I'ror.  Si. 
Pap.,  JJc/i.  Mil.,  M.S.,  xxi.  10.  Report  of  Feb.  10,  179."),  on  tho  accounts  of 
the  expedition  of  1700-74.  Prov.  SI.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  5-0.  Haliilitadu  ^.'iii- 
eral  eonsiilered  as  agent  and  apoderado  of  the  California  Indians.  Pror.  /'"■., 
MS.,  vi.  2.  (,'ompany  accounts  must  bear  th^  signature  of  conunaiidant  and 
altVrez  l)esidc3  that  of  the  habilitado.  .SV.  Pap.  Sac,  MS.,  vii.  4',).  17!i7, 
precautions  a;;ainst  counterfeit  money,  '.vitli  inilications  that  some  of  it  was 
in  circulation  in  (Jalifornia.  Prov.  J!cc,  MS.,  iv.  154;  vi.  7<S;  Prnr.  St.  /'";'., 
MS.,  xvi.  245.  j\Iarch  10,  1707,  Borica  asks  for  a  release  of  habilitad(n  Irum 
some  duties,  and  the  appointment  of  administrators.  Prov.  Jif.,  ]\iS.,  \i. 
8.'! -4.  (jov.  still  at  work  on  the  accounts  of  1781-02.  I<l.  Care  dja succrcdid 
by  (A)lunma.  C.'iierro,  Dor.  Hid.  Cal.,  MS.,  iii.  IGS-O;  I'ror.  St.  Pap..  MS., 
xvii.  200,  .322-3;  Pror.  LW.,  MS.,  iv.  112;  viii.  224.  Arrears  of  pay  at  S.m 
Diego.  Prov.  St.  Poj).,  MS.,  xxi.  34,  GO-3. 


HABILITADOS. 


C31 


San  Bias  until  1795  and  pcrliaps  throuu^liout  the 
decade,  in  171)1  jNEanuel  C.ircaba,  at  the  leeomnien- 
(hition  ol'Kevilla  (iiL,a'do,  was  put  in  possession  «»t'the 
newly  created  office  of  habilitado  <i^eneral  with  the 
rank  of  captain  and  the  jiay  <»f  !i?  1,200  a  year.  Ue 
was  to  devote  his  whole  attention  to  (Jalifornia  busi- 
ness as  the  factor  had  not  done.  The  office  was  to 
he  elective;  and  in  171)0,  Ciircaba  ol)tainin,ijf  leave  of 
absence,  Eucario  Antonio  Cohunna  was  appointed  to 
succeed  him  ad  Intcrua  in  ^lay,  and  the  choice  was 
duly  ratili'^d  by  the  presidial  companies  in  August 
and  Scpteinoer.  It  is  not  certain  that  Cohunna  ever 
took  possession  of  the  office,  there  l>ein«jj  souk;  indica- 
tions that  ('arcaba  held  it  again  in  1802.  Through 
want  of  skill  on  the  part  of  the  habilitados  the  a(!- 
counts  were  always  in  confusion.  IJelicits  during  this 
decade  are  noticed  in  local  chai)ters.  In  171).)  the 
J  forwarding  of  sup[>lies  was  once  suspended  till  the 

ii  accounts  could  be  adjusted.     In  171)5  the  final  orders 

Mere  issued  for  settling  the  old  accounts  of  the  ih'st 
expeditions  of  l7Gl)-74.  Manyof  the  soldiei's  were  now 
dead  and  their  descendants  scattered.  Whenever  the 
sum  due  was  large,  the  heirs  were  to  be  sought; 
otherwise  the  money  was  to  be  spent  in  masses  for 
the  souls  of  the  dead  pioneers.  In  171)7  ]]orica  in  the 
north  and  Arrillaga  at  Loreto  were  still  at  woi-k  on 
the  accounts  of  the  past  decade.  There  had  been 
$12,000  due  the  presidio  of  Santa  Barbara  in  171)2, 
and  in  1801  the  governor  expressed  doubts  whether 
a  settlement  would  ever  be  readied.  Truly  there  was 
little  inducement  to  the  soldiers  to  live  economically 
and  to  leave  large  balances  in  tlie  hands  of  the  ii'ov- 
ernment.  The  procuradores  at  San  Fernando  college, 
charged  with  the  transaction  of  business  for  the  (Jali- 
fornia missions,  were  Jose  ]\[urguia  and  Tomas  de  la 
Pena,  whose  duties  were  simply  to  collect  the  friars' 
stipends  and  drafts  sent  from  California,  and  with  the 
proceeds  to  purchase  supplies  for  shi|)ment  accord- 
ing to  the  orders  received.     Of  the  pious  fund,  source 


632 


INDUSTRIES  AXD  INSTITUTIONS. 


of  tlie  stipends,  nothing  In  particular  is  known  pertain- 
ing direeUy  to  this  epoch ;  but  Rovilla  Gigedo  in  his  ro- 
l)ort  of  17'J3  represents  tlic  fund  as  rajiidly  lunning  to 
decay,  and  precUcts  that  the  royal  treasury  wi  1  liavc 
to  make  new  sacrilices  in  behalf  of  the  missions.^- 

The  Californians  were  free  from  alcabahis,  or  excise 
tax,  on  articles  bought  and  sold  for  live  years  I'roni 
1787  to  1792,  and  again  for  ten  years  from  1794. 
From  1792  to  1794  one  half  tlic  regular  tax  of  six 
per  cent  was  paid,  but  statistics  are  insutlicient  ti) 
show  the  revenue  from  this  source,  which  was  very 
small.  There  was  also  a  tribute  of  one  fanega  of 
cori)  per  year  paid  by  tlie  settlers,  which  yielded  to 
the  king  something  over  8t00.'^  From  8 100  to  .s200 
a  3'ear  resulted  from  the  sale  of  papal  indulgen^-es,  an 
ecclesiastical  revenue,  but  nianao-cd  bv  the  treasurv 
oilicials.'^  Another  ecclesiastical  revenue  belonging 
to  the  bisho[>  of  Sonora,  but  by  him  sold  to  tlK:  royal 
treasmy,  was  tliat  of  diezmos,  or  tithes.  1'his  tax  of 
ten  per  cent  on  all  products  must  be  [)ai(l  by  settlers 
after  live  years  and  by  the  ranclio  del  rey,  only 
the  missions  being  exemj)t.  The  treasury  gained 
live  ])er  cent  by  the  purchase  from  the  bishop,  the 
habilitados  received  ten  per  cent  of  gi'oss  re('ei|)ts  for 
collection,  an<l  it  was  customary  to  sell  tlie  tithes  for 
a  year  in  adviince  at  auction  whenever  a  ])ui'chaser 
coidd  be  found,  the  p)'ice  being  the  probable  proceeds, 
and  the  purchaser  making  his  profit  l»y  a  more  careful 
collection  than  the  officials  would  enforce.  This  tax 
was  collected  in  kind  Jbr  grain  and  even  for  live-stock 
when  the  animals  could  be  used  at  the  [)residios.  The 
net  proceeds,  paid  by  drafts  into  the  branch  treasury 
at  llosario,  or  at  Guadalajara  after  J  795,  were  over 
$1,200.1"' 

''^  L'criHa  Ghjrilo,  Carta  <h>  179.1,  MS.,  IS,  10. 

'^7Voc.  .SV.  J'lijK,  MS.,  X.  ITS;  xi.  S,  !);  /'/.,  Jicn.  jV/,'.,  xviii.  (i,  7;  x^^'- 
0,  7;  S.  J(i.sr  Aiih  ,  MS.,  iii.  '.M.  TrUmtiM  i)iii<l  iit  ^^I'litorcy  in  i7'.Ki,  «in^ 
SI-.  mill  ill  17'J4,  S--.     Ill  17!)7,  ~\  mim  paul  S;)7.  Alati.iilui  at  MMiiluiry  in 

I7'.i:!-i,  ■'?j;;o. 

"  Sc(.'  chapter  xxvii.;  also  local  itcm.s  in  diaptcrs  xxx.-xxxii.  lliis  \oliiiiii'. 
'•'  17'Ji,  titlius  i)aitl  iuto  real  caja  ilc  liosaiio.  I'rov.  >St.  I'oj).,  MS.,  xii. 


P' 


REVENUES. 


633 


The  largest  item  of  I'oyal  roveiuie  in  Califoniia,  as 
in  all  other  Si)aiiisli  provinces  whore  no  rirh  mines 
weie  worked,  was  that  prodnced  \)y  the  sale  ot  tobac- 
co, nhvays  nR)nop(jlized  by  the  government.  The  net 
])ro(hict  of  cigars,  cigaritos,  and  snuff,  little  or  no 
tobacco  l)eing  used  for  chewing  or  smoked  in  })i})es, 
was  not  less  than  ^G,000  a  year  on  an  average.^*' 
Postal  revenue  amounted  to  about  $700  a  year,  the 
liabilitados  serving  as  post-masters  at  their  rospecti\  u 
presidios,  and  receivirg  eight  per  cent  of  gross  re- 
ceipts as  a  compensaLion  for  their  services.'^'' 

ihe  management  of  all  branches  of  tlie  revenue  was 

1.'!.").  St;i  Di'iiliiir.a  titlics  for  1704  were  8*i"-S.  Tlio  governor  .nntliorizcs  tlm 
eoimiiaiKUuifc  lu  f  cU  tlmn  for  two  years  iit$4!,'0.  J\-or.  J'er.,  jNIS.,  iv.  <(,  10, 
2Ct.  (.'ajit.  OitcL.a  Mil  J^-J(10  {|ier  year)  on  eoiulitioii  that  tlie  pi-csiilio  iiiircliaso 
grain  iiiul  eattlo  at  tarill'  ]iriecs.  Pn.f.  ,V.  />«;■.,  ]\IS.,  xiii.  IT."!-!.  (Kt.  I7!l.'>, 
ti-iu -i  £  iid  (juick^ilvcr  revenue  of  California  tianf;l'erreil  to  (iuadalajaia.  /(/., 
Mii.  U~r,;  xiv.  5;  J'ror.  Uec.,  IMS.,  iv.  M.'i;  SI.  Pn/>.,Siic.,  MS.,  xvii.  'J. 
ll'.'i't,  items  'bov.iiiij  that  tlic  tithes  on  live-sto<k,  when  ]iaiil  in  money  or 
grain,  v.ero  hoiu  )()  to  25  eents  jur  liead,  or  for  ninlis  i>0  eents.  I'rov.  iSV. 
/'(//'.,  MS.,  xvi.  17.S,  lMI;  1,1.,  1',-rMio^,  i.  S;  S.  ,/.,.«  An/i.,  M^..  v.  '_'!). 
llalalitaiK  s  iilhnvid  10  jier  eeiit.  I'ror.  St.  Piiji.,  ^IS.,  xvi.  178,  Xo  ofl'era 
toreiitt::c  titb.encf  Sta  Darliara  in  I7!I0.  J'nr.  /,'<•-•.,  MS.,  iv.  109.  .Tan.  'Ji.', 
]S(iO,  Sal  i  >  comi:;iona(]o  of  Saii.IoHc',  nr.Lring  liiiu  in  no  gentle  tei'iiis  to  hasti'U 
the  biaui'ing.  JOxeoiiniiunication  is  tlii^  ].eiialty  for  faihiie  to  ])a3' tithe.s.  S. 
J'.y'.  Anh.,  ^.IS.,  iii.  .'"17.  Twenty-live  ewes  elaiine<l  oi;t  of  every  tliousaiifl 
killed,  S'.  J'liji.  J/(.^■.  and  t'utoii,  MS.,  i.  .38.  Tithe  eattle  sold  at  Sl.'Jo  eaeh. 
A.  Jos-',  Arch.,  .MS.,  iii.  (Ki. 

'''Troiluet  iii  17''0,  ir'D.OlO.  Consunii)tion  in  1700,  7,7")I  ]iek;rs.  oigarn, 
7i.;'.2l>  jiekgs.  cigai'itos,  and  Hi  llis.  of  snull'.  Sf.  I'cjk,  Sih\,  2*iS.,  iii.  ,'{,  5,  7. 
Kcveiiue  ill  17..';),  !:  1.0 IS.  Pruv.  St.  Pa^>.,  :MS.,  xi.  I;.;i;  x:;i.  V:,V>.  ^n  17!l<i, 
87,!)1S.  Prr.i\  rt.  Pftp.,  Prcsidio/t,  MS.,  ii.  8'.)-()0.  In  ISCO,  tT.OSl.  J'r<>r.  SI. 
P('}i.,  ]'-ii.  Mil.,  ^iS.,  xxviii.  8.  The  hahilitndo.s  receivixl  5  jier  eent  on 
gro^.j  ^a'.^.s,  and  tlie  habiiitado  of  Monterey  as  administrator  got  S")4.")  a  year. 
Id.,  wvii.  8. 

"Ill  t!ic  nnmcrm'.-  eommunieations  in  the  archives  respecting  the  luanage- 
nient  t.f  ilie  niai!;i  d'.ring  thi.s  decade  there  i.-i  very  little  matter  of  interest  or 
v;  Inc.  17'.'0,  .^'jrA)  jiaid  for  a  siieeial  exjiress  from  \ootka.  ■  7'/'oc.  iSV.  Pap., 
Pick  J/.7. ,  MS.,  xi.v.  10.  17!)l2,  eourier.s  to  leave  Sail  I'raneisco  on  1st  of 
eceli  n;o;itli,  Picir.  Per.,  MS.,  ii.  l.^i^,  17'.t.'k  a  courier  sent  from  ^Muiterey 
Nov.  Kith,  arrived  at  San  liicgo  Xov.  1?A,  and  at  Loreto  Dec.  7lli.  'J  he  day 
and  hor.r  c  f  arrival  an  I  depariuro  at  eaeli  nii-isioii  r.re  given.  The  .stay  at 
each  station  was  gcnendly  an  hour.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi.  77-^il.  In 
]71'4a. eh.iiij.e  v,;'.:i  made  in  route,  mails  going  via  Chihuahua  and  liuen.-ivista 
initcad  of  yManios  and  (luadalajara.  I'rur.  Pc-,,  M.S.,  vi.  "-'•'i;  viii.  14.1  (I; 
/  )•■  r.  St.  P(ip.,  MS,,  xi.  1!)4.  l^m^li.di  letters  taken  from  the  Ice  s  and  sent 
t<^  .Mexico  ill  17i:4-.">.  Prov.  /.'.v.,\MS.,  iv.  <l,  l-.'h  /'n  r.  .SV.  P,i,':,  MS.,  xii. 
];M;  xiii.  17">.  17'.i."),  liiail.H  have  Mnnttiey  on  'Ad  of  taili  inonili  fur' south, 
/■'/•('('.  /,'((.,  MS.,  V.  ;'iC4,  Xet  jnoeeeds  in  17'.)<l-7  were  .v7o8.  Prnr.  Si,  Paj>., 
Jii'ii.  J;//.,  J;S.,  XXV.  14.  Xew  niaildiais  in  I7'.»7.  /'/(/c,  -S7.  Pa/t.,  MS.,  xvi. 
1!"."..  Adniini^lratois  of  1'.  ().  got  8  jier  eent.  J'ror.  SI.  P'lp.,  Ihn.  :.lll., 
MS.,  .s.wiii.  11.  Ve;;:;el  carrying  the  mail  aero.ss  the  gulf  lost  ill  1800,  y'/'i<c. 
St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xviii.  80. 


iii:: 


''^!ii 


634 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


in  the  liands  of  the  liabihtados  for  their  respective^ 
jiirisilictioiis,  the  aecouuts  beini*'  sent  to  ]Montei'ey 
for  transmission  to  Mexico;  until  in  1799  ITerniene- 
gildo  Sal,  as  hahilitatlo  of  Monterc^y,  was  formally 
appointed  administrator  general  of  royal  exchecjuer 
revenues  for  New  California. ^^ 

The  military  force  maintained  in  California  during 
this  decade  was  280  men  of  the  presidial  companies, 
besides  governor  and  surgeon,  and  90  Catalan  volun- 
teers and  artillerymen  after  179G.  There  wei'o  12 
connnissioned  officers,  35  non-commissioned  officers, 
2G0  })rivate  soldiers,  GO  pensioners,  and  four  (;r  livi' 
mechanics.  Grades  and  salaries  I  append  in  a  note.'* 
In  1799  an  effort  was  made  by  the  officers,  supported 
by  the  governor,  to  obtain  an  increase  of  pay  to  tlie 
extent  of  $150  per  year.  It  was  claimed  that  the 
sum  I'eceived  was  insufficient  to  supply  food  and  elf  fil- 
ing to  the  ofiicei's  family,  his  children  going  barefoot 
and  ill  rags,  while  his  wife  had  to  take  in  Vvashing  and 
sewing.  No  innnediato  result  is  recordetl.  With 
tlieir  ]jay  the  cavalry  soldiers  must  buy  Ibod,  elothiiig, 
arms,  and  horses;  but  the  latter  were  taken  back  and 


'»Nov.  7,  1700,  Sal  declared  administrator.  Pror.  J?,'r.,  M.S.,  iv.  17G; 
Pror.  St.  P<'f>.,  MS.,  xvii.  'J<S,">,  ;H5.  17!),"),  tobacco  accounts  pent  to  linhili- 
tado  of  MontcM'oy,  as  also  catUc  accounts;  tithes  to  Itosario;  mail  accounts  to 
administrator  ^  tnoral  iit  Mexico;  huhs  to  tlis  respective  branch  of  the  treas- 
ury.   I'tor.  St.'^Pfip.,  MS.,  xiii.  I'O;  Prov.  Pec,  MS.,  iv.  i:!;S. 

'"^■ala  'ies  paid  were  as  follows;  governor  (lieut. -col.),  ^H,000;  captain  Cat. 
vol.,  CW;;);  a]fi'i'c;;or  sub.-liont.,  ^;:!|(;();alferpz  (,'at,  vol.,  .SIW-l;  ser-eaiit,  !;.Oi2..'il); 
sei'iicaiit  artillery,  -..^U);  ser,<;eant  Cat.  vol.,  .^1!)-;  .soldiers,  .'i. _'l7.'i!';  fioldieis 
Cat.  Vol.,  >^\'.)2;  coldier;'.  artillery.  .^dSO;  invalid  aU'ercz,  !;?2>X);  invalid  ctnjMind, 
$!l(i;  Rur;;to!i,  iJti-iO;  liculenaut,  ii-.VjO;  lieutenant  Cat.  vol.,  .'vlSO;  bleeder,  .':"!()tl; 
eorjior;  1,  C--''!  eorpoi'id  !ir;illery,  iir-lM;  corporal  Cat.  vol.,  (i;d.*(!;  r-uchanir-'. 
^b'.Ct;  dnuntner  Ciit.  vol.,  ^l-M;  armorer,  .S'J17;  invalid  sergeant,  .'^IJ  );  i;ivaliil 
fjoldii  r,  i'.  (i.  Nov.  "),  17.'~,  Arrillai'-a,  to  viceroy,  iir^riii;,'  a  ]irovi  ion  for  .siiid- 
iii;;  the  f;(jldiers'  pay  in  advance,  as  was  done  in  some  otliir  iircsiuios,  tlmimli 
<'ontrary  to  the  re;;!a;(ieiito.  The  delays,  es|iecially  in  tittin;;  out  new  re- 
cruits r.nd  in  pay  in;;  of)  .soldiers  whoso  term  had  expired,  cau.sed  ;  reat  hard- 
ship. J'rar.Si.  y*(i//.,  MS.,  x.ii.  SO-t.  Oct. 'J,  171'.'!,  vicei'oy  orders  tuo  ]]ay- 
nunts  in  advance  t(j  litntena.nts  ( Irajera  and  I'arrilla  fur  travellin;;  expenses. 
St.  I'dji.,  .SV(r'.,  MS.,  ix.  71.  1T!)7,  sailors  employed  in  defeniivc  duty  L^it 
'J.')  cents  per  day.  I'l'or.  S/.  Pun..  MS.,  xxi.  'J."i(i.  17!'!),  corres]iondence  he- 
tween  c  i,iman<lanls,  ;:overnoi',  and  viceroy  respectin,i;  an  increase  of  |!;iy  tor 
the  jircidial  ofiicers.  SI.  /'</;*.,  iS'((f.,  M8.,  i.  l'2'6-i;  Proi:  /iVc,  MS.,  iv.  ll.'i; 
vi.   li'J-1. 


MILITARY  FORCE. 


638 


credited  at  the  expiration  of  the  term.  The  Catalan 
volunteers  received  less  pay,  and  had  no  horses  to 
buy.  For  them  and  for  the  artili*.  'ymen  separate  in- 
voices of  eftccts  were  sent  from  Mexico,  to  the  amount 
of  about  .$15,000  per  year.  This  infantry  company 
was  i<.'>t  deemed  a  very  useful  addition  to  the  foi-ces 
of  the  country,  and  it  was  hoped  tliat  most  of  the 
raenibers  at  the  expiration  of  their  term  might  be 
induced  either  to  recnlist  in  the  cuera  companies  or 
remain  in  the  country  as  settlers. "^° 

I  explain  elsewhere  the  military  and  presidio  sys- 
tem. Here  it  is  my  purpose  to  note  brielly  the  con- 
dition of  military  affairs  and  the  slight  niodlfications 
that  occurred  during  the  decade.  The  regular  term 
of  enlistment  was  ten  years,"^  but  at  least  eighteen 
3'ears'  service  was  required  for  retirement  as  an  in- 
valid on  half-pay  pension,  and  the  pensioners  wore 
often  retained  a  long  time  in  the  service  for  want  of 
recruits  to  fill  their  places.     From  the  pay  of  each 


'"  The  compania  do  voluntarios  dc  Cataliifia  was  also  railed  the  coriipiiriia 
de  fusileros  do  iiKintaua.  Prov.  St.  /'ap.,  MS.,  xiii.  180.  Dec.  l~'X>,  t!io  j)eti- 
tioii  of  the  volunteers  for  travcllmg  expenses  denied.  I'r  a\  J'cr.,  MS.,  viii. 
I.^S:  St.  Pup.,  Ml-ix.  and  Colon.,  MS.,  i.  .Sti.'J.  June  IT'.'T,  vohmteers  may 
enlist  in  the  eoni)ianies  on  expiration  of  their  term,  but  not  Ix'foie,  end  enjoy 
the  !idvantni,'ea  of  their  previous  serviees.  They  were  enconiaiced  to  marry 
eiii-isliani:a'd  natives  as  a.  means  of  retiiininj;  theiu  in  tlio  eountry.  J'roi'.  St, 
Pnp.,  MS.,  XV.  iV.'-;?;  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  viii.  17.').  July  ],  n'!)(i,  Albei'ni 
(irgurs  that  the  volunteers  desiring  to  heeonie  settlers  should  reeeivo  douhlo 
allowances,  on  aeeomit  of  their  lo  or 'JO  years  of  service  and  lieeause  it  i.i  liard 
for  an  old  soldier  ti)  bend  his  body  to  the  axe,  iioe,  and  )'.iow.  <S7,  Pup.,  Jlisn. 
anil  Ci'loii.,  MS.,  i.  ll()S-9,  olU.  Marcli  17!'!',  llorica  favors  an  iiu-rcase  of 
cavalry  in  place  of  infantry.  Pror.  J'rr.,  JNIS.,  vi.  121-2.  Auj;.  17''!>,  1'.  f^ays 
tlie  artillcry-nu'n  live  at  the  liatterics  and  altei'uate  with  tlio  infantryuien  in 
their  <hitics.  Vt'lun  I'ree  tin  y  promenade  about  the  presidi(w.  >.'o  com- 
plaints of  injustice  heard.  /(/..  vi.  I'JS. 

'^'  'i'heni  are  nu  records  that  any  recruits  were  obtained  from  abro:;d  dur- 
inj.;  tiiis  dcciule — certainly  there  \\erc  but  very  few;  neilliei'  do  the  i-.rcliives 
sliow  \ut\v  many  recruits  were  i)l)taini'd  in  California  to  keep  llie  coui[:iinics 
full;  but  nianv  of  the  young  nun  elmse  a  military  ea!'c(  r.  'i'here  v.'a'i  no 
Inmuty  ))aid.  Pror.  St.  Pap.',  .MS.,  ix.  1!)'J-.1;  Vallrjo.,  J)<r.  //:st.  (<:l.  MS., 
XV.  ,")--()(!,  <;!),  7~',  ■''•">,  !I2,  Jan.  15,  17''4,  governor  says  li  ■  f  >un  t  laany  I'.selcsa 
men  at  tlie  presidios  and  tried  to  promote  leeruiting  .so  iv.i  to  bll  t'.io  \.'ie.  neies 
with  ^;o()d  nicn.  Pror.  St.  Pup.,  .MS,,  \xi.  IliJ.  .Marcli.  17!''',  Cov.  ordeis 
conHn:indantofl'r(jnteras  to  enlist  b'lor'J  )yiiunL,'men.  Pror.  J:,c,,  y..-i.,  v.  ,';!0. 
I>ec.  17'.i7.  eorpoial  f^ent  to  .Vmjeles  to  recruit  (i  youths  so  t'.iatuiKKusv  invalida 
may  be  released.  A/.,  v.  201;  ^Pror.  St.  P.'ji.,  MS.,  xvi.  l.M.  Ju;)e'l7il!).  Sal 
wants  a  healthy  robust  man  from  San  Josii  to  fill  u  vacancy.  Not  a  widow's 
son.  .S'.  /oac',  Anh.,  MS.,  vi.  47. 


636 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


soklicr  was  kc  v)t  back  a  certain  suiii  coiistitutiiiL;'  the 
Joitdo  ilc  rcfciicion,  to  be  paid  iiim  on  bis  cli.scliargo. 
Tbis  was  fifty  dollars  till  1797,  wbcn  it  was  raised  to 
one  liundred  dollars,  to  be  made  up  in  four  aiuiual 
retentions.--' 

In  niilitarv  discipline  tbere  was  notliinix  notable  at 
tiiis  time.-''  In  17SJ;3  tlie  governor  rcconunendcd  that 
San  Francisco,  Santa  Barbara,  and  San  23iego  be 
commanded  by  captains  wlio  should  have  nothin^■  t<» 
do  Vvith  the  presidial  accounts,"*  but  the  supf^'estioii 
was  not  I'ollowed,  though  several  of  the  lieutenants 
were  brevetted  captains  before  1800.  In  17'.)4  the 
presidios  v.'ero  reported  to  have  no  Hags  and  no  ni;ite- 
rial  with  v.liich  to  make  tliem;  accordingly  one  ilag 
for  eacli  estaldishnient  was  sent  from  ^Mexico  the 
next  yeai'.  '  In  the  matter  of  unifoi'm  and  e!jui]»- 
ments  buckskin  cliiipas,  or  jackets,  and  breeches  were 
allowed  to  be  worn  on  active  duty,  and  anquoxi.K, 
heavy  leather  covei'ings  for  horses'  haunches,  were 
prohibited    in    l7i)4.-^     In    1795  the  royal   tribunal, 


■■^2  Prov.  St.  Pa}).,  MS.,  xvi.  03,  223;  xv.  50.  The  other  militiiry  'funds' 
were  the  jOiulu  dc  'jnii'ljicucioii,  an  allowance  of  !;:!lO  fur  each  luau  in  tliu 
companies  jier  year  l(jr  luiseellaneous  eompany  expenses;  t'av.  jhii'lo  de  hiciJ- 
lido-',  a  Kiuad  ili.seount  on  Buldiers'  ■vviii;e.s,  8  inaravetlid  on  a  dollar,  for  the 
payment  of  pensions;  and  the  ,/'(i/((/o  dc  inoidc/iio,  a  discount  of  ol'.ieers' ]i;iy 
lor  Kimihir  jiurjxjses.  Feh.  17'.'->,  the  king  oi'dered  !:o  )ier  nionth  as  ahiis 
paid  totiieold  ci.rpenter  Lorenzo  J  ".sparza.  Prur.  S/,  Pu]k,  Jl<  j.  Jld.,^!.'-.,  xxv. 
Ui.  This  yinn  \vas  laid  to  IJsparza  nntil  his  death.  April  ITUo,  7v)  pi  rsons  in 
the  for.r  j  lesidius  entitled  to  reurenient  Init  no  reeruits  to  replace  tlicin. 
Prou.  St.  Paji.,  2*18.,  xxi.  Vl'21-l!.  Dec.  ti,  IT'Jti,  royal  order  le  ;ulating  de- 
tails of  jiension.s.  Proe.  Pec,  MS.,  iv.  lol-'2.  Oct.  171)7,  invalids  dee.iiiiiig 
to  live  in  tlio  laieblos  nuist  stand  gu.u'il at  the  presidios.  Pivr.  St.  Pap.,  MS., 
xvi.  80-7,  l;;-l;  xv.  U!)-]00;  Piov.  Uvr.,  xMS.,  iv.  KV.MIO.  Oct.  \',.)S,  retired 
oliicers  who  held  governnieut  positions  get  no  half-pay.  Prur.  Pec,  MS.,  \i. 
104. 

^^  17!/.->,  Ser!.^t.  Ruiz  reports  that  the  .soldiers  at  Sun  IJnenaventura  iiave  to 
be  treated  with  severity.  Their  iiisuhordination  has  reached  siudi  a  iioiat 
thiit  they  liavc  to  be  threatened  with  kicks.  J'mr.  St.  J'lfji.,  MS.,  xiv.  ■!■"). 
Dut  Rui/.  was  arrested  tor  ollensivo  language  to  private  i.,ugo.  /(/.,  xiii.  II. 
Albino  Toljar  sent  or.t  of  the  countiy  for  bad  eonduut.  /'/l/C.  L'fr.,  IM.v.  \. 
(J2.  Two  soluieis  given  two  hours  of  extra  ).:uaril  duty  ]j(r  day,  weaiiug 
their  riirrtt.<,  fur  <  i;.ht  days,  having  allowed  some  Indian  pristmers  toesca^'c. 


.S7    J 


P 


up. 


M:v  xvi.  173. 


/.  PftiK,  A;S.,  xxi.   lOS-0. 


Larl 


eant.nn  also 


ia  I7i)!).   I'rov.  J.\ 


MS. 


121. 


[tropose 


l1  for  Santa 


.S7.  /'(»//.,  MS.,  xi.  2(10;  xiv.  .'iS:  xxi.  I!I0. 


Pr 


St.  J 


up. 


ll> 


xu. 


i4;i 


xvu. 


AS.   S.  Jv^t,  Arrh.,  M; 


or. 


MS.,  iv.  S;  V.  24. 


GOVERXMENT. 


637 


tbroufrli  Contador  Boltran,  reported  io  the  viceroy 
that  the  Cahf'ornia  soldiers  had  too  many  duties  not 
belonging  to  their  profession,  servirig  as  vaqueros, 
farmers,  couriers,  artisans,  and  butchers,  so  tliat  but 
little  time  was  left  for  rest  or  for  their  proper  duty  of 
protecting  and  advancing  the  spiritual  conquest.-' 
The  governor  also  urged  the  necessity  in  17\)3,  and 
again  in  1799,  of  appointing  an  adjutant-inspector  to 
relieve  him  of  some  of  bis  duties.^^  In  coimection 
with  the  apprehensions  of  attack  by  foreigners  in 
1797,  a  slight  attempt  was  made  to  organize  tlie  militia 
of  California,  and  a  distribution  of  arms  and  annnuni- 
tion  was  made  among  the  settlers,  the  emi)l()yment  of 
the  natives  as  auxiliary  forces  being  also  contem- 
plated.^^ 

Civil  and  political  government  had  but  a  nominal 
existence  at  tliis  epoch,  consisting  mainly  in  the  facts 
that  the  comandante  de  armas  was  also  political  gov- 
ernor of  the  province  and  that  each  pueblo  had  its 
alcalde.  This  is  not  the  j)lace  to  attempt  an  analysis 
of  the  relations  between  military  and  civil  authoritv, 
in  which  there  was  sul)stantially  no  change  I'lom  tlie 
beginning  down  to  the  end  of  Spanish  power  i'l  Cali- 
fornia. The  only  topic  that  requires  notice  in  the 
annals  of  this  decade  is  the  proposed  separation  of  the 
two  (  alifornias  hitherto  forminLT  a  sinG!;le  i)rovince 
under  one  governor.  This  separation  was  recom- 
mended in  IMarcli  1790,  by  Beltran  of  the  court  of 
exchequer  in  i\Iexico,  who  based  his  argument  on  tlie 
great  distance  between  Loreto  and  j\[onterey,  and 
the  consequent  delays  in  the  transaction  of  all  public 
Ijusiness,  Arrillaii'a  at  Loreto  could  Uikc  no  action 
until  he  had  communicated  with  ]  >orica  at  ^lonterey. 
Orders  from  ^Mexico  for  Loreto  nuist  make  the  jour- 

"  Pro,:  St.  J'(ip.,  MS.,  xiii.  lSr)-(;. 

28  April;?,  17!r>,  March  18,  I?.)'),  ISorica  to  viceroy.  Pror.  /,Vv.,  AfS..  vi. 
I"_'l;  Pr">\  St.  Pciji.,  M'.,  xxi.  '2-1.  Tlicrc  liiul  bociuio  such  (jlliccr  since  the 
tirnr  of  (..'.•ipt.  XiodLis  Solcr. 

«  /Voc.  li'ec,  MS,,  iv.  87,  93,  lC>r>;  Pixr.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  .\v.  lUl-'J;  xvi. 


CSS 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


ney  to  ^Monterey  and  back,  and  reports  from  Loroto 
made  the  same  circuit  on  their  way  to  Mexico.  The 
inconvenience  of  all  this  was  apparent,  and  the  separa- 
tion in  military  and  political  rule  was  greatly  iaeili- 
tated  by  that  alread}''  existing  in  mission  affairs. 
Borica  made  a  full  report  in  favor  of  the  change  in 
September,  declaring  that  the  interests  of  both  parts 
of  the  province  could  not  be  properly  attended  to  by 
a  governor  at  Monterey,  favoring  in  connection  with 
the  change  a  transfer  of  the  capital  of  the  peninsula 
from  Loreto  to  the  frontier,  expressing  the  greatest 
conlldence  in  Arrillaga's  ability,  and  sugg'esting  an 
increase  of  his  salary.  No  one  had  anything  to  say 
in  op[)osition  to  the  separation,  which  we  shall  see 
was  accom[)lished  during  the  next  decade.'""' 

On  the  administration  of  justice,  we  learn  that  in 
1794  Ignacio  Rocliin  was  shot  for  murder  at  Santa 
Barbara,  on  a  sentence  coming  from  the  audiencia  of 
Gua(lal;\jara.^^  A  soldier  was  sentenced  to  ten  years 
public  labor  at  San  Bias  for  incest  in  1791),  wliile  his 
daugliter  and  accomplice  was  condemned  to  seclusion 
for  two  years.^'  There  w'eru  six  or  seven  cases  of 
murder  among  the  natives,  the  culprits  being  con- 
demned by  the  viceroy  to  terms  of  four  to  eight  years 
of  presidio  work  or  imprisonment  together  with  llog- 


gmgs 


33 


3"  March  7,  1700,  Bel  Iran's  proposition.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  :\IS.,  xiv.  140-4. 
Marcli  l,Mst,  vicLroy  to  Ikirici),  trausmit'Lin^?  the  proposition.  /(/.,  J  10;  I'ror. 
y.Vc,  Mo.,  v.  .'vM;  viii.  l.">!».  .Inlylltli,  lioriua  to  Arrilla^'a  on  the  iiubjeut, 
in  wIul'.i  ho  calls  Loltran  'J:;i  Tiurto.'  /</.,  v.  84;?.  Aug.  ISJi,  Aniilaga 
f.ivora  tho  clian!;c.  /r/.,  iii.  '208.  Sept.  lltli,  Borica's  icpoit  to  viceroy. 
Jlori'Ci,  J'ro'xrto  .-uhrc  dirisioii  dc  Ian  Lurfondun  en  dos  jirorui'ii!!<,  l!'j:J,  ^IS. 

"' .Seo  chapter  .\.\x.  In  l!  01  Cri-stohal  Siiuental  is  nieiitioudl  ;.  i  liaviiii,' 
arrived  at  Monterey  for  tlic  audiencia  of  (Juadalajara;  l)ut  nuthin,;,'  i.-i  liiiowu 
of  Inn  hu.siness.  J'ror.  Ilcc,  MS.,  x.  II. 

3^SV.  J\i/>.,Sar.,  MS.,  i.  I'J-J;  Prov.  Per.,  MS  ,  iv.  lOt);  viii.  1S7. 

'^  17U0,  four  natives  for  nnn-der  of  anotlier,  fou"  years  of  ])riaon  with  oO  to 
1 00  lashes.  Proi .  Jv'c. ,  M S. ,  iv.  43-4, 84.  1 797,  Indian  who  un( Icrtook  to  punisli 
his  wife  and  throuyli  ignorance  'overdid  it,'  four  yearson  jHiliHo  v.orlcs.  Pruv. 
.S7.  J'up.,  y.^.,  XV.  '.^77.  17'J!*,  wife-nun-derer  at  Santa  Ijiirijara,  ci'^;I.t  years  of 
liard  lub(;r  in  eliains.  I  a]ipend  some  minor  eases  of  iuterett:  UC),  Kafael 
(Jouie;!,  apparently  for  lying,  condcinncd  hy  P.  Catala,  conmiis  ioncd  by 
Lasueii,  to  sweep  the  church  daily  and  attend  mass,  besides  aalang  a  p.adrc'a 
jiai'don,  being  ]>ut  in  irons  to  await  tho  governor's  approval  of  thi  i  ;  enlencc. 
Hun  Jos-l,  Arch.,  MS.,  iii.  oo-l.     IIO'J,  no  cases  peuiiiug  which  belong  to  the 


,««»».,s.v«*i>M«ft(»;i: 


I  to 
ish 


CRIMINAL  RECORD. 

The  most  striking  criminal  case  of  the  jieriod,  though 
by  no  means  a  pleasing  one  to  describe,  was  that  of 
Jose  Antonio  Rosas.  He  was  a  native  of  Los  An- 
gelo.s,  only  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  a  ])rivato  soldier 
in  the  Santa  Barbara  company  in  the  guard  of  San 
Buenaventura.  In  June  1800,  while  in  charge  of  the 
animals  at  La  j\Iesa,  he  was  seen  to  commit  a  crimen 
iicfando  by  two  Indian  girls,  who  reported  the  mat- 
ter. Criminal  proceedings  were  at  once  instituted  by 
order  of  Comandante  Goycoechea,  Alferez  Pablo  (^f>ta 
being  prosecuting  attorney,  the  cadet  Ignacio  ]Mar- 
tlnez  actiu'j:  as  clerk,  the  soldier  Jose  jNIaria  Domin- 
guez  as  interpreter,  and  the  retired  sergeant  Joso 
]\Iaria  Ortega  as  defender  of  the  accused.  liosas 
made  a  conlession,  ])leading  only  that  ho  was  tempted 
by  El  Demonio.  Cota  demanded  the  death  pc>nalty, 
Ortega  made  an  eloquent  appeal  for  mercy,  and  in 
July  the  case  went  to  the  viceroy.  The  sentence  ren- 
dered  in  September,  after  consultation  with  tlie  audi- 
tor de  guei'ra,  was  that  Bosas  must  be  hanged  and 
the  bod}'  burned  together  with  that  of  the  nude,  "eji 
quien  cometio  tan  horrible  delito."  Tlie  execution 
took  place  on  Feb.  11,  1801,  at  Santa  ]]arbara  presi- 
dio in  the  presence  of  the  whole  garrison;  but  there 
being  no  hangman  in  California,  tlie  boy  had  to  be 

aiulicncia.  Pror.  Si.  Pa/i.,  MS.,  xxi.  200.  1707,  iiiilivcs  for  assnult  on  iieo- 
pliytcs  sciitnici  (1  to  work  on  presidio  in  .'OiackKs  I'ur  a  month  i.v  two.  Priii\ 
■^t.  Pdji.,  !MS.,  xvi.  77-S.  J79(!,  carpcntor  Martinez  exiled  to  San  .losi'  for 
eiyht  years  furas.  ault  an<l  wouniliny.  J'rin:  /I'l'C.jMS.,  iv.  I'.iS.  ]7I'7,('rist('il)al 
]!(.'y  prcseenU'd  for  assault,  witJi  some  detailsof  proceeding's.  Pror.  Sf.  P(ij>., 
MS.,  xvi.  2,d-'2.  Natives  .seiiteneed  hy  IJoiiea  to  from  10  to  DO  lashes  for  steal- 
ini,'.  /(/.,  lUn.MlL,  MS.,  xxvii.4.  17!)!>,  slave  Mi'ixinio  senteneed  to  fonr  yeai'S 
servieo  on  the  royal  ves.^els  for  stealinij  silver-\v:ire  from  his  master  Alherni; 
and  the  soldier  Ose^aiera  to  live  years  foi'reccivin;;  the  goods.  I^rov.  Prr.,  MS., 
vi.  I  Ul.  lour  hundred  doUars  stolen  fmm  the  wj'.rehouse  at  Monterey.  liL, 
iv.  171.  17i;H,  tv.o  soldiers  at  San  Franeiseo  i)ut  in  iron;i  for  st  alii:;,'  a  eidf 
and  .sheep  from  the  mission.  Pruv.  St.  J'c]).,  MS.,  xvii.  III.  17!).">,  I'wenty- 
live  la;  I;es  and  thi-ee  months'  work  in  sliaekh's  for  stcalin'.,'  clothes.  A  Sina- 
loa  Indian  at  San  .lose.  Pror.  I!<i\,  ^IS.,  v.  40.  18C0,  two  soldieis  sentenced 
to  a  year'ij  presidio  vrork  foi- breaking' ojien  a  trunk.  Pri^r.  SI.  J'l'ji.,  I^rn.  Mil., 
Ms.,  x;.ix.  1.  17'.!<i,  viceroy  scuds  scntcneo  of  i"0  lashes  and  4  years' lalior 
against  thi'ee  neciphytes  and  a  pairan.  ^V.  Pup.,  S(U\,  MS.,  xiv.  l.'i.  A  settler 
•  if  San  Jose  leeeived  "2,)  hlows  with  a  stick.  J'rar.  SI.  I'ti/K,  Jirii.  Mil.,  MS., 
xxvi.  II.  ( '(  ri'.eio,  a  settler  of  liraiicifortc,  sentenced  to  a  montli  of  liaril 
Work  forstrikim:  the  eoininaiidaut,  \vlio  was  rejjrinianded  forliLs  hasiy  action. 
SaiUa  Cruz,  Arch.,  ilS.,  09-70. 


mill 


C40 


IXDUSTRIES  AXD  INSTITUTIONS. 


sliot  after  rccciviiif^  from  Father  Tapia  the  last  com- 
forts of  religion  and  reciting  the  service  in  a  firm 
voice.  On  a  burning  heap  of  wood  near  at  hand  the 
rest  of  the  sentence  was  carried  out,  and  the  charred 
nnnains  of  the  victim,  fitted  by  the  purification  of 
Hame  for  rest  in  consecrated  ground,  was  buried  in 
the  presidio  cemetery.^* 

Thus  we  sec  that  the  morality  of  the  Californians 
was  somewhat  closely  looked  after  by  the  authorities. 
The  settlers  at  the  pueblos  gave  more  trouble  tlian 
any  other  class,  being  free  fr'om  military  discipline  and 
enjoying  greater  facilities  for  sinful  dissijiations.  Se- 
l)astian  Alvitre  of  Los  Angeles  and  Francisco  Avila 
of  San  Jose  were  usually  in  prison,  in  exile,  or  at 
forced  worlc  for  tlieir  excesses  with  Indian  women  and 
with  the  wives  of  tLch'  neighbors;  and  there  were  otlier 
settlers  wlio  were  scarcely  less  incorrigible.  Concu- 
binage and  all  irreuular  sexual  relations  were  strictly 
]>rohibited  and  the  authorities  seem  to  have  worked 
earnestlv  in  aid  of  tlie  fi'iars  to  enforce  the  laws.^' 


'<  nosa.i,  Causa  Cnmhial,  jSIS.,  1800-1.  Certificate  of  cxocution.  Prnr.  St. 
Pup.,  Jifii.  Mil.,  xxviii.  17.  (Joy cocci lOii  1)cl;s  the  governor  for  a  postpoiie- 
uiciit  on  uccunnt  of  a  prevnilin.i,'  illness  wiiicli  i-euders  it  (lillicult  to  s[iaro 
a  man.  A/.,  xxi>;.  4.  JJnrial.  Sin.  JJ/irhirra,  Lih.  J\/isiiui,  MS.,  2'^.  Aiij,'. 
11,  1S04,  governor  says  a  mule  is  to  bo  given  to  the  owner  of  the  one 
liurned.  /'ror.  Ji'cc,  ^IS.,  xi.  Id'-'.  The  author  of  lioiiKro,  MemariiK,  M.-v, 
was  ])resent  at  the  execution,  lie  .says  the  hoy's  Ixnly  was  mei'ely  passed 
tiirough  the  Haines  as  a  formality  of  purilication;  while  the  mule  was  entirely 
consumed. 

^j .Shortcomings  of  AlvitJ'eand  Avila.  Pror.Sf.  Pup.,  Be)).  J\Fil.,  MS,,  xiv. 
f);  Prov.  SI.  /'";)..  ]\1S.,  i\-.  •JI.VKi;  x.  Kil.  Navarro  exiled  from  Los  Aii'.'el.s 
to  San  Jose'',  and  relajising,  to  Sau  l''rauci>'eo.  /</.,  x.  1(!0-1.  17!'.'5,  Higncra 
living  iniprnperly.  Men  in  such  cases  to  lie  handcnH'ed;  women  must  not  go 
to  the  ]iuet»lo  ^\•llen  theii'  hushands  weri'  ahsent;  men  and  women  \\  ho  go  to 
the  mission  v.ithout  leave  to  sleep  to  he  ]mt  in  the  stock.  Si.  Pap.,  Sue, 
^18.,  iii.  2.  179.",  <  loycoeehea  to  lioi'ica,  'Como  solo  so  castiga  a  los  hondircs 
amaneehados,  que  se  ha  de  liacer  eon  las  mngcrcs  fpie  haecn  gala  dc  ello'.'' 
/'mr.  S/.  /'tip.,  MS.,  xiv.  ,'?.'!.  lUirica  replies — warnings,  thri'ats,  cxposnic 
to  hus)i;inds,  and  finally  seclusion  in  res])ectalile  housi's  M'ith  hard  wmk. 
i'lor.  I!('-.,  MS.,  iv.  .'JS.  17!t7,  concnliinage  strictly  forliiddcn.  i"-!.  J'"/'-. 
J/f'.sw.  and  Cd/'in.,  MS.,  i.  ."(iO.  17!.W,  adulterers  to  be  warned  .and  then  pun- 
ished. 'J'he  governor  ■will  decide  about  the  women.  J'rnr.  J,'i(\,  MS.,  iv.  '277. 
1700,  .'iO  lashes  for  a  man  who  abused  Indian  women,  hi.,  v.  1 14.  Adultery 
case  at  San  ]\Ii;.ruel.  Pvar.  SI.  I'ap.,  j\IS.,  xvii.  -."lO.  IJuiz  found  in  bed  with 
his  corporal's  wife  at  San  jiiego.  l*nt  in  irons  and  the  woman  sent  to  l.os 
Angeles.  /)/.,  xvii.  'J."i.">.  Investigation  of  the  ease  of  an  Indian  woman  at 
San  .luan  Capistrano  who  gave  birlli  to  a  dog.  /(/.,  xvii.  'J30;  Prov.  lite.  -MS., 
V.  280-7. 


SPIRITUOUS  LTQUOIIS. 


041 


Tlio  ])C'()|)U;  \vc'i'(!  also  rloscly  ivstricted  in  <lic  use 
of  iiitoxieatiui''  li(|Ui>i's.  Ijorica  net  only  cKi'icisc'd  his 
uutlioiitv  tbroiii'li  his  coiiiuuiudants  to  pivNcnt  and 
punisli  excesses  and  (h'unkenness,  hut  restric-ied  tlio 
intro(hiction  and  sale  of  rKjuors  so  lar  as  was  po.ssililo 
un<ler  national  conuneivial  regulations.  Wine  and 
biandy  made  in  either  Up[)er  or  Jjower  Calil'oi'nia  were 
of  free  sale.  Then,'  is  no  positive  pr(Jof  that  any 
hrandy  was  nianui'aetured  in  l"j)per  California  Iteforc 
LSOO;  hut  Ortega  liad  a  still,  and  it  is  probable  that  u 
bc^innini;-  was  made  inthisdeadly  industry.  Toward 
the  close  of  the  tlecade  it  was  decided  that  the  intro- 
duction of  brandv  and  mescal  from  abi-oad  could  not 
be  prevented,  l)ut  the  n'ovi'rnor  could  still  re^'ulate  the 
sale  to  soldiers  and  others  undi'r  ^'ovi'i-nnient  ])ay.''''' 
(^ambliuL;'  \\as  another  weakness  jirexalent  in  Cali- 
fornia as  elsewhere  in  S[)anish  Aniei'ica,  and  reipiirin;^ 
frequent  attentit^n  from  tlio  authorities.''" 

^'' 1704,  no  mescal  or  oven  iicmiitted  lic^nors  to  Ije  iiitro(liKi'<l  1)y  tiailcM 
who  hai'tir  at  tliu  missions,  /'mr.  S/.  J'ap.,  MS.,  xii.  111.  IT'.t.j,  two  liairrls 
of  wine  Immglit  from  Santa  ]!;iil)aia  to  Monterey.  /'/•.(•.  Jt'rr.,  ;MS.,  iv.  i;l. 
liorica  to  eoiiiinandants,  ilfiiikiiii;  ami  ^'amlilin'j;  must  lio  stoiijied.  /'rur.  St. 
Pciji.,  MS.,  xiii.  'J40;  Sun  Jos",  An/i.,  MS.,  iv.  '-U.  I7!i<),  sergeant  at  Mon- 
terey liaa  .some  Spanish  biamly  for  sale.  Can  only  .sell  two  reals  worih  in 
mornin;;  and  one  real  in  evening  to  one  ]ieison,  to  he  drunk  in  iiis  ]>;esei;ee. 
I'ror.  J'lr,,  MS.,  v.  ;>l).'i.  I7i)7,  edmm.ind.mis  mu;;t  ]iromole  maniiiae'ture  of 
liraiidy  fn  ni  su'rar-cane.  /'/.,  iv.  !i().  Frci'  inlrodnelion  sinee  Ndv.  17'.17  of 
home-maile  Ii(|Uors;  Imtno  deltt  ean  lieeolleeted  for  lii[iior  fiirnisiied  to  troc)}s, 
etc.  I'l-or.  S/.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  Ill';  xvi.  IS!);  ]>i:.r.  Hir./w.  \{\;\.  ,);iii.  17. i7, 
;;(  ncral  i)ardon  to  all  inii)risoned  tor  contrr.haiid  making  of  i/i'iii[n:ri/o,  ]i!(>l)- 
alilv  of  no  ellect  in  (-'alilornia.  J'ror.  St.  I'up.,  MS.,  xv.  IS,  1217  1'^.  »\pril, 
17!)7,  Diandy  'es  de  venta  luita.'  J'mr.  Hie.,  MS.,  iv.  l.'iS.  Oct.  I7!IS,  I',,)- 
rieii  solicited  ;i  jirovision  fcirhidding  tlie  introduetii)u  of  mescal  on  accoimt  of 
the  iiiro.fciii' nil .i  1/  (.<c''//^/f/Aj,s resulting;  ln»l;  the  viceroy  in  ^lay  17'.)!' declared 
tliat  trade  in  mescal  and  ag'Ur.iiiirntc  (( 'alifiirnian  aguardiente  was  hrandy;  hut 
tlio  imported  article  may  have  been — thougli  it.  jiriil)al>]y  wns  not — ru::i,  v,  Lis- 
key,  cir  other  alcoliolic  liquor,  the  name  heing  eonnu<)n  to  all  I  was  free.  !nd 
therefore  other  ways  must  he  devised  to  stop  druidienness.  I'mr.  St.  Pep., 
MS.,  xviii.  300;  xvii. 'JOO;  I'roi:  /iVc,  ;MS.,  vi.  104.  1700,  some  wine  made  at 
southern  missions,  and  soon  hrandy  enough  will  he  produced  for  mo<leriite  eon- 
sunrptioli.  Pror.  I!(C.,  M.S.,  vi.  KJO.  I'adres  rec  ive  from  San  lih.s  tiie  me;  eal 
they  need.  Proi:  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xvii.  7.S-0,  l».">.  Sept.  ;t,  1700,  liorica  prohihits 
selling' mescal.  Dijit.  St.  l'(ip.,S(ni  Jok'',  MS.,  i.  Oo.  Aug.  'l'.\  IJorica  a;  k.;  that 
only  two  barrels  of  me.scal  \y  imported  foi'  each  n.ission.  Eighteen  1, arrets  (pf 
agnanlicnte  from  IJi.ja,  California  ini[ir>rtcd  this  year.  Pror.  l!rr.,  MS.,  vi.  KID. 

^' ]\".isee!laneous  connnuiiicatiiins,  nothing  imjiortant.   I'rur.  J.'ir.,  MS.,  iv. 

I'J'-';,^  ■»./'«-■,  Arrh.,  .MS.,  ii.  7.'i;iv.  -j:!;  Pmr.St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  1-27;  .'V.  /'«/-., 

;!/;».■.   (niiK'iiliin.,  M  <.,  i.  Wi'u).   170S,  Hurica  granti'd  the  petition  of  eiiixens  of 

Sun  Jose  to  he  allowed  t>  \i\ay  inalUla  on  Sunday. s  in  the  guard-house.   J)viit.  SI. 

Hist,  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    -11 


842 


INDUSTRIES',  ii.ND  INSTITUTIONS. 


There  were  no  schools  in  Cahfornia  before  I3orlca 
came  as  j^overnor,  at  a  time  when  many  natives,  of 
Spanish  blood,  had  become  parents  of  children  grow- 
in*^  up  as  they  had  done  in  ij^norance.  Few  of  tlie 
soldiers  could  i-ead  or  write,  and  in  fact  this  continued 
to  be  the  case  throughout  the  whole  Spanish  peiiod.'^ 
Officers  tauLjht  their  children,  and  occasionally  a 
woman  acted  as  amnja,  and  instructed  not  only  lier 
own  children  but  those  )f  her  nei<^hbors,  oi  even  iin 
ambitious  soldier  who  aspired  to  be  a  corporal.  In 
1793  a  royal  order  was  issued  and  published  in  Cali- 
foinia  requirinj^  the  establishment  of  a  school  in  each 
]>ueblo,  but  rcferrinnj  ap[)arently  to  the  education  of 
Indians  only.  Nothing  was  done  under  it,  excej)t  to 
render  a  formal  promise  of  compliance"''  at  the  end  of 
1794. 

Borica  began  to  agitate  the  matter  by  making 
inquiries  respecting  available  teachers  and  sources  of 
a  school  I'und.  liefore  the  end  of  December  the 
retired  sergeant  ^lanuel  Vargas  had  started  the  first 
school  in  tlie  public  granary  at  San  Jose.*'^  The  gov- 
ernor's connnunications  continued  througli  1795;  the 
old  aherez  liamon  Lasso  do  la  Vega  was  sounded  as 
to  the  terms  on  which  he  would  become  a  teacher; 


Pap.,  SnnJosf',  MS.,  i.  1.39.  Tlictv.idcrGallcgo  forbidden  to  liold  raffles.  Pro?'. 
JiC(',,  -MS.,  iv.  108.  179i(,  ?««//■//(«  and/fovo'H  to  be  played  only  on  feast  days;  no 
player  must  lose  over  i?2;  and  no  credit  is  to  be  jrivi  n.  Jd.,  iv.  'JDl.  Gov- 
ernor orders  a  sum  lost  at  (illmir-i  to  be  returned  to  Larios.  llebukes  Comis- 
ionado  of  San  Jose  for  habitual  gambling  at  his  bouse.  /(/.,  iv.  '2!),'3~4.  I'l'f- 
rir.o,  fiinini,  viuHlla,  and  ficiilo-s  may  be  played  Sundays,  if  .stakes  arc  not 
over  .*!1,  iind  tlio  sexes  are  kept  .separate.  /</.,  iv.  '2di.  Cliildren  gand)led  fnr 
buttons,  some  of  tlicui  eutting  otf  the  buttons  from  their  clothing.  I'rouii- 
iient  men  often  bjoked  on  and  made  bets  on  the  children's  game  of  tuiKjano. 
Aniiiilor,  Mciiionn.-i,  MS.,  'J"_'7-S. 

■'"'  IT'S  I,  alcalde  of  San  Jose  un.iblc  to  write.  P'tco,  Doc.  Ifi.it.  Cal.,  JIS.,  i. 
l.'i.  IT'S."),  only  14  n>it  of  .")0  of  the  Monterey  company  could  write.  I'rov.  St. 
Pdji.,  lien.  Mil.,  M.S.,  vii.  1.  ITSd,  seven  out  of  30  at  San  Francisco.  /'/., 
vii.  -.  ITl'l,  two  out  of  L'S  at  San  Francisco.  /(/.,  xv.  .'{.  IT04,  not  a  man 
at  San  Francisco  can  write.  The  connnandant  asks  that  one  be  sent  from  .Santa 
Biirbara.  Prow  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  41.  1800.  many  soldiers  acting  as  e.'V- 
poials  could  not  be  promoted  because  they  could  not  read.  Amudor  Mem., 
M.S.,  •->!!». 

^Anh.  St,i.  Pdrhara,  j\lS.,  vi.  203-4;  J'rov.  St.  Pap.,  IMS.,  xiv.,  (iO; 
P)oi\  l,W.,  MS.,  iv.  1-2'S. 

*''JMj>t.  i>t.  Pup.,  IS.  Josi;  MS.,i.  45;  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  iv.  210. 


EDUCATIOX. 


Ct3 


Jost'  iSIannol  Tocn,  nppaiviitly  a  (/ninirfr,  or  slil])-h()y, 
from  one  of  tlio  transports,  arriveil  at  Santa  JUuhara; 
Vai'Ljas  was  olforcd  .s2r)0  a  year  contributed  1)V  citi- 
zons  to  _i(o  to  San  Uioj^o;  coni])ulsory  attendance  and 
a  tax  of  tliirty-ono  cents  a  nioiilli  [)er  scholar  wei-e 
ordered  at  San  Jose;  Santa  Ijiirhara  was  re(|uired  to 
pay  6l-a,  oacli  soldier  [)ayinj4-  one  doll  u*;  soldiers, 
corporals,  and  sej'gcants  were  ordered  to  j;-o  over  their 
studies  and  prepare  for  promotion;  and  [)rimaiT  teach- 
ers were  asked  for  from  Mexico."  No  (loul)t  hefore 
the  end  of  the  year  Var<»'as  was  teachin<j  at  San  iJien'o, 
Lasso  at  San  Jose,  and  Toca  at  Santa  Barbara.  The 
doctrina  cyistianawas  first  to  receive  attention  by  the 
governor's  orders,  and  afterward  reading  and  writing 
weie  to  bo  taught.  Paper  was  furnished  by  tlui 
habilitados,  and  alter  beinu:  covered  with  scholarly 
])othooks,  was  coll(!cted  to  bo  used  in  making  car- 
tridges. In  171)G  the  above-named  teachers  continued 
their  labors.  Corporal  Manuel  Boronda,  si  rving  also 
as  carpenter,  taught  the  children  of  San  Francisco 
gratuitously;  the  soldier  and  carpenter  Jose  Ivodri- 
guez  (.lid  the  same  at  Monterey, and  ]>orica  continuiul 
to  interest  himself  greatly  in  the  schools,  recpiiring 
fi'equent  reports  to  be  sent  him  with  copybooks  for 
examination.^^ 

In  1797  Toca  was  called  awav  from  Santa  Barbara 
to  attend  to  his  duties  on  board  ship,  being  re[)laced 
by  Jose  jNIedina,  another  grumcte;  and  Boronda  was 


*^Prov.  JRec,  MS.,  iv.  ."^1-2,  1,10,  2-21,  220;  Pmv.  f!f.  Pop.,  MS.,  xiii.  10, 
M-'t;  xiv.  27;  I<1.,  IJnt.  JUL,  MS.,  xxi.  11;  Dipt.  ,'it.  P<i:;.,  ,Sau  ^o.v,  .MS., 
i.  50. 

*- Feb.  IS,  1700,  27  cliiklrcn  attending  Lnsso's  school  at  San  .Jost?:  funr  ]>:\y 
iiotliiiii.',  and  tlie  nst  two  find  ont^  lialf  rcids  yur  nioiitli.  Pror.  !■•'/.  /'"/'■•  ^'S., 
xiv.  101.  I'cli.  20th,  lioiieato  La.sso,  uvifoa  gic."*^  care.  His  pay  will  l)c  ad- 
vanced from  lliu  tiiliacco  revenue  and  coliected  from  tlie  .sctth/rs.  A  house  to 
lie  furnished  for  L.  and  family.  J'mf.  yiV'.-.,  MS.,  iv.  ISl.  l"el>.  2.")lii,  children 
attendin^r  S.inta  I'.iirliara  .school,  ;?2.  I'lor.  ,S7.  J'ajK,  MS.,  xiv.  101.  May  Otii, 
]>orica  sjic'dis  of  Ikiromla  and  ]{odrigue/  teaching  at  San  Francisco  anil  Mon- 
terev.  Lasso  at  San  ,](jse,  a  teacher  at  Santa  IJarhara  at  ^['2.'>  [nv  year,  and 
Vargas  at  San  Diego  at  .?100.  Pn>v.  lUr.,  MS.,  v.  :J3S-0.  Sept.  20th,  San 
Diego  school  ha.s  22  pn]iil.s.  Prov.  Sf.  Pciji.,  Presidios,  MS.,  i.  tii.  (iovernor 
orders  reports,  cojiyhooks,  etc.,  to  lie  sent  liini  oveiy  two,  three,  or  six  months. 
Prov.  lUc,  MS.,  iv.  50;  ist.  Pup.  Hac,  MS.,  vi.  7. 


eu 


INDUSTRIES  AND  INSTITUTIONS. 


Kuopccdi'd  at  San  Francisco  by  the  artillcrvmati  Josu 
Alvarez,  who  lor  his  services  received  an  addition  of 
two  <lollars  per  niontli  to  liis  pay.  Evidently  the 
schools  went  on  with  coiisideiahle  p)'os])ei'ity  this 
year/'*  but  of  their  [)ro!jfress  for  tlie  rest  (d' the  tlecade 
wv  know  little  or  nothing.''* 

" /'rnv.  St.  Pup.,  ]MS.,  xvi.  41,  108-0;  xxi.  2(;-2-.1;  I'ror.  lire.,  :\IS.,  v. 
101,  lOiS.  liiiiidoiiili,  Oralinn,  hijcuIvS  of  cnjiylxioks  Kunt  from  Siiiita  li.ir- 
luiiii,  Im'1).  11,  17117,  wtill  ]>ii'scrvi;(l  in  tlui  uiciiives,  tliu  Hiimpltn  liiing  .SLiiji- 
turo  ti'xts  in  m,  full'  I'oniul  iiaiiil. 

^'Duc.  17!'\  N'iii^'.i.s  tiunsferrcil  to  Sta  IWrhnru.  Pr<>v.  ],',.•.,  MS.,  iv. 
10!).  Uiiricii  coiniiliiiiis  tliat  few  imjiils  iitti'ml  at  San  niciro  Tari'iits  must 
l)(j  Htiiniilati  il.  /'/.,  V.  L'li.'l.  iSdl,  coMiplaints  of  cliililiin  {.'row  in j,'  up  in 
i;_'noran(.'t',  ami  ot'  ^ivat  ncccl  of  tiaclicrM.  /'/v.r,  ,S7.  J'li/i.,  MS.,  xviij.  Tit  ."i; 
xxi.  ().">  Says  .Tu(l,';(:  Si'inilvcila;  'Tlicy  couM  learn  very  little  in  those  days; 
Hcliools  were  few,  linoii.s  lare,  and  tlie  iniisiiits  of  tlie  jk^ojiIo  rei|iiiicil  nut  a 
Very  extensive  lioiik-learniiiL,'.  \\'li<n  any  wiitin;,'  was  neiv^ed  tii(y  ennlil 
(Msily  aplils'  to  tile  few  mIio  were  the  deoositaries  of  lej,'al  fuini  or  i'|iistolary 
lihility.'  S<  /ii'i/rid.!,  Ili.<t.  Mt  m.,  MS.,  ,'{,  1.  Many  mis.^ii  n  lihraiies  had 
I'alou's  Lif,'  of  .Serra  and  jiiTJiajis  one  or  two  otliel' histoi  ical  works  lieforu 
ISOO,  l)eni(hs  a  few  theolo'.;ieal  liooUs.  A  few  Frencli  hooks  v.en^  j;iven  to 
]jorieii  hy  Capt.  Don".-;  I'rencli  i)ilot  in  17'J7.  I'rov.  j'lVc,  MS.,  \i.  70  7. 


CJIAPTER  XXX. 

LOCAL  F-VEXTS  AND  PROGliliSS-SOUTHIiRN  DISTJJICr. 

1701-1800. 

SanDiKCO  rUKSIDIO— LlErTENANTsZrSldA  AND  riKA.II.li A -Mll.lT AliV  FoiirK 
—  I'olMI.ATKIN-   I'ANCno    DKI,    Hi'.V— l'"l  NANCr.S  -   I'llISI  I)II)    I'.r  1  l.l'INliS — 

Vancoi'vuu's  J»i;s('iiii"i'i(tN  —  Fokt  at  1'uint  ( lii.iAuium — Imiian  Ak- 
FAiits — I'ni'.cAriioss  acjainst  J-'ukiicskus -Ai!1;ivai,s  ok  \i;ssi;i.s  - 
MissH.N  San  I)iK(;n-  'I'ouiiKNs  am>  MAitrNKi!-  -Stati.-tics  -  San  l.ris 
I{i;v— San  .Iian  Capistkano -l'"r.sT!;it  -  liiii.niNcs- I'ri'.iii.o  dk  I.os 
Ancklks-I'isivati'.  IIanciios— San  (lAiiiui;r.--()uAMA.s— San  I'kiin ando 
— l'i;i;sii)i(>  (II- Sania  ])AI!1!AUA — ()i'i-iri:iis,  l''()U(r..s,  and  roi'ii.ATioN  - 
l!rii.i)iN(is  AND  Indi'stiuks— Ijdt'Ai,  J'lvKNTs — I''ii:sT  MxKri  TUiN  in  Cai.i- 
I'liiiNiA — 'I'liK  'I'liiKNix' — A  (,>iu'ksii.vi:r   Mink— Waui.iki;  I'ui'.i'AiiA- 

TKlNrr  -DlCATlI  (IK  OUTKC A  — MiSSIoN  Ol'  SaNPA  15aI!1!AI:A  — I'ATKIINA  — 
RANCIIKliiAS  OF  TIIK   t'llANNKI,— XkW   L'UUltt'lI — SaN   BuKN AVKNTCllA — 

La  I'liiisiMA  Co.NCEPcioN — Akkoita. 

LiKL'TEXAN'T  JoSE  DE  ZuXIGA  roiliailicd  ill  coniin.'lIl(l 
of  the;  San  Diego  |)residi(j^  till  ( )('tol)er  17!);].  I  n  May 
of  tlie  preeediiii^  year  ho  had  been  promoted  to  (•a[»- 
tain  and  appointed  connnandant  of  Tucson  in  Sonora; 
hut  he  was  ohli^'ctl  to  wait  the  arrival  of  his  successoi-, 
who  iissuined  the  otiices  of  eoniandantc  and  hahllitado 
on  tlio  JDth  of  Octolx^r.  Zuhi_n'a  was  })re])arinL;'  for 
departure  in  Xovend)er  when  A'ancouver  visited  tliis 
port,  and  but  little  is  known  of  his  sid)so(|uent  ciueei'. 
He  had  been  a  i'aithful  and  oMieii'nt  ofhcer,  one  of  the 
lew  who  in  the  performance  of  military  duties,  and 
especially  in  kee[)in:L,^  pi-esidial  accounts,  had  given  no 
cause  of  com[)laint.^     His  successor  was  Lieutenant 

•  F'(ir  tuuiiils  (if  San  Diego  from  1780  to  17!K>,  wliu'Ii  I  Ian;  coiilimn'  to  1800, 
SL'o  cliaii.  xxii..  this  volume. 

■^  .lo!-(5  ilo /liriifiii  c;nli.ste(l  as  a  iw/'/ftf/o  iUt<fhi(i>iii/()  i)cU>hiv  IS,  I77"-3|  went 
through  the  grmk'S  from  corporal  to  alfcrcz  iu  1778-0;  was  nia>lo  liuutunaut, 

(CIS) 


C4« 


LOCAL  F-VEXTS  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


Aiiti)iii()  ( Jrajci'ii,  of"  the  ]']sj)an;i  dragoon  ron'imiMit, 
who  had  ani\('d  at  Sail  Francisco  iVoin  San  Jilas  in 
July,  and  wlio  assunitsd  tlic  duties  of  his  oliice  on  the 
day  of  his  arrival  at  San  JJiego. 

'I'hoii'^h  (il'tecn  years  a  soldier  Grajera  had  seen  no 
active  service,  Ijut  he  was  an  ahle  and  iaithful  man, 
and  |Kiiornicd  his  official  duties  to  the  satisl'action 
of  all  during'  a  term  of  six  years  in  California.  His 
private  and  social  record  is  less  favorable.  J le  had 
no  family,  and  it  was  not  low^  before  his  liaisotis  with 
ANonieii  of  the  ju'csidio  uave  rise  to  scandal.  Jiis 
excessive  use  of  intoxicating  li([Uors  finally  atlected 
his  mind,  and  broke  his  constitution.  He  gave  up 
his  oiiice  temporarily  in  August  1791),  and  ne\er 
resumed  it,  ha\ing,  however,  been  made  a  brevet  ca})- 
tain  in  1 7!)7.  Oiitaining  leave  of  absence  to  visit 
^lexiro  ne  sailed  on  the  (Junccpc'wn  and  died  two  days 
out  of  port  JaiHiary    18,   1800.^     From  August  -J:!, 

Apiil  121.  17  .i>:  (■(iiuiiiMiKlaiit  <if  S;in  l)i(\i,'o,  Sept.  S,  17SI:  liahilitailo,  Oct.  l!i, 
17^1.  Ilc'iiri' ciiiiiiiiL;  to  ( 'alifoi'iiia  liu  liad  seen  niiicli  .si,'r\  ici;  in  Jmliau  cam- 
jiaiuiis  ill  Si'iiDi'.'i  and  ( 'liiliualma.  J'rur.  Sf.  J'<i/>.,  Jl'ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  viv.  !);  wi. 
I.  la  \~'.y-\  ho  wa.s  i^qautcMl  Icavodl'  alisciire  on  jii'titioii  oflii.i  nio'lior  to  visit 
Aii'Nico  ami  'it  tern  I  to  a  k\^'afy;  liut  sct-nis  not  to  liavo  lift  liis  jiost.  He  sliowcil 
niurli  i  tli'ntion  to  Xaiiconvcr,  who  named  I't  Zi'ifiijiii  on  the  1  a\ci'  coa  t  in 
his  hoM'ii',  and  v.  ho  .^puakM  of  slioals  in  San  Diet^o  ISay  <;alk,Ml  on  a  Sjiani.sii 
chart  of  17''-' '  l!:irios(l(!Zoonij,'a'  ( l!ajios  (U'  Ziiiliya).  Scu  1  autoji'.s  map,  li.4~i(i, 
this  vol.;  i'diicdiiri  r'n  I'o//.,  ii.  470,  47.'{,  4'-''..'.  Letter  of  viceroy  aiuimnicin!.' 
liis  apjHiiiitnicnt  a.s  ia[itain  oi  'I'ncson  (hdcd  Maj' 'ilt,  17!'-.  J'lur.  Sf.  /'"/'•> 
MS.,  .wi.  7.").  I'.y  a  h'ttcr  of  ^hiy  :{i»,  ISIO,  io  appears  that  lie  still  licld  the 
sanii^  position,  and  ha<l  licca  iiiado  licutcnaiit-eoloiiul.  ProO.  iSV.  I'n/i.,  Jim. 
MIL.  MS.,  \\\s.   I. 

•' .\iitiinio  (Irajera,  enlisted  as  a  private  An;,'.  1.'!.  177-;  served  4  years  as 
))ri\ate,  4  as  corjioral,  7  as  serLreant,  and  I  as  lla^-ln  arer;  was  made  alierez 
Apiil  1."),  17S!);  and  was  aiipoinled  lieutenant  to  eoiuniand  San  i)ie'.;o  Jiil,v 
14,  17!)-'.  /'"■(-.  SI.  /'.'),..  .MS.,  xsi.  Kll.  174;  St.  I'li/,.,  S,ir..  MS.,  iv.  |S; 
I.  1)4.  lie  aiiivtd  at  r  ,n  I'raneiseo  .Inly"-"),  17!'!!,  and  at  Sau  l)ie.',f<)  Oct. 
L").  Cliaij^es  of  lieeiitioK.siu'ss  and  drunkenness  liy  an  oliieer  on  the  ('mi- 
(•(•l>r!on  Nov.  17!)!.  J'mr.  .sV.  /'„/,..  .MS.,  .xii.  11,  Vj;  xvii.  •J,')!---'.  I7!I7.  a 
corpoi.il  asks  for  transfer  on  aeioniit  of  1  Jrajera's  dis^'iaeeful  connection  \\ith 
his  wife.  /»/.,  xvi.  l!),'i.  h.'yal  order  of  pionintioii  to  hi'evet  captain,  .lime 
I'J.  and  viceroy's  des)iatcli  Oct.  "Js,  I7!l7,  ackno\vledL;i'<l  hy  i>onea  I'eli.  'Jii. 
I71»S.  //.,  XV."  •_'(!.■>;  I'm,:  h'vr.,  vi.  70-1;  Afth.  A>z.[M:<.,\.  -Ml.  No\.  II, 
1711!'.  peiniission  from  ilorica  to  j,'o  to  .Mexico.  I'ror.  /Ac,  .M.S.,  \.  •J.'lii  7. 
Oeparlure  .Ian.  Kltii.  and  death  .Ian.  IS,  i8(H».  /(/.,v.  xii.  1.;  J'ri'i .  SI.  /'n,  . 
Ms.,  xxi.  ;t!),  ;!.'>.  Feh.  II,  l.SOO.  decree  oi  V.  i{.  to  put  Crajer.i,  on  'i..: 
retired  list,  and  nainiii''  Alfiie/,  Manuel  l!odri<'Ui'z  <if  the  San  I'r.imisco  c  piii- 


paii,v    to  replace 


/Voc.   SI.  J'lij'.,   IS,  II.    Mil.,  MS.,  xxvi.    |s; 


'/'■ 


<S'"''.,  MS.,  i\ ,  7-  li;  J'ror.S/.  ]'ii/i. ,  'S\ii..  wi.  .".(i.  N'ancomcr  in  Noveii  '  •  r 
1711.'!  was  \-eiy  Kindly  treated  hy  Orajera.  ard  applied  his  name  to  a  p(iint 
below  San  Die^'o.    Vuiicoiicur'ts  \'oijaij(,  ii.  470-1,478. 


SAN  DIEGO  DISTiaCT. 


on 


1799,  l)y  onlcr  of  Jioiiea,  Alic'ivz  !MaiiiU'l  Ti<)(liiL;ik'/ 

(liuit   of  the    ('oini);uiv,   Avhilo 


ocame  actinsjf  foiniiian 


LieiitciKUit  Jo.se  Font  of  tlu' Catalan  volunteei>,  j-ank- 
iiig  lio(lii«4'uez,  ^^'as  uiado  temporal;.'  coniaiidaiite  of 
the  niilitaiy  post.  Jvodi'i^uez  liad  been  lial-ilitado 
since  the  middle  of  1798  and  luul  really  perforn  ed 
the  functions  of  connnander;  aid  hi.s  regular  :ip[)oint- 
ment,  dated  in  ]\[exico  Feb.   11.    1800,  reached  San 


!) 


U'l^'O 


in  ]\Iav,  thoULih  Ins  commi-M  )n  as  lieutenant 


did  not  leave  ]\[exico  until  Julv  isui.' 

Pablo  Grijalva  was  alfeiez  of  the  company  tu'til 
December  1790,  when  he  was  ictired,  after  thiitv- 
thrce  years  of  service,  on  half-i)av  of  alferez  and  with 


} 


rank  of  lieutenant,  s|(cndin<''  the  remaining  twelve 
years  of  hiy  life  in  California.  Jlis  successor,  who 
served  throughout  the  decade,  was  Alferez  Jose  JiU- 


ui,  a  new-comer 


J 

the  C( 


from 
it.  1 


:\[ 


exico. 


Lii'nacio 


Al 


varado. 


om[)any  sergeant,  Jiavmg  become  a.  pensioner  o 


f 
tlio  Santa  Barbara  company,  was  ]'eplac(;(l  in  17i)(t  by 
Antonio  Yorba,  one  of  J'\ii'es'  ori<>inal  Catalans  and  a 
son-in-law  of  Grijalva,  who  was  retired  as  an  itualid 
and  succeeded  by  Francisco  Acebedo  in  1798.  The 
corporals  and  privates,  with  generally  an  armorer  and 
car{)enter,  \aried  but  slightly  in  mmd)er  from  lifly- 
seven  duriii'jj  the  t^n  years,  not  ineludinn"  the  rellrcd 
soldiei's,  or  invalids,  who  gi'adually  increased  I'rom  inur 
in    1792  to  fifteen  in   1800."     Fi-on-.   this  force   iroiii 


If! 

I 


w\ 


niodrigupz  hiiliilitado  from  .Iiilj'  :U,  IT'.tS.  J'ror.  Sf.  Pap.,  Jim.  M,l., 
Ms.,  xvii.  1.  I'dliaps  ii)i]i(iiiiU(l  ill  .M;iy.  /'/oc.  /.'cr'.,  M.S.,  \-.  "jyil.  I'loric.i  .s 
ordur  of  Xwi.  'IW,  \~\)\).  hi.,  v.  'J't,'!-!.  liudiiiiuc/,'  ;ipp(iiiitincnt  ii.s  coiuiiii- 
diiine  l(y  viofioy  I'lli.  II,  l.sO;).  /';•((•.  St.  i'dji.,  Jlni.  Mil.,  .MS.,  x.wiii.  I 'i. 
lic'cainc  fidl  (iimMiiiliiiito  M.'iy  -I,  ISOi).  Jil.,  xx\i.  I.S.  CVjniuii.s.siuii  ;i-i  liiii- 
t  iniiit  sint  tiDiii  MixicD  July  17,  l.SOl.  /'/••(/•.  Sf.  J'nji.,  .\I.v,  xviii.  !iti. 
Ki»liii,'iU'Z  liiid  lu'Vor  Wl-l'Ii  idlVi'u/  ot  Uio  .S;iu  iJicyo  l  in[i.iiiy,  li«l(.n,L;iii^'  iiond- 
iwilly  to  that  of  .San  I'raiuiM'o. 

'I/niacio  Italaid  Alvarado,  not  an  iiiu'csttir  of  tli<!  l.'itcr  ^'nvfrnor,  cidistrd 
in  177')  at  tlu'  ai^o  cjf  '!'.].  ]|c  canio  tu  .'-^aii  Dirj^o  in  I77t,  \v.'.s  made  a,  inrjio- 
lal  in  17'il,  and  .'<i'i;,'('ant  in  17  li.  In  i7l'.">  tlif  f.!<iV(  iiior  ('((n^iilaini'd  of  lii.^ 
L'lrU  of  icsoliUion,  and  in  17117  lii.s  odula  ilt  iurd'.ihi  was  icccivid.  \[v.  uas 
Rtill  on  the  li.st  of  jiCMsionci'.s  in  l.SO.'i. 

''  '1  liu  Loutr  ( 'alil'oiiiian  mission  of  ,San  Miu'ntl  htloii^'(  d  at  thi.-i  jum  iod  to 
San  l'it'j,'o,  as  did  Los  .■Vn;4ult'S  as  late  as  \~/M\,  at  Ic.ist  ^o  far  as  (lio  niili'ai'y 
guard  was  (.(jneerncd,  thoti^li  in  other  ies[i('ets  the  ])uelilo  was  s!d)j''et  lo.San- 
ta  Darbarii.     tiau  Liabriel  had  its  guard  from  Sau  Dieyo  tlirouyhout  the  di:i^- 


? 


C48 


LOCAL  EVENTS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


t\vent3'-scvcn  to  tliirty-three  nion  wero  roiistantly 
tlotaclied  to  form  tlie  fivo  or  six  guards  of  the  juris- 
diction. After  1  71)G  Lieutenant  Font  witli  twentv- 
five  Catalan  volunteers  of  the  new  reenforeeincnts 
was  stationed  here,  as  were  six  artillerymen  undn- 
Sergeant  Jose  Koca,  increasing  the  effective  force  to 
nearly  ninet}^  men.'  The  white  })oj)ulation  of  this 
southern  district,  consisting  of  the  soldiers  and  their 
families,  was  ahout  three  hundred  at  the  end  of  the 
decade,  or  two  hundred  and  fifty  exclusive  of  San 
(jabriel  and  Los  Angeles,  more  conveniently  classed 
with  the  Santa  Barbara  district.**  Ahout  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  lived  at  the  presidio;  and  the  rest 
wero  scattered  in  the  missions,  or  lived  as  pensioners 
at  the  laiehlo.  Ei^ht  foundhn'''  cliildren  from  ^NFexiro 
were  sent  to  San  .Diego  to  live  in  1800.''  The  native' 
ne()[)hytc  ])opulation,  excluding  that  of  San  Gabriel 
and  San  ^NFiguel,  was  not  quite  three  thousand. 

There  is  no  I'econl  of  any  agricultural  operations 
whatever  at  or  near  tin;  presidio,  nor  were  there  any 
private  rancho;--  in  the  whole  region  before  1  HOO.  That 
some  of  the  sfJdiers  came  down  from  Presidio  ILill 
and  cultivated  small  patches  of  vegetabli's  would  seem 
not  unlikely,  but  the  archives  contain  nothing  on  thi; 
subject.  There  were  kept  here,  however,  from  DO!) 
to  1,'_'00  head  of  live-stock,  including  the  company's 
liorses,  from  oO  to  50  nudes,  two  or  three  asses,  pos- 
sibly a  few  milch  cows  by  the  soldiers,  and  from  ;U)0 
to  700  liorned  cattle  in  a  branch  of  the  rancho  del  ny 

iulc.  l\ni\  ,SV.  /',(/).,  MS.,  xvii.  \\)1.  Feb.  1,  ITIKi,  llorica  ordered  oscolt:is 
til  1)0  iis  I'lilldw.s:  S;iii  Miguel,  S;  Sun  ])ici,ni,  ,'!;  S;iii  .liiiiii  (';ii;istr;uii),  S;  S;;ii 
(^dirid,  4;  J-(M  An.u'rles,  4.  /'/v.r.  /.Nr.,  SlS.,  v.  'IM.  San  Luis  Jlcy,  founded 
in  IT'.'fi,  ju'dlialily  li.''d  (i  men  iit  lirst.  AecordiuL,'  ti)  onlei's,  /'/-oc.  Si.  I'nj'., 
MS.,  xii.  S,  it  WHS  uustoniiuy  to  have  snldiei-s  serve  iilternately  in  eseoltiis  and 
pi'esiilio,  t!i()UL;ii  it  eiiuseil  uineli  inconvenienee  on  aeeount  of  their  t'aniilies. 

'  (,"i)inpa!iy  rostei's  ami  staienient.s  of  fcji'ce  ami  distribution  si-atten  d  in 
the  arehives.  ehi<lly  in  Pint\  SI.  I'l'ii..  Ii<  n.  J/e'.,  MS.,  xiii.-xwii.,  and  SI. 
Pup.^Siir.,  MS.,i.  vi. 

•■  hi  the  various  rejiorts  on  the  population  df  the  sontliei'ii  distriet  in  ITl'It 
and  hitei'.  tiu'  (  seorts  and  families  are  credited  to  the  mis^^ions  iu.-.tead  of  the 
presidio  as  liel'ore  and  as  in  other  part.s  of  the  country.  List  of  rank  and  Ide 
of  the  presidial  company  in  iTi'S.  in  Prtiv.  Si.  I'aji.,  Ben.  JUL,  MS.,  xvii. 
lt-l(i. 

^J'lot:  SI.  Pap.,  h'cii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxviii.  'Jl'. 


nil 
E;| 

thi 
fit 

onl 

a 

\\\ 

ye; 

'^11 


AFFAIRS  AT  SAX.  DIEOO. 


CAf) 


inaiiitninod  liere  durinuf  tlio  Inst  ])alt'  of  the  decade.^" 
Each  year  iu  Mexico  an  a})])i'<)i)jiati()ii  was  iiiado  from 
the  I'oyal  ti'oasnry  for  the  prcsicho  expenses,  vaiyinuc 
from  si  4,0U0  to  Sly, 000;  ami  inv(tices  of  ooods,  has(.'d 
on  the  lial)ihtado's  estunate  of  needs,  were  sent  with 
a  small  amount  of  coin  bv  the  transports  from  San 
J-Jlas,  varyiiiL!^  in  amount  irom  >*?!  1,000  to  si  7,000  per 
year.  San  J  )i(.'L»'o  usually  had  a  credit  halance  of  tVom 
i^l,000  to  s:;,000  in  its  lavor.  The  si/mnlo,  or  allow- 
ance, for  the  yolunteers  and  artillerv  was  not  included 
in  the  amounts  ahovo  mentioned.  Su[)plies  to  llie 
amount  of  about  i?15,000  ])er  year  were  sent  to  ('ali- 
f'oriiia  I'oi-  them,  and  San  J)iei.>(»  recei\'ed  not  (juite  one 
third."  There!  ai'e  no  I'ecoi'ds  of  the  anmial  suj)[)lies 
obtained  from  missions,  but  durinij;-  tlie  last  thive'  years 
of  tlu!  decade  the  presidio  was  indel)i'j(.l  to  the  mis- 
sions about  SI 0.000. 

"The  J'rt'sidio  of  St  Dic'^o,"  says  Vancouvei',  wlio 
visited  it  in  Xoveml)er  17!);>,  "seemed  to  be  the  least 
of  the  Spanish  establishments.  It  is  in'e^ulai'ly  built, 
on  very  iuie\en  o-rouiid,  which  makes  it  liable  to  some 
inconveniences,  without  th('  ob\  iousaj)i)earanco  of  any 
object  for  selecting,'  such  a  spot.     With  little  ditH(;ulty 

'"The  ri'ijiinls  are  fraLtiiU'iitary  ami  coiitraclictury.  Statistii/al  ri']xiit.i 
.'«iim'tiiiii'S  ii'.rliicle  tlio  kind's  cattle  aii<l  Minietimi's  not.  'J'liei-e  is  no  evi- 
(lenee  l!:at  t!ie  iaiielio  at  this  jieiiocl  iiKhnleil  any  linrscs;  in  fact  it  liail  \fin 
estal/.i.shcil  to  ;;voicl  driving  cattle  from  tlie  iioith.  In  ITi'T  it  containi  il  CiSl 
cattle;  increase  for  the  year  \',i~ ;  sak'H,  .'!0;  killeil  hy  natives  ami  wihi  heasts, 
'27;  ]iroeee<!.s  lif  s.;les,  Si-.");  tithes  i)ai  1,  .Sl'd;  net  ]vr(>lit  to  tie,i:-nry.  f '.)'.).  J'rni: 
>/.  /'"/I.,  Ill  II.  Mil.,  MS.,  XXV.  4.  1'iie  total  amount  of  titiies  in  the  jurisdic- 
tion \\as.'^;!4.  /'/■(//'.  ,S7.  /'ii/i.,  MS.,  xvi.  ]~S:  and  this  dillcrence  of  .SS  is  the  only 
iniliealiou  1  lind  of  the  ])ossilile  existence  of  a.  private  rancho.  Cattle  at  end 
of  ITi)',  .Va  ;  jiroceeds  of  sales.  .^•.");{!l.  /</.,  xvii.  I.  TSdll,  cattle,  ()!)();  i)roceeds, 
$:'A-2.   hi.,  .will.   ."., 

"  S.iu  l>i(';;o  ('oni]iany  accomits  in  l^iar.  St.  Pii/>..  MS..  \iv.-  xxxiii.:  Sf. 
/'i()>.  S<i-\,  y\S.,  i.  ii.  vi.  ix.  J.oss  sustained  on  tlic  '/ovcrnment  for;'('  and 
carpeniers  shoji  lor  170T,  STC  J'l'ni:  Si.  J'dji.,  M.S.,  wi.  IT'.'.  I'muld  ilf 
iiriilijiriu'ion  for  I7!'7:  income  .*;t,()7"i,  cX|>elided  SJ. (141 .  /'/'■  '•.  .SV.  /'"/).  I'l-fi'l., 
MS.!i.  1(12  .'i.  /'o/cAi,/,  /,'-/,./„;o/(  for  ISOO:  .s:!,7'><t.  J'fi:  St.  /'n/i..  j!<  ii.  Mil., 
.M.S.,  xx\  iii.  IS.  Invi'iitoiy  of  eH'eets  in  ^^arehou^e  17'.'.S,  ."^-1 ;!,!!'.  12.  /i/.,  xvii. 
4.  I'ajial  hulls  on  hand  Nov.  17!''',  •'■■4,l!li!».  //,,  xiii.  .">,  nccivtd  from /ini^ii 
vith  the  ollice  liy  (ii'ajera.  I'rur.  Ji'c.,  MS.,  \-.  '227.  JJuUs  neediil  for 
l7!tli-7,  UiOat  "2.")  cents  for /v'co.s,'  101)  at  2.")  cents  lor  ilij'iiiil>i.t;  ,'>{),  In, /irinio: 
2  or  ',i  rdiiijinsiciiiii.  /'ror.  St.  J'l'/i.,  I'm.,  MS.,  i.  12.  Net  I'.venue  of  Sail 
Dicijo  iiost-olliee  for  I7!)4.  871 ;  lor  I7!)l>.  S'.lo.  /'/•'„•.  .S7.  /'„y,..  I'„,i.  Mil..  MS., 
xxi.  2;  xxiii.  S.  Accounts  of  ])residio  witii  missiun.s  17'.*7-lyUO.  /i/.,  xxxiii, 
i;j;  /'/■(.(■.  St.  J'~ijK,  MS.,  xvi.  2(m;  xvii.  I'Jo. 


k^ 


650 


LOCAL  EVENTS  IN  THE  SOUTIL 


Mai*  of  San  Diego  District,  1800. 


rnESIDIO  liUILDINCiS. 


G51 


it  miglit  be  rendered  a  place  of  eDiisideraMe  Ht!'eiiL;l]i, 
by  establisliiiiL;'  a  small  I'oree  at  the  entrance  of  the 
port;  where  at  this  time  there  Mci'e  neither  works, 
guns,  liouses,  or  other  habitatit)ns  lu.'aier  than  the 
]?resi(li(),  five  miles  from  the  [)ort,  and  where  they 
have  only  three  small  pieces  of  brass  camion."'"  In 
August  of  the  same  year  I^orica  had  infornu  ;l  Hk; 
viceroy  that  three  sides  of  the  jiresidlo  walls  wire;  in 
a  ruinous  condition,  owing  to  the  bad  <|uality  of  the 
timber  used  in  the  roofs,  though  .^M,20()  had  been 
sj)ent  in  re[)airs  since  the  establishment.  '!'he  w. ire- 
house,  church,  and  oftici'rs'  houses  lbrmin!>:  the  Ibnrth 
side  of  the  square  were  in  good  condition.  Workmm 
were  at  once  set  at  work  to  (^ut  timber  at  ^loiiterey 
which  W71S  shipped  by  the  i'*r//Hv.sv^  in  ( )ctobi'r  to  be 
used  in  I'epaiis  and  also  in  the  construction  of  some 
new  defensive  works  in  connection  with  the-  old  ones. 
What  ])rogress  was  made  in  these  imjjrovcmcnts  on 
Presidio  Jlill  we  oidv  know  bv  a  vai-tu'  I'cconl  that 
esj)lanade,  })owdei'-maga/ini'.  Hag,  and  houses  for  the 
volunteers  were  blessetl  by  tlu,'  IViars  iuid  dedicated  by 
a  salute  of  ai'tillery  Novend)er  S,  17;);!.''  At  tlie  end 
of  I7'J4  tlie  ^•iceroy  expi'cssed  a  desij-e  to  have  a  fort 
built  similar  to  the  one  just  comphted  at  San  I-'raii- 
cisco,  but  without  cost  to  the  king.  "]'erha[)s  he' 
wishes  UK!  to  ])ay  the  expenses"  wi-ites  ])orica  to  a 
fiiend.  J'^arly  the  next  year  J'oint  (uiijarros,  (.'obble- 
stone  point,  was  selected  as  the  site  of  the  fort  wlios(! 
absence  \"ancouver  had  noticed,  and  prepmat  inns  were 
at  once  begun.  Two  di'  thri'e  workmen,  and  the  nec- 
essary timbei',  wi'i'e  sent  down  by  tile  iiaiisports  from 
^lonterey.  Santa  JJarbara  fmnished  tla;  axle-trees 
and  wheels  for  ten  carts,  while  bricks  and  tiles  were 

'M'ffHrowivc'.'j  Vwifaije,  ii.  495,  .")01. 

"•All'.  -i»,  17!'.">,  govi'iiior  to  xiocroy.  /'/'■'•.  Si.  /'"/-.,  MS.,  xxi.  ll.'i, 
August  istli,  litiilKi-  til  1)0  cut  at  Moiitcny  uiiil  t;ikin  scmlli  hv  tlir  I'riiir,  sn. 
Ifl.,  x\J.  ir.';  rrur.  /,W..  MS.,  ii,  1(1."..  Oct.  1  Itli,  liic  vo.ss.l'jiiis  .s.-iikd  w  itii 
tiniliMT.  J'iin\  St.  /*►»/>.,  Ms.,  xi.  If)?.  Stjit.  KJ,  I71U,  ;!')Vi  rnor  to  .\i'i;(ioll(i, 
onlciiii'.;  liim  to  m.'1h1  tiiiilHT  in  tlic  Anth-.Tji  foi-  ('.s|itiii;nU'  iiiiil  Itastioii.-.; 


Imt  nunc  vn^  st-Mt.   A/. 


50,    l.VJ  :i.      Nov.   17.    I7'.'<>.   'ovuii.-r  to  Uw 


friai«,  l)l>  "tiiui;  oi  the  woik.s.  I'roi;.  A'tc,  MS.,  v.  'J471j. 


C.-,-2 


LOCAL  I'^VENTS  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


lijuilinl  from  tlio  ])r(  sidio  to  tlic  1)e;icli  and  tulvon  across 
to  tlic  point  111  a  llathoat.  In  JJeccmlier  i7'J()  tlio 
(jiiiiiiiocr  ( 'ur(!()l)a  anivccl  to  inspect  the  Sau  Die<jfo 
detbnees,  in  wliieli  he  loiind  no  otlier  niei'it  than  that 
an  enemy  wonld  ])erha})S  he  ii;'norant  of  their  wealc- 
ncss.  l)Ut  the  I'oit  liad  eviilently  not  heen  huilt  yet, 
f'oi'euily  in  17i»7  JJorica  a})proved  Cordoha's  idea  that 
the  lorni  sliould  not  he  eircuhir.  Nothing-  more  is 
known  of  this  foi'tilication  tiU  ai'ter  1800,  save  tliat 
it  was  intended  to  mount  ten  guns;  that  on  hatteiy, 
magazine,  hai'nick,  and  ilathoat  Sl),()-_:o  liad  heen  e\- 
jionded  hel'ore  ]Mar('h  I  "1)7;  and  that  in  171)8  tliere 
was  a  project  under  considi'ration  to  oj)en  a  road 
round  the  bay -to  connect  Point  Ouijarros  with  the 
presiiho.'- 

The  natives  gave  the  commandant  and  pe()])le  of 
San  ])iego  hut  little  trouble,  the  few  de[)re(l;u!oiis 
committed  beinu'  chiellv  directed  au'ainst  the  JJomini- 
can  establishment  in  La.  Frontera.  In  1704  three  na- 
tiveswere  lidd  ;:s  ])i-isoners,  one  of  w  horn,  a  iieii])hyte, 
had  been  leadc'i'  in  a  })roposed  attack  on  Sail  3di;_;iU'l. 
Scvei'al  baiids  had  ap])roached  the  mission  l)y  night, 
])ut  finding  the  guard  moimted  and  i'e;idy  liad  )■(•- 
treated.''  In  ^.la}'  or  June  171);")  Alfc'rez  (Jiijalva. 
Mhile  returniii;;'  IVoni  San  Miguel  wi(h  throe  natives 
arrested  on  a  (■'!•  vge  of  mui'der  was  attacked  by  some 
two  hundred  savages,  on(>  of  whom  was  killh'd  and 
two  were  wounded  in  the  skirmish,  (Jrijaha  having  a 

"/Voc.  .SV.  /V/;<.,  M,S.,.\iii.  0!),  Km;  xiv.  lOS;  xvii.  !l,  10;  xxi.  il-J,  -JKI-i; 


24S;   /V„c.  />•.,  .MS.,  iv.  ±)   \;  v. 


•_'7.S;  VI. 


:>.      Wiitrr  lia<l  to 


In'  carried  from  V.ir.  jiw-idid,  Mhcrf  a  well  loiii;  iiliaiicldiuil  A\'as  rudju'iicd. 
One  liuiidrcd  and  (.liin' plauUs,  '_'_'  t'c.'t  Iniig,  were  jniion^'  the;  t.hilx'i'  sliippi'd 
from  .Moiitrrcj-.  A  i'vw  iiHJusti-ial  items  arc  as  t'ollows:  I'ur  u  time  alter 
Way  17!)i'  Iki'o  was  no  annniiT,  llic  old  mie  lia\  in.,'  jcit  after  a  service  ai  \H) 
years.  I'nir.  St.  /'dji.,  .MS.,  xiii.  .")(!-S.  In  IT!*')  the  niis:-i()iis  of  t'.iis  di  triet 
were  rei|iKs'a(l  to  »eud  eaeli  four  or  )i\e  lixlians  to  the  |residi.)  to  liarn  .stone- 
euttin;,' and  Iiriel:layi;i".  /';•'.''.  /.Vc.,^lS.,  v.  'Jli.Vd.  .Jan.  17;' >,  .",  weaver \v;is 
ti)  go  to  San  JJio;'(j  to  teaeh.  Jil.,  V.  7^.  'i  he  conuuidante  tried  to  imliito 
Spanish  youth  to  learn  trades,  liut  without  success,  souie  of  them  deeniiiij^ 
the  rei|Ue;:t  an  insult.  Pi-'n:  S/.  /V(/).,  MS.,  xiv.  l(i.  'I'lic  forre  and  carpenter 
shop  dill  y'J'.]  wortli  ef  woik  for  soldiers  ami  missions  in  17!)7;  out  as  e\[)enKes, 
iueludin;,'  t'.'.  o  appreniiees,  were  .V'l(i:>,  llie  King's  exchequer  w;;si  not  pereiptii)Iy 
lienelitL'd.    I'l.,  xvi.   17.'. 

I"' J /•/•;//!;;/,(,    I>,ip,l  <lr  I'uitto^,    !!).">,    MS. 


FOREIGX  VISITS. 


GS3 


horse  killed  under  Iniii.     Tliis  idlair  caused  soinc  fear 


and  pi'ecau 


tiuns  at  .Si'.ii  J)it'L;"o,  rcdoultlcd  a  \\'\v  days 
later  on  rumors  uf  new  hostilities;  hut  (j!rijal\:i  went 
Koutii.  and  {'ound  all  quiet,  llaids  on  llic  cattle  of  San 
jSliguel  aj^'ain  rc(|uired  the  attention  of  a  sergeant  and 
oiylit  men  in  Apiil  l/'J?.^** 

San  J)ieg<j  did  not  come  much  into  contact  with 
the  outside  world.  The  lirst  foreign  vessels  that  over 
entei'eil  tliis  line  harhor  were  those  of  the  I'^iiLrlish 


n a VI ''"at or  v  ancouver,  w 


hich 


1  remaniedat  anclior  some 


three  miles  and  a  half  i'roni  the  |»residii)  frDUi  Xovei 


n- 


her   -JZtli    to   1) 


court  eou 


^v 


ecember   Oth    17'.):).      V 
I   hv  ( 


mcouver  was 


recoive( 


jiraiera   ano 


Zi 


nn-'a,   a\- 


h;»\\e\er,  en  account i)f  Arrilhu 


as     s(  vere  a; id  nilios- 


pital/le  injunctions"    were 


not 


ai)le 


to 


a  I 


ei:4'ners  sucii  l)rlvde^•es 


as  were  desired.     Th 


e  Eirrlish 


man,  thou-^'i  he  visited  the  ])i'esidio,  spent  most  of  his 
time  on  lj(.)arvi  in  preparing  joui'nals  and  despatches  to 
he  sent  to  ]']ngland  by  way  of  !^[e\ico,  having  littlo 
ojiport'dnity  tor  observati*.)ns."  In  t!ie  early  j)art  of 
17'J7  an  ICuglish  invasion  was  supjx^sed  to  he  innni- 
nent,  and  all  possible  prej)arations  wei'e  made  byCJi'a- 
jei'a.  Gi'eat  reliance  was  placed  on  the  batteiy  at 
l^oint   (Juijarros;  l)ut    Grajera   was    also    cai-eful    to 


obt; 


I  instructions  res[)ectinu"  what   was  to  be  (ha 


le 


should  the  enemy  succeetl  in  entering  tlie  bay,  oi* 
.should  it  be  necessary  to  aliandon  the  jiresidio.  In 
case  of  juich  disasters  it  was  decided  to  spike  the  guns 
and  ')urn  the  powder  and  j)rovi.sions,  but  to  leave  the 


buil 


dmg.' 


m 


tact.     A 


reser\t 


of 


anunumtion  was  sioi'e( 


I 


at  San  fJuan,  whither  the  sacred  vessds.  ar(hi\es.  and 


otiier  val;!aldes  were 


tob 


e  carri(^( 


lif 


necessai'\' 


Th 


IV 


]aig!ish  did  not  a]i|)ear;  the  armed  frigate  Priw 

in  port  iVoin  Juui'  to  ()ct<ib(>r;  and  San  1  )ieg(>  escajx-d 


desl 


rue 


ion. 


At  tl 


le  end  ot 


:»; 


11. 


to 


I't    w; 


SC'Ol 


/' 


d 


visit 


ed 


liv   foi\  iiiiiers,  this  linn-  b\   four 


n<r..   MS. 


•2J7-S-,  iv.  SS;  VI. 


■■0;   /' 


St.   I\ 


2ia-r 


>;vi. 


Vti.'CDin'i  r*  Voi/fii/r.  ii.  ((i!l-T<i. 
'I'ror.  licr.,  MS.,  V.  -lo-l  o;  I'roi:  SI.  Pojk,  M> 


117,  •-■! 


654 


LOCAL  EVENTS  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


Boston  sailors  who  liad  been  left  on  the  lower  coast 
and  weie  ]»ut  to  work  in  the  presidio  to  earn  iheir 
living'  nntil  a  vessel  came  to  carry  them  to  San  JJlas.''' 
Yet  onee  more  was  the  port  visited  by  the  Amei'ieans 
duiiiii;-  tills  decade,  when  in  Angust  1800  the  Jidsi/, 
(  aptain  ( 'harles  Wiiiship,  obtained  wood  and  water 
liere,  I'emaininn'  ten  days  in  the  bay.  Later,  on  Xo- 
veml^er  2L*d,  there  came  an  earth(piake  which  in  six 
minutes  did  moredanuiixo  to  the  adobe  bniI(Un<''s  than 
had  l)een  done  by  either  the  British  or  Yankees."" 

At  San  Dioi^o  mission  Juan  Mariner  and  JTilario 
Toi'rens  served  as  associate  ministers  nntil  the  last 
years  ot'tlie  decade.  The  latter  left (VdiCornia  at  the 
end  of  17'JS,  dyinu^  early  in  the  next  year;  while 
the  Ibrmer  died  at  San  ])iego  on  January  '29,  1800.'^ 
Their  sucessors  were  pach'es  Jose  Banella  and  Jose 
Baroiia,  both  I'ecent  arrivals  who  had  lived  at  San 
Dieoo,  the  former  since   Jun(;    l7i)7,  and   the   latter 

^'■>  /'ror.  ];,,■.,  MS.,  V.  '2K\,  'JS.->;  vi.  Ill;  Pn.v.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xvii.  ]!)7 
2()'J.  'J'licir  iijiiiRs  -wire  \\\\\.  ]\;itt,  lliirniiliy  .Inn,  .loliii  Slt]'lit'iis,  ainl  (i,i- 
l)ri(  I  lloism'.  'J'lie  ciiptoi's  of  a  Spiuiiisli  ^■(■.s.■^l■l  in  17l'!(  I'liiiiiu  il  tluit  sdinedf 
tJKir  iiit'ii,  lii'iii}.;  (Ill  tlio  cimst  in  17l>7,  a.s  piirt  of  tlio  crew  of  two  (iui^Lrlish) 
.sjiips  Liul  t'utficil  S;in  Diego  jiiid  iiiiide  soiiiidiiign  by  iiiooiiliglit.  I'mr. 
SI.  I'li/K,  Bill.  Mil.,  .MS.,  xiii.  'JO. 

'"J'l-or.  !!(('.,  jMS.,  viii.  YM;  xii.  0;  Prov.  Hi.  Pup.,  MS.,  xxi.  44,  ."il; 
xviii.  07;  AV.  Paj'.,  iSnc,  MS.,  ix.  I'J,  lU.  The  iaitii(iiiake  oeuunvd  at  liliO 
r.  M.,  and  tJic  soldier.s'  lionscs,  warehouse,  and  tlio  in  \v  d willing  of  thi;  vol- 
nnteiTS  were  oonsideralily  eraeked.  'J'lie  drought  of  17!'.")  and  an  i'|iideiiiii! 
diarrlio  a  in  17US  ar('  the  only  other  natural  ulUictions  noted.  J'ror.  Si.  J'c/'., 
MS.,  xiii.  4;  xvii.  G!». 

'' Jlih.iio  'J'orrens — thn.s  he  .signed  liis  name,  but  liy  his  eoinpanions  ii  was 
IViore  freijiuntly  written  'J'oi  rente  or  Torrent,  to  say  nothing  of  several  otiier 
variiitions — was  a  native  of  ( 'atalouia,  wliei-e  he  was  for  a  long  tiiiie  jirer.ii-a- 
dor,  lor  three  years  guardian,  and  also  viear.  lie  came  to  Califurnia  in  17'^i> 
with  the  highest  reeoniiuendatious  fi'oin  lii.s  eolli'g(>  for  tak'iit,  cNiierieiu/e.  and 
rirciiii.^/iiiiriiis.  Serving  .'it  San  1  )ii'go  from  Xoveinber  17MJ  to  Xovendicr  I7!''^, 
lie  hail  but  slight  o|)portuiiily  to  distinguish  liiniself  save  by  a  faiild'id  |iei- 
forniaiiee  of  Ids  missionary  iluties.  His  license  to  retire  v\as  signed  by  tiie 
viceroy  ?tlar(  h  17,  171)'S.  lie  sailed  in  the  /'riiiiisii  on  Xov.  cStli  and  May  II. 
]7!l!t,  the  guardian  wrote  that  he  had  died  in  a  convnbion.  Anh.  Stii.  Pnihin-ii, 
MS,  xi. '.iSl ;  xii.'Jd  7;  Prar.  SI.  P(ii).,w\.  187.  Of  Juan  Mariner  .still  less  is 
known.  He  eaiiie  to  California  in  i7>S,'>,  .served  at  S;iii  Diego  lioiii  Xoveiiibei' 
of  that  year,  made  a  trip  m  itli  (irij,  ha  in  July  t7'.l")  to  explore  for  the  new 
mission  site  of  San  J.iiis  ]i\ y.  ]le  tlied  Jan  'J!l,  iSOO,  and  was  buried  in  tiie 
in'esbytery  by  I'adre  I'aura  on  Jan.  .">Utli.  Finally  April  'Jti,  ISIM.  his  ri  mains 
Mere  removed  and  placed,  together  with  those  of  .iauine  and  Figuer,  in  ;i  se[i- 
ulchrc  constructed  f(jr  tiie  jiurjiose  under  the  small  arch  bet\\eeii  the  tv.d 
altars  of  the  new  church.  San  Jjkijo,  Lib.  t/c  JIt<ioii,  .MS.,  bl,  S'J. 


lis 

1' ' 
lu' 


SAN  DIEGO  MISSION. 


Gd5 


since  May  1708.  Aiiotlu-r  suponiumcraiy  was  Pedro 
(le  San  Jose  Estevan,  (Voni  April  I7!)G  to  July  171)7. 
The  only  one  of  the  missionaries  with  whose  eondiu't 
any  fault  was  found,  so  far  as  the  records  show,  was 
Panella,  who  was  accused  of  cruelty  to  tlu;  neojihytes 
and  was  reprimanded  hy  Pi'csideiit  Lasuen,  who  de- 
clared that  he  would  not  ])ermit  one  of  his  suhordi- 
riates  to  do  injustice  to  the  natives.'^- 

13ui'inL(  the  decade  the  neo[)liytes  of  San  ])ie,LCo 
intMoased  from  85G  to  1,523.  There  had  heeii  ] ,'.>'20 
l)a])tisnis  and  (528  deaths,  San  Diego  had  thus  passed 
San  Gabriel  and  San  Luis  Ohispo,  and  now  was  the 
most  ])opul(>us  mission  in  California.  In  the  number 
of  b;n)tisms  ibr  the  ten  years  it  was  excelled  only  by 
Santa  Clara.  The  baptisms  in  1707  were  f);)-!,  the 
lariicst  si)iritual  harvest  ever  fjatherod  in  one  year  with 
one  exception,  that  of  the  year  180;]  at  Santa  IJarbara, 
when  8;31  new  names  were  added  to  the  re,L,dster. 
The  deaths  moreover  at  San  Diego  were  less  in  pro- 
])ortion  to  baptisms  than  elsewhere  except  at  Purisima 
and  Santa  liarbara,  tliough  the  rate  was  iViglitfully 
large,  over  lifty  [)er  cent,  even  here.  The  greatest 
mortality  was  in  1800  when  9G  natives  died.-^'  This 
comparative  prosperity  was,  however,  more  ap[)arent 
than  real  in  some  respects,  since  the  San  Diego  con- 
\erts   were   left   more   at  liberty  in   their  rancher/as 

2- Sept.  30,  ITOS,  Lasuon  to  r.orii.'a.  Arrh.  AnohUpu<h\  MS.,  i.  51.  .July 
14,  ITil'.l,  Lujan  iiistriictotl  to  ri'iioit  coiifnientiiiUy  on  tlio  trealiiiciit  of  tiio 
iiatiM'S.  Pror.  St.  I'liji.,  MS.,  xvii.  'J47.  July  17,  ITOT,  (liajcra  oxiilaiiis  liis 
tii'atincnt  of  the  natives.  Douh  not  allow  thuiii  to  have  imicli  iiiti'ivoiir.su  wilii 
tlio.so  of  itlior  iiiissiiiiis,  to  invvciit  illicit  iiitiTcoursc.  Id.,  xvi.  17-.  17'.''>. 
padres  to  ilu]iose  inislicliaviii!.,' alcaldes  and  appoint  otliois.  /'/•■.(•.  /•"■.,  MS., 
\i.  I7S-!).  .laiiiK^  Saniii[)  and  Auloaio  I'cllau  wcic  alcaldes  iu  17'.'!'.  .1/'  •'/. 
Ar~.fhi-''hui!o,  MS.,  i.  'J_'0.  Time  ncopliyto  stowaways  were  fmind  mi  tlse 
ro,(r(7<(7'ort  eiirlit  (lays  out  of  port  in  I7!lt.  'J'licy  did  it,  they  ^aid,  in  sport, 
and  Mere  .sent  liaek  from  San  Ulas.  /'/oc.  SI.  I'aji.,  MS.,  xiii.  ■21i)-l7;  /'/c'. 
//(.'.,  MS.,  V.  '22i>;  \i.  "JdO.  Aj;ain  in  171IS  a  runaway  neojihytc  was  .sent 
I'aek  from  Tei)ic.  I'mi-.  Sf.  P(i;i.,  MS.,  xxi.  'JSll.  In  tlic  iai:-sion  rc^^isteis 
appear  tlio  names  of  f.atliers  Cayet.ino  Tallas,  M.iriano  A[io!inario,  .Idsi- 
Ciin.anse.  and  IJanion  Lopez,  IVmiinieans  from  the  ]ieninMila  who  oliiciated 
here  at  (lill'erent  times;  also  ]iresliyt-ers  Loesa  and  .limenex.  eh:ip!.iins  of  San 
IJlas  ves.sels,  and  a  dozen  Franciscans  fnim  diliVri  nt  inis.-inns.  Sau  I ih  ijn,  l.'ili. 
(h:  Mi.-<i(tii.  MS. 

-^  Lasuen  confirmed  C>.JG  persons  hetween  17'.iOand  171.'o.  S.  iJU'ju,  Lib.  da 
Mmon,  -lo. 


n 


m 


11 


Wi.  a 


030 


L(JCAL  KVEXTS  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


tlinu  In  otlu'i'  cslaMisluDciits,  Cliristiaiiify  Ix.iiiLj 
Ihcrrroic  soiiuraliat  less  a  Itur'dt-ii  to  tluiii.  .Mraii- 
uliili;  tlic  iiii;-isioii  lu'i'ds  multiplied  iVom  I,";!')  to  C./.n".!) 
head,  and  its  Hocks  from  L',1()0  to  ('),00().  Tlu-  liarvest, 
(i|*  ani'ieiiltural  [U'oiliicts  in  ISOO  was  '2,('A)i)  luislicls, 
the  lar;.'('st  eixips  havinjjf  been  i),4j0  hushels  in  I7'.)'> 
and  17'.)'.),  sni'iiasscd  only  hy  those  of  San  (Jahriel  and 
San  JiuenaAcntura  in  1800,  and  the  smallest  (iOO 
liusliels  in  iri)."),  a  Year  of  drouuht:  averaLi'e  eroos 
l.C.OO  hi^^hel.-;. 

Ives; lectin' »'  material  imiirovements  in  and  al^Mit 
the  mission  we  have  hut  iVa'^'UHMita ry  data.  In  17'.':! 
a  tile-i'ooibd  ^Tanary  of  adohes,  ninety-six  hy  twenty- 
i'our  i'eet,  was  huilt.  In  I7'.)4,  besides  some  extensive 
^epai^^^  one  siJ.e  of  a  wall  which  was  to  enclose  and 
]ii'oii'ct  till-  mi:  sion  was  constructed,  and  a  ^■ineyard 
v/as  surrounded  hy  ii\e  hundred  yards  of  adohe  w.ill. 
In  17*.).j  work  was  heyun  on  a  newly  <liscovered  sonicc 
of  water-sui)i)ly  for  irri_L;'ation."*  Whether  tliis  was 
tlu!  hej^'inniuL;'  of  the  extensive  works  whose  ruins  are 
still  to  be  seen,  and  which  Hayes  sui)[)oses  wiih  some 
plausibility  to  have  been  constructed  before  li^OO,  1 
know  not,  f  )r  there  arc  no  i'urther  ivcords  extant.-' 
Of  manufacturing-  and  other  industries  durin;>"  this 
period  nothing'  is  known,  nor  are  there  any  me.ins  of 
a.scertainin<jf  if  the  teach  in  <jrs  of  the  artisan  i]is(i'uc|t>i's 
sent  by  government  to  California  penetrated  to  llus 
southern  establishment.  In  res[)ect  to  connnerci' 
nothing  i'urther  appears  than  that  there  was  clue  the 

'".SV.  Pap.,  J/;.v.-'.,  :MS.,  i.  ll.-J;  a.  20,  20.  The  iieopIiytM'  lints  at  San 
Diego  ii:i  late  as  17;'!:*  wei'o  like  those  of  the  gontik'3  of  -Hdiid  iiiul  g  as.s.  ciJii- 
■■'■'■  reil  liy  tlie  cuiiiaiKlaiite  an  sullicieut   protection  a^wimst   the  \\e:.tlirl',  if 


not  against  lire.   /'rev.  >^  P<i/i.,  MS.,  xv 


Xanus  of  lanelu'iias  in  thi; 


not  against  lire,    j  rar.  '^r.  i  tip.,  .ms.,  xvii.  /.i.     ^Naiius  or  laiieiu'i  las  iii  iiu^ 

L'.l).    M/.'ii'iii,  MS.,  ;!.  4:  Cosoy,   San    J'ranciseo,  Sole<la(l,   S.   Antonio  or  J.a.s 

Ciioyas,  Santa  Cruz  or  foajian  in  San  Luis  \'al]ey,  I'm  isiiiia,  or  Aiinoi|iirli', 

S.   Mi;;iU'l,  or.Tanat,  Sin  Jocoliie  de  la  .Maiea  or  .Jaiiioeha,   San  .Iiian  (  aiiis- 

trano  or  Matanio,  and  frn  Jorge  or  Meti. 

'■'■'  llinjdi'  Ktii'i'jr>iHt  Xiii<.'<,  I.")."!,  477,  til).'!.     Hayes  gives  from  personal  uli- 

scrvatiini  a  most  iiiti're-<ting  deseriptioii  of  tjiis  diuii  aiiil  a(HU'diiet,  ^\  liii  ii  I 

sliail  niitiei!  in  a.  siibseiiueiit  chapter,  as  I  am  inclined  to  tii in);  wiilioiit  having 

any  very  strong  evidence  that  the  Avorks  were  laiilt  or  com]  le-.ed  in  the  next 

dccadi'.      In  a  report  of  Marcii  17!)!)  (irajcra  sjiealcs  of  an  at.unpl  to  hi  ing  in 

v.ater,  at  wliich  the  Indians   hail  liecn  overworked,  but  which  was  not  a  !?uc- 
,...L.^.     /_'....:...,.     ;> (.,    Aic      !(">    I 


tess.   O'nijmi,  Ju!<puc!<'<-i,  MS.,  l!/!J-4. 


SAN  JUAX  CAPLSTRANO. 


Co7 


mission  .'it  tlie  end  of  each  of  11  u:  latiM'  yrars  a) tout 
J?;},r)0()  I'oi-  supiilirs  ti)  the-  presidio.-'' 

San  Luis  Itcy,  a  iii-w  rstablisliincnt  of  l7t)S,  where 
Padre  JV'vri  was  at  work  liuildini;'  u|>  one  <4"  the 
grandest  of  the  ( "alifornian  missions,  has  heen  (li.:])osed 
of  for  this  period  m  a  jireeiMlin^,''  <'ha])tei'.-'  A\  San 
Juan  Capistrano,  next  northward  l''iist<  r  and  San- 
tiago were  the  associate.'  ministers  until  1  <S00,  wlien  the 
former  died,'-'  and  Jose  Faura  fi'oni  San  l^ui s  I'ey 
took  his  phuH'.  These  missionaries  1)a])ti;::t.'d  in  the 
decade  1)40  converts  and  huried  (KJH,  the  eonununity 
being  increased  from  7H  to  1 ,0  It).  J  lorses  .-'.nd  cattle 
from  'J,r)0()  became  H.aOO,  San  dnaii  heing  tliir  I  in  the 
list,  while  iii  sheep  with  17,000  it  was  farahea  1  oi'any 
other  mission.  CVops  in  ISOO  were  (),;]()0  bushels:  the 
average,  5,700;  the  best  croj),  in  I  7!)-,  7,400,  and  the 
smallest,  in  I7'.)S,  ;),700  bushels.  In  I7'.)7,  there  was 
due  San  Juaii  for  suj)plies  furnished  to  San  Diego  and 
Santa  I'.irbara  pi'esi(hos  over  S(i,000.-'* 

In  171)4  there  were  l)uilt  at  San  Juan  two  large} 
adobe  granaries  roofed  with  tiles,  and  fortv  housi's  for 
neophytes,  some  with  grass  roofs  and  others  tiled.    In 

'"'/'/■or.  ,SV.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  l!).'),  1!I7,  -iU."). 

^'  Sco  chapter  xxvi.  of  this  vohuiie. 

-^  \'i<_'L'i:t','  Fiister  wjis  a  iiiitivo  of  Ai'a;^'<iii,  who  liad  «!i;;iiially  lel6  Mi'xico 
in  Octolitr  1770,  .inivc.l  atLoicto  in  Xovcniljur  1771,  scrvi!!!  at  Velic.iUi,  ami 
canio  up  fiimi  thu  ]ii'ninsula  with  I'alon,  iiniviuj^at  San  J)it,^'o  Aiijiiwt  I5',), 
177."{,  where  lie  scrviil  \inlil  177(>.  Me  «a.s  willi  .laiinie  on  the  terriWe  ni^'lifc 
of  ]S'(ivi!:ilier  T),  177"',  when  the  mission  was  de.s'a'oyeil  ami  his  coir.pani.in  win 
liiurilcieil.  ]lis  pen  has  grapliieally  deserihed  the  liolTors  of  l.iat  ni^'ht. 
Aftei'  living;  at  San  (Ir.hi'iel  ami  otiier  niiisions  as  su]iei'nni;H':a;y  he  was 
minister  of  San  .Juan  Capistrano  from  jNoveniher  177!l  until  Di'ecii.her  17S7, 
when  he  fonmleil  i'urisima  ami  reni.uneil  there  till  An;.'.  17;j.l.  Then  ho 
returncil  ty  .'•an  .Tni.vi  and  seived  until  ins  dea  Ji  on  Oet.  L'l,  l;i.  0.  lie  w.is 
hui'ied  hy  Jv^ti'voii,  ;'antia,i_'o,  and  ]'aur;i  in  the  mis.sion  chr.reli.  lie  had 
received  the  last  saeramen!:,  writes  I'',stevan,  '  with  the  most  ]>erfecfc  corf  irmity 
to  the  divine  wid,  (giving  ns  even  to  tlie  last  moment  i)f  his  lii'u  the  nv  t  iUiis- 
tr'  IS  example  (/f  iho  I'esiguation  and  lo\e  to  (ioil  our  J^oi'd  and  his  h'/!y  law 
w..k1i  lie  had  preached  in  his  life,  hoth  hy  works  and  words.'  ;  cpt.  0. 
1800,  w  itli  i-U  d;:e  sidcinnity  I'ustcr's  rem  ;ins  were  Iran:  feritd  to  th'  ir  tiiial 
restini,'-plaee  in  the  pre^liyleiy  of  the  new  eliuivh  on  tlie  epi,-,tle  ;  idi.  ,Siii, 
Jitdii  (  iijifs.'i'mio,  L'h.  (l.r  Mislim,  MS.,  'Js,  .'il)~4(l. 

■*"■'  Due  San  ,Juan  iro:u  Sla.  P.irbui"i.S|  ,(iJS.  i'rnr.  Sf.  Pop.,  iMS.,  xvii.  v:0--l. 
l-'roni  San  Dicmj  in  I7U7,  .':H,7''^'i;  in  17'.IS,  .SJ, .-),'>;!.  /</.,  xvi.  1'.)'),  •l",'i.  Mar. 
1."),  17I>7,  draft  on  Mexico  in  favor  of  tlu^  padi'es  for  .V^i.Ow  ).  /'/•  r.  I!ir., 
IMS.,  vi.  1st.  July  171)4,  draft  drawn  hyCirajera  fur  .S_', 000.  Pioo.  M.  Pnp., 
MS.,  xii.  17. 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    i'i 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Sciences 
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33  WIST  MAIN  STRIET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  S72-4S03 


<^ 


i. 


058 


LOCAL  EVENTS  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


F('1>runry  1797  work  wasbui^'un  on  a  now  stone  church 
which  was  to  bu  the  finest  c(Hlice  in  (^alil'oi-nia.  A 
master  mason  was  obtained  from  Cuhacan  and  the 
sti'Uitnre  rose  slowly  but  steadily  for  nine  years.^' 

^[arlaiio  Mendoza,  a  weaver,  was  sent  from  ^[oii- 
terey  in  the  summer  of  179(5  to  teach  the  natives.  If 
he  neL;l(!cted  his  business,  he  should  be  chained  at 
niiilit,  for  he  was  under  contract  with  the  ufovern- 
ment  at  thirty  dollars  a  month.  A  loom  was  set  n[> 
M'ith  other  necessary  apparatus  of  a  rude  naturt', 
witli  wliich  by  the  aid  of  natives  coarse  fal)rics  and 
blankets  were  woven.  Ivirly  in  1797  the  friars  were 
iiotiiied  that  if  they  wished  the  services  of  Mendoza 
for  a  loniLjer  time  they  must  pay  his  wages;  but  thiy 
thouglit  his  instructions  not  worth  the  money,  espe- 
cially now  that  they  had  learned  all  he  knew,  and  the 
wea\ing  industry  liad  bei'U  successful!}'  established. 
IJesides  home  manufactures  San  Juan  supplied  frijm 
its  lai'ge  ilocks  quantities  of  wool  for  exi)eriments  at 
other  establishments.^' 

Vancouver,  sailing  down  the  coast  in  the  autunm 
f  i79;5,  noteil  San  .In   u  as  "erected  close  to  the 


o 
w 


ater-side,  in  a   su         sandy  cove;    very  pleasantly 


^"  S/.  /\i]>..  Mi.'i.'i,,  MS.,  ii.  20.  A  nmsoiiscnt  iipby  Arrilliiun,  who  ifpnrts 
to  llic  \ii-(i"y  .1.111.  II,  I7!'!t.  J'rnr.  S/.  /'ii/i.,  MS.,  x\[.  \r>.  Ijiskcm  in  i'r|"iit  of 
ITll'.'-l""'*)  sMy.H  till'  ('luiruli  liiis  Ik'i'Ii  ))uili|in,i;  tour  yi'.irs.  .I;v7/.  .s'/ri  llirlnirn., 
MS.,  \ii.  US.  liiiti;  of  lu'L'iiiiiiiiLr,  «S'.  .hi'Ui  C'l/i.,  Li'i.  </<•  Mis'i'iii,  MS,,  •_'(!. 
Di'o.  ITS'",  tliinii  of  luasourv  Mill;  iiivlics  Ikmiii,' i>uilt  .").'{  x  lOviUJi-i.  .SV.  /V//'., 
M'c-x.,  .MS.,  ii.    no. 

^'  Miiy  IT'.'fl,  ii  wc.'ivcr  {f'Jnhf  <h-  anrhn]  scut.  Prnr.  J!i'i\,  MS.,  v.  T!', 
24."),  '_'17.  Aiiiil  li!,  IT'.'T,  I'cilro  I'oyorciia's  iv]iort  to  (li;i jcr:i.  ULiiiUi'ts, 
wiilo  \\oiilliii  cloths,  ■}H<ui[ia-<  tor  Viii|Mcros,  ;)()  yiiid.s  of  VKd./n,  J!0  y;irls  of 
liiii/t'  sii((('s.-;fiilly  wivi'u.  Not  so  |nricc't  fi.s  .M(  xicaii  iroocls.  hutuooil  oiionL;h 
for  tliis  coiiiitry.  Tho  ii.itiw  woiiicii  spin  ami  jiick  wool  ainl  lotinn,  iiiiil  al.so 
<lyo  tolci.ilily  well.  J'ritr.  ,'S/.  I''i}<.,  .MS.,  xvi.  •illU-J.  .\|iril  ITtii,  nport  of 
jadrc.-i  oil  ]iro:,'r('ss.  'J'lic  wciivir'n  attiiiiptti  at  ilyoiiii,'  with  vini':r.ir,  etc.,  not 
t'i|ii,!l  to  what  the  natives  louhl  do  with  ('aiiipnlii',  lir.i/il,  ami  /acata^tal 
wooils.  St.  /'fi/>.,  S,:r.,  ,MS.,  vi.  10:)-.">.  April  'J.stli,  <  ir.ijcia  to  Jloiica.  tlii! 
rariiiiitcr  ( Jutiem/,  the  only  man  who  can  ]mt  up  looms,  /'rur.  .sV.  /'«//., 
M.S..  .xvi. '2(!l.  .\pril 'iDth,  lloricii  topadri'H.  May.'ilst,  l'"iistir  to  IJoi-ica.  .N'en- 
dtp/.a'.s  KiTvicL's  ill  the  (la.'it  not  worth  nuich,  lint  he  A\ill  ]),iy  what  I.asiien 
deem.s  just,  .lime  ".Jdth,  Jioriea  to  eoinniaiuliint  of  Monterey.  Make  an 
nrran^'enicnt  with  Lasiien  mid  p.iy  one  eighth  to  Mendo/ii  ami  si'ven  (;i;rhtlia 
to  royal  treasury.  J'mr.  .Si.  /\i/>.,  II' ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxv.  1.".;  I'mr.  i;<:, 
MS.,  vi.  l.S.VCi,  IS!).  ^Vool  pureliusud  for  Mouturey  and  SauUi  Uailjurii.  Id., 
ix.  o;  St.  i'lip.,  Sue,  M.S.,  vi.  "J. 


LOS  ANGELES. 


CTJ 


situated  in  a  strove  of  trees,  wliose  luxuriant  and 
diversilied  foliage,  wlien  contrasted  with  the  adjaoiMit 
sliores,  gave  it  a  most  romantic  a[)j)eai'ancc;  having 
tile  ocean  in  front,  and  being  hounded  on  its  other 
sides  by  rugged  dreary  mountains,  where  the  vegeta- 
tion was  not  suHicient  to  hide  the  naked  I'ocks.  The 
buildings  of  the  mission  were  of  brick  and  stone,  and 
in  their  vicinity  the  soil  seemed  to  be  of  unconunon 
and  striking  fertility.  The  landing  on  the  beach  in 
tlie  cove  seemed  to  be  go(jd."^^  In  the  fear  of  Eng- 
lish invasion  which  agitated  the  whole  country  ia 
]7S)7  a  sentinel  was  posted  on  the  beach  at  San  Juan 
to  wat(th  for  suspicious  vessels,  since  it  was  notd()ubted 
tliat  England  had  her  eyes  upon  the  cove  anchorage. 
Whether  a  four-pounder  was  mounted  here  as  recom- 
mended by  Ca})tain  (Jrajei-a  does  not  a[)pear.  The 
arrest  of  a  neophyte  Aurelio  for  the  murder  of  his 
wife  in  17!)7,  and  the  earthquake  of  November  'll, 
1800,  which  slightly  cracked  the  rising  walls  of  tiie 
new  church,  complete  the  amials  of  the  decade. 


33 


llespccting  tlio  pueblo  of  Los  Angeles  from  17'.)  I 
to  I  SOU,  tiie  information  extant  is  exceedingly  slight. 
The  number  of  families  residing  here  increased  friMii 
thii'ty  to  seventy,  and  the  white  })opulation  from  140 
to  ;)ly,  <'liieily  l>y  the  growing-u[>  of  children  and  the 
aggregation  of  invalids  from  tlie  <litl'erent  jjresithos. 
Ibirses  and  cattle  increased  I'rom  .'>,000  to  12,500,  ;i 
larger  number  th;in  is  accredited  to  any  other  Cah- 
f tiiiian  establishment.  Shee|)  numht-red  1,700  only, 
thougli  a  s[)erial  eilbrt  liad  heen  made  since  17'.).")  to 
increase  the  [)Uel)lo  Hocks  with  a  virw  to  the  industry 

^2  I'micmivi  r'x  Vniiwio,  ii.  4li7.  Tliis  iloscriptioii  scciiih  to  loojitr  tlio  iiiis- 
Bi'in  iiiiuli  iiciin  T  tlic  .shore  tliiiii  it  i-i'.illy  is,  liiit  it  cyiilil  lianily  liiivo  lucii 
iii^i\(  il  lirl'oitj  17117  uiicii  the  new  cluu'eli  was  l)e„'iiii,  uinl  eertiiiiily  not  later. 
(See  (■!i:q)ter  xiv.  tliia  vol. 

'^^'rov.  St.  I'ti/i.,  MS.,  xvi.  in.Vd,  170,  '.MD-r.O;  x\i.  ."il.  The  lii'liiiii 
Aurelio  W.as  not  sevei'ely  piillislieil.  Jn  .a  tit  of  jealousy  In;  ]iin(i  eili'l  to 
ai'.uiiiiister  some  eohjuj.'al  diseipline,  niiil  in  his  zeal  oviriliil  tlie  duty  as  he 
iratiUy  eoni'e.s.seil.  llr  hail  no  intention  of  Uuling  her.  The  uuthoriliis  de- 
fidud  it  not  a  matter  for  criniiuul  iirocuss. 


660 


LOCAL  EVENTS  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


t)f  weavinj^.  Crops  in  1800  were  4,000  Imshels,  tlio 
largest  luiving  been  7,800  in  1790,  and  the  smallest 
2,700  in  171)7.  Seven  eighths  of  the  entire  harvest 
was  usually  maize,  though  the  inhabitants  offered  in 
1800  to  contraet  for  the  supply  of  3,400  bushels  of 
wheat  per  year  at  $1.00  a  bushel  for  the  San  Bias 
market.^* 


Map  of  I^iis  Ancjklks  Ukimon'  j>f  1800. 

'*  From  0  to  1'2  jioliL-idorr s  in  17!'"'.  I'^xponso  of  pay  .ind  rations  81,.VJS. 
/Vie.  .S7.  /'(F/i.,  lUii.  Mil  ,  MS.,  iii.  |(i.  J>i<t(it'4'J  iiiiiiu'a  of  nuilo  settlers  in 
17l>!>.  'SV.  I'dj:,  Mh.f.,  MS.,  ill,  it,  1(».  Two  iiiiii.livil  slu-ep  .listrihutiMl  in 
Auirust,  171HI.  /V'/i'.  /.''■<•.,  ,MS.,  iv.  74;  vi.  7!i;  St.  Pup.,  Nrc-.,  MS.,  vi.  I. 
17!'i!,  lioricii  onh'i's  that  lainl  In;  jrivcu  to  luiiils  of  families  who  liavc  imiu', 
but  tlii'V  Miust  eiiltiviite  it.  I'ror.  AVc,  MS.,iv.  -I  i-o.  17!l">,  coi'respoiiilenre 
Jind  iirdirs  recniirini;  needed  lauds  to  lie  fi'ueed.  Jii  ono  ease  a  willow  feiii'ij 
is  uKMitioned.  i'ror.  /,'<r.,  MS.,iv.  I'J,  111,  17, -!>.  J'mr.St.  /Vi/i.,  MS.,  xiv.  77. 
Till-  same  year  es|ieeial  elliirt  was  made  liy  tlie  ?mV(  ruor  tliroUL'li  Cumuiaudiint 
Goycofchua  to  eucouiayc  tho  sutllura  to  raiso  guoil  crops  iu  view  of  tlic  gciKial 


AFFAIIIS  AT  THE  PUEBLO. 


COl 


Vicente  Felix  reiiuiiiUMl  in  cliarne  of  the  pueMo  ms 

|)t  ])erliii])s 


e,  exei'i) 


conii.sionado  tliiounliDnt  the  deead 

for  a  brief  period  in  ITD.Vd  wlicn  Javier  Alvaiado 


seems  to  have  held  the  oili 


ee 


'J'iie  snccessivc  aleald 


cs 


we're  Mai'ianc*  A'crdn^'o,  elected  in  171)0;  I'^rancisco 
lleyes,  irD^J-f);  Jose  Yanei«[as,  170(5;  ^laniU'l  Arellano, 
171)7;  Guillernio  Soto,  17U8;  Fraiicisfo  Si'rrano,  I7l)l); 
and  Joaquin  Iliguera  for  IHOO.  The  puehlo  was  in 
the  jurisdiction  of  San\a  liarbai-a,  the  coniisi(»nado 
receivin;jf  his  orders  from  tlu;  commandant  of  that 
|)rL'sidio,  though  as  we  have  seen  the  small  military 
j^uaid  was  i'urnished  hy  the  San  Diei^o  comjiaDV.  ( )f 
local  events  I'rom  year  t(i  year  tliere  is  practically 
nothing-  in  the  records.'"' 

It  is  in  eonnectioii  with  the  puehlo  of  l^os  .Vn^cles 
that  the  most   interesting'  to[iic  of  eaily  land-grants 


ni  this  southern  central  rej^ion  may  most  conveniently 
be  noticed.  In  Februai-y  171).";  there  were  live  ranchos 
in  private  |»ossessi()ii,  held  under  provisi(»nal  n'riints 
and  sup[)orting  seviral  thousand  head  of  live-stock.'"' 
The  iirst  was  San  Jkafael,  granted  by  I^'ages  October 
20,  1784,  to  tlie  retired  corporal    of  the   San   J)ie 


conmai 


pany 


lose 


M; 


uia 


Yerd 


U<'(). 


Jt 


io 


was  also  l<nown  as 


diouu'lit.  /f/.,  xix.  :?S-40;  /'roc /I'c'.,  MS.,  iv.  1.").  i'io|i()s;il  to  fiiniisli -wlii-iit 
fill-  tliu  San  IUjis  iiuirkct.  /'/•  i\  Sf.  J'ii/>.,  MS.,  xviii.  ;")().  17^7,  ^'uiiii  sold  t<) 
Siiiita  U.irlijira,  .t'lUS.  J'rufi.  SI.  P(i/>.,  Ilm.  J/,7.,  MS.,  ix.  4.  Kmh  scttltr 
liiilsL  give  anmially  two  t'iint'L'iis  of  iiiai/e  or  w  liisit  i'of  a  JuikId  dc  /irnjinns  to 
Itu  siieiit  tor  tli('  gooil  of  the  coniiiinnity.   /'/v*c.  /Ac,  MS.,  iv.  !)S-!». 

''•'' AiTilliit;a  n  polled  tliat  Lou  Aiigtlcs  was  in  ijiiiut  in  171'-',  but  certain 
Hnnily  pc  :i3  were  ordered  to  leave,  and  tliouyli  they  did  not  ;.;o,  tlio  warn- 
ing']>roveii  elleetive.  I'idi:  Sf.  J'(i/'.,  MS.,  xii.  INS.  Oct.  II,  I71'"»,  IJorica  to 
coiuandante,  if  tiie  eoniisionatlo  is  not  active  enouj^li  lie  niu.st  lie  reiiio\('(l. 
/'(•(.(•.  J!,,:,  MS.,  iv.  'JD  :U».  .Mvarado  conii.sionado  l7!'.V-(;.  /-/.,  iv.  :i!»; 
i'l-i  r.  Sf.  J'fi/i.,  MS.,  xxi.  •J:M;  //.,  /,'./(.  Mil.,  xv.  7.  17!)(i,  Francisco  .\vilii 
drowned  in  the  tiilares.  Su->  icions  of  murder  proved  j.'roMndIess.  i'mr.  /,'..■, 
Ms.,  iv.  (i(i,  71.  I'ec.  7,  17!'7,  the  settler.s  .\vila  and  .\reli.ino  must  l»o 
eli;istis(<l  and  turned  out  if  they  coiitinno  to  distiiili  thi'  imihlo.  Jil.,  iv. 
i).'{-4.  I7'.'f^,  allusions  to  .speedy  coniplelioii  of  a  jiil.  I'niv.  L'tr..  iv.  IdS. 
I'ailro  S;i!ay.ar  rel.itis  thai  \\  hen  he  v.as  here  in  ITs'oaman  who  had  1.(100 
mures  and  c.ittle  in  iirniiortioii  came  to  San  <  J.ilirii  1  to  lieu' I'liilli  for  a  sliirt, 
for  none  could  In:  had  at  piulilo  or  piesidi(j.  Arih.  Sid  Unrliiiiti,  M.S'., 
ii.  77. 

•''L'"'l>.  24,  17!l">,  floycoechea's  re]iort  to  Boiica  in  J'ror.  Si.  I'nji.,  /l<ii. 
Mil.,  x>.ii.  7,  H.  Apiil,  I7'J.'>,  Horica  to  viceroy.  I'rnr.  /,',,-.,  vi.  40-1.  'i'ho 
I'ormir  important  report  seems  not  to  liiive  been  seen  by  either  writers  or 
lawyers  in  tlic  past. 


602 


LOCAL  FA'ENTS  IX  THE  SOUTH. 


J^n  Znnjii,  (lesc'ril)oil  as  across  tlio  I'lvcrniid  loiirloac^iios 
IVoiii  Los  Aii^vles,  and  was  coiilinnod  by  IJt)!  ica 
.January  I'J,  171)8."'  The  second  ranclio  was  that,  of 
]\lanucl  Xicio,  lu-ld  under  Fai^'es'  permission  of  No- 
veniher  I7S4,  the  largest  and  best  of  all,  sujijtortinL;' 
l,lUUliead  ol"  cattle  and  lai';4e  enoun'h  t'oi-  a  pueblo, 
.since  Well  known  as  Los  Nietos,  and  t'ornierly  gi-anted 
in  several  tracts  to  Xieto's  heirs  by  Figueroa  in  18;54,''"' 
The  third  was  the  I'anieus  San  I'edrt),  or  J  )oininn'uez, 
rancho,  occu})ied  by  Juan  Jo.se  L(jniin_L^uez  with  ai)out 
a  thou.sanil  head  of  cattle  under  a  permission  given 
very  likely  by  Fages,  but  the  date  of  which  is  not 
known.  It  was  regranted  by  Sola  in  1822,  and  is  one 
of  the  few  Califoi-nian  ranches  that  have  remained  in 
the  i)ossession  of  the  original  gi'antees  and  their  dr- 
sceiidants."^  Fourth  in  the  list  was  the  rancho  at  l*oi-- 
te/uelo, smaller  but  fertile  and  well  watered  and  stocked 
with  cattle  on  a  small  scale,  situated  about  four  leaniies 
fi'om  Los  Angeles  on  the  main  road,  and  occui)ied  by 
the  old  veteran  Sei'geant  ^lariano  de  la  Lttz  ^'erdu- 
The  iifth  and  last  was  the  Lncino  rancho,  where 


li'o. 


""  AccDnlitiu;  to  /i';/.  Jlmud",  M.S.,  IV2-X  F;i,','f's  porniittcd  Wrihi^'o  on 
Oct.  '-'Otli  til  kt'i'ii  liis  c.ittlc  at  Arifiyu  Hondo,  one  iiiid  ii  liiiit  li'agiics  iVoiii "  ;iii 
i  !;ibrii'l  on  tlic  loinl  to  .Monterey,  on  eondition  tiial  no  liarni  was  dono  to  niin- 
sion  or  jinelilo,  and  tare  taliin  witli  the  liativt's.  Jan.  Il',  I7!'^>,  in  aii.swer  to 
jelition  of  Nov.  4,  171*7,  Uoriea  jierniitted  liini  to  selile  witli  liis  ianiily,  rtla- 
tixc^,  and  jiroiierty,  nnder  likt:  eondilion.s,  and  the  new  one  ol  raisin:;  ulieci",  at 
Lr.  Z:injii.  'i'liisjanelio  was  visitt d  in  -Vnyust  ll'Jo  liy  the  party  tseekin;,'  a  nii.-i- 
sion  «ite,  S/n  Maria,  ItiijiMio,  M.S. 

•'"In  17!lo-(i  the  mission  of  .San  ( !a1)riel  laid  elaini  to  Xielo's  land,  ealli  il 
at  thi'  time  l.a  Zanja.  After  an  investi;;ation  Boriea  allowed  Nielo  to  reinin 
^\llat  land  lit'  had  aetnally  nnder  cultivalion  and  in  u.se,  the  rest  to  Ic  u.sed 
liy  the  mission  without  iirejudici!  to  Nieto's  Ic.^d  ri,.;hts.  i'lor.  J,'ir.,  ^i.S,,  iv. 
4),  .M-'J,  (il-l!.  It  wimld  seem  that  other  ]iersons  hesidis  Nieto  were  liviu;.; 
hei'c  in  171'7,  w  hen  the  inhahitanls  were  ealled  ou  to  Lo  ready  to  resist  l]n,L;li  li 
invasion.  J'ror.  St.  J'<iji.,  MS.,  xvi.  'JI!)-.">(>.  This  grant  eame  lietoru  tiie  I'.  S. 
land  eomissiou  in  h;,ter  times  in  live  separate  tracLs:  Los  L'errito.«,  Los  Ceyutes, 
Las  ISoi.sas,  Lo.^  Alamitos,  and  Sautii  (jei'trudia,  aggregating  .'to  wj.  leagues. 
J/iij!'iiiaii\i  Land  ('((HIS. 

"'•Mi  ran  ted  iiy  Sola  Dec.  .SI,  IS'JiJ,  to  Sergt.  Cristiibal  Doininguezas  ne[ilie\v 
and  heir  of  .hum  .losi'.  AV;/.  Braml.'i,  MS.,  35.  'i  he  author  of  Luk  A,:iit!<i>, 
Ji'isl.,  S,  {>,  supposes  this  irrant  to  ha\c  'lecn  ori;;inaliy  made  hefore  1M,0, 
eliiellyou  the  testimony  of  ,\hini;el  l)omin;:ue/andoll,er  old  .settlers.  No  (-ne 
lias  until  now  siiowii  any  doeuiiu  ntary  proof. 

*''  N'enlngo enlisted  at  Ijoretooii  llee.  !.">,  17tJ<i,  .M'rviii;;  as  ]iiivati\  oorporai, 
and  sergeant,  seven  years  in  each  ea]iaeily.  lie  eaiiiewiih  t'.ij.t.  Li\eia  y 
Moiieada  in  the  lirst  e\i  ediUon  of  I7ti'.>,  and  s.rvdl  in  sevnal  Lidian  e.iiii- 
paigns.    iiis  name  apjieais  among  the  godiuthers  at  the  first  Lapti.sms  ill  .'--uu 


EARLY  LAND-GRANTS. 


603 


Alcalde  Frniu'isco  Ixevos  had  a  house  and  wlioi'c!  ho 
kept  liis  own  livi'-stock  as  well  as  that  of  C'ornelio 
Avila  and  othui-s.  This  was  wIkti'  San  Fernando  was 
estahlislu.'d  in  17'.)7,  the  i'riars  taking'  possession  of 
lieyes'  house,  a  i'aet  that  illustrates  the  sli^lit  t(  nuii; 
by  which  tliese  early  jjjrants  were  lu  Id,  Between  I  Z'.i.") 
and  ISOO  tliere  wvm  |)erhaj»s  ^rantid  two  other  ran- 
ches within  this  jui'is(hction,  San  Jose  de  (Ji'acia,  do 
Sinn'  to  Javier,  l^atricio,  and  Miguel  Pico  in  orahout 
171).');  and  El  lu^ru_i:;i(t  to  Captain  .Fose  Francisco 
Orteo'a  or  his  sons  a  yeai'  t)r  two  later." 

San  Gabriel,  belonginir  throuj^hout  the  decade  to 


Dic-i 


1(11 


II,  jiiKl  li<;  conimam 


1.(1  th. 


(1  at  San   L 


Ol 


iis|i()   in  \  1 1 


1773.    H< 


tuniiiorarily  in  ciinunanil  at  San  l>i('L,'(jin  Xnvcniln'i'  I77'>at  tlic  tiinc  of  t!io 


Iiiassaoro,  licin;,' tlm  iir.st  ti/ vcaoli  tlio  niissi(jn  ami   i('i)()it  the  iv 


< 


iK'eiiinnann 


.[< 


l)V 


Xrvi;  to  till!  Colorado  in  I7S"_'.     lii 


|)r 


event. 
Maria, 


inadauiiK 


Ln 


o,  was  I  in 


lied    liV  i.l\i- 


it  San  IHeu'o  Al>iil  j.'i,   I7N0,  and  liu 


8ulpse'|nently  iiianird  (!ret.'()ria  Ivsjiino-sa.     l''roni  alioiit  I7.s(l  lie  was  ser.L'eant 


if  tiio  Moiiteivy  '(inniaiiy  till  17^7  n\  lien  he  was  ])idliiilily  ietiix'(l  arf  ; 


St.  r 


J!< 


.1///.,  MS.,  ii.  14;  viii.  S,  <»;  .\iv.  I, 


XXil.    / 


7;  /• 


did. 

r.  S/. 


J'(i/i.,  MS,,  i.  1',  4.  ."i;  .V.  JJieijo,  Lib.  de  J/wkh,  MS.,  10,  77;  Sail  Luis  OltUiio, 


L,l>.  <lr  Mi 


MS. 


'rill?  Siiiii  Itaiielio,  ai'cording  ta  J't'j.  }>rfin(l.<,  MS.,  ."3,  and  Ilofmnii'i^ 


d   (• 


was   LCiaiiteil  by  IJoriea  in   I7!l'),  Ixiint;  rei'ianted, 


petitioiKMl  for,  in   IS.'I,  and  also  liy  Alvarado  in   1S4"_'.     .\( 
lirdiiil.i,  .MS,,  Wl,  VX  ]{,efuL;i()  was  j^T.-mted  liy  I'.oriea,  tliereforc  In 


at  least 
ill','  to  Hcj. 

isoi). 


to  t'apt.  Orteira,  tlierefore  liefort;  17!'S  when  Oitoj:a  died.      1   think  there  is 
room  for  doi'.lit  ahout  one  or  liothof  these  j;iants.    Jlespei.'tini;  liotii  it  ni;iy  lie 


said  that  Jl 


does  not  S(>elii   to  lia\e   fa\(ireil  siicli   L'lalits.      As  to  Si 


wiieii  ail  exiiloiiii''  part vvi>iteil  the  v 


illev  111 


A 


111,'llSL  !7'J-")  tiieV  did  not  lliell- 


tioii  aiiv  lanilio  as  tliev  did  Jicves"  .miiiI  \'erdiii.'o"s;  and  not  oiilv  this  liut  in 


Ainil  17i"i  Ii 
to  le 


ive  tJK 


lea  exiiressly  retllsi 
.  lilo  and  settle  oi 


d  to  grant  I'ieo  (no  j:'ven  name)  |ieniiis>ioii 
1  a  raiieho.     As  to  I'il  JiifiiL'io,  we  know  tliat 


()ite,L^,i.  ill  17!Hi  w;is  in  troilMe  alioiit  a  delieit  in  his  J^nrelo  aeeumits.  /';■■<(>. 
lice,  MS.,  iv.  (is,  7-,  M-'_',  SO;  his  son  .lose  Maria  wished  to  take  a  land-L'iant 


(111  whhh  to  woil 


id 


advised  him  a'.'ainst  tiie  seir 


iiay  Ins  f 


^tl 


ler  s   )l|(l> 


litedi 


and  allhoii'li   1 


.on. 'a 


still  a  L'raiit  was  ordereil  to  lie  inade  to  him 


(if  the  /.I 


iija,  it 


(_'ola  lands  if  iiiii 


T 


le  author  o 


if  y,. 


S,  !),  lliiiiks  tiiat  Saiitia^'o  de  Santa  A 


/I »;/./'.■■,  //;./, 


iia  was  one  i 


if  the 


se  early  j^rant- 


lli 


reasons  a  re:  A  po|,iilar  liilief  tliat  this  w.is  one  of  the  oldest  raiuhos;  te-liinony 


iutl 


K'  district  I  oiirt  that  tli 


e  oriirinal  oei'ii 


[laiit  was  <  Iri  jal\ 


the  prolialiility 


that  the  f^lant  to  Vniha,  in  ISIO  was  a  re:.'raiit  to  (Jiijaiva's  .sun-iii-lau;  and 
finally  a  reeojniitioli  hylhe  eoiirt  of  the  I'eraltas' elaiins  as  deseeiidaiits  of  tiiu 
ori'^inal  oeeiipaut.  Tlii.i  is  fiu  iii.Ljenioiis  Iiiit  probably  erroneoii.s  arL'nmeiit. 
Lieut.  <!iijalv.i  was  a- jiensioncr  of  the  San  Die^^o  eompaiiy  atter  17li!ias  was 
Serf.'t.  Vorba,  his  .son-indaw,  after  17'.'^;  but  Oiijalva,  dsiiiL,'  at  San  l)ie;,'o  ia 


mil  nioreovor  ho 


18()(i,  named  no  land  in  his  uill  tlioti','li  he  did  name  iratll 

refused  to  !,'ive  his  daiiu'litel's  aiiytiiiii;.'.  on  the  i;riiiind  tiiat  tliey  had  been  pro- 


vided  fii 


it  tl 


leir  mariia'_'e — one  wiUi 


111   V. 


in   \~W1  and   ll 


le   ct'.ier 


with 


IV.'i'alta  in  I7~>.").      reralta's  elaiins  resulted  from  the  fact  that  .\riil!aL'a's  j:rant 


of  Julv  1.   ISiO,  was  to  Vurt 


.1   1 


Nov.  '1\,  ISO.I,  Yoiba  sav? 


'eralta  in  eompany.      In  hi<  ]iefition  of 


olh 


A'.;/.  U 


ih,  MS. 


s  notluiii,'  ol  any  previous  uucupaney  by  liiiiuse 


.;lf  or 


G04 


LOCAL  KVPIXTS  IN  THE  SOl'Tir. 


lite  jiiris(lIc<iori  of  S;m  l)i('t^f>,  was  oiio  of  tlio  most 
flnurisliiii'^r  of  tlic  missions,  l»ut  its  iiimals  may  '><'  very 
luiclly  (lisjioscd  ol".  Cnizado  and  Saiiclicz  still  Inllcd 
t(tL;rl  Iicf  as  ministers.  ( 'alzada  remained  niitii  I7'.)J. 
(  Visl('-I)al  ( )r;inias  served  liei-e  in  17'Jii  :!;'''  Juan  Mar- 
tin in  I7l)l  r»;  ,lnan  L(»|K'  Cortes  in  I71)'i-H;  and 
J'edro  <li^  San  .los*';  I'^stevan  to  IHOO  and  latei',  so  tiiat 
the  mission  had  always  three  j>a(hes.  TiKfy  ha|)tizt!(l 
1,2(57  natives,  hut  they  hiiried  I,  I  lM,*'' so  that  tlu;  coni- 
mnnity  was  inei-eased  only  from  1,040  to  1,140,  stand- 
int;'  now  tliiid  instead  of  sec(»nd  in  the  list.  Jn  lari^'e 
stock  San  (-laiiriel  stood  lourth,  with  a  ,nain  Irom  4, 220 
tt»  7,0'.>0  hca<l;  while  in  shee])  it  was  second  to  San 
.Inan  oiiiy,  its  llocks  ha\inu^  increased  from  (i,00()  to 
I2,.">(i0.  In  a'4iicnltui'al  ])roducts  San  (ilainiel  was  a 
tieViiih  San  Ihienave'it nra  in  ISOO,  with  a  ci-op  of 
i), 400  hiislu  Is,  tlie  smallest  having  been  ;J,000  in  i7*J;;, 
and  the  a\(ratjje  al)out  (5,400. 

Jose  Maii'a  ^^'l•duL^•o,  owner  of  a  randio  in  the 
\icinity,  was  cor|>oi\il  of  the  mission  ouard  much  of 
the  time  down  to  I7'.)H,  and  his  successor  was  iV-dro 
Poyonna.  Jose  ^ligiiel  Flores,  a  dischai"jj;'ed  soldit-r, 
was  majordomo  down  to  his  death  in  1 7l)(5.^*  A 
stone  church  was  half  linished  in  17!)4,  hut  in  ISOO 
it  had  net  yet  heiMi  completed.  Thei-e  is  no  record 
of  maimficturiii'jf  industi'ies  save  that  a  little  cotton 
oht;;ini'd  from  San  JMas  was  woven;  hut  1  sujjpose 
that  a  hcLiinninsi'  of  wcaviiiix  woollen  stalls  or  of  aonie 


geai 


♦•'Of  ('risNil):il  ()i:iiiiaa  wo  only  know  that  ho  liad  l)oon  for  fivo  yo^irs 
assi;it;iiit  iiiiiili' Mini  ln'iaiiic  ii  friar  only  a  yoai' lirfoiv  coiniiii.''  to  ( 'alifornia, 
«  liillu  r  he  liiMn;;Iit  ill  I7m>  a  most  llattoiiii;,'  lTi>utatioii  from  tlio  j^aiaidian 
for  ^'('iiiii;<  ainl  iMiii'ilarv  coinliiit.  Arch.  S/.a  /liirhdin,  MS.,  xii.  "Jli-T.  Ho 
Ki'iviil  at  Saiila  ll.iiliaia,  of  w  liiili  mission  ho  vas  a  foiiinlor,  fi'om  l)oi'oml>or 
IT^'li  to  1)ooiiii1m-  \~  :•'.);  at  i'uii^ima  until  N'ovomhor  1 7!'-:  aixl  at  San  (.-ialiiiol 
tintil  So;itoiiI)oi'  ]~'.K\.  wlion  Itrohoii  down  in  lioalth  iio  ii'iiiod  to  I'lo  ooUoge. 

'■''flii.-i  iloalli-raio  of  !K>  jior  oont  of  liaiitisms  ami  doiilitloss  h'.)  jicr  ooiit 
and  moro  of  liirllis  vra<  not  causod  hy  any  j^''oat  oiiidoniic  in  ono  'lai",  for  tlio 
dcath.s  run  i|iiilo  ovonly  as  follows:  104,  84,  DS,  G."),  SO,  S7,  i'-,  '.'(i,  i:!S,  and 
L'oO. 

*' Siiii  Hnhr'iil,  /Jfi.  ih'  Mi<ilo>i,  MS.,  passim.  'Iho  niission-ho(  ks  oontaiu 
but  li'.tlo  hoyoiiil  tlio  namos  of  padros  and  of  persons  haptizod.  i  laniiil,  or 
bnrit'd.  'I'lu-  oiirinal  resistors  iiro  also  inipericct,  parts  of  several  books 
liavinjj'  ditappoaroJ. 


RAXTA  BARBARA  DISTRICT. 


668 


otlicr  l)iaiicli  of  lUMinitivo  inaiiuraclnrcs  iniist  have 
liccii  iiiaili-  at  this  iktIikI,  for  Sail  (Ja')r!i'l,  so  lloiii'isli- 
iiiL;-  aihl  so  |)roiiiiii(iit  in  later  yeais,  would  iiat;i;ally 
have  heeii  aiiioiijL?  the  iirst  to  make  experiiui'iits. 
Kveiits  iiii|»ortaiit  or  [^etty  thc>r(^  are  none  to  re.-ord. 
Sail  {•\'iiiaii(lo,  the  new  establishnuiit  in  I'Jiciiio  \'al- 
ley  hrloiii;iii;^r  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Santa  IVirbaru,  1 
have  already  noticed  in  another  cluijiter. 


43 


Santa  H.irhara  presidio  remained  under  ilw,  ahle 
command  of  Lieutenant  Feli[»e  de  (jloyeoeehea,  who 
was  also  h;d)ilitado,  and  was  in  171).S  jiromoted  to  he 
hi(\(t  captain.  l^d)lo  Antonio  Cota  was  |)roniote(l  to 
iill  the  vacant  post  of  allerez,  and  si  rved  throu'^hout 
the  decade,  dviii-*'  at  the  end  of  IHOO.'"  Jose  i\Iaria 
Ortega,  son  of  the  lieutenant,  took  C'ota's  [)lace  as  ser- 
geant with  Olivera  and  Carrillo;  and  when  the  latter 
went  to  Monterey  in  1795  he  was  i-cplaced  hy  Fran- 
cisco ?.raria  Kuiz.  The  ])residial  Ibrcj  was  hfty-nino 
men,  IVoin  which  number  o'uards  were  supplied  to  San 
iJueiiaA'eiitura,  San  l\!rnando,  Santa  J>url>aia,  and 
Pun'sinia  missions.  The  number  of  ]»ensioners  in- 
creas'-d  from  one  to  seventeen,  and  all,  with  their 
families,  constituted  a  pofiulation  dc  neon  which  in- 


^■^«  lunili-liuildinc;.  St.  Pap.,  J/wf.,  MS.,  ii.  "),  '20,  100.  1 10.  rottou-wcav- 
inj;.  /'/.,  ii.  ti,  lOi);  An-h.  A,Z')' i-^j>iiih>,  MS.,  i.  .SO-l  .luly,  I7'.!(;,  •_:();»  juTnhas 
of  v.ixil  c':iii  I'l'  li;ul  at  '20  reals.  .S7.  Pup.,  Sue.,  MS.,  \  i.  (i.  l)tn;  inis.sioii 
fi'Diu  jiicsiilio  (it  San  Die^'o,  17!>7,  Jji-'.SMl.  J'ror.  iSV.  J':/).,  .MS.,  xvi.  •_'!!.'».  l'"')r 
ITU'i.  ■:;-'..i!»7.  /'I.,  xvi.  I'J.'t.  lluo  Irom  Sa.ita  l!;ir!.ara,  17:»7,  .^."t.:!!!.  A/., 
xvii.  7S  Si.  'J'wo  runaway  neopliytcs  from  Si^n  (ia'irifl  lirouglit  in  hy  tlio 
IVipa'nw  to  TiKsun.   /'ror.  /'(■<■.,  MS.,  iv.  .")S. 

*'  I'mIiIo  Aiilunio  Cota  was  horn  in  1714,  and  cii'istcl  in  17!'''^,  coininL;  to 
Calilniuia  ]  ii  ii;.lily  in  I7<i!l,  imd  oM'tainly  licforo  177't.  llu  .'^i  I'lns  in  lia\u 
coinniiuiii'  (i  l.ii!  ':uar!l  at  San  livuMiavi  nlura  fi-oni  i," ;  I'lunilalion  in  17  >-  nntil 
17.S7,  v.Iun  lir  Vi:m  rcmovi'd  on  foniijlaiut  of  tlii'  [iidris.  Ih;  .>ful)sci|U('utIy 
connnand-.il  at  I'lirisinia  until  rtii'iaciil  hy  Coiiiiial  Oi-t;' ';i  in  Sf;i;c'nih(;r 
17SS.  I)iiiin;;  thi.s  time  ho  was  t'ni:a,','td  in  one  or  two  niiiior  <'X|.liii-,itions 
and  luilian  c.i!ii;>:ii:;ns.  His  ((ini'uissiDu  as  allVivz  was  xi  irmI  in  Mixioo  .Ian. 
l.'i,  I  7'  ct.  .SV.  /'('/(.,  Sai\,  MS.,  i.  .V).  His  wit'i'  wa.<  Dofia  Mar:.i  Rosa  dr  Lui^'o, 
wlio  died  .l.-n.  10.  1707.  N.  litunini:  iitunt,  Lih.  dc  Mhimi,  MS..  "J,  .">,  0;  Sl(t 
]}-',-'iit,-ii,  L'Ji  (If  .MisUiii,  MS.,  ,'{0.  In  Au'_;iis;  170.)  he  i'onniiau<li'd  th''  jiaity 
f\|il'  1  i.:  ;•  tor  tlic  mission  siti'  of  San  !•'(  rn.'iiido.  Shi  Miirm,  Hi  j'lsfi-n,  MS. 
H.'  (lied  IVc.  :;0,  ISOO.  /',v,c.  ,S7.  Pap.,  .MS.,  xviii.  .'.7;  xxi.  .";.!.  <A  [.!>  misy, 
wliieii  claiini;  thi  s  e-old  niiny  winter  attacked  many  persons  at  Santa  liarhura. 
J'roc.  SI.  I'up.,  Ihii.  Alil.,  MS.,  xxix.  3. 


000 


LOCAL  KVEXTS  I\  THE  SOUTH. 


('rons<Ml  from  200  to  ^70.*'  Tlio  total  white  i)o])ula- 
tioii  of  this  (hstrift,  iiichi(liii_t^  Los  Aiij^flcs  and  (he 
I'aiicho-;,  was  (I";'),  and  n(.'o|»]ivt('s,  iiichidiiiL,^  San 
(iahiicl  and  San  Ffrnan(h>,  innnhci-cd  almost  I,0<)0. 
IlaxinL,''  no  tort,*'  Santa  J>;ii'itaia  ohtaincd  no  part  oj" 
thf  iTLMiritrccmcnt  of  artilloiymcn  and  inlantiy  .st;nt 
to  ("alilornia  in  1  7!)(J,  and  was  «;ariisoncd  hy  cncra 
('avah-ymun  only.  The  annnal  a|)[)roj»riation  lot- (his 
|)i(jsi(lio  IVom  the  royal  treasury  did  not  vaiy  nnich 
I'rom  .sl."),0()0.*' 

It  lias  lu'cn  seen  that  now  jjrcsidio  buildini^s  had 
l)e(!n  completetl  or  nearly  so  hy  17D0;  hut  sonu;  ot"  the 
I'oofs  were  constructed  of  tules;  some  of  the  timbers 
su|)[iortin<^  tile  r(.»()fs  wore  bad;  the  {family  kitchens 
were  inside  the  ]ious(>s  and  not  dotaclied  as  was  best; 
a  lire  (Hd  consi(leral)le  damaiix-  in  Auirust  17S'.);and  it 
S(.'oms  that  no  now  cha[)el  had  been  built.     Fages  in 


'  Cum  pan  V  rostoi-s  in   Prov.  St.  Pop.,  IJi'ii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xiii.xxvi.;  .5/. 


.N'U 


MS.,  i.-iii.     l,i>t  of  alxiiit   100  jieismiH  in  17!I7  \\\\^t  liave  o 


l)lioil  witli  irliuioiis  oliliu'iitioii.s.  Prov.  Si.  /'ti/i.,  MS.,  \v.  Si)-!):!.     List  of  U 


y^miiL;  imii  lit  tnr  military  .sirviix',  l)iit  wlio.sc  |)iiccnt.s  nii'il  thiir  can 


.\v.  1()l'  -t.     I'lill  list  of  (iliicci-s  and  nii^n  i 


in  ITitS.   /' 


,S7.  J'. 


Hi 


I'/.. 
M<l., 


M.S.,  wii.  •_'()!.     iMiur  l'(i-.in(lli!ii.;.s  uanif  liiio  to  live  in  hSOO.   /'/.,  xxviii.    ]>y 
lioiica's  onlcr  oacli  nii.ssion  csi-iilta  was  rccliici'ilhy  one  man  in  IT'.'J.   Prar. 


.M.S.,  iv.  •_'.-);  /' 


SI.  I' 


'/' 


MS.,  xiii.  171. 


■""(Jnc  liijuss  ()-)i(iiin<li.'r  an<l  tliri'C  .snialit'C  iron  pieces  nt  tlio  pvpsidio  with 
four  iron  j.'un.s  at  l\w  tliree  eoa.st  missions  were  the  armament  in  17!IS.  Pror. 
Si.  J'liji.,  ill  II.  .Mil.,  MS.,  xvii.  .").     raper  supplieil  to  school  anil  coUectid 


aiiain  t"r  eal'tinl'ies. 


P 


P 


MS...iv.  :\-2. 


**  ( 'oiii]);iiiy  aerount.i  in  Pmr.  Si.  Pap.,  Jlrii.  Mil.,  MS.,  xv.  x 


xvu.-vni.  xxi. 


Sxiii.  xxviii. ;  .SV.  Pap. 


Snr.,M!i. 


'V 


!<i;!,(i!;()  to  .si7.<iu!t.    Accoiuit  of  I7'.t4,  cre.iit,  !<:;i». 


le  mciiioiias  ot  supjilics  were  Iroiii 


.v.  /• 


/' 


d.,  MS.,i.  W.     U.  for  I7!»7.  e 


r.,**:;, 


■Kit.  .--.■!s,(i;i».  /' 
<Ir.,.si;i,0'j.').  .S7.  I'd  p., 
.MS.,  ii.  (,s.'    M.  f.,1-  I7'.:s,  or.,  .•:<Kt,.V_'();  <ir.,  .S4i),(US.  /';•./•.  .V.  /V//).,  P.ci. 
Mil.,  MS.,   xvii.  !l-ll.     'J'otal  I'd'eipts  <if  siipiilics  in  n'.'o,  iiuluilin:,' !^  i.S.'ii) 
n  n.is.sioiis,   .':r--.".")7.    /'/.,    xxi.    !».      Waste  in   List   niemoii.i   l7!)o.    i^'i'M). 

in  i7'.)S,  .S7.-,(i. 
1. 


I'lOl 


MS.,  iv.  80.     :! 


!-'sion  Slip] 


lies  in   17i)7,  ■'^l,t) 


/Voc.   Si.   pop.,   Jlfii.  .Vi!.,V,S.,   xvii.  10,11.     hiventoiyofj 


o'm;s  on  jiam 


J). 
J' 


M;- 


!1,  17!!:^ 


J,/. 


Account  I, f  I7li!l,  or.,.st. 


l'(i,>. 


V, 


/In,. 


M. 


1. /. 


j'.l.      Postal 


revenue  Iroin 


r.,si:l.l4H. 
d   to  .^10."). 


.1/;/.,  .NiS.,  xxi.   (!,  !);  xxiii.  S;  xxv.  II:  S(.  Pin>.,  ,SV 


01.     li 


i.ies  eolicei 


.1  Svi 


iiii  SL'dO  to  :'S()()  per  yc 


tl 


10  exiieiisc 


.f^ 


ketini;  1h  in;^  froui  ]■'>  to  -U  per  cent.    /';•■*(•.  Si.  Pn/i.,  P>i  ii.  .Mil.,  M.^.,  xix.  4; 


(J;  /' 


MS.,  iv.  4.".-(i;  vi.  •_':  />i;  I.  Si.  /'"/».,  MS.,  x.  :\,'i;Sf.  Pa 


Su- 

SI.  Pap. 


MS.,  i.  1::4.     In  17:)-'-:!.  the  jiapal  liiiils  soi.l 


itctl  to  .S!)J.   Prii 
JJiii.  Mil.,MX,s\\.(>.     From   I7ii0  to  I7!l.',  only  !:-S  (Mit  of  .'r;:!,!'; 


itli  sent.   /'/.,  xiii.  4;  xxi.  !•.     In  I7!'7.  i^-'u  worth  sold 


am 


It 


in:r  onk  leil  Imimil.   /'/'"C. 


-MS. 


It 


hecms  t!i;tt  tins  sa't^  was  a 


nose  I'lin.'inL 
1. 


Bpeoial  one  of  hulls  of  the  holy  orusailo.   I'roc.  St.  Pdji.,  MS.,  xv.  7'J-SO. 


SANTA  BARBARA. 


C67 


IjIh  iiistnu'tlons  to  lloincti  of  Fihruiirv  1701  rcpnitt'd 
this  Mtatr  (»r  thiiiifs  and  liopcd  all  would  l)o  coiiiplctcd 
tliat  vi'ar.  In  Aii'nist  171)."}  tlui  <n»v<'ni'>»"  proiKMiiKvd 
till'  presidio  ImildiiiLC^  the  hest  in  C'alilornia  owiii'^'  to 
(loyiM)oc'hoa'.s  activity,  hut  still  some  roofs  needed  re- 
jiaiis.  All  would  he  done  that  year  except  the  new 
••hapel  and  a  cemetery  outside  the  s(|Uare.  A'an- 
couvcr  in  Xoveniher  found  here  "the  aiUKNuanee  of  a 


Map  of  Santa  BAnnAitA  Dihtkict,  ISOO. 

far  more  ci\ilixed  ]»l;ico  than  any  other  of  the  S])anisli 
estrihlishnients  had  (.'xhihited.  The  l>uiltling'saj'[)i  ared 
to  he  regular  and  well  consti'ueted,  the  w.ills  ehan 
and  white,  and  the  roofs  of  the  houses  were  coveivd 
with  a  liiT^ht  I'ed  tile,  'i'lie  jU'e^idio  exc(  h  rdl  the 
othei's  ill  neatness,  cleanliness,  and  other  smaller 
th(»UL!;h  essential  comforts;  it  is  placed  on  an  eh  \ated 
part  of  the  [ilain  and  is   raised   some  feet  iVom  the 


668 


LOCAL  EVENTS  IN  THE  .SOUTIL 


j^rouiid  l)_v  a  Ijascnifiii  story,  wliich  adds  iiiiicli  t<»  its 
plensaiitiuss."  Jii  Ot'tohiT  171)4  the  ('((iiimaiidaiit 
i'lTtilicd  tliat  to  conqdc'tu  the  l)iiildiiii,^s  jil'tivii  lahoivrs 
I'or  .six  inoiitlis  woro  necessary  at  u  cost  of  6'j''>l. 
Tlicn  upoii  work  was  stojipcd  cxcc'iii  n))<>n  the  cliiircli 
and  (lie  most  noci'ssary  rcj)aiis;  and  at  (Ik  end  ol" 
I71HJ  the  vit'uroy  declared  tliat  the  sailor-\\diI;nieii 
could  no  Ioniser  bo  eniployeil  at  royal  expense;  hut 
the  clia[)el  was  hlessed  on  (iuadalupe  day  in  i7!.>7,'"' 

Though  Santa  Uai'hara  seems  (o  have  had  as  yet 
no  hiancli  of  the  rancho  del  I'ly  like  IIiosl"  at  the  otiier 
])resi(Hns,  yt  t  it  is  ci'edited  in  statistical  reports  witli 
from  I, ()()(')  to  4,000  horses  and  cattle,  and  \\-~m\  -JOO 
to  (!00  she(  p.  This  live-stock  is  not  to  he  conl'ounded 
uith  that  (il  ihe  mission,  hut  it  wasprohahly  identical 
to  some  extent  with  that  of  the  randieros  within  the 
jurisdiction  already  refeiTetl  to.  'i'here  were  also 
aufricuUuial  operations  carried  on  hv  the  soldiers  dis- 
tinct  from  tliose  of  the  mission  neoj)liyt('s.  iJecords 
of  rise.lts  ar(^  very  mea^i'e,  hut  in  171)7  thi'V  reached 
1, (■).")()  hushi  Is  of  w  heat,  corn,  and  heans.'''  (5f  niechnn- 
ical  inchistries  there  is  notliin;''  to  I'ecord  save  that 
the   attempt    to  obtain  white  a])pi'entices  v*as  more 


»"Fr».'/rv,  /',i)H'l  (Ir  PiiiitoM,  :\TS.,  IGO.  Au^'.  20.  17!>.^,  j.'ov.rnor  ti)  viooroy. 
J'rar.  S/.  P'l/i.,  MS.,  xxi.  ll.'>;  Vniirniirci-'s  ]'iii/iiij<\  u.  l.")l,4..'(.  Out.  II, 
171)4,  1.")  111(11  iit  Is  cnits  inT  ihiy  luul  M  f;iiu';,';i ;  of  iiiiii::t'  i;t  D!  ivn'.s,  mci's- 
Kiry  toiDiiiiiliU' till' lmil(liiii.'s.  j'rur.  iSV.  ]'"/>.,  .MS.,  .\ii.  (ij.  Oct.  "J-Mi,  Imilil- 
iiiLj  i.'\]iiiisi;i  to  stoj>.  J(l.,  xii.  !KS.  iJco.  l.'Jtli,  IJoriiii  isays  tlic  iliiiicli  is  to  lio 
vuhivi.',i^'\  nl  ri:nt  uf  \\\v /(iikIo i/c  ijrtitijicdriiiii .  /<!.,  .\ii.  ."..S.  i;';[iiii  i' ;  Ironi  I7S1 
to  17!!4,  fir-'. •-.">().  /'ror.'s/.  I'np.,  licii.  Mil.,  MS.,  .\xi.  1-'.  \kr.  Ki.li,  viciioy 
to  governor,  tin;  S  i.iiiii-boys  and  other  woikiiicii  ciiii  no  Ion;  it  l>c  iiiiil  from 
trc.'isiiiy  I  f  Sun  Illas.  St.  I'dji.,  Sa<\,  MS.,  vii.  .".7  ^i.  Clnitl  to  ln' Misscil 
r.i  ( lii,ii!!i!r.iK'  (liiy.  /'rav.  Iter.,  M.S.,  iv.  S7.  'I'lif  J^J.'J.'id  i  liiii';.;('il  U)j'ini(lo(/i'. 
ili-t(tijinii'i'<,ii  \>y  ordur  of  Ainil  '2H,  \'U7.   A/.,  iv.  ^!l. 

■"'.Ian.  I.'),  17^14,  governor  onlcrs  tliat  ciuli  soMier  In' ;i!k)Wi'(l  only  lour 
e>\v.s.  '1  lu'sc  to  111!  luaniled  anil  tin?  rest  n!aii;lilei't,'il.  J'ior.  J'cc,  ^i.S.,  i. 
'Ji.S.  I7!M  ."),  eonmiauilaut  a.sks  for  and  obtains  from  governor  'JO)  rteer:i  for 
r,. lions.  /./.,  iv.  1(1;  i'mr.  SI.  Pu;>.,  MS.,  xii.  !)7.  Oet.  -JJ,  17!)'>,  lA.riea 
order.s  (loyeoeeliea,  Orleg.'i,  and  iitlier  ollietrs  to  fenec  tlieir  ganlen.';  .•aid 
read.s  tlielii  ;>  leeture  for  eolii]ii.iiiiing  of  ijic  po.ir  soldiir.s' eatLle.  Wliy  ^  lioiild 
so  many  liiiti'er  for  the  eoi,venieiiee  of  a  few  ?  I'ror.  l!ir.,  1.\\'.,  iv.  ',)',)—{.  la 
I7!">aii  ell'oit  was  made  Inre  as  elscwlure  to  );roniotu  slieep-rai;  ing.  Let 
I'lfia  have  sumo  l:;iiil,  .'-ays  the  governor  .luno  !>,  I7I)<>,  if  he  v,  il  take  I'ieo  as 
a  partner  .•iiid  raise  tv,  iee  as  ni.Miy  slieep  as  otiier  .'^toek.  Jlaneheros  nuiiit  go 
to  the  ])Uil>h)  to  livi'  he  says,  Dec.  'J'Jth,  uiilesiS  they  will  raije  sheep.  I'lOV. 
Jiec,  M.S.,  iv.  tJO,  SO. 


SANTA  BARBARA. 


000 


siicoessful  lioro  than  at  Sun  Dlc^jfo,  s'mcc  six  l)oyn 
wore  tau;^lit  !>>'  tliu  woavor  Enriinuz  durinj;  liis  soutli- 
orn  tour  ill  171)8." 

Vancouvt'i-'s  visit  in  171)8  was  first  in  the  sliLflit 
chain  of  local  events  to  bo  reconU'd  in  tliis  dccadf. 
He  anchored  hero  November  10th  and  sailed  i\\v  I  Sth. 
His  reception  in  comparison  with  that  at  MontcMcy 
antl  San  Francisco  seemed  to  liim  aureeablf,  tlioiii^h 
the  dillerciice  was  chielly  ima<;inaiv.  ( iovcoecliea 
was  courteous  and  hospitable,  m(I  Vancouver  had 
learned  not  to  expect  too  much.  Little  was  done 
except  to  ol)tain  wood  and  wuti  v,  pmchasi'  supplies 
from  private  individuals,  an<'  'ake  r('(juiv  ,1  cxtrcise 
\vitliin  sii-lit  of  tlu;  jn-esidio.  retn'in;^  on  board  at  nin'ht. 
An  excellent  sjiriiijjf,  said  to  ha\e  1  '''.n  unluiown  to 
the  Sj  laniards,  was  found  near  the  old  wells,  heathers 
Miguel  and  Taj)is  were  particularly  affabl(>  and  anxious 
to  entertain  and  aid  the  foreij^^ners,  who  cariiiMl  away 
a  flattering  opinion  of  Santa  ]]arl)ara  and  its  ])eo- 
ple.'"'  January  10,  179-1,  there  was  a  [<ui(li<-  execution. 
Ignacio  Kocliin  was  shot,  there  beinu;-  no  hangman  in 
the  country,  i'or  the  murder  of  one  Alvaro/.  Tlie  wile 
of  the  victini,  Kochin's  accom[)lice,  was  condeiuned  to 
hard  woik  as  a.  servant,  the  sentences  coming  finally 
from  the  audii'iicia  of  (fuadalajara.'* 

In  August  1705  the  English  merchant  ship  P/taiil.r, 
Captain  ^loore,  touched  here  for  supjilits  and  lel't  a 
'Boston  boy '  who  was  soon  sent  to  San  J  Mas  as  idready 
related."'  Tlie  same  year  the  inhabitants  contributed 
nearly  one  thousand  dollars  toward  paying  the  ex[)cnses 
of  the  war  with  France. 


"r/v-n  Ifi'-.,  MR.,  iv.  no.  Jiilyt'l.  ITOfi,  r.oriia  tdflxycorclifa.  The  snin 
of  soliliuis  niid  sottlcis  iiaist  bi'  uru'cil  to  k'.nii  wciiviiiLi',  tiiiluiiic.  iiinl  |H>ttt'iy. 
/</.,  iv.  7--;{.  A  IjiicUnviT,  ii  (•;ir[iciit«'r,  ;iii(l  n  roJiji/.-fd.  ia  tlic  lompuiiy  iii 
17'.<S.   /'/.,  iv.  9.">.     liiiiluT  foroaix  s<'iit  ti»  S.iii  Dic^'o.  /(/..  iv.  8S. 

f'^  Vdiirn/ir'  r's  Vcyiijc,  ii.  -I'm  <!,  4!Ki,  -litT,  r>t)().  Tlic  Kiiirli-'li  iiiivi:.;at>r  was 
surprised  iit  tlic  failiiro  of  tlio  Spaniards  to  fortify  so  HtroiiL;  and  inipurtant  a 
position.     Ill'  mentions  two  lirass  nini'-poiMidii's  iH'forc  the  jMisidio  entrance. 

^*  SUi  J!dr'iririi,  Lil).  di'  Mitioii,  MS.,  "J!*;  t'ror.  J'ir.,  MS.,  iv.  ">,  7;  /'rur. 
Sf.  J'dji.,  MS.,  xii.  1)2;  xiii.  171);  /(/.,  Hai.  JUL,  xxi.  8;  Oanun,  llirlioi<,  MS., 
1,2. 

'*'Sce  p.  53U,  this  voluiuo.     Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ucn.  Mil.,  ^IS.,  xxi.  9. 


C70 


LOCAL  EVENTS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


Tile  year  17'JG  was  niarketl  by  tlio  discovery  of 
wliat  was  thouLjlit  to  bo  a  (juicksilver  iiiliic  in  tlio 
black  mire  at  the  Puuta  del  CJerro  de  la  Lacuna.  A 
load  of  the  metal-beaiiiig  mud  was  taken  to  the  ju'esi- 
(lio  I'or  examination  by  Borica's  orders,  but  notliinj^- 
i'urther  is  hoard  of  it.''"  In  February  1707  a  soldier 
named  Gonzalez  is  said  to  have  boon  poisoned  by  the 
natives,  who  thus  revenu^ed  tliemselves  for  wliat  tliey 
legarded  as  cruel  treatinent.^^  In  INIarch  and  .\[)ril 
came  the  alarm  of  war  with  England.  Couriers  wcr(! 
despatched,  sentinels  i)0stcd,  guns  made  ready,  the 
natives  exhorted,  and  abundant  reasons  given  for  not 
doing  more.''^  In  May  the  Princcsa  arrived  off  the 
mouth  of  the  Ilio  Purisima  and  landed  thirty  of  her 
hundred  and  sixty  men,  who  were  suffering  lV(jm 
scurvy,  l)ut  who  rapidly  recovered.'*"  In  ])ecend)er 
there  arrived  the  M(i(j((llancs,  a  full-rigged  ship  of  war, 
which  had  anno  over  from  Manila  to  make  observa- 
tions and  if  necessary  convoy  the  San  Bias  vessels 
southward.'*  On  February  3,  1798,  occurred  the 
death  of  the  old  [>ioneer  of  17G9,  Brevet  Captain  Jose 
Francisco  Ortega,  former  connnandant  of  Santa  Bar- 
bara and  for  several  years  living  as  a  retired  jx  nsioner 
in  tliis  vicinitv.  lie  lel't  manv  sons  and  dauiditers,  and 
many  of  his  grandchildren  still  live  in  California."^ 

''"/'/■oc.  /.Vr.,  MS.,  iv.  :)7. 

■>' 'J'lio  <l(jatli  of  liaf.icl  ( icranlo  ftonzalcz  on  Fel).  ]  ttli  ia  roconlcd  h\  Sfa 
Ptdrharn,  Lib.  ilc  Minion,  MS.,  ;iO.  1'ln;  faut  that  Ik.'  was  ]i(ii.<i>ii' il  vusts  on 
t!io  statcnii'iit  (if  his  son  Itat'ail  (lonzaU';',  still  living;  at  Santa  Ijurhara,  dmi- 
vili'z,  Kx/ii  r!ciiriu.<,  !MS.,  I,  "J,  wlio  wa.s  lioin  a  few  (hiys  after  liis  faUiiT's 
death.  Jlo  11ol;;.'ciI  snnio  boys  who  allowed  tlic  crows  to  eat  his  eorn,  ami  the 
natives  soon  iiivitLil  him  to  a   feast  of  jioisoned  lish. 

■'~ !  love(>eeiK'a  to  Jioi'ioa,  .March  "JS,  Aj)iil  10,  17!'")  iixProv.  SI.  i'c/'.,  MS., 

XV.  ri-.'s  rss-'.t. 

•"''•'/'/.,  XV.  iVJ;  Prov.  /.Vc,  MS.,  iv.  00-1. 

«"/',or.  .SV.  I>„/,,,  :ms.,  XV.  li:i-14;   xvi.  IS.");  xvii.  1 ,  fi. 

'''  .lose  Fianeiseo  ()itei.fa  was  a  native  of  the  town  of  Zelaya  in  wliat  is  now 
till'  State  of  <  iiKina  jnalo,  where  in  liis  early  yontii  he  Mas  enijiloyeil  as  a  ware- 
honso  ekrk.  lliilistini,'  Oct.  I,  ITo."),  he  served  in  the  cnera  emnpany  of 
l.oreto  ten  months  a's  private,  two  year.s  and  a  half  tin  corporal,  and  fourteen 
and  a,  half  as  ser;j;eant.  Some  time  after  he  was  first  madt;  sei-ueant  he  ob- 
tained his  di.schargeand  gave  hisattention  to  mining  in  iiaja  (.'alifornia,  \\  hero 
lie  was  f(jr  a  time  a  kind  of  alcalile  of  all  the  minin,u-eami)s  of  the  )ieiiinsulii. 
\\  lien  I'ortohi  came  as  govirnor.  Ortega  was  readmitted  as  sergeant  and  for 
a  year  or  more  attended  to  the  acconnts  of  the  royal  varcho\ise.  lie  accom- 
panied the  second  laud  expedition  northward  iu  ITU'J  uuder  rortokiaud  with 


CAPTAIX  ORTEGA, 


671 


At  Santa  Jjuiliara  mission  adjoininuj  tlic  [Jix-sidio, 
Padrc!   AntDuio    l^atcrna,   the    roinuk-)-,   and  an    old 

Jmiipiro  SeiTii.     On  the  way  he  rrcL'ivod  a  letter  fioiii  Don  .To.-tO  <le  (ialvc/ 
jMcjiuisiii^  iiini  tlio  j)liieei)f  lieuteniiiit  at  Lineto  on  liis  reluin.     On  this  march 


hodisiinmiiBlied  liiuinelf  hy  hi.s  tireless  iieti\it\, 


the  viiN 


.•ilways  ;.'olll;,'.'llieuil  to  explore 


)l.i 


il  triivii>.ii]:f  tlio  routu  threo  times  lieloie  ho  iiachecl  San  \>iv' 


Tlien  lie  went  on  with  tiie  hr.st  expedition  to  -Monterey,  and  was  i)erhap.s  the 
first  to  discover  San  J-'ianiicico  Hay,  |nobahly  the  lir>t  to  \isit  tiic  site  of  the 
jne.sent  city,  anil  certainly  the  one  who  exiilorid  the  hay  ri'_don  most  extcn- 
6i\e]y  on  tins  tiip.     LiacU  at  San  JJicuo  he  was  lor  a  time  in  command  of  the 


^uanl,  hut  ^JOon  retiuncd  to  L 
Btant  journeys  to  Sinaloa  an 


n-eto  w  here  the 


I  to  San  J)ieL'o,  and 


)Viin(ir  Uept  him 
in  tx)ilirations. 


l)M.-v  incon- 


JJvl 


lis  zea 


in  these  early  ixpedilions,  Ortega  made  himself  a  pviil  fa\(Jii,i;  with  the  mis- 


Bioii.iries  ami  espicially  \v  itli  Jiinipero  Serra,  who  in  ITT.'i  ni^'id  li 
liient  as  commamhiiit  in  (,'alilornia  to  succeed  K 


>(  ;■/•", 


'/' 


IS  ap[ioint- 

Sl  lltllfillll    llli 

J. I  <!<•  M(ii)')  J,  ',.:,  iMS.  It  is  from  this  docunicnt  that  we  obtain  many  of  the 
facts  about  his  larlicr  life  and  services.  ^luch  is  also  gatheiid  from  his  own 
lati'r  narratives.  (PiIkju,  Mi  nnjrial  ill  <  'tjm<iii(liiilc  (Iiik  ral  Kulirc  //e  /•/Vo.s  //  xar- 
viciu.i  iii'liliiiT^,  cV  (/('  Jiiiiht  I'iSij,  -MS.,  and  ()rl''iii,  I'rtiijini iito,  .M.S.,   both  of 

not  make  him  commandant,  but  he  was  made  lieulciiaiit  ami  conimauded  at 

fol- 

owcil  tiie  mas.-^a;ro  of  I77">  have  Ijeen  already  recordc<l.     Jn  17^1  he  loiiiided 


■which  are  very  important  docnments  on  early  history.     Serra's  ellbits  con 
not  make  him  commandant,  but  he  was  made  lieulciiaiit  ami  conimaiidec' 
San  J)ic;.'o  for  over  eight  years.     His  services  in  the  exciting  times  \\  hicli 

1  ■         ; 

iSanta  Ikirbara,  jilamiiii;.,' the  buildiiij,'s,  foriilications,  and  irri^'aiiii!/  works  in  a 
manner  w  hi -h  liained  him  ''I'eat  ciedit,  and  .^erviiii.'a*  eomiiiandaiitand  habili- 


tad 


o  im;i 


L  I7.'"i4,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  fronlier.     Here  in  17S(>  Ir 


petitioned  for  jieuuidary  relief  and  for  retirement,  being  nnlittcd  for  duty  by 


30  y. 


rcaisof  active  ticrviio  and  by  iiicriiising  obesity.     Jlis  jielition  was  not 


luted,  but  ho  was  transferred   back  to  Calif 


ornia  ami  was  ni  eommand  at 
luiiterey  from  Se[itembcr  17^7  to  .Maich  I7'.*l.     A  jear  Liter  he  went  down 

during  Arrillaga's  absence  until  17fi'"), 


to  Li 


loreto  an 


I  w; 


nianihint  th 


■when  h"  Ma.s  ivtiri'das  brevet  captain  on  half  lieutenant, '.s  Jiay,  attached  to  tli^ 
Sauta  Jifiibaia  connianv.   J'ror.  iSV.   I'dn.,   li'ii.   Mil.,  .MS.,  x\ii.  4;  xxiii.  J 


LiU 


o  most  oilier  ohicers  who  .str\ed  as  habilitailns  Oitei-'a  w;is  in  ."^oine 


troiib 


with  hi.s  accounts  during  this  last  t;'rm  at  i..oii ; 
ill  the  last  years  of  his  life      The  delicit  was  .SJ 


d  Was  ojipressed  by  debt 


a.    J I 


.Nli 


Ilia  Oricua,  his  son,  as 


sked  te 


o  be  ilisunai 


.SV.  /'( 
■u'cd  fi 


,■>«- 
il 


.MS. 


rom  iiiiuuirv  service 


J  tired 


IS  iiivami 


to  b( 


:ra 


lited  lands  that  h 


:iit 


pay  oif  tiie 


delicit. 
but 


liorica  wrote  .ii.ly  1 1,  17I">,  ap|iroving  the  sons  desire  to  clear  his  lather,  but 
disappr  )\  iiig  tiio  scheme  as  not;  likely  to  succeed  liecans  ■  the  missions  would 

L'lling  grain,     Jle   thought   the  captain   would    be 
I  of  his  pay.     Oct.  •JMli,  he  sent  the  discliarge  of 


lavc  tie  prelercnce  iii 


alhi 


oweil  to  Keep  a  iiorlioii  < 
10  ca[itaiirs  sons,  and  ordered  tin  ir  grain  to  Ik'  benight  to  ]);iy  the  delicit. 


tl  . 

A  strict  watch  wa.i  to  be  kept  on  the  property  to  jirevciit  o;la;r  cicilitors  fr( 

being  favored.     'I'lie  sons  liiially  paid  up  the  delicit.   I'r'if.  /.'cc.,  ,NiS.,  iv. 


U;)-7-',  S1-. 
dl 


ii 


L  IS  IIOSSI 


ble,  ihoiiuh  not  certain,  that  i\i' 


re  was  provision- 


ireil  t  )  the  I.uiiily  at  this  tiiiie  or  before  I'iUi),  the  rancho  de  Xiieslro 


ally  grai 

Seiiora  del  iicfugio,  which  remainei 


I  h 


in  the  f 


imily  and  was  t.imous  m 


coiiiieciion  Willi  smnggling  operations  during  tin;  -Mexican  ride.    C.ipl.  Ortega 
dii'd  Hnddenly  on  I'cb.  ;!,  17'J>S,  at  the  (Jasil  laiicheria  while  on  his  w:  y  to  tlr 
))residio,  and  was  biiri 


,SY.  / 
d,'  Mi 


■lip. 


h'ni.  Mil.,  -MS,,  xxvi. 


eil  next  d.iy  in  the  iiiissi  iii  cemetery  by  'lapis.   I'ro 


r 


j;, 


.MS. 


!!7;  Stj(  Ilh-lK 


Lib. 


'SI- 


111.     OrteL'as  wife  was  l)oi"i,i  .>!; 


iria 


-Vnlonia  N'ictoria  (,'ar- 


rillo,  v.ho  died  very  suddenly  and  w.is  buricil  in  the  jiresiclio  ciinreli  on 


May 


8,  b'lO.i.  /'/.,  liH.     in  IMIJ  she  received  a  [lensioii  of  .■:;•,  lod.   I'l-ar.  SI.  Pn/,. 
Mil.,  XXX.  4.     They  had  several  cliildn^n  w  hen  they  came  to  San  Jliego 


11 


.b 


.Mil 


de,  1'' 


Mian, 


\h 


III. I  l.iir-a.  am 


1    M 


inn. 


cording'  to  Tuylur,  and  there  were  bora  at  Sun  JJieyo,  Jose  i'laneisco  Maria, 


672 


LOCAL  EVENTS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


pioneer  of  1771,  died  in  1793"^  and  was  succeeded 
by  Estevan  Tapis.  Jose  do  Miguel  had  served  since 
1  ''OO,  and  was  succeeded  in  1798  by  Juan  Lojie  Cortes. 
By  this  missionary  force  1,237  natives  were  ba[)tizcd, 
G34  were  buried,  and  the  number  of  neophytes  was 
increased  from  438  to  8G4  in  the  ten  years.''^  ]Mean- 
while  liorses  and  cattle  had  multiplied  from  29(5  to 
2,492,  and  slieep  from  503  to  5,(515.  Crops  were 
3,000  bushels  in  1800;  5,400  in  1797;  and  only  150 
bushels  of  wheat  in  1795."* 


Juan  Capistrano  Maria  HornKigcncs,  ^Inria  Antonio  do  Jesus,  and  Jos('^  Maria 
Martin.  San  Dkijo,  JJh.  df  Minion,  AIS.,  1'2,  14,  17,  1!>,  -7,  ~M\  Lonlo,  Lib. 
Minion,  ^iS.,  I'JS;  'J'ltij/or'n  Di,i':ovi  rcrs  and  FoiaidiTx,  ii.  No.  '27. 

''-'Antonio  I'atorna  was  a  native  of  .'icville,  and  served  'JO  years  in  the 
Sierra  (ii^rda  niissiijns  liefoi'o  coming  to  California.  He  left  liis  eolleiiu  in 
()etol)er  1770:  saikd  from  San  lilnsiu  tlie  SnnAiilunio.luu.  '21,  1771;  aiiived 
at  San  l)ieg()  March  12ih,  at  ^lonterey  May  21st,  and  hack  at  Nan  l>iego 
July  14th.  lie  was  siipeiiiunK'rary  at  San  tialjriel  until  May  1772,  and  min- 
ister until  Se|itenilnr  1777.  During  this  time  he  wa.s  acting  presiilciit  in 
1772-;!  until  I'aluu'.s  arrival.  lie  was  minister  at  San  Luis  UUIsjh)  fnim  1777 
to  17'S();  .ind  at  Saiit.i  IJ.iihara  fioni  its  foundation,  Dec.  4,  I7S(!,  until  his 
death  on  i\lp.  ]',',  ]l'.y,l.  S/a  JJiirhi'ni,  Lih.  dv  Minion,  MS.,  44-.");  Arrli.  Sla 
li'irli'ira.  MS.,  vii.  ■">,  (i;  xi.  221.  Ho  had  been  a  zealous  and  faithful  Mdrker. 
His  liody  was  laniiil  in  thu  mission  church  on  Feh.  14tli.  \\liether  it  was 
sul)se(|r,i  ntiy  tr:,nftVrreil  to  tlie  new  church  does  luit  apjjearfroni  the  lecords. 

''•'' Tlu^  discreiKincy  of  about  200  niaj' result  from  the  hajitism  of  certain 
natives  w  ho  were  allowed  to  remain  in  tlieir  raucheruis  and  not  included  on 
the  mission  legislers.  'i'here  was  some  eorresjumdenci!  in  1 7!'()  about  the  ran- 
eherias  of  the  channel,  and  their  willingness  to  become  Chiisii  ins  if  not  com- 
])elled  to  leave  their  lands  and  lisheries  and  live  at  the  missions,  lloriea 
favored  allowing  tliem  to  rem;:in  and  adding  an  extra  friar  to  Santa  lliirbara 
and  l'uri.;ini;i,  to  attend  to  their  instru'.tion,  In  m.sesoi' stations  being  establisheil 
at  suiiable  ]ioiniS.  SI.  /'.;>.,  Mins.,  M.S.,  ii.  ()2-S;  I'mr.  llcf.,  MS.,  iv.  ij.j-(i. 
]n  AugU'^t  i7i'7,  r)u()  natives  near  tlie  jinsidio  were  given  over  to  Lasuen  for 
bai)ti:;i,i  on  eondiiion  of  not  leaving  their  rancheria.  /(/.,  iv.  !)2;  vi.  ■")4-r». 
Ai:cording  toa  re])Oitof  (Joycoeehea,  March  12,  17!ll>,  the  rancherias  from  San 
15nenavt:ntura  to  I'urisinia  were  a-i  follows:  Sisolopoiit  S;in  iiuen.iveiituia:  Ml 
Uiiicon,  o  league:^;  ].;i  I '.upinteria,  11;  VX  I'arednii,  Jj  1.;  Munlecito,  ][1.; 
Vu(.'tu,  at  presidio,  I  ',  1.;  Sae[ii!i,  2],1.;  Alcas:  Celijec;  tleldo;  .Mi\'ui';ui,  .'1  I., 
Casil,  ;{  1.  ;  (^hnuiuhil  1  1.;  Caviota"  .SI.;  j:i  Ihdito  i;stait.  21.;  Sta'J.  \as  (?), 
21.;  i:i  (,'ojo  Sisilo]-o,  111.;  Kspaila,  \\\.;  I'ldernales.  1,11,  Total  number 
of  geiitiusj,  17S;!.  1^7.  Pitji.,  Minn.,  MS.,  ii.  1)4.  Najalayegua,  Matita,  ami 
Somes  are  also  named. 

'"We.itlier  rej. oris  at  Santa  IVirbara.  Much  complaint  in  17!'-"),  17!!7,  and 
ISOO.  /Voc.  Si.  /'(:;>.,  MS.,  vii.  (»,">;  x.  117;  Arch.  S/u  Ji-irh^frti.  .MS..,\ii.  (12; 
St.  I'a/).,Sar.,  MS.,  vi.  I(;i»-1;  St.  I'aj:,  .U;«.,  MS.,ii.  |l);;-(;;  J'ror.Sl.  I'a/'., 
Jliii.  J/.7.,MS.,  xvii.  22;  I'ror.  Her.,  MS.,  xi.  l.'ii!.  According  to  accounts  in 
Airh.  Sl<i  ;;.('/■/;((,•«,  MS.,  ii.  i;>:i-!);  i.\.  470  S.'!.  404  (1,  the  ini.-sion  lad  in 
ISOO  a,  credit  balance  in  Mexico  of  ^.li'S;  a  diaft  from  the  habiiit;i(h>  for 
i:?l,2(i7;  .V'.itiO  ill  UMiUey  a!  the  nns:'ion:  ^i.OCd  diU'fi'oni  ]ircKidio:  and  !;'t!(i  due 
fi'om  pri\;ite  indivii'ua!:-!;  total,  •?.'!, .'.'d  i!iad<liiii>n  to  buihliu'.'s,  etc.  Siqiplies 
furnished  to  jin  sldio  from  17:Ki  to  ISOO.  S.),170.  Otti  r-skiu;;  .sent  to  .Mexico, 
$!!,<)24.  .\  full  account  of  mi.><sion  Hni'plies  jiurehased  in  Mexico  is  given  in 
Sunlit  Itoi'iiira,  MiniuriaadelonKjcclon  imiilidon  (<  l<i  Misior  jiara  Ijs  uilos 


SANTA  BARBARA  MISSION. 


673 


Much  progress  was  made  in  mission  buildings  dur- 
ing this  decade.  In  1791  a  guard-house  and  three 
tool-houses  were  added;  in  1792  two  larije  stone 
corrals.  In  1793-4  a  new  churcli  ot"  adobes,  tiled  and 
plastered,  28  x  135  I'eet,  with  a  sacristy  15  x  28  feet,  and 
a  brick  portico  in  front,  was  erected;  and  in  1794  tiie 
improvements  were  a  granary  and  spiniiery  on  stone 
foundations,  a  cemetery  enclosure  48  x  135  feet,  and  a 
sheep-corral.  In  1795  a  corridor  with  tile  roof  and 
brick  pillars  was  added  on  the  side  of  the  square  next 
the  presidio,  and  another  to  the  spinnery;  four  new 
rooms  for  the  friars  were  completed;  and  beams  of 
alder  and  poplar  were  replaced  with  ])ine  wherever 
they  had  been  used.  In  1797  several  rooms  for 
granaries,  store-rooms,  and  offices  were  completed.  In 
1799  there  were  built  nineteen  adobe  houses  for 
natives,  each  12  x  19  feet,  plastered,  whitewashed, 
and  roofed  with  tiles;  and  an  adobe  wall  nine  feet 
high  was  extended  for  1,200  yards  round  the  garden 
and  vineyard.  In  1799  was  added  a  warehouse,  and 
in  1800  thirtv-one  more  dwelliuLi's  in  a  row,  and  cor- 
ridors  on  brick  ])illars  round  the  three  I'umaining  sides 
of  the  square  were  conqilL'ted;  while  preparations 
were  made  for  the  construction  of  a  reservoir  for 
drinking-water,  to  be  made  of  stone,  brick,  and  mor- 
tar.**^  In  1800  sixty  neophytes  were  engaged  in 
weaving  and  other  work  connected  with  that  branch 
of  industry.  The  car[)enter  of  the  presidio  was  en- 
gaged at  one  dollar  per  day  to  teach  the  natives  his 
trade;  and  a  corporal  taught  tanning  at  $150  per  year. 
OF  the  two  soldiers  tliat  constituted  the  guard  one  was 
em})loye(l  by  the  iViars  as  majordomo.'^" 

17SC  Imsla  JSJi),  MS.  'i'lii'so  supplies  were  purcliiist'il  l)y  l\w.  piidros  uitli  their 
salaries  and  wiili  tlio  [iiiMlucts  ot'  salis  of  prodiuc.  'J'licy  consist  of  iiii|)lo- 
inents,  grociiie.s,  cluiiih  vistiuents,  aiwl  vi'ssels,  elotliiiig,  tto.  'J'lie  total 
ninouiit  for  Hiis  (lefinlc  was  Sl(l,."iC)l>,  of  w  iiieli  Ss,(M)0  was  jiiiiil  hy  tlie  niiioihix, 
mid  the  rest  liy  ihafls  from  the  iialjilitado,  Jn  |s()0,  as  I  have  said,  the  iiiis- 
siou  was  .S")'J8  ahead;  hut  hefore  it  (jwed  from  SlOO  to  .'ir'J.OOO. 

'Klrrli.  Sin  liiii-h'tra,  NhS.,  v.  -Jd-lilt,  .'ilt,  A-l-:>,  4',l,  UW,  58,  CI-'.';  ii.  09, 
i;]8-4l);  .S7.  /',(;,.,  .l/;,s.v.,  .N[S,,  i.  117;  ii.  71,  7!'. 

'^Airh.  Shi  Jldrlxirn,  MS.,  ii.  !Mi-7,  TJO.  i:!7-H.  IJefore  Octoher,  10.") 
na()uas  of  home  maimffteturo  hail  heen  distributed,  800  yds.  of  cotton  anil 
HlbX.  C.\L.,  Vol.  1.     Ii 


674 


LOCAL  EVENTS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


San  Buenaventura,  the  southernmost  of  the  channel 
estabhshmcnts,  remained  under  the  care  of  its  founders, 
Francisco  Dumetz  and  Vicente  de  Santa  ]\Iaria,  until 
1797,  when  tlie  ibrmer  was  succeeded  by  Jose  Fran- 
cisco de  Paula  Senan.  Thougli  its  jjopulatiou  was 
smaller  than  that  of  any  other  mission  exce])t  San 
Francisco  and  the  new  establishments,  it  had  more 
cattle  and  raised  more  grain  in  1800  than  any  other 
place  in  California.*^'  Vancouver  landed  here  Novem- 
ber 20,  1  71)3,  havin<jr  brouu'ht  Padre  Santa  Maria  from 
Santa  Barl)ara,and  spent  a  lew  hours  very  pleasantly 
at  the  missifjii,  whicli  he  I'ound  to  be  "in  a  very  .supe- 
rior stvle  to  anv  of  the  new  establishments  yet  seen." 
"The  g'arden  of  Buena  Ventura  iar  exceeded  anything 
I  had  before  met  with  in  these  rc^'ions,  botli  in  resi)eot 
of  tlie  quantity,  quality,  and  variety  of  its  excellent 
productions,  not  only  indigenous  to  thu  country,  but 
appertaining  to  the  temperate  as  well  as  torrid  zone; 
not  one  species  having  yet  been  sown  or  ])lanted 
that  had  not  llourishcd.  These  have  principally  con- 
sisted of  apples,  pears,  plumbs,  figs,  oranges,  grapes, 
peaches,  and  pomegranates, together  with  the  plantain, 
banana,  cocoa  nut,  sugar  cane,  indigo,  and  a  great 
variety  of  the  necessary  and  useful  kitchen  herbs, 
plants,  and  roots.  All  these  were  nourishing  in  the 
greatest  health  and  perfection,  though  separated  from 
the  sea-side  only  by  two  or  three  lields  of  corn;  that 
were  cultivated  within  a  few  yards  of  the  surf" 

The  buildings  were  also  of  a  superior  class,  a  pre- 
vious destruction  by  fire,  noted  only  by  Vancouver, 
liavinQ-  caused  tliem  to  be  rebuilt.''^     The  church  was 


tnpamho  woven,  TOO  yd^.  of  blankctin;,'.  One  thousand  and  twenty  dollars 
vortli  of  Sdaji  fmiilihcd  to  Monterey,  perhaps  by  the  presidio,  in  l~'JS.  I'ruc. 
/.'«•.,  MS.,iv.  10."). 

^-  Jnereanc  of  neopliyti.'S,  .'iS'  to  71'i;  baptisms,  737;  biiriah,  41"2;  cattle 
and  honsc.",,  DGl  to  10,(/1:!;  i.lieep,  K.'jO.i  to  4,U2_';  crops  in  lb,')!*,  !),K).)  bushels; 
1,500  bushels  in  ]7'.)7  waii  t!ie  luiallc^fc  eroji;  twerago  yield,  -LSOJ  1)us!ic1h; 
wheat  wi'.'.i  n^t  largely  rai.ied  until  ITO^i,  when  it  became  Uio  chief  crop,  ov<h' 
8,000  bushel  J  per  year. 

*'"  I'liiicoiiirr'..  Wi/'Tjf,  ii.  -157-01,  404,  407.  One  reason  of  Santa  Maria 
for  gouig  on  board  the  ship  wan  to  remove  a  prejudice  anion;,'  the  natives 
against  loroi^uers.     'Ihey  bcyged  him  for  God'd  sake  not  to  intruat  himself 


SAN  BUENAVENTUllA. 


675 


not  yet  built,  but  it  was  begun  about  this  time  and 
half  linishod  in  1794,  all  the  rest  of  the  scjuare  being 
conqtlete.  The  new  eliureh  was  of  stone,  and  in  1797 
is  spoken  of  as  nearly  hnished.  It  was  not,  however, 
coniitleted  before  1800.®"  A  fight  between  tlie  neo- 
phytes and  pagans  in  1795  seems  to  have  afforded  the 
only  exeiteniont  of  the  period.  The  Christians  were 
victorious,  killin<>'  two  chiefs  and  takinj>'  six  or  seven 
captives,  but  having  several  wounded.  The  leaders 
on  both  sides  were  admonished  or  punished,  the  neo- 
phyte Di^mingo  being  put  to  work  in  chains.'"' 

Purisima  is  the  last  mission  of  this  district.  Here 
Father  Arroita  served  until  179G  when  he  was  per- 
mitted to  retire,  having  completed  his  term  of  ten 
years.'^  Oramas  remained  until  1792;  Jose  Antonio 
Calzada  from  October  1792  until  August  170G,  re- 
turning in  May  1798;  Juan  Martin  served  in  179G-7; 
and  Gregorio  Fernandez  from  179G.  Baptizing  1,079 
and  burying  397,  the  missionaries  increased  the  neo- 
phyte eonnnunity  from  23-4  to  959.  This  w;>s  the 
largest  proportional  gain  and  the  smallest  death-rate 
in  California.  liive-stock,  large  and  small,  increased 
to  1,900  and  4,000  head  respectively;  and  cro[)s  in  1800 

to  the  Rtrancier's  care,  and  were  positive  he  would  never  return.  On  arrival 
the  surf  prevented  hmdiu^  at  the  lirst  attempt,  and  the  pachv  was  not  a  little 
frightened  as  he  had  nut  lii.s  prayer-hook  with  liini.  When  the  natives  hrou;,dit 
the  book  hiscouraf,'e  returned  and  he  laughed  at  his  former  fears  as  the  sailora 
had  laughed  before.  On  lauding  linally,  the  natives  erowded  round  their 
padre  to  wcleome  him  home  and  receive  his  blessing.  Vancouver  v,as  deejjly 
impressed  with  the  missionary's  piety  and  t!ie  earnest  devotion  of  his  111:0- 
l)hytes.  He  noted  that  the  natives  were  always  addr<ssed  in  their  own  hin- 
guaue,  !uid  thcr    is  other  evidence  of  this.   Prov.  St.  Pap.,  ^IS.,  xvii.  71. 

•".SV.  Pap.,  .!//.■>■.<.,  MS.,  li.  ."),  -24,  '2'J,  71,  100.  In  1701  there  were  two  bells 
here  belonging  to  Santa  llirbara,  which  the  friars  refused  to  give  up.  Pror. 
,'<l.  Pap.,  MS.,  X.  171.  In  Sail  Uiicnuri'iiliira,  Montirhm  de  Kj'iclv  I'lnlfhlD.i 
:i  la  Mixiiiii,  HOU-ISIO,  MS.,  we  have  the  mission  accounts  of  supii'ies  from 
Mexico,  but  not  so  complete  nor  so  clearly  stated  as  in  tlie  ea-e  of  Santa 
IWrbara.  The  mission  was  from  iJ-OO  to  !i>l,"JOO  in  debt  during  tliis  decade, 
but  cleared  itself  early  in  the  next.  Due  mission  from  the  presidio  iu  1707, 
gl,(il2.  J'mr.  SI.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  78-81. 

■"yVoc.  liic,  MS.,  iv.  :{,-)-(). 

"Francisco  Jose  de  Arroita  came  from  Spain  to  !Mcxico  in  17S'>,  was 
appointed  U)  California  in  April  1780,  ami  came  to  his  post  with  a  re|iutation 
from  tlie  guardian  of  being,  like  his  companions,  a  good  man.  thou;'h  some- 
what lively  (viro)  and  without  much  experience.  Jle  served  at  S;in  Luis 
Obis])o  from  April  to  December  17'i7,  ami  at  I'urisiuia  from  its  establishment 
till  J  une  17i)0,  about  which  time  he  sailed  for  8au  lilas. 


676 


LOCAL  EVENTS  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


were  2,250  l)uslicls,  4,000  in  1799  bcini^  the  laro-est 
and  1,200  in  1795  the  smallest.  Wheat  and  corn  were 
the  cliiefproductions.  Mission  buildings  were  of  adobes 
and  tiles,  and  the  houses  had  after  1794  corridors  of 
brick.  In  1795  the  old  church  M-as  in  a  bad  condi- 
tion and  materials  were  being  collected  for  a  new  one, 
there  being  no  record  of  further  progress.^^  j^^r^j.!^ 
and  rattlesnakes  were  a  prominent  feature  in  the  re- 
gion of  Purisima.  Two  of  the  latter  bit  a  neophyte 
at  the  same  time,  writes  the  minister  on  June  3,  1799." 

«4n"'^/;  ^"^':',  ^ii''-'  ^3,'  "   2-'  7^-     ^"^  '"■^s'on  from  the  presidio  1707 
^40.,.  Pror.  .s     Pap.,  MS.   xvii.  7S-8I.    List  of  members  of  tho  p.anl,  1707, 
6  marned  sokhers  an.l  3  bachelors.   Id.,  xv.   93.     Antonio  Enriquoz,   th^ 
wciwer,  tau^'ht  the  natives  at  Purisi.na  in  1797.  Prov.  i>t.  Pap.,  JJ'u.  Mil., 
MS.,  XXV.  14;  Proa,  lice,  MS.,  vi.  18d-C. 
'■'  Arch.  Arzobigpculo,  MS.,  i.  59. 


CHAPTER  XXXI. 

LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  PROGRESS-MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 

1791-1800. 

Monterey  Presfdio — Military  Force  and  iNnABiTAXTs— Officers— Leov 
PvUiRiLLA — Hkrmexegildo  Sal— Peri^z  Pekxamjez— Puksiijio  Di  ili>- 
ixGs — Battery — Raxciio  del  Rey — Piiivate  Raxciios— Indc^tries — 
CoMrANY  AccorxTS — IxDiAX  Affairs — San  Carlos  Mission— Mission-- 
arv  CiiAXfiEs — Pasccal  Martinez  dk  Arexaza — Statisth'^  of  Aoki- 
CI7LTDRE,  Live-stock,  and  Populatiox — Vancouver's  Descrii'tiox — A 
New  Stone  Chlrch — A  WiFE-MrRDER — San  Antoxio  de  Pauca  i>f, 
Los  R(jdles— !MiarEL  Pieras— Benito  Catalan — San  Lcis  Omsro  — 
Miguel  Giribet — Bartolomij  Gili — Indian  Trolrles. 

The  presidial  cavalry  company  of  INIontcroy  con 
taincd  from  sixty-two  to  eighty-five  men,  includini^ 
two  officers,  six  non-commissioned  officers,  a  surgeon, 
a  pblebotomist,  two  or  three  mechanics,  fifty  privates, 
and  from  two  to  twonty-four  pensioners.  After  179() 
there  were  also  stationed  here  seven  artillerymen  and 
twenty  Catalan  volunteers  of  Alberni's  company,  in- 
creasing the  total  force  to  about  one  hundred  and  ten, 
who  with  their  families  constituted  a  j)Oj)ulation  th 
razon  in  the  jurisdiction  of  about  four  hundred,  or  four 
liundred  and  ninety  including  ]>ranciforte  and  Santa 
Cruz.  About  thirty  of  the  cavalrymen  were  stationed 
at  the  six  missions  subject  to  Monterey — San  Carlos, 
San  Miguel,  Soledad,  San  Antonio,  San  Luis  Obispo^ 
and  San  Juan  Bautista,  in  which  the  total  population 
of  christianized  natives  was  four  thousand.^ 

'Sec  company  mils  in  J'rriv.  S/.  Pnp.,  Dm.  M'lL,  MS.,  xiii.  0:  xiv.  2; 
xvii.  (i;  xviii.  1;  xx.  1;  xxi.  2,  11;  xxii.  a;  xxiii.  2;  xxvi.  .'1,  4,  I,");  xNvii.  4; 
Si.  /'(ijK,  iS'oc,  MS.,  i.  10-i;{;  iii.  14;  iv.  20.  Mission.s  inohuK'il  in  llic  jiiiis- 
(liction.  Sal's  rciKtrt  of  \~UH,  in  Pnn;  St,  Pnp.,  MS.,  xvii.  (i:!.  Wliitf  jmiihi- 
lation  iu  ISOO,  518;  ludiuu  population,  '3,*Ji'J.  St.  Pup.,  JJi-'<.,  MS.,  iii.  15, 

1077) 


C.TS 


i.oi  AT,  i:vEXTs  MoxrrnEV  dtstrk^t. 


l)i!'<n»  (J«>ii/;ilc/  kc|>t  liis  placid  <»n  ilic  r)»1Is  ns  iioin- 
iicil  lirii<(Mi;iiil(triIi<'  Nioiit.crcy  (••mipMiiy  until  An^^iist 
I  7l>-,  mHIioII'^Ii  lie  Ii.id  loiiL^  Ihm'Ii  j»Iis('Ii(  ;  iilid  his  ,sil<'- 
ccssof  \\;is  LcoM  l*;ui'ill;i,  wlio  licid  ilic  pl.-icc  lililil 
S('|)<ciiil)('i*  ITDf),  ;il<Ii(>ut;li  IVoiii  iiic<)iii|)(«t('iH  y,  ill- 
IicmIIIi,  iiiid  jiarti;il  insanity  lie  ncvor  exercised  any 
audioiily." 

Meaiiwliile  tlio  coninmndanfs  wen^  ()rte<;a,  of  i]\o. 
lioi-eto  company  until  ISIarch  171)1,  und  Ai-triiello  of 
the  San  I'' rancisco  company  until  ^larch  I7U(!.''  1'heu 
Sal,  who  in  Sej)tt'nd)ei'  I7'.>r)ha(l  been  promoted  iVom 
allVre/  to  lieutenant,  took  the  conunand  which  lie  held 


until   his  death  in  I  SOO,*  when  ho  was  s 


uccee( 


led    I 


y 


Twelve  s;iil(iin  fi'diu  tlie.  ( 


iiin'c/ii'iiiii 


iiiiil  Sun  Cdrliii  Vi 


lii) 


M)i-ers   III 


!)j 


t\V( 


.f  t 


leiii    .'IS   soldieis. 


fiiiiii(lliii!,'s  ill    ISOO.    /' 


,S7.  /' 


remained  at  Monterey  as 
AVf.,  MS,,  vi.  (;•_>.     two 
.1//'/.,  MS.,  xxviii.  '2-2.     List  of  ll> 


/' 


will  kiiieii 


\\\ 


lo  eallie   m 


ITIIS 


til(!    C 


l!»  •_'(>.      List  of 


I'oiinniiiy  in    I , 


IT! IS.  /,/.,  /;, 


ilirijiCdil. 


/• 


•SV.  /'(I/).,  MS.,  xvii 


;l//7.,  .MS.,  xvii.  17   l!l.     List  of 


«'at,il.iii  voliiiiteeis  ill  I71l!t.  .S7.  /Vf/i.,  Mis.-i.,  MS.,  iii.  ". 

-  l.eoii  raniila  Was  )iioiiiote(l  to  lie   lieutenant   of  the   .Monterey  eoli)])any 


K,  I7!1J 


Hi 


IS  [last  servici 


il  lieeii  three  veals  as  ea(ht,  three  \(;irs 


as  i^iiichni-hearer,  and  four  years  as  alfi'i'e/,  tiist  in  the  dragoons  anil   later  in 


the  rev^iiiieiil  of  Ivspai'ia.     He  iiad  never; 


iveii  jil'iM 


.f  of 


coiiiaLie  <ii'  a]i|ilie.illon, 


.•ind  Ills  natural  aliilities  weri-   theined   onl\  inediiini.    /'nrrilhi,  //liti.  i/r  Si 


MS.,  in  /'for.  SI.  /'-/».,  /.'. 


.1/;/. 


4.     J  I. 


arrived  in  San  I'' ran 


.SV,    /\ 


S(i,: 


MS. 


ciseo  .Inly  -•>,  17!'.!,  and  soon  proeeedeil  to  Montirey. 

iv.    IS.      Here   he  ininiediately  lieeanie  unlit  to   ji'iforin  liie  (hities  of  eoiii- 

niaiiil.'iiit  and  ii;iliililii 


ei 


IllilUK 


a|i|irov.i 


Ml    t^ 
I.      /' 


ly  reason  of  tits  of  insaiiily;  eonsecjiuntly  ;\r;,'iielK) 


>  iliseliar-'e 


A', 


MS. 


hit  I' 


le  i;overiior  s  onler  aiK 


1  tl 


!<•  vieiToy  H 


/' 


Sf.  /■ 


l.yt 

vieer(\v   to  j,'overiior.    A]iril   '.!li.   I7!'l,   in 


MS.,  xi.  IC.it.     Au,i,'nst   i;!,  I7!U,  Anil 


MS..  I!l( 


(   I ,  savs 


tol! 


las  to  lie  eoiiliiied  to  his  I 


am 


I  had  to  II 


itly  <leiiiented,  and 

sonietinies  esca]ied  at  iii,L.'lit 

iii;;ht  li:ak  liy  loive.     Onee  he  tried  to  eseapi;  liy  se.i  in  :i 


I  that  I'arrilia  is  iiieapaMe.  aji 


lolise  Ulliler  yr 


H> 


iioat.      Hee.   l;t.  I7!l  I.  Sal  ]Mdlioiinees  liiiii  ineapalile  of  keeiiiiv.;  hooks.    /' 


.S7.  / 


(iji. 


MS. 


140.     At  the  end  of  I7'.I4  llorii  a  tieelares  liini  iiseKss  for 


any  serviees.  and  ]iidiiiises  lo  send  hi.ii  away  in  the  lirst  vessi-l  for  .Sail   lilas. 


•J'l 
list 


lis  was  done,  am 


d  apjii 


.1  liy  tl 


le  \  leeroy. 


r 


irrilla,  was  )iiit  on  Ihi 


rtired 


Midi  a,  pension  from  .Inly   I,  17!l.">.   I'lor.  SI.  J'n/i.,  MS.,  xxi.  "Jilt;  xiii. 


r_':!.  •J7();  /'/.,  n, 


.)/;/,,  MS.,  xxi.  4. 


'Oiti'ta  di 


I  not. 


'Ver.  leaver  Monterey  unt ij  !May  170'2.     Avjiiello  in 


I7!U  \\;is  adiiiinistrator  of  tohaeeo  revenues  and  had  a  kind  of  siiperx  isioa 


ovi  r 


dl 
d 


)r<siilii»  .•ii'eoiints.     Sal   in   I7!M(  was  ealled  adn 


strad 


or  yeiiera 


da  for  New  Californi 


SI.  r, 


•.VS.'>.  :!1 


.MS. 


I7(! 


'/'• 


MS. 


I  .-it 


)-/ ;  xvii. 


*  ll'inieiii 
ilh  A 


III' 


do  Sal  seems  to  have  ec 
ledition  in  I77l>.     'I'liis  won 


t  I  raliforiiia  .as  ;i  private  soldier 


1.1 


I'liiaik.'ilile  f( 


or  a  man  ol 


jdiihty  were   it   not  for  eertain  hints  that  he  eame  under  ])!ii'd(iii   for  soiiio 
(id'eiiee  not  s]ieeilied  which  may  have  reduced  him  to  the  r-inks.   I'ror.  /I'rc., 


M.S. 

San  l\ 


1.     Hi 


;i  native  of  the  \'illa  de  Valdem 


Castilla.  la  Xm 


l/.h.  ,lv  .]/;. 


.MS..  10;  ,S7.  I'diL.  Siir.,  MS.,  iii.   I,  '_>.     He  nas 


V 


ith  ( 'a^it.  Jiivera  at  .San  l>iejjo  iu  1770,  I'rot'.  SI.  /'"i'.,  MS.,  i.  '_'!!»,  and 


was 


IIERMENEGILDO  SAL. 


(;7!» 


llniinumlo  C.'irrillo.  It  must  l)o  iiotcfl,  liowcvor,  that 
while!  Sal  and  CaiTillo  were  (loiiimaiidcrs  of  the  jiix-si- 
(lial  c'())ii|)aMy,  Licutciiant-coloncj  Alhcnii  cuiiic  dowii 
IVoni  San  J''i'aii<'isc'()  early  in  I HOO  and  hy  sirtuc;  oi' 
iiis  superioi"   raidv   bccanu;   ooinandante  ol"  the   ])()st. 

Iiy  tliiit  odicpr  jmt  in  <niar^'c  of  tin;  niilil;uy  Viaicliimsc  of  S:iii  I'liiiicisco. 
Il(!r(;  (lov.  Novo  iiolii'cd  liis  iiitclli'^'cnt  iii:i!i;i'^'iii<'iit  of  liiiiiiiri.il  iillaicn  in 
M;iy  1777,  'iinl  tlio  next  ycjir  obtiiiiic^il  liis  ii|i[ii)iiiliu(Mt  a.i  ;,'ii.irilM-.iliii;iicii, 
uliirh  jHisilion  lio  lii'lil  until  I'cliniiiry  I7'V-,  wlnii  lin  \v;i;i  <;illii|  to  Monti  riy 
to  sctLl<!  tlu'iii:(;ount:-t(;f  llio  defunct  8tor('-k(jii>ur.   J'roi:  /.'.'•.,  .MS.,  i.  (»!l,  1 1!); 


II.  4->; 


Sit  II, 


I'l 


l/ih.  ,!<■  Mi 


MS.,  (i.     M;iy  1!).  17^-*,  1 


KiTLjciiiit  of  tin;  Sunt  I  l>ii'l);ir;i.  ( 'onip.'inj',  iunl  in  Au'just  lictiivicl  lii  i  coniini.s- 
hion  iiH  aUVi'c/ of  MontiTcy,  il.iti'd  .M;iy 'JIHli.     His  connnission  .-h  lirutcnant 


IH  dated   Ajnd  '..'7,  17'.*.),  and  \vu;^  r< 


d  in  AuLju^L  or  Sciitcnilp^ 


,S7.  /', 


•]'■ 


MS., 


lilil;   /• 


/;, 


MS. 


II.  (i. 


\:\i;  SI.  r 


I /I.,  Site 


i'. 

MS. 


iii.  I,  •-',  ;..'..     He  ua.iat  .Moiilerov  from  17S-  to  17!)1,  and  fiom  17i)l  to  ISOO, 


>ein>;  lialiilitailo  Imni    I  7' 


lo  17fS7  and  from  I7H7  to  |S(,'(»,  and  edininam 


ant 


I'om  J I 
nd  aeti 


17n.>  to  17.S7 


am 


1  17!l>i  to  ISOl).     \[l^  waa  at  S.iu  Fr.inei.-ieo  a.s 


hul 


jditado 


nnuamlant  from   I7!)l  to  171*'l.     Jii  iiilditioii  to  liis  otiiir  <lntie.s 

li 


Sal  aeied  as  ;.';overiior"s  .secrit.ary  diiiiir;  ,'i  lai';;o  jiart  of  r.oric.i'.s  administra 
tion.     He  wait  present  at  tlie  founding,'  of  Santa  iJi'n/.  in  I7UI  and  at  tin;  eon 


.s<'i:ralion  < 


.f 


is  eluireli  in 


17!)k     In  17'.'.'.  I 


k;  aceomnaniei 


f. 


or 


inisKion  siti'>'..      l)oii   IIernK'ne''ildo  liad 


Jianl 


t  in  a  nearcl 


i)od  education  for  Ids  fiinc, 


V  roti!  a  line  hand,  and  wa.i  ])rol)aliIy  tlio  l)ei,t  aecountant  and  the  eleaicHt 


lieaih'd  liiisincH:)  man  in  ('alif( 


Only 


\\i\n  fault  found  with   lii.s 


lecoiint.'^,  and  an  invei-iti'.'atioii  .showed  lliat^  iii.sle.id  of  his  i 


KJ.OOl)  as  was  ehar 


,^'' 


d,  t! 


k;  i;ompaiiy  wa 


s  in  <lel>t  to  him.     II 


owini:;  tlu!  company 


_  haaty, 

(|nick-tem[iere(l  man,  jironc;  as  a  commander  to  order  .scvci'e  i)enaUies  for 


.!H 


inst  li 


dtl 


1th 


•d( 


n 


leiiees  aLiainst  ni  i  sirict  (iiscipiino,  .and  ineii  lo  countermand  iiic  order  win 
his  au,uor  had  ])asscd  aw.iy.  iStiin;.,'  liy  tin;  taunt.s  of  an  anonymous  Icttvr 
lie  once  in.id<!  a  personal  attack  upon  Capt.  Xico!;:s  Soler,  accusing,'  him  of  an 
intri;_'in!  with  his  wife.  Sal  married  at  San  Francisco  on  May  id,  1777,  .^Iari;^ 
Jose  Ainezipdta,  S'Ui  Fniiic'.^ro,  L'lh.  da  jMi.^inn,  ^iS.,  10,  oo,  7-,  I>y  wlmm  he 
had  sever.d  children,  kouk;  of  whom  <lii'tl  in  infancy.  \'ancouvcr,  who  iijxalcs 
in  tin;  hi'^liest  terms  of  Sal  and  his  wife,  ^^■.•ls  also  diliL'hted  wilh  tiie  decoroua 
lichaviorof  their  two  dany'.itcrs ami  son,  and  tin;  attention  that  had  evidenUy 
liecn  paid  to  tinir  edne.ilion.  \'<iiiroiir  /.i  l'o>//i;ir,  ii.  S.  One  d;'.n,c;hler, 
Haf.-iela,  was  tin;  lir::t  wife  of  Lid  ;  Antonio  Ari^iiellu  and  died  at  S;;n  I'raii- 
cisco  I'cli.  (i,  isl  1,  as  t;houn  hy  the  mi.A.'iion  n ccrds.  .\iiotlicr,  .Josefa.  was 
thi;  wife  of  Script.  Koca  who  commanded  the  artillery  at  San  Uic>i,-o,  and  w;w 
left  a  w  idow  in  ISll.  S.  niciji),  Ij':h.  dr  .)l!s!oii,  ^IS.,  ',)4.  A  third,  iiniii.irricd, 
was  tin;  •.■.ncst  of  11.  ('.  Hopkins  of  San  Fraueisco  in  isti,"!,  ami  died  heforo 
IS(i7.  J>ir!ii(  n<'\s  Colon.  J/i.<t.,  xvii.  Jos.;  Maria  Amador  .spcakLi  of  a  :ion, 
Domingo,  who  v,aH  ii  K'llilddo  (liyliii'iiiii/o  in  the  San  i^'ranciseo  eoin]iany  and 
<licd  youiicr.  Aiiiador,  J/od.,  MS.,  1"21.  Another  ton,  Meliton,  was  htu  ied  at 
San  J'ic2;o,  Aug.  'Jl,  ISIO.  Sail  J)ir'jo,  Llh.  dc  Mi.s!oii,  .MS.,  42.  .Suli'erinr^ 
from  )i!ilhi3!3  iind  iinalilc  to  di.scliargc  elliciently  his  duties,  on  Mrrcli  1,S, 
LSJt),  Sal  petitioned  tlie  liiiig  for  retirement  with  rank  of  captain.  The  viceroy 
granted  tlie  request  jirovi.sioiially  on  Aug.  1st,  with  (  ncouragcment  to  hope 
for  sncces.i  at  I'onrt.  S'.  I'a/i.,  Sac,  MS.,  iv.  ',]-2;  i\-.  (10.  Jn  Scpleinlier  a 
settler  named  llorhosa  aitt-nipitcd  lo  murder  him  with  a  claggcr,  Imt  v.ij.s  j.rc- 
vented  hy  Surgeon  Solcr.  Pivc.  11(C.,\\.  11. ')-(!.  I'iually  he  ilicd  at  .Montcrej'. 
Dee.  S,  I.SOO,  ami  his  leiiiaina  were  interred  a.t  San  Ciirlosinisvion  wiih  miiitary 
honors.  His  executors  were  Lieut.  Arglielloaud  Scrgt.  Itcjca.  I'ror.  St.  P(ii>,, 
MS.,  xviii.  10-17;  /('.,  Hen.  Mil.,  MS.,  .x.xviii. ',];  .xxxii.  7;  Pror.  lU'c,  MS.,  x. 
I).    His  disease  was  in  thoso  days  regarded  as  coutagioii.s,  and  therefore,  at  tlio 


680 


LOCAL  F-VF,\TS- MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


The  position  of  lijiltilitado  accompanied  that  of  com- 
nian<lant,  excci)t  that  Jose  Perez  Fernandez  held  it 
from  Aj)ril  171)0  to  .)  une  1797.°  The  company  alferez 
was  Sal  down  to  171);")  and  Carrillo  down  to  1800. 
Pablo  Soler  lieM  the  ])lace  of  surgeon  throughout  the 
decade.  Manuel  lujdrlguez  was  connected  with  the 
company  as  cadet  IVom  1794  to  1797.  Manuel  Var- 
i^as  was  the  sergeant  until  1794,  when  he  became  an 
invalid,  and  ^Nlacario  Castro  took  the  position." 

The  ravages  caused  by  the  fire  of  1789  had  been 
nearly  repairetl  before  Pages  left  the  country,  and, 
with  the  exception  of  the  chapel,  the  buildings  seem 
to  have  been  completed  in  1791,'  though  another  fire 

rcoommentliitioii  of  llio  sur^'oon,  all  his  clotliing  ami  bedding  were  burned  as 
■was  tho  roof  of  lii.s  lioiisc  after  tlio  plastering  had  been  removed  from  the 
walls.  St..  I'd/,.,  Sa:,  MS.,  iv.  '20;  Pror.  lice,  MS.,  xi.  140. 

*  .To3i5  I'ei'cz  Fiiii.iiKJcz  wa.s  in  1791  a  sergeant  attached  to  the  Lorcto 
company,  Iiavini;  I'dinc  llierc  that  j'car  after  Ki  years'  service  in  tho  Kspafia 
dragoons.  In  ITi'l  lie  was  recommended  by  tiio  governor  in  a  <ffr?Kt  with 
Carrillo  and  Amiidor  — Imt  with  a  preference  by  reason  of  his  skill  in  ac- 
counts— for  alft'Tt'z  of  San  Francisco.  Ho  was  commissioned  Ang.  IT,  1792, 
and  held  the  jilaco  until  1797,  being  habilitado  and  acting  commandant  from 
July  1794  to  April  \7'H'k  Then  he  served  as  habilitado  ut  Monterey,  though 
still  belonging  to  the  San  Francisco  company,  until  June  1797,  and  two 
months  later  he  was  transferred  to  Loreto.  He  was  bom  in  1749.  St.  Pap., 
S(tc.,  MS.,  i.  5.");  V.  7(i;  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  v.  2G8;  vi.  78. 

*  It  would  serve  no  good  purpose  to  give  all  the  multitudinous  references 
from  which  I  lia\'e  formed  tho  preceding  account  of  Monterey  officials.  The 
following  arc  a  ii'w  of  the  most  important,  or  at  least  the  most  definite : 
Ortega  givs  u[)  habilitacion  to  Argiiello  March  31,  1791.  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
Jieii.  Mil.,  ^(S.,  XV.  3.  Argiiello  commandant  as  early  as  .July  1791.  Arch. 
ArzohUjtado,  jNlS.,  i.  20,  03.  But  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Ben.  Mil.,  MS.,  xiii.  9, 
Ortega  is  called  commandant  until  May  1792.  There  are  indications  that 
Parrilla  may  have  attempted  to  perform  tho  functions  of  his  office  in  1794. 
Prov.  lire,  MS.,  ii.  152,  105.  There  is  some  confusion  about  the  habilita- 
cion of  Sal  and  I'orez  Fernandez  in  1790-7.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  iv.  20;  vii. 
38-9,  47;  Prov.  /.Vc,  MS.,  iv.  200-7;  v.  77,  208;  vi.  2,  4.  Arguello  is  spoken 
of  as  commandant  in  April  1797,  in  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  212.  Sal 
called  justicia  mayor  of  the  partido.  S.  Jos6  Arch.,  MS.,  iv.  22. 

''  The  total  cost  of  the  restoration  was  §2,009,  and  Fagcs,  in  a  report  dated 
Aug.  12,  1793,  took  great  credit  to  himself  for  having  done  the  work  so 
cheaply  l>y  means  of  voluntary  labor  of  gentiles,  soldiers,  and  sailors.  Prov. 
St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  191.  Elsewhere  the  expense  exclusive  of  the  church 
is  given  as  .^2.302.  Id.,  xxi.  125.  Jan.  23,  1794,  viceroy  approves  account 
of  §2,009.  Id.,  xi.  1.59.  Oct.  31,  1795,  Arguello  to  habilitado  general,  §1,000 
in  effects  received  in  1792  given  to  persons  who  worked  on  presidio  to  end 
of  1792.  These  were  3  sergeants,  9  corporals,  and  103  soldiers,  whose 
gratuity  amounts  to  §1,181.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  Presid.,  MS.,  ii.  2,  3.  Dec.  1795, 
§3,122  paid  over  for  building  expenses.  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  vii.  41;  Prur. 
It'cc,  MS.,  iv.  182.  March  12,  179.5,  Borica  to  viceroy,  tho  buildings  would 
have  cost  very  heavily  had  it  not  been  for  the  convenient  supply  of  stone, 
lime,  sand,  and  timber.     The  other  presidios  have  not  such  advantages.  St. 


AFFAIRS  AT  MONTEREY. 


681 


did  some  dainaj^e  in  October  1792.  Vancouver  de- 
scribes and  jifives  a  view  ot"  the  j»residio  as  it  appeared 
in  1792.  It  was  lilvc  that  of  San  Francisco''  exce[)t 
that  the  enclosure  was  complete.  There  was  a  circular 
block-house  at  each  corner  raised  a  little  above  the 
top  of  the  wall;  there  were  two  or  three  small  doors 
besides  the  main  •'•ate-wav,  and  the  eonnnandant's 
house  had  bi^arded  iloors.  lie  is  in  error  when  he 
states  that  the  square  was  .'500  x  250  yards,  and  that 
the  structure  had  not  undergone  the  slightest  change 
or  improvement  since  the  i'oundation.'^ 

According  to  a  report  of  Carrillo  at  the  end  of 
1800  each  side  of  the  square  measured  one  hundred 
and  ten  yaids,  the  four  walls  were  built  of  adobes  and 
stone,  and  the  buildings  were  roofed  with  tiles.  On 
the  north  were  the  main  entrance,  the  guard-house, 
and  the  warelunises;  on  tho  west  the  houses  of  the 
governor,  connnandant,  and  other  olHceis,  some  fifteen 
apartments  in  all;  on  the  east  nine  housc-s  for  the  sol- 
diers, an^i  a  blacksmith  sho[);  and  on  the  soutli  besides 
nine  similar  houses  was  the  presidio  churcii  opposite 
the  main  gate-way.^"  All  the  structures  were  again 
in  bad  condition;  the  walls  wgre  cracked,  having  been 
built  on  insutKcient  foundations   after  the  fire;   and 


/'«/).,  Sac,  MS.,  xvii.  3.  Three  thousand  one  hundred  and  twenty-two  dol- 
hirs  was  the  total  expense  down  to  Die.  .'Jl,  171l.'>.  I'ror.  Sf.  J'dji.,  MS.,  xiii. 
H)0,  201.  Aug.  -0,  \~'Xi,  bastions  unfniislied,  and  house  of  tlie  alfc  rez  necJa 
repairs  lilvo  some  of  tlio  soldiers'  dwellin;,'s.  'J'otal  cost  of  repaiin  to  date, 
g:-2,000.  /'/.,  xxi.  115.     lure  of  Oct.  lo,  17<J-'.  Ji/.,  xxi.  !>0. 

"See  next  cliaptcr  for  plan  and  description  of  San  Fiancisco  I'residio. 

'  Vuiironrcr's  VoycKjc,  ii.  43-4:  View  of  jiresidio,  ii.  440;  view  of  seenc  in 
Salinas  Valley,  iii.  3o4.  Vancouver  deemed  the  site  cIkjscu  l)y  no  means  the 
best  in  the  vicinity.  There  was  low  niardhy  ground  between  tlie  sijuaro 
and  the  beacli. 

'"Aug.  0-0,  1791,  instruetions  addressed  to  Argiiello  alx)ut  building  the 
church.  I'ruv.St.  J'np.,  MS.,  x.  4i.'.  MarL'h  1,  179J,  viceroy  oidcrs  woi'k 
suspended  until  further  orders.  .SV.  I'aj>.,  S-ir.,  MS.,  iv.  1.  April  4tli,  viceroy 
sends  a  plan  for  church,  made  by  the  directors  of  the  academy  of  arcliitecturc 
of  San  Carlos,  Mexico.  Id.,  i.  li'2.  Fages  .says  he  followed  such  a  plan,  but 
this  must  have  been  an  earlier  one.  /'rov.  S/.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiii.  1!»1.  Van- 
couver's picture  represents  the  church  as  completed.  The  cost  was  .*!  ,.)()0, 
which  was  refunded  to  the  comiiaiiy  by  the  government,  /'ror.  Hcc,  MS.,  iy. 
20(i;  «.  /'"/'•.  'SV/r. ,  MS. ,  vii.  :>^;  I'roi'.  St.  /'iij>.,  yiS.,  xxi.  'J-J7.  If  I  't 
]>een  built  by  day-laborers  in  the  usual  way  tlie  expense  would  have  !>>  i.  at 
least  $5,000,  as  15orica  believed.  It  was  done  )jy  troops,  sailors,  Indians,  and 
convicts.  /(/.,  xxi.  '207-8. 


082 


LOCAL  KVENTS-MONTERFA'  DISTRICT. 


further  delay  would  greatly  inoroaso  the  cost  of 
prosi)Cctivu  ie|)nirs."  Tlic  arniaiiu'iit  of  ^Fontt^rey 
at  the  time  ot"  Vancouver's  first  visit  consisted  of 
seven  small  t^'uns  jtlaiitrd  oulsi<lo  tin;  juvsidio  walls 
without  breastwork  or  ))rofe('lion  IVoni  the  weathrr. 
At  the  same  timr  l^odi'^a  y  Cuadra  loll  some  mate- 
rial, and  men  \vvn'  set  at  work  on  a  hattc.'iy  to  be 
erected  on  a  m.'iijhboriin''  eminence.  Accoidinu'ly  t)n 
VancouverH  return  in  17'.);^  he  I'ound  the  guns  mouiilcd 
on  a  "sorry  kind  of  barbet  battery,  consisting  chielly 
of  a  lew  logs  of  wood,  irregidarly  placed;  behind  wliich 
those  ciunion,  about  eleven  in  number,  are  opposed  to 
the  a,nclioi'ag(>,  with  very  little  j)rotection  in  the  Iront, 
and  on  tlu-ir  rear  and  iianks  intirely  open  and  exposed." 
This  work  cost  ii?4r)0,  and,  while  it  might  servo  to  pre- 
vent u  I'oe  irom  cutting  out  vessels  at  anchor,  was 
entirely  useh.'ss,  as  (Jordoba  reported  in  17i)G,  ft»r  the 
det'en(;o  of  the;  port.  It  tloes  not  a])})ear  that  any- 
thing was  done  Ibr  its  improvement  before  1800.'- 

Connected  with  this  presidio  was  the  main  establish- 
ment of  the  i^ancho  del  re}',  located  where  now  stands 
Salinas  City;  or  at  least  that  was  its  location  in  later 
years,  and  1  tind  no  record  of  any  transfer.  At  the 
beixinniui'  of  the  decade  there  were  5,000  cattle  and 
2,000  horses  in  this  royal  establishment,  and  during 
the  fust  half  of  the  period  the  net  annual  proceeds 
of  sales  W(>re  from  $3,000  to  $2,000;  but  subsc- 
qucnth'  the  sum  was  diminished  to  but  little  over 
$500,  .  nd  in  1800  the  cattle  had  dwindled  to  1,000 


"  Car  0,  Lou  Edifrion  dc  Montcreii,  1800,  MS.  Albcmi  on  coming  to  tho 
'Corto  C  !oriiian;i '  in  ISfK)  found  tilings  in  a  dcplomblo  state,  and  built 
four  boutst  for  married  soldiers  at  bis  own  expense.  I'rov.  8t.  Pnp.,  ^IS., 
xviii.  11. 

'-  17!)-,  igbt  description  of  presidio  buildings  in  SiifU  y  j\fcxicava,  Viaur, 
IG'J.  C'uai'  iH  battery  oi  four  guns  on  tbc  bill.  I'ror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xxi.  89, 
IG'l;  Prov  ./re,  MS.,  ii.  1,")S;  I'aiicourfr'.^  I'oyaijr,  i'l.  BOO.  1790,  buttery  of 
ten  guns  of  small  calibre.  Vessels  could  easily  nnclior  beyond  their  range. 
Cordoba's  report,  in  Prnr.  SV.  Paji.,  MS.,  xiv.  HU.  Lists  of  munitions,  179(]-7. 
St.  J'ct]).,  Sac,  MS.,  vi.  91 ;  viii.  70-7;  ix.  .'n.  Ksjilanado,  casaniata,  and  bar- 
rack cost  .?4.')0,  biult  very  ecouoniically.  Prov.  St.  Pu}).,  MS.,  xxi.  'J07-8. 
Viceroy  ordered  S41t  ])aid  in  1797.  Prov.  /.Vc,  AbS.,  iv.  I'O.").  Three  hundred 
and  eighty-one  dollars  spent  in  repairs  before  February  1798.  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  xvii.  11. 


RAXCIIOS  AND  IXnUSTRIKS. 


683 


vliilo  (lie  liorsos  liad  iiicrcaMC'd  t<>  ',000.'^  Ik's'kKs 
tilt'  kind's  llvf-stock  the  coinpiUiy  or  its  iiicuiIhi-s  had 
ill  IHOO  over  1,000  horses,  700  cattle,  'JJO  luiilcs  and 
asses,  and  100  sliee|).  The  horses  had  iiieicascd  very 
rapidly  :iiid  sul)se(|ueii(ly  deereascd  as  al)rui>(ly  so  I'ar 
as  we  iiijiy  ti'ust  the  lueaj^re  statistics.  Sheep  had 
decreased  iVoni  700  in  1794,  in  spite  of  special  ellorti* 
made  in  1700  tw  foster  this  branch  of  indiistrv.  Thesu 
last  iiL;ures  include,  I  su[)pose,  the  live-stock  l;e[)t  on 
the  hall'-do/cn  pnvatcranchos  in  the  ^[oiiterey  region. 
These  ranchos,  liki?  those;  already  referred  to  in  the 
south,  \ver(!  [)rovisionally  granted  to  sitllers  and  ])en- 
sioiiers;  l)iit  unlike  the  I'ornier  none  of  them  seem  to 
have  heen  rendered  permanent  by  suUsefjUent  re- 
grants.'* 

In  the  early  part  of  the  dc^'ade  industrial  opera- 
tions were  confined  Ibr  the  most  [»art  to  tin;  labors  of 
(;ar])enters,  bricklayers,  and  masons  on  the  ])residio 
buildings;  but  later,  a  tailor,  saddler,  and  one  or  more 


"Til  ITf^S  tlin  clmiifrc  Wiis  still  more  niaikeil,  ulu'ii  tlic  tc  -.wc  said  to  luivo 
been  7,4!)!  Iior, c:!  and  1,200  cal tic.  This  result  wus  iiltiilnit  d  ti)  ili(iti"lits, 
tlicfta,  ixji'ii't  (.f  IVr.iali.s  to  IJaja  Califoriiiii,  lava.ijeM  (if  liwif.H  rud  wolves,  loim- 
(latidii  (  f  tlio  l.i"iu!i  at  San  l'"i;uiei.se(),  and  the  lack  (  f  ii  niarl.et  I'di-  liuiscs. 
Sergt.  Miiearii)  C:;.  tro  had  charge  df  Hk;  raiieho  as  luaj  )i(Lniiii,  with  six  Bol- 
tlicra.  Cov.  to  vici  roj-,  l)e(,'.  .'I,  I7US.  I'rur.  AVc,  MS.,  vi.  Ii,4,  l^I).  Aecounta 
of  the  rnnclio  in  I'rar.  Sf.  I'liji.,  Jim.  MiL,  MS.,  xiii.  1,  -I;  xviii.  I,  "J,  7; 
xxiii.  ;>;  xxv.  12,  .'!;  xxviii.  4.  'J'wo  hiiiiilred  fat  cattle  t;)  lie  ki'.hd  aumially; 
lio  tallow  to  come  from  San  lilas;  >Sta  l!,irl)ar;i  ti>  i)j  .supjiliud  — 171'-.  I'ruv. 
7iVc.,  MS.,  ii.  ]."(j.  Cattle  very  iiunierous  in  1704.  Prir.  SI.  /'ap.,  MS.,  xii. 
lcSi)-!)l.  i;ea:';s  vei-y  numerous  and  trt>nljlesonie  in  171)-',  d  in;,'  (axat  harm 
both  to  live-:  toek  i:nd  to;,'ardens.  I'lVi'.  Ji'cc,  MS.,  ii.  1.'.',).  Siieep-rai.sing  foa- 
tered,  170(.>.  /</.,  vi.  70;  iv.  (W. 

"The  ninelioa  were  six  in  number  iu  January  170.";  r.ucnavista,  5 
leagues  from  Mciilerey,  held  by  .r(jse  Soliernnes  and  Joa'ir.in  ('uilro;  Salina, 
4  league:;,  by  Aiili  i;io  Aeeves  iind  Antonio  liomero;  j;;ii;iil:i,  a  llucrla  Vicja, 
^  league,  by  Ani  niiu  ^Montanu;  Canada  de  lluerta  Vu  ja.  .,'  lea"ue,  by  An- 
tonio Uudna;  M;;i;i  de  la  I'lilvora,  a  musket-shot,  by  liii'ienio  bo.sali.i;  and 
(.'huiiadero,  1  mile,  by  IVrnardo  Ibreilia  and  Juan  radiila.  'I'iieie  weie  on 
these  ranchos  i;7V  cattle,  11:2  horses,  110  slieej),  and  1)  nudes.  .MimU  nij, 
I'iniflioH  f.,/.-f<i:/(:i  fii  J70.'>,  MS.  J5ut  this  very  year,  aieonjih;;  to  i'lil'ija, 
Ji'csjiiiCHtd,  ^L'v,  I'J,  one  of  these  ranchos,  tluitof  Aceve:<  and  l;onu'ro,  was  dc- 
Btroyed  by  Indian^;  and  al.so  another  not  in  the  list  b^longin;' t  )  <!.  una  and 
Ah'gre.  Lar.d.i  wwe  granted  ]irovisii)nally  to  in\alids  )ii:d  .sittlei  :  on  the 
river  (Salinas)  near  .Montei'ey  liefon^  I7!i;{.  /'/.,  xxi.  ili'J;  xii.  l.'i'.);  /',■•<. r.  /.Vc., 
MS.,  vi.  4(1-1.  A  1  niall  jiieee  of  land  had  been  granted  liy  i:i%er;i  in  I77">  to 
Manuel  ISutron;  but  liutron  was  now  an  inhabitant  of  San  .lusc,  and  tin  re  is 
no  evidr'nec  of  any  lands  whatever  held  by  the  soldiers,  exoejit  the  six  or 
Bcvcu  rauchus  mentioned. 


684 


LOCAL  EVENTS-MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 


weavers  were  kept  at  work.  The  looms  turned  out 
only  the  coarsest  varieties  of  blankets  and  woollen 
stuffs;  and  so  unsatisfactory  were  the  results,  duo 
largely  to  the  poor  quality  of  the  wool,  that  Sal  in 
1800  determined  to  stop  the  work,  employing  the 
workmen  in  sweeping  the  plaza  and  serving  the  offi- 
cers.^" 

The  subject  of  prcsidial  finances  and  supplies  at 
Monterey  as  capital  of  the  province  is  naturally  more 
important  and  also  more  complicated  than  at  the 
other  jurisdictions;  but  unfortunately  the  preserved 
records,  though  bulky,  are  far  less  complete  and  satis- 
factory here  than  elsewhere.  The  pay-rolls  and  ordi- 
nary expenses  of  the  Monterey  company  were  about 
$15,000  per  year;  a  sum  which  was  increased  by  the 
salaries  of  provincial  officers  and  other  government 
expenses  to  a  total  varying  from  .$19,000  to  $25,000; 
and  the  annual  supplies  from  Mexico  and  San  Bias, 
thoutih  varving  considerablv,  do  not  seem  to  have 
fallen  sluu't  of  the  total  appropriation  for  exptmses, 
although  supplies  to  the  average  amount  of  $5,000 
were  obtained  from  the  missions,  and  others  from  San 
Jose.  In  fact  these  supplies  ■were  purchased  with 
articles  sent  from  IMexico  or  with  drafts  on  j\Iexico, 
so  that  in  either  case  the  amounts  were  included  in 
the  mcniorias.     Tithes  and  postage   in   this  district 

"Aug.  1701,  four  inccliank's  canio.  Tailors  cliil  8l'2.j  of  work  for  pri- 
vate parties.  .SV.  i''ip.,  Sac,  ]MS.,  v.  0.');  xiii.  .*?.  17'.>-,  stouc-cuttcrs  and 
masons,  Santiii'^o  ]!uiz,  Salvador  liivcra,  and  I'odro  Alc;uitara.  IiL,  ii.  !),  10. 
Six  nK'cIiMni(':4  arrived  in  July.  Prop.  St.  Pep.,  MS.,  xxi.  7.>— t.  \7'X],  tlio 
armorer  i'ldro  ( ionzalez  (Jarcia  ordered  to  remain  at  Monterey.  LI.,  xiii.  ."iCi-S. 
17!'i,  one  l)!ii'Ulayer  and  a  carpenter,  also  three  masons  to  work  <jn  ■  hnreli. 
Jil.,  xii.  ID'J-;!;  xxi.  I'JS-!).  17!)((,  a  tailor  and  ii  lit/oiicro  to  vunxiun.  Proi\ 
J,'fr.,  MS.,  V.  7S.  Aleantara  left  tlii.s  year.  Prur.  .S7.  J^(i/).,  MS.,  xxi.  '2'Mt. 
Salvador  li.jnr  eu'raged  as  carpenter  in  April.  /'/.,  xxi.  'JliS.  Antonio  ller- 
iiandez,  a  saddler,  in  August.  /(/.,  xxi.  44.  April  "JS,  1797,  weavers  r.U'iidoza 
Jind  J']ni'ii[iHV,  inu.st  bo  Kent  to  IMonterey;  'JOO  armljcts  of  wool  to  bo  bought  in 
the  south.  J'ror.  /.Vr.,  MS.,  iv.  89.  July  20,  1797,  a  ninnnfactory  of  bliudiets 
renders  iui|;ortatioii  uniieccs.sary.  Sal  to  lioriea,  in  Prvv.  SI.  Pup.,  MS.,  xvi. 
2;W.  In  1797  the  tailoring  account  was  as  follows:  work  done,  ■'?.")7.'!;  expense 
of  supporiiii','  .six  apprentices,  )?29.");  paid  to  the  tailor  i  of  proceeds,  h'-'A;  net 
proceeds,  §ji4.  Pron.  St.  I'lip.,  Jl,>i.  Alii,  MS.,  xxv.  ,"),  (i.  I'roceeda  in  ISOO, 
§?•_':.'.">.  /'/.,  xxviii.  H.  The  weaver  and  saddler  earned  in  l.SO:),  down  to  the 
time  of  d'seharge,  .Sl.-'H).").  /</.,  xxviii,  (J.  Weaving  suspuadcd  by  Sal.  J'fuv, 
at.  Pup.,  MS.,  xviii.  IS,  10. 


y^ 

$2 

$7 

fei 

Ii 

fro 

haJ 

to 


:u 


/.a 
ill 


MIXOR  HAPPEXTNGS. 


685 


yielded  to  the  royal  treasury  about  .$400  eacli  per 
year,  while  the  toljacco  revenue  was  from  .$1,000  to 
.$2,000,  and  the  sale  of  papal  iudulj^ences  yielded  from 
$75  to  $125.  The  annual  inventory  showed  the  eon- 
tents  of  the  warehouses  to  be  usually  about  $40,000.^" 
In  addition  to  tlie  forei^oinij  statistics  jNIonterey  ainials 
from  1791  to  1800  present  nothing  of  interest  whieli 
has  not  been  recortled  in  preceding-  chapters  devoted 
to  gubernatorial  changes,  jirecautions  against  foreign- 
ers, and  the  movements  of  vessels.  The  oidy  foreign 
craft  that  touched  at  IVIonterey  during  the  decade  were 
those  of  Vancouver  in  1702-4;  the  English  Proc'tdcnce 
under  Broughton  in  179G;  the  vVmerican  Oltei'  under 
Dorr  in  the  same  year;  and  an  unknown  vessel  that 
anchored  in  the  bay  in  1800.  The  only  j.ndian 
troubles  in  this  district  that  require  notice  were  thoso 
at  San  Juan  and  have  already  been  described.''' 

The  mission  of  the  Monterey  jurisdiction,  besides 
the  new  establishments,  San  ]\tlguel,  Soledad,  and  San 
Juan  Bautista,  wore  San  Carlos,  San  Antonio,  and 
San  Luis  01)ispo.  At  San  Carlos  Father  Arenaza 
served  as  minister  until  1797,  when  he  left  the  coun- 
try.^"^     Sehan  was  permitted  to  retire  in  1795  to  the 

''ilontcrcy  prcsiiliiil  accounts  in  Prov.  St.  Pop.,  Uen.  J[iL,  MS.,  xiii.  '2, 
20;  xiv.  4,8;  x\i  '>;  xvii.  8,0;  xviii.  1,5-7,8-11;  xix.  7-'.);  xxiii.  7-!>,  H; 
xxiv.  17;  XXV.  ,'!-,"),  8-0,  11-1.'];  xxvi.  5-7;  xxvii.  1,  5,  (J;  xxviii.  0,  8,  0, 'JO; 
xxxiii.  i:5,  14;  .V,'.  /''ip..  Sue.,  MS.,  i.  1-4;  ii.  'M,  04;  v.  71;  vi.  IIS-'JO;  vii. 
.'JO,  81-Sr  ix.  48;  Prov.  S/.Pup.,  /{<ii.,  MS.,  i.  KJ;  ii.  17,  IS;  Pror.  S/.  Pap., 
MS.,  xvii  8,  11,  .'JG-HS,  OS;  xxi.  ]'20;  and  Pcnz  Fcrtiundiz,  Cwnta  (niicj-al 
ill'  la  lliihilit<ti'ioi(<lr  Miuitorii,  1700,  yi^.,  which  i.s  ii  very  conijilctc  rcpurt 
rcndcn-'l  on  turning  over  tlic  company  accounts  to  Sal.  In  170:!  tlio  /.(dv- 
ci'uor  piiinli'd  out  ail  ci'ior  in  tlio  treasury  accounts  of  about  6''>>','X)().  'I'lio 
totals  of  tlio  hiil)ilitaili)".s  accounts  varied  from  S()0,000  to  $S,"), (>:).).  Tlie  lial- 
ancc  dui^  tlic  treasury  or  the  comiiany  was  usually  only  a  few  hundred  dnUars. 
Tlio  coir|iaiiy  iipplittl  to  its  use  the  jiroceeds  (jf  tithes,  powta'^'e,  and  toiiaeco, 
uud  ])ai<i  tlio  amounts  hy  drafts  in  Mexico,  which  were  charged  on  tiie  next 
ini'inoriii.  Tlie  Iialiilita<l  )'s  commission  in  17'.'d  was  !?2,7M).  Uebt  of  com- 
]>iiny  ill  170(i,  !;'0,7'iH.  In  I7II'.(  a  rohlniy  of  .ss(i;)froui  tlu'warelio.isc  is  noted. 
Tlie./i'("/o'/''  rficiir'inii  iwmmwU'A  in  1700  to  .S,'l.()l«7  alter  §r)S7  had  licen  paid 
out.     This  fund  was  due  to  lilt  men,  or  not  (piite  iislOO  to  each. 

"  Se(\  chaiiter  xxvi.,  this  volume. 

'Taseual  M.ntine/,  d(>  Areuaza  ejiuie  to  !M'xico  from  his  native  ljasf|uo 
province  of  Alava  in  \~S't.  He  vohmtcred  and  was  assigned  tu  <  'aliforuia  in 
178(1,  with  a  good  leputatiou  from  the  guardiiiu,  tlmugh  his  expeiitnee  wa.s 
hmitecl  mid  his  eliaraeter  somewhat  viro.  Anli.  Slit  Ihii-lnirit,  .MS.,  xii. 
20-7.     iVJtcr  a  term  as  supernumerary  hu  served  as  minister  at  Sau  Cdrlua 


i:iiiD 


CSG 


LOCAL  EVEXTS-MOXTEREY  DISTRICT. 


college,  tliougli  lie  subsoquciitly  came  baelc  to  Cali- 
fornia. Areiiaza  was  followed  in  the  ministry  by 
Francisco  Pujol  who  completed  the  decade;  Senan  by 
Antonio  Jaime  in  1795-G,  j^tariano  Payera;s  in  179G-8, 
and  Jose  Viiials  from  1798,  Carnicei  serving  also  for 
a  short  [)eriod  in  1798-9.  Throughout  the  decade, 
moreover,  President  Lasuen  made  San  Carlos  his 
home  when  not  absent  on  one  of  his  frequent  tours 
through  the  province.  Although  the  baptisms,  790  in 
immber,  exceeded  the  deaths  by  220,  yet  the  neo- 
l)hyte  population  increased  during  this  decade  only 


from 


/J.) 


to  758.    San  Carlos  had  reached  its  hiirhest 


figure,  927,  in  1794,  and  was  now  on  the  letrograde. 
Meanwhile  horses  and  cattle  had  increased  from  1,378 
to  2,180,  and  smaller  live-stock  from  1,203  to  4,1G0. 
The  crop  in  1800  was  about  0,000  bushels;  the  largest 
in  1797,  7,-100  bushels;  the  smallest  in  1795,  1,100 
bushels;^^  average  3,700  bushels. 

Vancouver  was  at  San  Carlos  on  Sunday',  Decem- 
ber 2,  1792,  and  while  he  gives  no  detailed  descri[)- 
tion  of  the  establishment,  contenting  himself  with 
the  remark  that  the  buildings,  though  smaller,  were 
similar  in  architecture  and  material  to  those  of  San 
Francisco  and  Santa  Clara  previously  visited,  he  pre- 
sents a  diawing  which  shows  four  buildings  irreLjularlv 
arranged  and  partially  enclosinf>'  a  s(iuare.     The 


ig  a  square. 


The  old 


from  17SS  to  1707.  On  tlic  expiration  of  his  10  years  of  service  he  was 
grantcil  periiii^iSiiiiii  to  retire  on  July  8,  17'.'7.  Tlie  hist  ti'aee  of  his  pre:5enee  in 
Ciilifci'iiia  i:i  on  Oct.  ',)d  of  thv  same  year  when  he  olliciated  at  Solcdail,  Stili- 
dail,  L'h.  (Ic  Miiioii,  MS.,  '2i>.  After  his  arrival  in  Mexico  ho  died  of  phthisis 
before  May  14,  Hi)'.),  as  we  learn  from  a  letter  of  the  guardian  in  Arc/i.  iSVit 
liufJmr.i.  ;MS.,  xi.  'JSl-'J. 

'"I'larlcy  was  ii^iuaUy  ]iroduccd  in  as  large  quantities  as  wheat,  and  maize 
was  not  far  hchinih  In  1705  botli  were  a  total  failure.  Thi.s  year  suppUes 
had  to  he  ()l)tained  from  Santa  Clara.  Arcli.  tSta  ISarbimt,  ilS.,  ii,  "JJiJ-oO. 
17'.IG  wa;  not  nuieh  l)etter  than  17'Jo,  and  in  \~\)-  the  crops  liad  lieen  very 
light.  nn<l  lu  avy  rains  after  the  harvest  not  only  injured  niuih  grain  in  the 
waieiiouiHS,  I)iit  prevented  the  hauling  of  supplies  from  abroad.  St.  Pap., 
Snr.,  MS.,  vii.  08.  April  'J,  I'iHi,  governor  says  the  troops  are  snli'eriug 
want  in  eonseipii  nee  of  drouglits  for  tliree  successive  years.  J^mv.  St.  Pup., 
MS.,  x:.!.  'J;!.').  Aug.  12,  17!'7,  he  rejoices  at  a  surplus  of  l,7v!!)fau(gaj  of  bar- 
ley and  L'wO  of  pea;je  at  San  CVirlos.  Pror.  Jt'cc. ,  MS. ,  vi.  1!J4.  There  was  a  gen- 
eral diought  in  IfiiM),  bid  S;  n  (jirlos  had  good  eroi)s.  Id.,  ix.  7;  St.  P<i]>.,  Sue, 
MS.,  vii.  (it).  Sn;  plies  fnnudu'd  to  tjie  presidio  in  17'J''>-(i,  $l,7li8  and  1;U,;W4. 
iVt-r.  m.  Pop.,  2iiS.,  xvi.  2U3,  -IW. 


SAN  CARLOS  MISSION. 


687 


I'O 


ill 


church,  partly  thatched  and  partly  tiled,  stands  on 
the  left  of  the  pictia-o,  and  probably  on  the  west  side 
of  the  square.  Three  bells  hang  on  a  frame  raised 
on  a  stone  foundation;  a  lolly  cross,  bearing  a  close 
resemblance  to  a  modern  telegraph -pole,  rears  its 
head  near  the  centre  of  the  })laza,  and  just  beyond, 
almost  in  contact  with,  and  a])par('ntly  north-east- 
ward from,  the  old  church,  are  tlie  rising  stone  walls 
of  a  new  one.  Bevorid,  on  an  eminence,  mav  l)e  seen 
a  corral  for  cattle,  while  at  the  right  are  tiie  conical 
huts  of  the  neophytes.  The  new  church  was  being 
built  of  a  soft,  straw-colored  stone,  which  was  said  to 
harden  on  exposure  to  the  air.  The  lime  used  was 
made  from  s<!a-shells.  This  church,  the  rnins  of 
v.-]iicli  are  still  to  be  seen  on  the  banks  of  tho  Car- 
melo,  was  completed  and  dedicated  in  September 
1797.^^  Notliing  occurred  to  vary  the  monotonous 
r(.)utine  of  mission  life  at  San  Carlos,  unless  a  rather 
curious  illustration  of  the  method  in  which  justice 
was  administered  be  worth  a  place  in  the  record, 
Estanislao,  a  neophyte,  did  not  live  happily  with  his 

'"There  is  noinc  co;ifii.siou  anioiv-;  the  diflcrciit  .iiithoiiiie:!  rcsjiectiiig  this 
churcli.  Vancouver,  I'oi/wjr,  ii.  10,  o4-(J,  gives  the  views  iiihuled  t(j,  aiul 
saj's  distinctly  that  the  natives  \\  ere  at  work  on  the  new  ehurcli  at  tiie  time 
of  his  visit  in  17'J-,  tlie  only  \i.sit  mentioned  in  his  work.  ]!iit  Fresident 
Lasucn,  in  two  letters  of  .June  7  and  Dee.  10,  1704,  Arch.  Slii  lidrhara,  ,MS., 
vi.  "JID-'JO;  Ai-ih.  Arzobispudo,  MS.,  i.  .'fS,  says  that  the  lirst  .stone  was  l.iid 
on  July  7,  17!tl},  or  a  year  af ter  N'aneouver's  vi;;it.  lie  says  that  the  nia.son 
Ruiz  c;unc  to  Sau  (,';alos  in  l)eeend)er  179-,  hut  tliat  no  uKifenul-i  vrrc  rculi/, 
and  he  had  to  wait  luitil  the  rainy  season  was  jiast.  It  is  inipossihie  to 
reconcile  these  two  statenients;  the  dihieulty  may,  howevc'i',  he  partially 
removed  hy  supposing  that  N'riucouvrr's  picture  uas  made  at  his  th.ird  visit, 
in  nS'-i.  Ta)doi\  JJisror.  ami  J'oti inters,  ii.,  Xo.  "JS,  1(J7,  tells  us  that  the  new 
church  was  ik'clicatcd  L'cl).  'J,  17'j;i;  while  David  Spence,  /</.,  ii.,  Xo.  '21,  '.i, 
says  it  was  linished  in  MSiy,  tliat  it  .stood  north  an<l  scuit  i,  iorining  tho 
west  side  of  tin;  square,  and  coming  up  nearly  to  the  west  end  of  the  ju'csent 
church;  that  the  foundations  were  stiU  visihlc  in  is.ll;  an  I  that  Serra's 
remains  were  removed  on  tho  day  of  dedication,  being  hui'.'jd  at  the  foot 
of  tho  altai',  17!'!,  masonry  church  half  linishcd;  1707,  '  n  uj'  ailelantada.' 
St.  Pap.,  J/;.sv.,  MS.,  ii.  .1.  -Ja,  100.  17'.)7,  linishcd,  with  t;ie  roof.  ]<t.,  120. 
Consecrated  in  Seiitcmber  1797.  Lasucn,  in  Arch,  ."^''i  lidrliara,  MS. ,  xii. 
G(i.  In  1708  the  Indians  still  lived  in  mi.-erahle  j:-.ass  huts.  Sal'.s  Leport,  in 
I'ruv.  St.  I'ap..  .MS.,  xvii.  U.').  no^)-!,  several  ]  ulians  wcrk  as  cari)cntcra, 
bricklayers,  and  stone-cutters  luuler  the  inst'  uction  of  tho  king's  artisans. 
Arch.  Sla  lidrhara,  MS.,  .xii.  ,"0.  1701,  o'.o  master  of  each  of  the  trades 
mentioned  assigned  to  San  Carlos.  Pror.  St.  J'ap.,  MS.,  xii.  102-1].  1799, 
hemp  used  to  some  extent  for  clothing  for  ueopliytcs.  Prov.  Ike,  MS.,  vl, 
117. 


■liii  i!i 

4 


I  If 


!l 


'ii 


688  LOCAL  EVENTS-MONTEREY  DISTRICT. 

wife,  and  finally  left  her  in  the  woods,  after  having 
administered  some  severe  blows.  So  he  confessed  to 
his  mistress,  and  so  he  testified  before  Sergeauo  \'ar- 
gas,  who  was  sent  to  investigate  after  the  dead  body 
of  the  woman  had  been  found.  But  Estanislao's  tes- 
timony was  somewhat  conflicting  as  to  the  force  and 
manner  of  his  blows,  and  he  was  acquitted  on  the 
theory  that  his  spouse  might  have  been  killed  by  a 
bear.'^^ 


At  San  Antonio  de  Padua  de  los  Robles  the  gain 
in  neophyte  population  was  from  1,07G  to  1,118,  with 
7G7  baptisms  and  G5G  deaths,  this  mission  thus  reced- 
ing from  the  first  to  the  fourth  place,  behind  Santa 
Clara,  San  Diego,  and  San  Gabriel.  Cattle  and 
horses  had  decreased  from  2,232  to  2,217,  having 
been  as  low  as  1,175  in  1795.  Small  stock  had  in- 
creased only  from  1,984  to  2,075;  but  240  goats  had 
disapi)eared  altogether.  Crops  were  1,700  bushels  in 
1800,  4,200  bushels  in  1799  and  420  bushels  in  1795 
being  the  extremes,  and  the  average  2,200  bushels.-^ 
In  1787  the  San  Antonio  church  was  mentioned  as 
one  of  the  best  in  California;  in  1793  a  block  eighty 
varas  long  and  one  vara  thick  was  built  for  friars' 
houses,  church,  and  storehouse;  and  in  1797  the  church 
is  mentioned  as  of  adobes  with  tile  roof.  The  huts 
of  the  neophytes  were  of  a  more  substantial  character 
than  at  San  Carlos."^  The  two  venerable  founders 
Pieras  and  Sitjar  served  together  until  1794,  when 

''^  Arch.  Arzohii^pudo,  ^IS.,  i.  20-7.  Estanislao  was  freed  by  an  order  of 
Arrillaga  dated  Loreto,  Sept.  13,  1702. 

--  NVheat  ^\as  tlio  leading  crop,  barley  and  corn  varying  greatly,  but  the 
latter  gonenilly  in  excess.  1794-0  Averc  very  hard  years.  In  1795-0  tlie 
Indians  killed  a  good  deal  of  stock,  and  Lasuen  favored  severe  measures,  to 
dispel  the  Indians'  prevalent  idea  that  Spanish  forbearance  proceeded  from 
weakness.  Arch.  S(a  Ihirbnra,  MS.,  xii.  04-5.  Supplies  to  the  presidio  in 
1795-0,  §1,490  and  §48;$.  J'ror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  203,  200.  Hard  times 
in  respect  of  church  vestments  in  1795-1800.  Arch,  Sta  Barbara,  MS.,  xii. 
»J2,  04. 

■'^  Fa<if'<,  I)}formv  Gin.,  MS.,  140;  St  Pap.,  Mhs.,  MS.,  i.  121;  ii.  120-1; 
Sal's  Report  in  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  05.  The  exact  meaning  of  the  re- 
port of  1793  is  not  clear.  In  1794  an  adobe  room  14  x  9  varas,  and  a  tile- 
roofed  pozokra,  or  porridge -room,  were  completed. 


SAX  LUIS  OBISPO. 


CS9 


the  former,  worn  out  with  his  long  labors,  retired  to 
his  coUc'gL',-*  and  was  succeeded  by  Jose  de  la  Cruz 
Espi  in  179:3-4,  Jose  Manuel  Martiarena  in  171)4-5, 
and  !Marc(lino  Cipres  from  1705.  Sitjar  was  absent 
at  San  ^liguel  from  July  1797  to  August  1798,  and 
his  place  was  filled  by  Benito  Catalan,  who  served 
here  from  179G  to  1799." 


■  of 


re- 
lic- 


At  San  Luis  Obispo  Miguel  Giribet  contimied  as 
senior  missionary  until  1799,  when  he  left  California 
for  his  college;-'"'  and  President  Lasuen  seems  to  have 
acted  as  senior  minister  after  Giribet's  departure  until 
August  lyOO,  when  Jose  Miguel  came.  The  [)osilion 
of  associate  was  held  successfully  by  Estevau  Tapis 
in  1790-3,  Gregorio  Fernandez  in  1794-G,  Antonio 
Peyri  in  179G-8,  and  Luis  Antonio  Martinez,  who 
began  his  long  ministry  in  1798.  Bartolonie  Gili 
spent  scnne  time  hero  before  his  departure  in  1794.-^ 

'*  ^li.Kucl  Pierns  was  a  native  of  the  island  of  Mallorca;  was  ap])(jinte(l  to 
the  Caliloiuia  iiiissious  in  Au;,'ust  1770;  kt't  the  collogo  in  Octnlwr;  .saikil 
from  San  VAaa  in  January  1771;  arrisxil  at  San  lJie;,'o  Manli  1-tli,  anc]  at 
Monterey  May  "J  1st.  His  only  service  as  regular  minister  was  at  San  Anto- 
nio where  lu  :<erved  from  the  foundatidu  July  14,  177-,  to  April  nr  May  I7!l-t. 
His  last  siu'.aturo  in  the  mission-hooks  was  Ajiril  •_*7th.  IJis  lieense  from 
the  vicei(.y  was  dated  Jan.  lUth,  and  that  of  tlie  governor  (m  May  :ilst.  I 
liavo  found  nntliing  in  the  reconls  Ijearing  upon  liis  character.  l'"orliis  hand- 
writing and  autograph  sce.SV(«  Aiilniiio,  J)o<-.  Siiflfn.<,  MS.,  IS,  •_'•_'. 

-■'  Notliiiig  is  known  of  Padre  Denito  t'atalan  beyond  the  tact  that  ho 
served  at  San  Antonio,  was  one  of  the  nnfortunati^  padres  alllicted  with  in- 
sanity, Ldsiicn.  in  Arrli.  Anohl^jiwh),  M.S.,  i.  jfi,  ancl  sailed  from  San  Diego 
ou  the  Cona./iriiiii  in  January  1S()(). 

'■"'  Miguel  <  liril)et  came  to  California  in  178.")  where  lie  served  two  years  at 
San  Francisco  and  PJ  at  San  Luis  Oljispo.  It  is  noticeable  that  President 
Lasuen  in  a  letter  of  Aug.  l.'J,  171.I9,  to  llorica,  credits  (iiiibet  witli  only  P2 
years  of  .■service  in  (,'alifornia.  He  was  zealous  and  successful,  but  as  was  so 
frequently  the  case  his  health  was  uneiiual  to  Ins  task,  ills  last  sign.ilure  on 
the  San  Luis  Imoks  was  on  Oct.  '2,  179'.*.  llis  license  from  tlio  giivcrnor  was 
dated  Anv'.  -■-'d,  and  lie  sailed  from  San  l^iciro  on  Jan.  PI.  ISOO.  lie  died  in 
lS04atthe  eullege.  An/i.  Sin  Jlurlifira,  MS.,  xi.  Ol I- 1 , -js:!,  •J!)4;  Arrh.  Ar.o- 
biKp'nlo,  MS.,  i.  ,)ti;  ,S.  J'ruiii:if<f(),  Lih.  (/('  Elision,  MS.;  S.  I.ui-'  (Jl)i<jiu,  Lih. 
(Ic  M'isidii,  MS. 

*' liarti'lonie  (Ijli  came  to  Califcjrnia  in  1791,  and  served  irregularly,  as 
supermimi  I'ary  for  tlio  mrjst  pait,  at  San  Antonio,  Sulcdad,  ami  San  Luis, 
from  1791  to  1794.  lie  wascmeof  the  few  l)lack  sheep  in  tlie  missiduaiy  fohl. 
He  askeil  ](a\e  to  retire  in  I79."{  im  a  ]'lea  nf  ill-healtli,  but  his  rei|iicstwas 
denieil  until  a  fidl  re[i(prt  could  be  reuih^rid  resjiecting  tlie  peculiar  n.-itiire  of 
his  illness  and  his  imnioial  exces,<es  for  a  I'criod  of  li\e  years.  'J'he  full  nsults 
of  tile  investigatinii  are  not  known;  but  Ciili  sailed  as  chaplain  of  the  Cuu- 
opcimi  in  August  1794. 

Ilisr.  ('Ai..,  \oL.  I.    U 


:i  '1 


'IIHlll 


600 


LOCAL  EVENTS-MONTEnEY  DISTRICT. 


San  Luis  with  G,'5  baptisms  and  523  deaths  liad 
gained  in  neophyte  pojjulation  from  005  in  1790  to 
720  in  1800;  but  this  mission  had  reached  its  highest 
figure  of  population  in  1794  with  94G  souls.  Cattle 
and  horses  had  increased  to  G,500  head;  sheep  to 
0,150;  and  2,700  bushels  of  grain  were  raised  in  1800, 
4,100  bushels  in  1798  being  the  largest  yield,  1,800  in 
1791  the  smallest,  and  3,200  bushels  the  average.  No 
barley  was  raised  at  this  mission.'^^  A  water-power 
mill  was  finished  early  in  1798;  a  miller,  smith,  and 
car|)enter  of  the  king's  artisan  instructors  were  sent 
liere  in  1794;  and  a  small  quantity  of  cotton  from 
8an  Bias  was  woven  on  the  mission  looms. ^'^  The 
church,  of  adobes  with  tile  roof,  was  built  before 
1793,  in  which  year  a  [)ortico  was  a'^dcd  to  the  front. 
In  1794  the  ministers'  house,  work-room,  barrack, 
and  guard-house  were  completed.  The  native  huts 
licre  were  well  built  and  afforded  sufficient  })rotection 
against  everything  but  fire.^" 

In  1794  a  slight  ripple  of  excitement  was  caused 
l)y  what  seems  to  have  been  an  attempt  to  incite  an 
Indian  revolt  at  San  Luis.  Foiu'  or  five  gentile  chiefs 
were  the  guilty  parties,  and  they  sent  agents  with 
presents  to  enlist  the  neophytes  of  Purisima.  Indeed 
this  sending  of  agents  was  ap[)arcntly  the  only  overt 
act  con.nnitted;  but  the  neo])hytes  refused  to  attack 
their  Christian  friends  for  any  such  paltry  presents  as 
were  offered,  and  the  matter  ended  with  the  condem- 
nation of  five  ringleaders  to  hard  work  at  the  presi- 
dios."^ Subsequently  in  the  beginning  of  1797  the 
natives  were  in  an  excited  condition  over  the  nuuxler 
of  a  nooplu'te  by  two  gentiles,  but  the  presence  of 
Captain  Ortega  served  to  restore  quiet. 

'''Supplies  to  Monterey  presidio  in  ITO.j-G,  $2..')04  .and  81,1.'M.  Prw.  St. 
Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  I'O.'i,  '20(1; "/Vo?-.  j\'ie.,  MS,,  iv,  '22±  The  ;,;()verni>i' i,nalito<l  ;i 
jiieccot  land  at  Sautii  Margarita  to  the  invalid  corporal  Cayiiehi.s  in  the  nanio 
ot'  his  neiijihvte  wife,  lint  J.Msiicn  olijected.   Arch.  S'lt  Jliirlmrn.  MS.,  xi.  ;}I)S. 

-Wi,r,  /.'(■(■.,  .MS.,  iv.  177;  vi.  (iS;  J'ror.  St.  J'a,,.,  MS..  .\ii.  V,)2--[i;  St. 
Pup.,  MiM.,  MS.,  ii.  (I,  lOS;  Anfi.  Ar.o'>;.^/,uilo,  MS.,  i.  .SO- '2. 

■'"  .sv.  Pdj,.,  ;l//.ss'.,  MS.,  i.  1 1!);  ii.  -il,  l-JO;  Prut:  St.  Paji.,  MS.,  xvii.  05. 

"'/'/•<„•.  St.  Pcip.,  :MS.,  xii.  100-;},  l'J4. 


CENTRAL  DISTRICT. 


O'Jl 


•liicfs 

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attack 

its  as 

idoin- 

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tho 

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I  CO    of 


'roi:  St. 

TMlltod  il 
111'  llillllO 

\i.  ;}!»s. 

•_'-;);  .St. 
ii,  05. 


Pta.Cilii  :s^: 
l!.'>ii;n 


P.ta.S, 


Mili'll.;!! 


Ptit.S.LIlih 


M.vr  oi-  Mo.NTiiiiEV. 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 


LOCAL  EVENTS  AND  PROGRESS— SAN  FRANCISCO 
JURISDICTION. 

1791-1800. 

San  Franxtsco  Officials — Military  Forck— Population — Finance — Pre- 
sidio Buildings — Plan — Castillo  de  San  Joaqdin  at  Fort  Point — 
Cukdoba's  Report — Ravages  of  Elements — Repairs — Battery  op 
YekbaBuena  at  Black  Point — Vancouver's  Visits— Caitain  Brown — 
Mines  Discovered — Alberni's  Company — Wreck  ok  the  'San  Car- 
los ' — Tue  '  Eliza  ' — Rancho  del  Rey— Mission  versus  Presidio — 
Indian  Affairs — Runaway  Neophytes— Amador's  Campaigns — 
Padre's  Cruelty — San  Francisco  Mission — Fathers  Cambon,  Espi, 
DANTf,  GarcIa,  and  Fernandez — Buildings,  Statistics,  Industries — 
Pueblo  of  San  Jose — Inhabitants  and  Officials— Statistics — Hemp 
Culture — Local  Events— Proposkd  Removal — Boundary  Dispute — 
Santa  Clara — PeSa  and  Noboa — PoruLiVTioN,  Agriculture,  Build- 
ings, AND  Manufactures, 

The  official  list  of  San  Francisco  for  this  decade  is 
confused,  though  the  minor  complications  arc  hardly 
Avorth  recording.  Josd  Argllello  was  the  lieutenant, 
brevetted  captain  in  1798, of  the  company, and  properly 
its  commander  throughout  the  period;  but  he  was 
absent  in  Monterey  from  1791  to  179G,  during  whicli 
absence  Alferez  Hermenegildo  Sal  of  the  Monterey 
company  was  acting  comandante  until  the  middle  of 
1794,  and  Alferez  Jose  Perez  Fernandez  from  that 
time  till  the  spring  of  1796.  The  same  persons  acted 
as  habilitados,  except  that  Raimundo  Carrillo  served 
in  179(3-7.^     It  must  be  noted,  however,  that  Lieu- 

'  These  brief  statements  are  made  from  a  careful  study  of  the  05  distinct 
references  to  different  archives  which  are  bef  re  nie,  but  which  it  Avould  servo 
no  good  purpose  to  print.  About  the  date  ot  Argiicllo's  return  there  is  some 
confusion.  May '2,  ITOo,  viceroy's  order  t!  at  Arguello  rejoin  his  company. 
I'rov.  jS7.  Pup.,  Ms.,  xiii.  85,  91.     Ordered  by  governor  in  January  1790  to 

(C02) 


PEESIDIAL  COMPANY. 


G93 


tcnant-coloncl  Pedro  dc  Albcnii,  captain  of  the  Cata- 
lan volunteers,  by  reason  of  his  superior  rank  in  the 
army,  was  commandant  of  the  military  post  from 
April  179G.  The  alfercz  of  the  prcsidial  com[)any 
Avas  Ramon  Lasso  de  la  Vega  until  the  end  of  1791, 
Josd  Perez  Fernandez  from  1792  until  1797,  and 
Manuel  Rodriguez  from  1797  to  1800,  although  lie 
never  served  at  San  Francisco,  and  the  place  was 
practically  vacant.  The  position  of  sergeant  was  held 
throughout  the  decade  by  Pedro  Amador. 

The  company  was  com[)Osed  of  thirty-one  privates, 
besides  the  sergeant  and  four  corporals.  After  the 
middle  of  179G  the  military  force  was  augmented  by 
detachments  of  twenty -five  Catalan  volunteers  and 
seven  or  eight  artillerymen.  There  were  also  from 
three  to  eight  pensioners,  making  79  men  in  all,  who 
with  their  familins  constituted  a  population,  not  includ- 
ing San  Jose  and  Branciforte,  of  225  within  the  juris- 
diction. With  the  two  pueblos  the  population  was 
4G0,  and  the  christianized  natives  numbered  2,G70. 
Not  less  than  twenty  of  the  soldiers  were  usually 
scattered  in  the  mission  and  pueblo  guards,  so  that 
before  the  infantry  reenforcement  came  the  presicHo 
had  but  a  very  small  force,  and  when  parties  had  to 
be  sent  with  despatches,  or  against  the  natives,  or  for 

turn  over  command  at  Monterey  and  go  to  San  Francisco.  iS'^  Pap.,  Sti'\, 
MS.,  vii.  38-9;  J'rov.  Jiec,  MS.,  iv.  ITS.  Took  coniniiuul  in  April.  /'/.,  v. 
85.  ]5ut  tlierc  are  indications  that  Argiiello  went  again  to  Monterey  to  eoni- 
jnand  for  a  short  time  in  the  spring  of  1797.  He  returned  to  San  b'ranoisco 
April  18th.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS., -xvi.  .57, -1"2.  Sal  g.avc  up  the  comni.md  to 
Perez  on  June  30,  1794.  Id.,  xvi.  84;  Prm\  n,r..,  MS.,  ii.  149.  Perez  retained 
tlie  command  until  November  179<"),  when  Sal  .seem.s  to  have  resumed  it  for  a 
few  months  until  Argiiello's  arrival.  Id.,  iv.  237;  v.  7-").  But  Sal  did  not 
resume  the  hafiilitarion,  which  Perez  gave  up  to  Carrillo  in  April  179(»,  accord- 
ing to  orders  dated  Nov.  8,  and  Dec.  11,  179."),  transferring  him  to  Monterey. 
/'7.,  iv.  237;  v.  74.  Carrillo  gave  up  the  liabilitacion  to  Argiiello  on  Sept.  I, 
1797.  /'/.,  vi.  7.  Carrillo's  accounts  at  the  end  of  August  showed  a  di;licit  of 
?1,823.  Figures  given  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Presid.,  MS.,  i.  81-2,  84-7.  Also  stated 
to  have  been  81,42.'),  and  .i?l,94G.  Prov.  Her.,  MS.,  v.  20,'),  2(17;  Prov.  Si.  P<rp., 
MS.,  xvi.  80-1.  This  amount  was  charged  to  the  com[iany,  until  it  could  ho 
repaid  from  half  of  Carrillo's  pay  as  allVrez.  It  was  a  great  hardship  to  tlie 
soldiers  and  their  families;  and  Argiiello  thought  it  particularly  unjust  tliat 
the  presidal  company  should  have  to  bear  the  whole  Ijurden  while  the  volun- 
teers and  artillerymen  were  exempt,  and  also  while  Lasso  de  la  Vega  was  re- 
ceiving half -pay  and  was  not  requii-ed  to  pay  up  his  old  indebtedness.  Id,, 
xvi.  40-1. 


C94 


LOCAL  F.VEXTS— SAX  FRANCISCO  DISTfJlCT. 


siipplirs,  tlio  post  wjis  left  almost  doscrtod."  From 
the  tVagmoiitaiy  company  accounts  that  liavo  l)ccn 
preserved  wc  learn  that  the  annual  a[>propriati()n  for 
])ny-roll  and  contingent  fund  of  San  Francisco  was 
a  little  less  tlian  $10,000;  supplies  from  ^Mexico 
amounted  on  an  average  to  about  $7,000;  and  sup- 
plies from  the  missions  about  $3,000.  At  tlie  end  of 
each  year  an  inventory  showed  from  $11,000  to  $1G,- 
000  worth  of  goods  in  the  presidial  warehouse,'' 

The  subject  of  presidio  buildings  received  a  large 
share  of  attention  and  correspondence  between  171)1 

'^  March  4,  170'3.  Xov.  1,  1704,  complaints  of  coniniamliint.  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  xi.  ol-'i,  5(i;  xii.  42.  Thirty  Boldiers  were  left  at  .San  Francisco  in  April 
ITi'T.'H  a  temporary  expedient,  Jd.,  xxi.  2.")5-(*;  Prov.  Iter.,  MS.,  viii.  178; 
and  there  were  also  workmen  left  at  other  times  not  included  in  the  statistics 
of  popnl.-ition.  Tlie  (.{uard  at  Sau  Francisco  mission  was  four  men.  I'ror.  St. 
Pnj).,  MS.,  xii.  2."),  77;  xiii.  '2'M.  List  of  the  cuera  soldiers  and  tiieir  fumilics 
in  I7!).>.  Pror.  ,St.  J'aji.,  MS.,  xiii.  •J.SO-7,  '242-4.  List  of  the  artillerymen. 
/'/.,  xiii.  75.  List  of  volunteers.  /(/.,  Bfii.  Mil.,  xxiv.  1,2.  List  of  pi'csidial 
coniiKiny  in  1708.  /(/.,  xvi.  1(1,  17.  Company  rolls  and  statement,  in  Prov. 
St.  J'li}).,  Hen.  Mil.,  M.S.,  xiii.  xxviii. ;  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  i.  v. 

^Company  accounts  in  Prov.  St.  Pajt.,  Jlrii.  .1/(7.,  MS.,  xiii.-xvili.  passim; 
St.  Pap.,S<ii'.,  MS.,  i.  'yl;  ii.  3(»;  v.  00,  7.'?-4;  vi.  120.  Argiicllo's  account  a.s 
iial)ilitado  for  1800  is  as  follows:  charges  himself  with  ellects  on  hand  iJec. 
31,  1700,  S14,74S;  .supplies  from  Mexico  and  San  IJlas,  1800,  .S  10,870;  balances 
duo  soldiers,  .*!,"{, 200;  funds  of  mniitepio,  innilhlns,  and  rctciirimi,  (amounts 
held  for  the  soldiers),  .^004;  proceeds  of  toi)acco,  post-otlicc,  aiul  tithes,  .'?1,403; 
diht  to  presidio  of  Monterey,  !?8S1;  supplies  received  from  missions,  .'?.'{, 417; 
draft  on  hahilitado  general,  .S(i80.  Total,  .S3.'),748.  (Jredits  himself  with: 
pay-roll  of  company  and  pensicmers,  §0,o04;  amount  paid  company  on  old 
account,  !?.'?, .")73;  other  sums  paid,  S-'iG.');  paid  debt  of  1700  to  Monterey, 
f<J,.jO;$;  paid  missions  for  supplies  of  1790,  •$."{,770;  amount  charged  by  habili- 
tado  general,  .S3,0S1;  eilcclson  J)ec.  31,  1800,  §12,885.  Total,  .S35,077.  "jJalanco 
in  favor  of  ArgitcUo,  .§220.  The ^b»(/o  ile  rdoimoii  (money  held  back  from  a 
soldier's  i)ay  to  be  given  him  at  discharge)  amounted  in  the  early  years  to 
aliont  .SI, 200,  but  later,  when  added  to  the  j'undo  dc  uirulldu.i  (percentage  on 
pay  reserved  with  which  to  pay  pensions),  and  the  J'oiido  de  moiiti  pio  (per- 
centage on  ofhcers' pay  for  their  widows),  it  amounted  to  only  about  55700. 
SI.  Pap.,  Sac,  MS.,  v.  00,  73-4;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  202-3.  In  1705 
the  hiibilitado  reports  only  .$3,400  to  pay  for  the  next  ye.-ir's  supplies.  St.  Pup. , 
Sue. ,  M.S. ,  i.  u2.  Of  .SI ,  122  in  coin  sent  uj)  in  1700,  .S200  was  paid  to  soldiers, 
.^"lOO  to  the  mission,  and  .?4(X)  to  Argliello;  so  that  the  sergeant  ajiplying  for 
money  was  told  to  wait.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xiv.  i.  In  1708  the  presidio 
git  §().404  in  supplies  from  the  missions.  Id.,  JJeii.  Mil.,  xvii.  12,  13.  In 
1707  tJie  amount  was  .«!S,073.  Id.,  xxv.  0,  10.  In  1709  it  was  .$3,770.  Id., 
XX  vi.  7,  8.  In  1800  it  was  §3,417.  Id.,  xxviii.  18,  10.  Accounts  of  tithes  arc 
neither  complete  nor  .altogether  intelligible.  For  some  years  the  proceeds  are 
{jiven  as  !?500  and  in  otlici's  §80,  some  reports  perhaps  including  the  whole 
jurii^diction  and  others  not.  Papal  bulls  j  iidded  in  1797  only  §2.  The  net 
pn  )cceds  of  the  post-ollice  .averaged  §83  per  year  for  the  decade.  Revenues  f roni 
tobacco  sales  were  from  §500  to  §1,500,  averaging  §1,1 00.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS., 
i;xi.  .'9.">;  /(/.,  Ben.  Mil.,  xiii.  7;  xiv.  5;  viii.  14;  ix.  1;  xvii.  12;  xviii.  2,  3; 
xxi.  1,  xxv.  9;  xxvi.  7;  xxvii.  2;  xxviii.  14,  15. 


TRKSIDIO  BUILDINGS. 


C9o 


and  1800,  with  but  inraj^n;  results  so  far  as  the 
l)r(jsitli()  proper  was  coneenied.  On  ^lareli  4,  17l)-J, 
Conumdaiitc  Sal  sent  the  jjfovenior  a  description 
accompanied  by  a  i)lan  wjiieli  I  re[)r()duce.*  Three 
sides  of  the  S(iuare  of  120  yards  were  occupied  by 
adobe  walls  and  houses,  both  of  ad(jbes  and  of  rou<,Hi 
stones  laid  in  mud;  and  the  fourth  side  was  i)i-otected 
by  a  primitive  palisade  fence.  All  the  structui'i  s 
were  roofed  with  straw  and  tulcs,  exi)oscd  to  fire  and 
at  the  mercy  of  the  winds.     All,  exce])t   the  coiu- 


Plan  of  San  Francisco,  IT!)-. 

mandant's  house  lately  coini)leted  and  two  or  three  of 
the  soldiers'  houses,  were,  throuufh  the  poor  quality 
of  materials  and  want  of  knowledj^e  and  care  on  the 
part  of  the  builders,  lial)lo  to  fall  at  any  moment,  the 
church  beini;:^  in  a  particularly  precarious  condition. 
None  of  the  structures  were  those  originally  built; 
each  year  some  of  them  had  fallen  and  been  restored 
in  the  same  faulty  manner  with  the  same  perishable 

*Sal,  Informes  sobre  los  Edijidos  de  San  Francisco,  1702,  MS.  1.  Com- 
mandant's house,  4  rooms  and  yard,  .'J7  x  (i  varas,  of  adobes.  2.  Serjeant's 
house,  of  stopc,  without  mortar.  ,3.  Chapel  19  x  8  varas.  4.  IJarracks, 
guard-liousc,  and  calabooses,  of  adobe  and  stones.  5,  G.  Warehouses  for  food 
and  clothing,  of  stones  and  mud.  The  other  structures  are  tiie  soldiers' 
dwellings. 


COG 


LOCAT.  EVENTS-SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


matoriiil.  Tiinljcr  liad  to  bo  broiiLdit  thirtv  miles,  and 
tulcs  nine  miles.  The  tjarrlsoii  was  so  sniiill  and  its 
duties  so  many  that  Sal  deemed  it  im[)ossil)le  to  accom- 
}»lish  the  necessary  repairs.  At  the  end  of  ihe  year 
the  same  condition  ot  affairs  existed,  and  Sal  urjjfed 
the  jn'overnment  to  send  elucht  or  ton  sailor-workmen 
and  a  bricklayer;  otherwise  an  appropriation  of  s;l,000 
would  be  required  to  hire  Indian  laborers.  Mean- 
Mhile  Vancouver  visited  and  described  the  ])residio  in 
November,  and  he  describes  it  as  a  "s((uai'(;  area 
whose  sides  were  about  two  hundred  yards  in  k>ngth 
enclosed  by  a  mud  wall,  and  resend>ling  a  pound  for 
cattle.  Above  this  wall  the  thatched  roofs  of  their 
low  small  houses  just  made  their  appearance."  Ono 
side  was  "  very  indifferently  fenced  in  by  a  few  bushes 
hei'o  and  there,  fastened  to  stakes  in  the  or)und." 
The  wall  was  **  about  fourteen  feet  high,  and  fiv(,'  feet 
in  breadth,  and  was  first  formed  1)V  uprights  and  hor- 
izontal I'aftcrs  of  large  timber,  between  whicji  dried 
sods  and  moistened  earth,  were  pressed  as  close  and 
liard  as  possible,  after  which  the  whole  was  cased  with 
the  earth  made  into  a  sort  of  mud  plaster,  which  gave 
it  the  appearance  of  durability."  The  church  had 
been  whitewashed  and  was  neat  in  comparison  to  the 
rest.  The  floor  in  the  commandant's  house  was  the 
native  soil  raised  about  three  feet  above  the  original 
level.  The  windows  ^verQ  mere  holes  in  the  thick 
walls,  without  glass^ 

In  1793-4  conipkiints  and  calls  for  aid  continued, 
but  attention  vv•i^.  given  almost  exclusively  to  new 
fortifications  on  the  shore  to  the  neglect  of  the  presidio 


*  Va)ico7irev'fi  Voi/ctffp,  ii.  7-0.  There  is  a  conimunication  from  Sal  to 
Arrillajja  ilatccl  Nov.  '20th,  stating  that  worlc  on  the  huildiiiLC  was  finished, 
tile  roofrt  on  the  cliurcli,  wareliouscs,  and  nine  now  liousi.s  fiu'  soldiers;  ]mt 
this  <loo3  not  agree  with  tlie  other  recordf,  and  I  am  at  a  loss  to  know  wliy 
anch a lettiT was  written.  St.  Pap.,  Sac, 'MS.,  \.  118.  August '20.  170:t,tlie  gov- 
ernor informs  the  viceroy  of  the  bad  condition  of  the  buildings,  although 
$<l,4()0  have  been  spent  on  repairs  since  the  foundation.  Prov.  Sf.  Pup.,  MS., 
xxi.  1  I4-l."i.  Dec.  '29th,  Sal  to  Borioa,  the  $1,*200  gratuity  for  the  troops  for 
buililing  the  presidio  not  yet  received;  nor  ai-e  there  any  lists.  Hints  that 
the  otiier  presidios  get  §4,000.  /(/.,  xi.  54,  57. 


PROGRESS  IX  BUILDINGS. 


007 


square."  Late  in  1 704  Sal  proposed  removal  to  a  better 
site  near  Fort  Point.  IJoriea  would  not  consent  until 
he  had  made  a  personal  examination;  hut  in  Juno 
1795  ho  reported  in  favor  of  the  sclieiue  and  esti- 
mated the  cost  of  the  new  presidio  at  .^l  1,7  H5.  The 
viceroy  disapproved  so  lar^e  an  outlay  for  huildinu^s 
of  doubtful  utility,  the  matter  was  dropped,  and  the 
rains  and  winds  coutimied  their  ravaws,'  the  drirtinijf 
sa!id  contiibuting  to  the  devastation  by  coverinjj^  tlio 
])owder-manazine,  notwithstandinj^  tin;  soldiers'  efforts. 
Quarters  of  some  kind  must  have  been  built  for  the 
volunteers  and  artillerymen,^  but  I  tind  no  evidenco 
that  there  was  any  material  ini|)rovement  within  the 
presidio  square  from  the  date  of  Vancouv'cr's  visit  to 
1800. 

Still  there  was  some  buildinii^  done  in  the  way  of 
fortifications.       lu    the    general    movement   already 


*  Auj;.  S,  1704,  Porez  Fernandez  and  others  state  that  nothini,'  has  luen 
<1ono,  anil  the  soldici'sarc  civcrlmrdenccl  with  work.  The  l)uildin,i;s  should  Iw 
Sdlidly  lOMsti'iiL'ti'il  to  avoid  later  rcjiairs,  and  lit!  and  the  c(innii:iiidant  will 
L'uanintci'  to  foinjilctc  tlio  work  ceonoinically  and  well  if  a  few  inochanii'scia 
lu-  furiHshcit.  ,S7.  I'dji.,  Snr.,  MS.,  v,  lOS  10.  Ari'illai.'a  informs  lioiica  of  tlio 
needs  of  San  I'ranci.seo  in  17!>4.  J'ii/.ef.  (f<-  Piiiih,.-<,  MS.,  I'.CJ.  .hm.  :il,  I7!U, 
eonniiandant  to  L'ovei'nor;  honsc  of  lM  oliiccr  in  a  had  state;  adohes  and  tiles 
melting  away;  will  try  to  save  the  tinihcis.  I'ror.  SI.  Pop.,  MS.,  xii.  (i(i. 
I'eh.  1,  17!U,  rain  eanio  near  .spoiling  the  powder,  hut  hides  and  tiles  wero 
arranged  to  save  it.  /(/.,  xii.  .")0. 

'  Nov.  1,  I7!U,  eonnnandant  to  governor.  Pro'-.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xii.  .'55-0. 
T)ec.  3,  Jjoriia"s  reply.  Pror.  lice,  MS.,  v.  28,  .54-").  Juno  27,  17n.">,  J>.  to 
vicei'oy,  old  hiiildings  ready  to  fall;  total  expenses  since  1770,  .'JS,  KSS;  i)resi- 
dio,  2,8.n!»  vara:!  lidin  fort;  new  one,  4S1  varas.  /</.,  vi.  51.  Dee.  4,  171I5,  V. 
ll.  to  1).,  advises  that  the  new  strnctnres  he  not  undertaken,  hut  wants  addi- 
tional information.  Pmv.  SI.  /'«/(.,  MS. ,  >;iii.  .'{2-fi.  .Ian.  22,  I7!M),  a  heavy 
Lrale  did  nineli  daniajie  to  ehureh  and  one  house.  Pmr.  SI.  Pup.,  J!<ii.  Mil., 
MS.,  xxiii.  0,  7;  I'lor.  7,Vc.,  MS.,  v.  81.  June  10,  1>.  ealls  for  a  rej.ort  from 
Allierni.  /'/-,,•.  ,S7.  l>,tp.,  Ilrn.  Mil.,  MS.,  xnIv.  7.  .Tmie  :!(»tli.  Alherni  to  15., 
lie  di.saii]irov";4  the  removal,  heeause  the  S;in  .hiaijiiin  Lill  has  no  water  and 
is  less  slielti  red;  hut  the  coming  rains  will  hiing  the  old  huildiiiL;s  down,  and 
a  new  presidio  blioiild  lie  hegiin.  Curdoha  agrees  with  Alorrni.  St.  Pup.,  Siii\, 
MS.,  iv.  ;5t)-7.  July  20,  17!l7,  Argiiello  to  15.  The  old  complaints.  Nothing 
done  yet.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  11,  12.  Aug.  8,  Id.  to  lil.  Warehonsis 
badly  huilt  and  in  great  danger  from  lire.  /(/.,  xvi.  ;5!).  Aug.  Ifl,  li.  oideis 
Argiiello  to  have  warehouses  of  stone  oradohe  huilt.  Prov.  lice,  MS.,  v.  207. 
In  January  18(X)  a  huricano  tore  oil' several  roofs;  SI  .7!)!)  wei'!  sjient  in  re]\iii-3 
during  the  year;  and  complaints  contunied.  Proc.  SI.  Pup.,  M.S.,  x\iii.  24-7; 
xxi.  31. 

*  One  liundrod  and  ninety-two  dollars  spent  on  quarters  for  volunteers. 
Expenditure  approved  by  viceroy  Feb.  28,  1798.  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  JIS.,  xviL 
10,  11. 


608 


LOCAL  EVEXTS-SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


noticed  towards  tlic  strcnfjtlicninij  of  coast  defences 
San  Francisco  could  not  be  neglected,  since  it  was 
recognized  as  the  strongest  and  most  important  natu- 
ral position  in  California.  Vancouver  as  he  entered 
the  bay  was  saluted  by  a  brass  three-pounder  lashed 
to  a  log  at  Fort  Point,  and  he  found  another  mounted 
on  a  rotten  carriage  before  the  presidio.  There  had 
been  two  guns  here,  but  one  had  burst  shortly  before 
in  firing  a  salute  on  a  saint's  day.  No  wonder  the 
Englishman  was  surprised  at  the  unprotected  condi- 
tion of  so  important  a  point.  When  he  returned  in 
1793,  eleven  brass  nine-pounders  were  lying  on  the 
beacli,  and  a  number  of  natives  were  erecting  what 
Kccmcd  to  be  a  platform  or  barbette  battery  at  Fort 
Point;  but  this  was  intended  by  the  Spaniards  to  be 
a  much  more  formidable  work,  the  Castillo  de  San 
Joaquin,  to  command  the  entrance  to  San  Francisco 
Bay.  The  guns  had  been  sent  from  San  Bias  in  the 
Aranzazu,  and  a  gunner's  mate,  master-carpenter,  and 
one  or  two  workmen  had  begun  work  on  the  fort  in 
August.''  Thirty  neophytes  were  hired  from  the 
mission,  and  as  many  more  gentiles  from  San  Jose. 
Choppers  were  sent  to  the  distant  forests  down  the 
peninsula;  twenty-three  yoke  of  oxen  were  employed 
in  hauling  the  timber;  adobes,  bricks,  and  tiles  were 
rn[)i(ll3'  prepared,  and  the  work  was  pushed  forward 
until  interrupted  by  the  rains.  Soon  after  its  resump- 
tion in  the  spring  of  1794  tliere  came  an  order  from 
the  viceroy  that  the  works  here  and  elsewhere  were 
to  be  constructed  of  fascines,  to  avoid  heavy  expenses; 
1)ut  so  much  progress  had  been  made  that  it  was 
deemed  best  to  complete  the  fortification  as  begun, 

'  VaiiroHrer''.s  Voj/arjc,  ii.  9,  .WO.  Sept.  .30,  1792,  S.-il  reports  the  bursting 
of  tlui  f;un  into  10  pieces,  nobody  hurt.  »S7.  Pii)t.,  Sm-.,  MS.,  vi.  74;  i.  117. 
AItlion<;h  Vancouver  says  .a  gun  was  fired,  Sal  reports  to  the  governor  th;it 
the  ( 'hitthitm  i,'C)t  no  sahite  for  want  of  a  cannon.  liL,  iii.  'l',\.  Oct.  .Slst,  Sal  to 
Arrillaga.  Only  one  cannon,  and  that  burst  sevend  years  ago.  Cuiidra  gavo 
some  powder  and  prondseil  four  or  five  guns.  So  it  seems  that  tlie  presidio 
gun  was  not  so  efl'ectivo  even  as  Vancouver  supposed.  /(/.,  i.  119.  Aug.  'JO, 
T79;?,  Arrillajra  to  viceroy,  announcing  tliat  \rork  had  lieen  licgnn  on  a  fort. 
After  eonipl  ting  it  the  men  will  go  to  Monterey,  i'rav.  St.  I'd/).,  MS.,  xxi. 
113.     Dec.  Hi,  1793,  statement  of  nuinitiona.  Si.  Pup.,  Sac,  MS.  v.  01. 


I 


CASTILLO  DE  SAN  JOAQUIX. 


COO 


espccinlly  as  earthworks  iind  fascines  were  tli()nj;'lit  to 
be  useless  here.  The  fort  was  coin])leted  and  bh'ssed 
under  the  name  of  San  Joaquin  on  December  8,  1 794, 
the  eiglit  guns  of  the  l)attery  being  mounted,  the 
sentry-box,  casemate,  and  other  necessary  buildings 
being  attached,  and  nothing  more  being  required  but 
a  garrison  to  prevent  any  hostile  vessel  from  entering 


the  port — so  at  least  Arriilaga  believed.  Wo  have 
no  detailed  description  of  this  foi't,  iuii  its  main  walls 
were  of  adobes,  faced  in  the  embrasures  with  briejcs. 
The  annexed  plan  i«  from  an  original  in  my  possession. 


700 


LOCAL  EVENTS-SAX  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


Tlic  Castillo  was  of  horse  'loc  shape,  about  one  hundred 
by  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet.  Its  cost  was  !?G,000, 
which  was  paid  with  some  reluctance  l)y  the  royal 
treasury.^" 

The  elements  had  now  another  object  on  which  to 
exert  their  destructive  power,  and  repairs  kept  pace  as 
nearly  as  possible.  The  San  Carlos  brought  sonic 
new  guns  in  April  179G,  and  the  Concepclon  left 
twenty-four  sailors.  Cordoba  examined  the  fort  on 
his  arrival,  and  in  September  reported  unfavorably. 
The  structure  rested  mainly  on  sand;  the  brick-fucod 
adobe  walls  crumbled  at  the  shock  whenever  a  s.sUit? 
was  fired;  the  guns  were  badly  mounted  and  fo;  ihi.- 
most  part  worn  out,  only  two  of  the  thirteen  tw onU- 
four  pounders  being  serviceable  or  capable  of  sending 
a  l)all  across  the  entrance  of  the  port.  The  wliolo 
work,  protected  by  an  adobe  wall  with  one  gate,  was 
commanded  by  a  hill  in  the  rear,  and  the  garrison  of 


'"Jan.  30,  1704,  Sal  to  governor,  lias  begun  to  fell  timber;  guns  ou  tlio 
esplanade.  I'ror.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xii.  47-">l.  Jan.  Slst,  0  guns  in  the  battery 
fiuiiig  the  harbor.  Id.,  xii.  (i7.  The  padres  endeavored  to  obtain  an  exttu 
blanket  and  pair  of  brecehes  for  eaeh  neophyte  laborer  per  month  but  failed; 
],.')()()  adobes  being  n.ade  daily.  April  ItOtli,  a  .sergeant  and  four  soldiers  in 
cliaigeof  the  laborers.  Id.,  xii.  74.  T\veuty-t\va  Indians  ran  away  in  April. 
/(/. ,  xii.  r>;i.  .lune  Otli,  viceroy  acknowledges  reeeipt  of  advices  on  measures 
t;dien  to  complete  the  provisional  esplanade.  Id.,  xi.  174.  Jan.  lOtli,  vice- 
roy's orders  to  use  fascines  and  reduce  expenses.  June  I'Jth,  governor's 
re|]|y.  /'/.,  xxi.  143-4;  xii.  I'JO.  A  oindcK/ahte,  carpenter,  and  two  sawyers 
sent  from  San  Jllas,  and  a  ))ricklayer  and  tile-maker  were  also  retained.  Tho 
troops  did  most  of  the  work.  A  rrUhniu,  in  Id.,  xii.  I'Jl-'J.  Dec.  1st,  eom- 
mandant  .says  the  M'ork  is  almost  ilnished,  and  he  sends  the  wrkmen  to 
Miintcrey.  hi.,  xii.  .'U.  l)ec.  3d,  governor  refers  to  the  tower,  sentry-box, 
and  other  buildings  as  being  nearly  done.  I'mr.  I?cc.,  ^IS. ,  v.  'J!>.  Fort 
blessec.  on  Dec.  8tli.  Id.,  v.  31-'_>;  Prov.  St.  Pap.,  .MS.,  xii.  -JO.  Jan.  1,  17'.>o, 
g(i\ernor  sends  the  viceroy  a  )dan  of  tho  work,  and  asks  for  a  garrison  of  a 
ca|itaiii.  .sergeant,  and  11  men.  Prov.  P<r.,  MS.,  vi.  3,").  I  copy  a  plan  of 
what  I  su])i)oso  to  be  this  fortification  from  A/ri,w,  I>oc.  Hist.  Cu/.,  I.jU. 
F.lliot,  in  Orcrlaiid  Moiithh/,  iv.  344,  says  be  has  the  phm  in  his  possession. 
Oiii'  (if  the  old  guns,  four  of  which  serv»!  as  fender-posts  of  the  ])re,sent  fort, 
biai's  tlie  inscrii)tion  '  li'on  niinido  /<»•  si  norm  <lc  la  I'nd  A  iidiofia  ilc  IJiiia.' 
Cii^t  of  building  tluw«s7;//o,  .'i^(),40l,  which  real  hacienda  is  ordered  to  pay  oa 
Ort.  S.  I7!».'),  as  V.  ]{.  inf(.rms  the  gov.  Pmr.  S/.  J'ap.,  ilS.,  xiii.  4.">,  Hi-'; 
Pr,,r.  Rci:,  MS.,  v.  3,").  .'?(J,.">()3,  according  to  St.  Pap.,  Sac,  iv.  .TJ.  Dec.  4, 
J7n."),  viceroy  to  I'orica,  SI,4S'2  have  been  paid  over  to  habilitado  general  in 
favor  of  company  fund;  Prov.  St.  /'(//».,  MS.,  xiii.  ;V2.  May  Kl,  17!!."),  .Iosi5 
(iaiaycoechea,  rrtiiih stidili'  diKt'iiiijiiiilo  dc  (irt'dlcrld  ili'  iiKtriiiti,  employed  on  tho 
fort,  discharged,  his  work  being  done.  Prar.  ]{<•(•.,  MS.,  vi.  4<!.  Dec.  4th,  tho 
viceroy  complains  that  a  fort,  costly  and  not  needed  ('.'I,  has  been  improperly 
constructed,  without  iuvestiyatiou  or  bkill.  Prvv.  St.  Pup.,  MS.j  xiii,  3--C>. 


BATTERY  OF  YERBA  BUEXA. 


701 


a  corporal  and  six  artillerymen  was  altogether  insuf- 
ficient. There  were  several  places  between  jNIonterey 
and  San  l^rancisco  where  an  enemy  might  land,  there- 
fore the  cavalry  force  should  be  increased.  To  repair 
Fort  San  Joaquin  would  be  very  costly;  but  a  new 
fort  should  be  built  on  the  hill  just  back  of  it,  and 
another  across  the  channel  at  San  Carlos." 

Beyond  the  constant  repairs  by  which  Fort  San 
Joaquin  was  kept  as  nearly  in  its  original  state  as 
possible,  and  some  changes  in  the  disposition  of  the 
guns  under  Cordoba's  instructions,  I  find  no  evidence 
of  further  progress  at  Fort  Point  during  tliis  decade. 
There  was,  however,  still  another  battery  establislied 
in  1797.  This  was  to  the  east  on  Point  Medanos, 
later  called  Point  San  Jose  and  Black  Point,  re- 
named Mason,  and  long  occupied  by  a  battery.     It  was 


"fViv/ofiff,  Informr  cil  Vircy.  MS.,  S'2-.3.  The  point  across  the  cliannd  is 
called  Puuto  lie  nonetes  in  177(5.  Arch.  Sta  li.,  MS.,  iv.  ir)3.  Feb.  •2-2,  17!Mi, 
•.liiiiiiigo  to  foi't  liy  a  storm  from  the  north.  Pruv.  St.  Pep.,  MS.,  xxi.  '2^4. 
Mar.  '22d,  refereiiuc  to  a  sentry-box  erected.  April,  Borica  orders  mortnr  to 
bi!  used  in  the  looling,  and  tiio  powder-house  to  have  ju  new  a<lobe  wall  at 
Boi'ie  ilistaneo.  Proi'.  Pic,  ]MS.,  v.  S3,  S.").  Arrival  of  guns  and  sailcirs.  J'mr. 
St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xiv.  m,  17.");  /(/.,  Ui'ii.  Jfil.,  xxiv.  1'2.  July  !lth,  Alberni  to 
ha'. e  charge  of  the  Avork,  41  Indians  from  Santa  Clara  at  work.  Pruc.  Pa., 
MS.,  V.  S7-8.  .Inly  Kith,  ('orduba  has  been  at  work  on  repairs.  St.  Pup.,  Sar., 
MS.,  xvii.  8.  Ndv.  L".)th,  0.000  ball-eartridges  being  made.  Prov.  St.  Puji., 
MS.,  xiv.  119.  Dec.  (ith,  Borica  to  V.  Iv.,  announces  damages  caused  by 
rains.  ,S7.  Pup.,  Sac.  MS.,  iv.  (iO.  Dec.  •J7th.  V.  K.  to  15.,  will  send  tho 
needed  armament  of  heavy  guns;  meanwhile  let  guns  be  taken  from  (ither 
])laees  m  hire  they  are  less  needed.  /'/.,  vii.  H'i-o;  Pruv.  St.  PiiJ'.,  MS.,  xxi. 
'Jol.  Jan.  ■')(),  \~U~,  Ilabilitado  Carrillo  asks  for  reiTidiiu'.scMicnt  of  S^dS 
ppent  on  casemate,  etc.  Pror.  St.  Pop.,  MS.,  xvi.  (ii).  Maich  "JOth,  Ciirdolia 
\vants  M  ^4-p(mnders;  smaller  guns  of  no  use  here.  J'mr.  J,'<r.,  MS.,  vi. 
SO.  Aprd  •till,  ]>.  forwards  V.  It.'s  orders  for  lepaiis,  etc.  Pror.  St.  Pup., 
Ms.,  xxi.  •_V(i--J;  /'/■(((•.  Pre,  ]SIS.,  V.  lO.'i.  April  ."Otii,  work  on  fort  not  yt 
begun,  /'/'w,  .SV.  i'((/i.,  MS.,  xvii.  14S.  Juno,  fort  repaired,  with  0  guns  in 
front  and  3  on  each  side.  LI.,  xxi.  'J04.  Oct.  '24th,  L'4  sailor.-  left  on  the 
Snu  Curlux  for  S:,n  Jilas.  Pmr.  Pir.,  MS.,  vi.  Feb.  I,  I7'.IS.  B.  asks  the 
Y.  I{.  for  a  new  r<irt  on  the  otiier  shore,  an  ini'icuse  of  armament  to '-'(I  "-'l- 
pounders,  an  inenase  of  I'JS  infantry  and  I!)  gunners  in  tiie  j^arriMnis,  and  a 
boat  witli  a  pation  and  10  sailors.  Prar.  Jiir.,  MS.,  vi.  (10.  .Nbinli  lo,  17!MI, 
anotliei'  appeal  for  a  boat.  /(/.,  \'\.  120.  l>ecend/er  Ifl,  170S,  tlieievere  ;t 
iron  24-])ounders,  1  iioii  12-)oun(iii',  and  S  brass  S-potindeis.  J'mr,  St.  P<i/i., 
Jldi.  Jfil.,  !MS.,  xvii.  7.  Fxpi  nsi  s  of  the  yt  ar  for  rejairs  ■S(i()l.  /r/.,  xvii.  III. 
March  2,  I7!l'.t.  B.  informs  ^'.  li.  that  a  rainstorm  catiseil  the  Malls  of  the  fort 
to  fall,  also  the  new  casemate  Mall,  and  the  barracks  are  thn  ati  nod.  /'rnr. 
MS.,  vi.  1 10.     Jidv  loth,  v.  I!,  will  attend  to  the  matter.     Meanwhile 


let  tlie  works  be  rejiaiied  with   adoln  s,  faseini' 


d 


rth.  Pmr.  St.  P 


'/' 


M8.,  xvii.  ."41.     In  January  ISOO  a  hurricime  broke  the  jjag-stair  which  tell 
on  the  barracks  of  the  L'anison  and  smashed  boine  tiles.  Id.,  xxiii.  24:  xxi.  III. 


702 


LOCAL  EVENTS-SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


Icnown  as  the  Battery  at  Yerba  Buena,  clesigned  to 
command  the  shore  stretchiiij^  westward  to  Fort 
Point,  and  that  stretchiiiijj  eastward  to  what  was 
called  later  North  Point,  together  with  the  body  of 
water  between  that  shore  and  Alcatraz  Island,  already 
so  called,  known  as  the  anchorajjfc  of  Yerba  Buena, 
though  it  does  not  appear  that  any  vessel  excejit  that 
of  Vancouver  ever  had  anchored  there.  Thus  it  will 
be  seen  that  the  name  Yerba  Buena,  while  it  may 
1,  \  0  been  given  in  a  general  way  to  the  whole  eastern 
]);,.'  he  peninsula  from  Black  Point  to  Bincon 

Poii,  as  applied  in  these  early  times  particularly  to 
the  North  Beach  region  and  not,  as  is  commoidy  sup- 
posed and  as  was  the  case  after  1830,  to  the  cove 
south  of  Telegraph  Hill.  Of  the  battery  we  know 
but  little  save  that  it  was  a  less  elaborate  work  than 
Fort  San  Joaquin,  being  hastily  constructed  of  brush- 
wood fascines  for  the  most  part,  with  eight  embrasures 
and  five  eight-pound  guns  not  needed  at  the  fort.  No 
permanent  gariison  was  kept  here,  but  at  least  until 
after  1800  the  works  wore  visited  daily  by  a  sentinel, 
and  to  a  certain  extent  kept  in  order. ^^ 


..■IS  / 


I  have  spoken  several  times  of  Vancouver's  voyages 
and  his  observations  in  California;  but  as  his  was  the 
first  visit  of  a  foreigner  to  San  Francisco  Bay,  as  it 

'■-TIic  battery  is  (ivst  iiicntionod  by  tlic  governor  in  coninmnications  of 
April  4,  J7!'7.  On  A])ril  littli  Argiiello  rccciveil  IJorica's  orders  to  fiiriiisli 
n ill.  Apiil  SOtli,  Cordoba  objected  on  account  of  small  jjarrisons  and  distiiuce 
from  tlio  fort.  IJiit  May  .'id  lie  was  ordered  by  Borioa  to  bosiu  work,  and  in 
dune  it  was  almost  lini.slieil.  J'mr.  St.  Pciji.,  MS,,  xvi.  Tm;  xvii.  l-lS-lt; 
xviii.  2S;  xxi.  -J.")!--',  '2rt(\,  '2M;  Prov.  HiC,  MS.,  v.  KKl,  107;  vi.  oli,  ti!». 
The  iirst  use  of  tlie  name  Verba  IJuena  tiiat  1  have  seen  is  in  Sal's  letter  of 
Niiv.  14,  17!'-,  announein.t;  \'aneouver's  arrival.  IIi^  is  said  to  have  aneliored 
'eomo  i'l  una  legua  mas  aljajo  del  ])residio  frente  del  parage  (jue  llamamos  la 
^'erba  lUienn.'  >SV.  /'"/'.,  iSWc,  !MS..  i.  IKi.  It  is  also  used  iu  Sal's  letter  of 
Nov.  ,'!Ot]i.  Id.,  iii.  -1.  Vancouver's  anchorage  wa.s  about  midway  between 
])lack  IViint  ami  North  Point.  I'aiiroinrr'ti  idi/difc,  W/a.s'.  Q'he  name  is  that 
of  a  species  of  mint.  Wliether  it  was  lirst  applied  to  the  island  and  from 
that  to  the  eastern  part  of  t'le  jieninsula,  or  ricr  rcnsK,  I  am  uncertain.  T'-u 
name  Tsla  del  Alcatraz  is  used  by  liorica  in  July  17!t7.  I'roiK  Sf: I'up.,  MS,, 
xxi.  "JOl.  I  mention  tliis  fact  l)eeanse  it  lias  often  been  stated  tiiat  tlie  orig- 
in;d  iind  correct  form  was  vMcatraces  in  tli(!  pluial.  The  name  is  that  apiilicd 
by  Califonnans  and  Mexicans  to  tlic  pelican,  though  more  properly  belonjj-'.ig 
to  the  ulbatruss. 


u 

'I 


MAP  OF  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


703 


3ASTA 


Map  of  Sax  FUiVNcisco  Distuict. 


704 


LOCAL  F.VEXTS-SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


was  hcic  that  ho  had  the  best  opportunities  to  make 
observations  respecting  the  institutions  of  the  country, 
and  as  liis  visit  was  one  of  tlie  chief  interruptions  of 
the  dull  monotony  of  San  Francisco  life  during  the 
decade,  I  deem  the  subject  worthy  of  brief  additional 
mention  here  in  connection  with  local  annals. 

As  Vancouver  entered  the  port  at  nightfall  Nov- 
ember 14,  1792,  he  looked  in  vain  for  the  lights  of 
the  town  which  he  supposed  to  be  planted  here,  and 
next  morning  the  only  sign  of  civilization  was  tlio 
herds  seen  in  the  distance.  After  a  quail-shooting 
expedition  on  the  hills  where  the  city  now  stands  he 
came  into  contact  with  Commandant  Sal  and  was 
entertained  at  the  presidio,  where  the  wife  of  Don 
Hermenegildo  received  him  "decently  dressed,  seated 
cross-legged  on  a  mat,  placed  on  a  small  square  wooden 
platform  raised  three  or  four  inches  from  the  ground, 
neaily  in  front  of  the  door,  with  two  daughters  and  a 
son,  clean  and  decently  dressed,  sitting  by  her;  this 
being  the  mode  observed  by  these  ladies  when  they 
receive  visitors."  Then  he  was  invited  to  the  mission 
and  "as  most  kindly  treated  by  fathers  Landaeta 
and  Danti.  He  saw  all  that  was  to  be  seen  on  the 
peninsula,  much  more  than  it  was  prudent  to  lot  him 
see,  and  though  greatly  surprised  at  the  weakness 
and  povertj'  of  the  Spanish  establishment  and  the 
lack  of  "those  articles  which  alone  can  render  the 
essentials  of  life  capable  of  being  relished,"  yet  for  the 
kindness  and  hospitality  of  the  people  he  had  nothing 
but  words  of  praise.  The  Spaniards  as  is  their  wont 
l)laced  everything  at  his  disposal,  and  he  inter])reted 
their  offers  somewhat  too  literally,  making  a  visit  to 
Santa  Clara  that  gave  Sal  many  forebodings.  He 
made  no  survey  of  the  bay,  but  found  Yerba  Buena 
a  better  anchorage  than  the  usual  one  nearer  the  pre- 
sidio. Every  facility  was  aftbrded  him  for  obtaining 
wood,  watei',  and  supplies,  though  the  carts  ])laced  at 
the  dIsj)()sition  of  the  sailors  were  found  to  be  a  more 
clumsy  and  useless  contrivance  on  land  than  the  rude 


FOREIGN  VISITORS. 


705 


10 

lo 


balsas  of  the  natives  as  water  craft.  Vancoiivor  sailed 
for  ^Eoiiterey  on  the  25tli  of  Novenil)er.  He  cauiu 
back  in  October  of  the  next  year,  but  was  obliged  to 
put  up  with  tlie  ordinary  courtesies  allowed  to  for- 
(iigners  in  Spanish  colonial  ports,  and  so  great  was 
the  contrast  that  ho  left  in  disgust  after  a  few  days' 
stay  at  anchor.'^ 

The  13th  of  March  1793  a  strano-c  vessel  was  an- 
nounc(xl  at  the  entrance  of  the  port.  A  guai-d  was 
posted  and  the  live-stock  driven  in.  A  boat  came  to 
land  in  the  afternoon,  with  six  men  who  said  the 
vessel  was  English  and  the  captain's  name  Brown,  in 
need  of  watci-,  wood,  and  meat,  for  which  he  would 
send  the  next  day.  The  vessel  anchored  beyond  Point 
Ahnejas,  opposite  San  Pedro  rancho,  fired  a  gun, 
and  displayed  the  English  flag.  On  the  15th  she 
was  seen  near  the  Faralloncs,  and  ou  the  IGth  Sal 
reported  these  facts  with  his  opinion  that  the  foreign 
craft  meant  mischief,  though  pretending  to  be  bound 
for  Nootka." 

In  1795  three  mines  were  discovered  somewhere 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  San  Francisco,  called  San 
Diego,  Carmen,  and  San  Jose,  with  the  respective 
aliases  of  IJescubridora,  Buenavista,  and  Esperanza. 
One  of  them  was  expected  to  yield  gold,  and  the  others 
silver  or  cpiicksilver.  Specimens  of  the  ore  were  scnit 
l)y  Perez  Fernandez  to  the  governor,  but  ^Eonterey 
experts  failed  to  discover  metal  except  in  one  speci- 
men.''' The  coming  of  Alberni  and  his  company  of 
volunteers  Avas  the  event  of  179G,  but  beyond  a  bai'e 
mention  and  the  eiU"olnient  of  the  reenfoi-cements  on 
the  military  recoixls  it  left  no  trace  in  local  annals; 
yet  as  almost  doubling  the  population  of  San  Fran- 

"  Vavcovirr'ti  Voynrjc,  ii.  1-27,  ■in.V4.  For  further  .account  of  tin's  voy- 
age, and  a  map  puMislicd  in  Vancouver's  Mork,  see  chapter  xxiv.,  this  vol- 
ume. 

'<  March  Ifith.  Sal  to  Borica,  in  St.  Pap.,  Sa>'.,  MS.,  ii.  i:)i-2. 

'^Sopt.  'JS,  ITJI-"),  I'erez  Feniaiulez  to  P.nrica.  ,S7.  I'ap.,  Snr.,  MS.,  vii. 
(if)-?.  S(  ]it.  UOth,  I'.'s  rejily  autliorizing  ore  to  be  bent  to  San  Bla.-j  for  assay- 
ing. Pror.  y,'.r.,  MS.,  v.  70. 

Ui82.  Cal.,  Vol,  I.    15 


706 


LOCAL  EVEXTS-SAN  FRAXCLSCO  DI.-^TraCT. 


cisco  it  merits  mention.'"'  In  1797  thevu  was  a  propo- 
sition to  establish  a  Carmelite  convent  and  hospice  at 
San  Francisco,  but  it  was  (li.sai)proved  by  both  the 
guardian  and  the  fiscal,  and  consequently  was  aban- 
doned.^" The  leading  event  of  this  year  was  the 
wreck  of  tlie  transport  vessel  San  Carlos  in  the  bay 
on  the  night  of  the  23d  of  March,  No  details  are 
known  except  that  little  of  the  cargo  was  lost.^^  The 
dmcppcion  as  a  coast  guard  spent  a  large  part  of  the 
year  in  this  port.  At  the  end  of  May  1709  the 
American  sliip  Eliza  of  13G  tons  and  carrying  twelve 
guns,  bound  for  Boston  with  hides,  under  James 
Rowan,  obtained  supplies  under  the  prescribed  re- 
strictions.^-^ 

There  were  two  topics  of  local  interest  at  San  Fran- 
cisco during  the  decade  whicii  affected  the  mission  not 
less  than  the  presidio.  These  were  the  establishment 
of  the  rancho  del  rcy,  and  Indian  affairs.  The  royal 
rancho  had  been  founded  hero  in  1777,  with  115  head 
of  cattle,  whicli  were  pastured  on  the  hills  about  the 
presidio.  The  animals  multiplied  ra[)idly  notwith- 
standing annual  slaughters  in  the  later  years  and  the 

'Tt  is  implied  l)y  Borica,  Prov.  Sf.  Pop.,  MS.,  xxi.  2-H,  that  Albcmi's 
men  liail  Liiiils  ynuitod  thoinat  San  Fi'iiiicisco  and  tlu^  Ahiiiioil;i;  but  .sucli  was 
proliably  not  the  case.  Allierni  and  his  company  iinivcd  May  7,  17W>,  on 
the  San  r«rA)x.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  Ben,  JUL,  MS.,  xxiii.  S.'}. 

"Arch.  .SVf(  /i(?W>om.  MS,,  iv.  180-!«;  ix.  10-11;  xiii.  84. 

^<^Prov.  SI.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi,  57-8, 181;  xvii.  -J-l-J;  xxi.  -J^l,  '203;  Prov.  Per., 
MS.,  vi.  S(i,  !)_',  !),').  Tlii.s  was  not  the  original  San  Car/os  of  1709,  Init  hci 
Bticcessor  surnaiiicd  JJl  Filipino.  The  (Tew  were  ol)liL;ed  to  remain  for  some 
time  in  California.  Tl;e  oidy  stores  specially  named  as  Lwt  are  4  lioxca  of 
cigars  and  I  .'>  His.  of  pow  der.  April  'JOth,  Capt.  Saavcdra  says  to  Argiicllo  that 
most  of  hi.-!  men  hat  their  clotlus,  tobacco,  and  soaj)  in  llio  wreck,  lie  asks 
for  them  the  advance  of  a  month's  pay,  which  was  granted  to  tlio  anioinit  of 
f!|,0"2(i.  The  troops  Mith  ."if)  natives  worked  to  save  the  cai'go.  April 'J4th, 
the  padres  answer  the  complaint  that  they  failed  to  render  aid,  by  stating 
that  Fernandez  was  absent,  but  Landaetasent  all  his  dispo.sablo  Indians,  who 
voiked  waist-deep  in  water  for  three  days  and  nights.  SI.  Pap.,  Sac,  !MS. , 
vi.  lOS-!).  April  14th,  the  finding  of  a  white  man's  Ijody  in  the  surf  at  I't 
Keyes  is  i-e])iirted,  and  tiie  mission  majordomo  had  seen  a  vessel  oil'  the  l'"ara- 
lloncs  sliortly  before.  Prov.  Si.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  11(5.  AUjerni  at  tjie  same  time 
wished  to  send  natives  to  sec  if  there  were  any  vessels  at  Bodega;  but  they 
refused  ivinn  fear  of  their  enemies.  /(/.,  xvii.  \'y2. 

''•*  May  •J7th,  I'owan  to  Argiiello,  will  obey  the  governor's  orders  to  Rail 
■as  soon  as  possible  and  not  to  enter  any  other  poi-t.  Pmv.  St.  Pup.,  xvii, 
20G-S,  -J.'iS;  xviii.  20.  .Tune  3cl,  Boiiea  to  viceroy,  llowan  left  a  draft  for  §24 
on  Boston.  Prov.  liic,  MS.,  vi.  12j-U. 


RANCIIO  DEL  RFA'. 


707 


rava^'cs  of  wild  Ijeasts,""  so  that  in  1791  they  numbered 
over  1,200.  At  the  end  of  March  of  this  year  tlio 
cattle  were  transferred  to  Monterey,  except  a  few 
milch  cows  which  the  soldiers  were  allowed  to  keep. 
This  change  seems  to  have  been  made  by  order  (jf  the 
comandante  general  at  the  petition  of  the  padres 
who  represented  that  injury  was  done  to  the  interests 
of  the  mission.  SubscquenJy  the  garrison  was  obliged 
to  obtain  meat  from  Monterey."^  In  179G,  at  the 
sun'ijjestion  of  Sal,  Borica  determined  to  reestablish  a 
branch  of  the  rancho  del  rey,  and  this  was  accom- 
plished in  September  1797,  two  hundred  and  sixty-live 
cattle  being  purchased  from  the  missions  and  i)laced 
at  Buriburi  between  San  Bruno  and  San  Mateo."' 

When  the  news  reached  Mexico  it  brought  out  a 
protest  of  the  guardian,  in  which  he  narrated  the 
past  history  of  the  rancho,  claimed  that  Borica  had 
acted  in  opposition  to  the  king's  wishes  that  the 
mission  lands  should  not  be  encroached  upon,  and 
demanded  an  order  to  remove  not  only  the  rancho 
but  the  cattle  owned  by  the  soldiers.  The  pasturage 
it  was  claimed  was  all  needed  for  the  mission  herds, 
which  now  must  be  driven  far  down  the  peninsula; 
and  the  natives  were  suftering  great  injury  in  their 


'"'  In  the  cattle  acconnt  of  17S2  appears  an  item  of  three  arrohas  (if  yrrha 
dr.  Piic'ila  with  wliioh  to  poison  wolves.  Prov.  I'rr.,  MS.,  iii.  ll">.  ^Vpril  and 
!May  1 7'JO,  commandant  refers  to  ravages  of  bcar.s  and  sava^'cs.  I'rof.  S/.  i'ftji., 
Ms. ,  ix.  'Ji;!-14.     Bears  numerous  in  17!)S.  /</.,  xvii.   10;J. 

-' Cattle  of  the  rancho  in  ITW),  1,174  head.  Prov.  .S7.  Pnp.,  P.ni.  }ni., 
MS.,  xiii.  0,7.  Xet  proceeds  of  sales,  .<!;)1.  Iil.  Sales  in  1791,  .SSI.  Iil.,\\. 
5.  Xumberof  cattle  at  transfer  on  :\Iarch  31,  17!tl,  1,21.">  head.  .S''.  J'fip., 
Miii^.  and  Colon.,  ^IS.,  i.  OS,  The  rancho  was  moved  hy  order  of  Fages, 
/(/.,  or  by  onlcr  of  commandant  gcnend  at  rcrpie.-.tof  padres.  Proc.  St.  Pup., 
Ms.,  xvii.  14-10.  Statistical  reports  show  that  tin-,  soldiers  liad  frcim  !)(i  to 
147  cattle  down  to  17U7  and  then  the  number  increased  to  ."lOO  or  (iOO,  not 
including  the  king's  cattle.  In  171'3  the  number  was  11."),  and  the  names  of 
14  owneis, 'J,'l  credited  to  .Tuan  Bernal  being  the  largest  munber,  yri^  given 
from  an  old  inventory  in  llallet/s  (.'< iilciininl  Y<ar  Book  of  Aliiincihi.  Ciiiiiiti/, 
27.  There  is  (pute  a  mass  of  iuforniation  from  the  arcIiivLS  given  in  this 
work,  but  there  are  nearly  as  many  blunders  as  words  in  tlie  translation, 
copy  in'/,  and  printing.  In  17!)4,  7-'>  cattle  for  food  W're  .sent  up  from  Monte- 
rey.  J''roi:  S/.  Pup.,  MS.,  xii.  30. 

"  Uorica  to  conniiandants  April  ."^0,  170G,  Aug.  15,  Sept.  1,  1707.  /Vow. 
Pec,  MS.,  v.  8J,  209;  iv.  2JJ-G.  Argiicllo  to  B.  Sept.  29th.  Prov.  St.  Pap., 
MS.,  xvi.  92. 


70S 


LOCAL  EVENTS  -SAN  FRAXCISCO  DISTRICT. 


natural  and  legal  rij^lits.-^  IJorica,  lu'iiig  called  upcii 
lor  an  explanation,  asked  Argiicllo  lor  a  re[)<)rt  in 
Avliieli  ilio  governor's  eleven  (question  were  cleaily 
answered.  According  to  tliis  re|)ort  tlie  mission  was 
in  no  respect  injured  l)j  the  king's  cattkvat  IJurihuri, 
i'redini;  on  the  liills  westward  to  the  Canada  de  San 
Andres  and  south-westward  for  two  leagues,  nor 
\voul(l  it  he  injured  even  should  its  cattle  greatly  in- 
crease, for  it  still  had  several  large  sitios:  San  Pedi'o, 
iive  leagues  southward  on  the  coast,  where  horned 
cattle  were  ke[)t;  another  two  leagues  to  the  south, 
where  Avere  the  herds  of  mares;  El  Pilar,-'  wliere 
thei'c  was  ahundant  pasturage  for  the  oxen;  San 
INFateo,  five  leagues  from  the  mission,  stretcliing  to 
Santa  Clara  on  the  south-cast  and  to  San  Pedro  on 
the  west;  besides  the  smaller  and  nearer  tracts  of  La 
A'isitacion,  San  j^runo,  and  Lake  ]\Iorced.  Argiiello 
also  proved  that  the  mission  had  been  accustomed  to 
sell  to  the  presidio  and  the  vessels  cattle  about  one 
third  smaller  than  those  of  jNIonterey  at  j)rices  ex- 
ceeding those  of  the  taritf,  besides  obliging  tlie  jnir- 
cliaser  to  i»'o  lonii'  distances  after  the  animals.'^'  His 
arguments  seemed  conclusive  to  the  viceroy,  who  in 
jNlarch  171)9  ordered  the  ranclio  maintained,  notwith- 
standing the  opposition  of  tlie  friars.-" 

The  natives,  Christian  and  gentile,  caused  more 
trouble  in  the  region  of  San  Francisco  than  in  any 
other  part  of  California,  the  troublesome  gentiles 
being  chiefly  those  inhabiting  what  is  now  known  as 

'-'Feb.  5,  1708,  guardian  to  viceroy,  in  Prov.  Sf.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  It-Ki. 
Horses  were  kept  10  lea^'iies  distant;  sheep  under  a  salaried  man  six  leagues 
.TWi'.y;  and  the  oxen  not  aetually  at  work  were  also  pastured  at  a  lonj;  dis- 
tance. 

-*  Rut  aceoi'ding  to  Prov.  Per.,  MS.,  v.  103,  Ai-giiello  himself  had  received 
a  provisional  grant  of  Kl  Pilar  in  1797. 

'■'■Mune  14,  1708,  Rorica  to  Argiiello.  St  Pap.,  M'ikk.  ami  Colon,  MS.,  i. 
(')S-70.  -1  njidUo,  JiiJ'ornie  mhrc  el  J'aticho  del  Jiei/  y  na  iiijliieiiria  y  rdacion  cuii 
/■/  Minimi  (Ic  S(i»  Francisco,  2.').  ile  Julio  17'.)S,  MS.  Salazar  speaks  of  S.  I'edro 
or  I'unta  de  Almejas.  Arch.  Sta  Jliirhani,  ii.  7.'>. 

-''jNIarch  l.'{,  1709,  Viceroy  Azanza  to  ]]orica.  Prov.  S'f.  Pap.,  !MS.,  xvii. 
'220.  Jiuie  r)th,  to  conniiandiint.  Prov.  li<r.,  ^]S.,  iv.  '298.  iXc.  .'ilst,  nuni- 
licr  of  catth?  in  the  rancho,  879.  Net  yield  from  sales,  §179.  Prov.  til.  Pap., 
lien.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxviii.  5. 


IXDI.W  AFFAIRS. 


700 


Alameda  and  C'onti'a  Costa  coiiiitit'S,  actiiH^'  in  coii- 
jmir!i'»n  with  dcst  rti-rs  iVoiu  San  Francisco  uiission, 
l)ut  threaten ini;"  more  seriously  ^Fission  San  -Jose. 
All  was  (piiet,  however,  until  I7!)j.'""  In  ^Farch  of 
that  year  Father  Dauti  stMit  a  party  of  fourteen  neo- 
l)hytes  to  the  I'ancherias  of  the  ( 'liadanes,  or  Sacal- 
anes,  to  hring  in  some  fuLjitives,  but  they  were  attack^'il 
by  gentiles  and  Christians  combined,  and  at  least  seven 
of  the  number  were  killed.  The  atl'air  was  re[)orted 
to  Borica,  who  informed  the  viceroy,  but  ordered  no 
retaliation  as  the  Sacalanes  were  a  brave  people  an<l 
would  be  troublesome  as  foes,  and  the  fi'iars  wei'e 
directed  to  send  out  no  more  such  parties.^"*  In  Sep- 
tember of  the  same  3'ear  over  two  hundred  natives 
deserted  from  San  Francisco,  dilferi'nt  parties  in 
diflercnt  directions,  the  number  including  many  old 
neophytes  wdio  had  always  been  faithful  before.  In 
the  correspondence  which  followed,  13ori<'a  indicated 
his  belief  that  the  disaster  was  <'  largely  to  cruelty 
on  the  part  of  the  i)adres.  lie  ordered  a  strict  inves- 
tigation; instructed  the  soldiers  to  afford  no  aid  in  the 
infliction  of  punishments  unless  at  the  recpiest  of  both 
])adres,  for  it  seems  that  ])aiiti  was  uiuch  uiore  severe 
than  his  associate,  and  finally  protested  to  the  presi- 
dent that  rigorous  steps  nuist  be  taken  to  insure  better 

'' In  Fobruary  1 703  a  new  convert  named  Clmrquin  nin  away  ami  wa^'cd 
var  on  all  aborigines  who  favored  clirisliaiiity,  lioldinj,' '20  women  and  chil- 
dren captives  in  the  mountains.  Si.  P'ly.,  S(u\^  MS.,  vii.  21-,").  Jn  IVliriiary 
1 7!)">  tliu  governor  re])orted  tiio  prospects  for  new  converts  excellent  at  Sau 
Francisco  and  Santa  Clara,  on  account  of  a  scarcity  of  seci'  Prof.  J!ii:.,  MS., 
vi.  IM. 

*' March  3,  May.'?,  May  20,  1705,  commandant  to  Borica.  June  2;!d,  li.  to 
viceroy.  J'mr.  ,SV.  I'lip..  MS.,  xiii.  2U-2,  27.')-(;;  Prov.  J!a:,  MS.,  v.  ,')(),  ■")(); 
vi.  4S-.'")0.  I  suppose  the  Sacalanes  Jivecl  in  wiiat  is  now  Al.uneda  County, 
somi^wh(.'rc  between  Oakland  and  Mission  San  .lose'.  The  niessingers  arc 
said  to  Iiave  travelled  two  lUL^hts  and  one  day  liefort'  rendiing  tlio  lancherias. 
Jjorica  says  tlio  Chiincnes  dill  the  kiliin;^  and  lived  30  Iwij^'ues  froin  iiodega, 
on  the  coast.  Sulisecpient  e.\i>i(litions  show,  however,  that  tiic  Sacalanes, 
tlie  guilty  jiarties,  did  not  at  any  rate  li\c  north  of  tlie  bay.  Theconnnandant 
charges  Danti  \\  itli  Jiaving  at  lirst  pronounced  tlic  stoiy  of  the  survivors  u  lie, 
and  with  attempting  later  to  keep  it  from  the  knowh^dgu  of  tlic  oUiccr.i. 
July  (ith,  IJorica  to  friars,  regrets  that  they  continue  sending  Indians  to  tho 
other  side  of  the  bay.  It  must  be  stopped,  /'rur.  A'ic.,  MS,,  \  i.  14(1.  Sei)t. 
IStli,  V.  11.  approves  B.'s  policy  of  avoiding  war.  Prov.  Si.  Pup.,  MS.,  xiii. 
82. 


710 


LOCAL  EVENTS_SA\  FRANCLSCO  DISTIIICT. 


f nntinciit  and  bolter  food,  to  wliicli  Lnsueii  <^a\o.  ns- 
scut."" 

In  Juno  17!)7  Ji  now  niisliap  occurred.  A  l.ii'ge 
\y,\ri  of  ilie  fui^itiveH  lu'longed  to  the  Cucliillonos 
across  the  bay.  NotAvitlistandin<«'  the  nfovci-nni's 
orders  <h(i  niissioiiaiies  sent  onc^  ]\ainuindo,  a  Califor- 
ni.'in  -a  nmne  still  apphed  cxchislvely  to  Ihc^  njilivcs 
<»r  lijija  (^dil'ornia — with  thirty  natives  to  lninLT  l>ack 
Ihe  runaways.  They  crossed  in  balsas  and  lell  in(<>  a 
dillicult''  with  the  Cuchillones  which  is  not  cleiirly 
desci'ibed,  though  it  appears  that  no  life  was  lost  and 
no  I'lii^itive  recovered.  I'his  allair  gave  rise  to  a  new 
correspondence  and  to  <\U'ncst  protests  IVoiu  the  IViars, 
who  were  inclined  to  think  that  the  (juarrel,  if  any 
occni-red,  had  been  greatly  exaggerated.'"  Now  tho 
Sacidanes  assumed  a  threatening  attitude  toward 
^Mission  San  Jose,  and  Sergeant  Amador  w  Mit  to 
invH>s<igate.     ] Te  found  that  th(>  gentiles  wi  .reat- 

ening  to  kill  tho  Christians  if  tlu^y  continued  to  work, 
and  the  soldiers  if  they  dared  to  iiiterfere.  lie  ac- 
cordingly I'ocommendod  to  l^orica  that  an  expedition 
be  sent  to  punish  them,  to  collect  fugitives,  and  to 
dis[)el  tho  idea  of  the  Sacalanes  that  the  Spaniards 
we!'t!  afraid  of  them.  Borica  assented  and  onK'rcul 
Amador  to  take  twenty-two  men  and  fall  upon  tho 
rancheria  at  dawn,  capturing  the  head  men  and  desert- 
ers, but  avoiding  bloodsluid  if  possible.  Thoy  set  out 
.Inly  l-'Uh,  and  on  the  lijtli  tho  troops  under  Amador 
and  A'^allejo  reached  the  hostile  camp.  Tho  Sacalanes 
Mould  listen  to  nothing;  they  had  digged  pits,  so  that 
the  Spaniards  were  forced  to  dismount  and  attack  with 
sworil   and   lance.     In    the   fight  two  soldiers  wore 


" Corrcspondcncp  on  the  subject  during  1795-0.  In  Prov.  S/.  Pap.,  ;\IS., 
^•iii.  M7  S;  xiv.  170;  /</.,  J>en.  Mil.,  xxiv.  S-10;  Prov.  Pec,  ISIS.,  v.  0'.),  iSO, 
!)l;  vi.  172,  17(i. 

^*'  Letters  (if  Argiiello,  l'"spi,  Fernandez,  and  Landaeta  in  Pror.  Si.  Pep., 
MS.,  xv.  1!)-1'.').  July  Kith,  Ar<,'iiell()  afiseinlded  the  natives  and  made  kiidwn 
ti>  them  the  governor's  orders  that  they  were  not  to  go  after  fugitives  I'Ven  if 
tohl  to  do  .so  hy  the  padres.  Tlien  the  padres  iveeived  a  leeturo  on  tln'  evils 
th.it  might  have  resulted.  Landaeta  insisti'd  that  the  natives  had  gone  of 
their  own  accord  and  had  not  been  sent.    Argiiello  to  IJorica,  in  JcL,  xv.  '2o-T. 


AMADOR'S  ]',XrKlJlTION. 


711 


wounded  iilld  seven  liiitives  killed.  Tlie  Cueliillolie.s 
^V'e|•e  slll)se(|lieiil!y  ;itl;i('ked  iilid  I't^t I'eilied  idler  olio 
luid  Keoii  killed.  On  the  IKlli  Aiuiulor  retnnied  to 
San  .J(ts('  with  ei-jld  v-tlnHn;  ('lii'istiaiis  Jind  iiiim  tren- 
tiles,  ineliidini;'  lisc  Saealanes  ini|>lieated  in  the  airair 
of  I7!)j  and  three  ( 'iiehilloneH  in  I  hat  of  Jfainmndo.'" 
Thc!  testimony  and  ionle-ssions  el'  I'ourieen  of  Hk; 
captives  were  tak(.'n  the  iJth  of  August,  and  iiint;  <»l 
tlieni  having  heen  ])rove<l  jL^iiilty,  wore  suhscMpiently 
sentenced  hy  JJorica  <o  I'eeeivcs  from  tweiity-livtj  to 
seventy-live  lashes  and  to  work  in  shackles  at  tho 
presidio  fioin  two  months  to  Ji  year.''-  In  Ihis  exam- 
ination and  in  anotlu-r  held  the  TJlh  of  iVu^iist  with 
a  view  to  learn  why  the  neophytes  had  inn  away, 
neaily  all  ihe  witnesses  ^;ivo  as  their  reasons  exces- 
sive lloo«j;in_<jf,  hunger,  and  the  death  of  relatives."'* 
l^orica  sidiscMpiently  announced  that  in  constMjuence 
ol'his  ell'orts  and  especially  of  the  kindnt.'ss  ol"  J'^ather 
Fei'nande'z,  the  natives  were  treated  better  than  l)e- 
ibre;  l)ut  Jjasueii  declared  that  the  charges  of  ci'Uelty 
wer'o  uidbunded,  as  prove<l  by  tlie  large;  number  of 
conversions.  The  neophytes  iled,  not  because  they 
were  Hogged  or  overworked,  but  because  of  the  rav- 


"'^  A  iii'i'lor,  K.rjicilii'ioii  roiitrri.  Aw  iioil'ih's  Sdriilaiirs,  mil  Cnri'i  Kjidiiilvnrki 
perU'iici-K iiti:  III  ti,\iiiiti),  I'liH'i,  MS.;  I'rov.  SI.  /'(ij>.,  MS.,  xv.  ITii-H;  xvi. 
."SO,  7(1  I,  SS,  !MI;  J'rnr.  /,•(,:,  MS.,  V.  'J()(!-7.  Tlir  ilijuy  i<  thdvA  Sail 
•lose',  .Inly  l!)tli,  iiiiil  tlic  j),i]His  iiRliidc:  July  (itii,  Ai';,'ii<'Il'»  to  I'diica;  July 
Sill,  Aiiia'.idr  to  i;.;  July  lUtli,  J'.,  to  A.;  July  l!)tli,  A.  to  JJ.;  July  -JlHt,  B. 
to  A.  Cliii.stiaus  not  to  1)1'  ]iuni.slu:il,  liut  /.'ciitilfs  kijit  at  woi  1;  on  jii'csidio; 
July  'JOtli,  rccciiit  of  J';,'<|ii  iuid  L.imlacta  for  7!)  n'tnini'il  ii('o[iliyti's.  Jictui'ii- 
iug  iiativi'.s  liavo  ucvcr  lu'iin  i)uiii.slic(l.  July  yotli,  AryiicUo  t(j  1!.,  has  giviu 
up  tli(!  iicojiliytcs  and  will  try  tln^  gcntili'S. 

'•'- Ariiiicllo,  Jitlficiiin  tic  lo  que  (hrlanuim  lox  fi'mti/i'M  Sdi'alancK,  J7ii7,  MS.; 
Jioriril,  (  'itxl'nio.^  (jiir  lldil  lie  siij'rir  l(in  /il(liil'<,  J7H7,  MS. 

''^'■Ki  ri/iii  l/ii,  lt<  hu-'iDii  ijiir  /iriiiO  (Ic  lii--<  i/rr/nrn<:ioiii:i  (/<•  Ids  IiiiII<i'<  ('ri/<fiaiion 
/iidilon  df  lit  Misiiiii  il(  Sun,  Fniiirltrn,  J7U7,  MS.  'J'ilmrcio  ■was  lloL^gi'd  livo 
times  l)y  l)anti  for  trying  at  tho  death  of  hi.s  wifo  and  child.  .Ma;,dn  was  put 
in  the  stockn  when  ill.  Tarazon  \  isited  Iii.s  country  and  felt  inclined  to  stay, 
t'laudio  was  heaten  by  the  alculdo  \\\i\i  ii  stick  and  forced  to  wurk  when  ill. 
,)ose  Manuel  w.is  ,-;truck  with  a  hludgcon.  J. ilicrato  ran  away  to  escape  dying 
of  hungi'r  as  his  mother,  two  lirothers,  and  thre(?  uejihews  had  done.  Otololl 
was  lloLTgcd  for  not  caring  fur  his  wife  after  she  had  siniu'il  with  the  va(|Ucro. 
Milan  had  to  work  w  ith  no  food  fci-  his  family  and  was  lloL''ed  ln-cause  ho 
went  after  clams.  I'ataho  had  lost  his  family  and  h.ul  no  one  to  take  care  of 
Iiim.  Orencio's  niece  died  of  huj)L;er.  Torihio  was  always  humrry.  Magno 
received  no  ration  because,  occupicil  in  tending  ids  sick  son,  he  couhl  not 
work. 


•12 


LOCAL  F.VENTS— SAN  FRAXCISCO  DISTRICT. 


ages  of  an  opidcinic.^  No  furtlier  troubles  occnirred 
at  San  Francisco,  but  the  8acalanc.<rand  other  gcntik's 
continued  their  hostile  inlluenco  at  San  Josd  mission, 
several  times  requiring  the  presence  of  Amador,  who 
in  April  1800  made  another  raid,  killing  a  chief,  cap- 
turing twenty' fugitives,  and  breaking  all  the  bows 
and  airows  of  the  foc.^'' 

Something  remains  to  be  said  of  San  Francisco  Mis- 
sion, where  wo  left  Cambon  and  Danti  in  charge  as 
ministers  at  the  end  of  1790.  Canibi^n,  one  t)f  the 
few  remaining  pioneer  missionaries,  and  a  founder  of 
San  Francisco,  retired  to  his  college  entirely  broken 
down  in  health  at  the  end  of  1791,'"^  and  was  succeeded 
by  Martin  Landaeta,  a  new-comer,  who  however  was 
absent  from  October  1798  to  September  1800,  Espi 
serving  in  1797-9,  and  Merelo  in  1799-1800.  Diego 
Garcia  remained  until  Octoboi  1791,  and  returned  in 
1 79G-7.  Daiiti  retired  in  the  summer  of  179G ;  I'adro 
Fernandez  took  his  place  in  1790-7  with  Garcia  as  a 
su[)ernumcraiT,  and  llamon  Abella came  in  July  1798. 
Padre  ]\Iartiarena  was  also  supernumerary  from 
August  1800,  and  the  names  of  several  others  ai)pear 
on  the  mission-books  as  having  officiated  here  at  dif- 
ferent dates.""- 


'^.Tuly  1,  1708,  Borica  to  viceroy,  in  Prov.  Her.,  MS.,  vi.  97-8;  Lamm, 
Itcprfyfiilarion,  1S(U,  ^IS. ,  in  Arch.  Hia  Barliara,  ii.  20'J-r). 

'^•^  A}nu(hn\  Saliild  raiitraIii<l!risO'fiilil'H,  I.'^'HK  MS.  Alsoon  slight  jircvious 
t"ou1)ltM  at  San  Josc'.  I'ror.  St.  I'aj,.,  MS.,  x\  i.  17.'1  4;  xvii.  07,  10(1-1.  10(5-7. 

^''  IVilro  l5onit(t(';niil)(»n,  a  native  of  Santiago  in  (lali;ia,  Sp.iin,  a\  aw  ordered 
to  Califoj-nia  from  tlic  colloge  in  .\ugnst  1770,  s<(;tting  ont  in  Oct.,  i^ailing  from 
San  Hias  in  .lanuary  1771,  and  aniving  at  San  ])it'go  March  I'J,  ami  Mon- 
terey ^lay  '21st.  He  wa.s  a  foniiilm-  of  San  (Jai>riel  in  Sejilcniber  1771,  anil 
served  there  nntil  Ajiril  177-.  He  then  PiKiit  several  years  at  \'eli('at,i  in 
ISaja  ( 'alilornia  f(ir  the  lienelit  of  his  health,  aiid  to  look  after  Franciscan 
pr(i|ierty.  lie  v.-ent  to  San  Francisco  in  Oct.  1770,  hut  was  alisenl,  ficni  Oct. 
177''  nntil  May  178'_',  (hiring  which  time  he  made  a  trip  from  San  lU.us  t() 
Manila  as  ehai>lain  of  the  San  ( 'artoK,  (h'Voting  his  jiay  to  the  jmrehase  of  sup- 
plies for  his  nen])hytes,  and  also  fonnde<l  San  ]>uenaventnra.  in  March  178"2, 
He  was  a  xealous  ana  alili:  man,  lint  his  lualth  rejjeatcdly  hrohe  dnwn,  and 
linally  in  Xoveinlier  1701,  atthe  reijucstof  Lasnen,  andon  a  ceitiiicate  signed 
hy  three  sni'geons,  ho  was  permitted  to  dojiart  witliout  waiting  for  tht'  vico- 
riiy's  license.  His  last  signatnie  on  the  mission-hoeks  was  on  Sept.  lOth.  .''i'. 
J-'riuirisci).  Lib.  Misiiiii,  MS.,  i,  01,  (10;  Ari-h.  Ar.olii^jindo,  MS.,  i.  IS,  10. 

'''.Tost^  do  la  Crn/  J']spi,  possihly  Kspi  as  written  hy  Inniself,  a  native  of 
Valencia,  came  to  Mexico  in  17S(I,  and  two  years  latir  Mciit  to  Moolk.'i  as 
chaplain  with  the  expedition  of  Martinez,  which  touched  on  the  California 


MISSION  STATISTICS. 


713 


During  the  decade  1,213  natives  were  baptized, 
1,031  were  buried,  203  of  them  in  1795,  and  the  ne(v 
pliytc  population  as  registered  grew  from  438  to  (;44, 
from  which  it  would  ai)pcar  that  most  v)f  the  fugitive 
cimarrones  had  been  recovered  before  1800.  Lai-ge 
stock  increased  from  2,000  to  8,2C0,  and  sheep  Irom 
1,700  to  G,200.^'  Crops  in  1800  amounted  to  4,100 
bushels,  one  half  wheat,  the  largest  yield  having  been 


const.  lie  came  to  California  as  a  missionary  in  1793,  serving  at  San  Antonio 
from  ScptcTiil)c'r  of  tl^at  vear  until  September  1794;  at  Soledad  until  Di'limm- 
lioi-  179.");  at  S:iuta  Cruz  until  1797;  and  at  San  Francisco  fioni  .liuu;  1797 
until  Aii','u.it  1799,  wjicn  ho  obtained  leave  to  retire  and  sailed  from  San 
Diego  Jan.  10,  ISOO.  ]Io  had  .served  10  years  and  refused  to  remain  longer. 
Ills  .'signature  ajipeai.s  on  the  Sun  Francisco  Looks  until  Aug.  ID,  1799.  >'. 
Fi-iiiiriM'i',  Lih.  (la  Misiiiii,  ]\1S.,  4-4;  Arch.  Sta  Bdrhtra,  JIS.,  .xi.  (i<),  'i-0; 
Arch.  Ar~.olii-:/i(t(lo,  jMS.,  i.  .57. 

Of  Antonio  l)anti  wo  only  know  that  he  was  minister  at  San  I'raneiseo 
from  Oeti)l,cr  1791)  until  July  179II;  tliat  he  had  a  fiei-y  temiiorainent~-'/('/(/'> 
(Id  pdlrora,  as  ISorica  ternieil  it — and  was  disposed  to  lie  imdnly  severe  to  liis 
Indians;  and  that  lie  was  linally  aliowcnl  to  r(;tir.',  suffering  from  some  trouble 
with  his  legs  and  with  inlhnnnuition  of  the  eyes  threat<niing  blindness.  San 
lyaiicisin,  Lih.  lie  ^/isinll,  MS.,  41;  Arch,  iila  Bdrliard,  MS.,  vi.  'J"J7;  xi. 
50-7;  Pruv.  J?cr.,  MS.,  vi.  149,  l,-)7,  10.'!. 

Diego  (Iiirci.^  came  to  California  in  17S7,  serving  at  San  Francisco  from 
September  of  tii.nt  year  until  October  1791;  at  Soledad  until  February  I79"J; 
at  San  .\ntoiiio  ap'il  Xoveiiilier  179-;  again  at  Soledad  until  }ila\'i'h  17l'>i;  and 
again  at  San  Francisco  until  May  1797.  JIo  was  generally  a  snpcrnunieiary 
and  liis  .serviecj  as  miiiister  were  not  in  great  demand.  One  year  on  some 
frivolous  pretext  he  neglected  to  sow  any  grain;  lu?  made  liims<'lf  oliuoxious 
to  each  succcsi-ivo  associate;  and  once  wlien  assigned  to  San  Jose  refused 
obedience.  Ka'-inally  no  objection  was  luadi;  to  liis  retiring  at  the  end  of  Ills 
term  of  10  years,  t!io  coming  of  which  probably  saved  iiim  fror.i  di.;niissal  liy 
Lasuen.  Ilis  license  was  dated  July  S,  1797;  his  last  .signature  at  Sau  Fran- 
cisco was  oil  'Sh.y  ISth.  San  Fraiiri.-<ro,  Lih.  <lc  .Mi.-<ioii,  ^1S.,4(),  01;  Sulaldil, 
J/ih.  dc  Mivuv,  ^IS.;  Anh.  SUt,  JJurhara,  MS.,  xi.  'Jl'7-!>;  I'mr.  J'<c.,  !MS.,  vi. 
115. 

Josi''  ^larfa  Fernandez  left  his  college  in  February  and  arrived  at  Sau 
Francisco  in  September  1790,  serving  until  May  1797  as  niiiiisli.r,  receiving 
his  liceupo  in  -July,  and  leaving  Califi)ruia  a  little  later.  lie  was  a  very  kind- 
hearted,  nian,  and  as  we  have  seen  llorica  gave  him  great  credit  for  having 
.secured  better  t;e;;tmcnt  for  tlie  natives  at  Sari  Francisco;  but  a  blow  on 
the  head  aceiilentaily  received  all'eeted  his  lieallli  and  esjieciaUy  hi  "  .md  to 
BUch  an  extent  as  to  i'.icapacitate  him  for  missionary  lab(,r  .S^,  ii  Francisco,  Lih. 
(Ic  Misio)i.  .MS.;  Arch.st,!,  ]}drh((r<i,  xi.  57-S;  7Vo/-.  /.Vc,  MS.  vi.  9S. 

^■''  M:-.y  'JS,  1791,  Fages  infnrnicd  lloun  a  tliat  tlie  padres  of  San  I'raneiseo 
had  formed  a  ni'W  establishment  seven  leagues  away,  v  here  the}'  !;<  pt  most 
of  their  neiipliytis.  Pror.  S/.  I'ii/k.  MS.,  x.  149;  but  we  hear  no  nioic  of  tlio 
subject.  The  controversies  betw.'en  mission  and  [iresidioaliout  [lasturage,  and 
the  alleged  inferiority  of  San  Franeiseo cattle,  liave  bein  ahcady  noticed.  In 
Prnr.  A'.c.,  MS.,  vi.  7!>,  it  is  stati'd  that  sheeii-raising  was  inirodueed  in 
1790,  but  no  .-pecial  increase  a]i]iears  in  the  sta",  isties  for  that  year.  May  19, 
1797,  -Argi'.illo  :ay.-;  tlie  Sau  Francisco  slu'e](  lu  ing  of  .Merino  y-Uttk  nu.y  li<'  i» 
little  b"tter  tli;.n  elsev\licre.  He  wanted  to  buy  H!0,  but  Lanilaeta  refused  to 
sell.  Pror.  SI.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  8, ». 


(14 


LOCAL  EVENTS— SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


5,800  l)usli(>l,s  ill  170G;  the  smallest  1/J()0  in  1792,"' 
and  the  avcrai^o  .TjGOO  bushels.  The  mission  l)uikl- 
inu's  \vero  described  by  A^aiicouver  as  {oriuiii!^  two 
sides  of  a  square,  without  any  apparent  intention  of 
oom])leting  the  quadrangle,  the  areliitecture  and  ma- 
terial being  as  at  the  ja'esidio,  but  the  ap;n'tuients 
larufer,  better  constructed,  and  cleaiu^r.  At  (bis  time 
all  rools  were  of  tliatch,  and  the  dwellings  of  (lie  Ind- 
ians were  huts  of  Avillow  poles,  basket-work  of  twigs, 
and  thatch  of  I'rass  and  tules,  about  twelve  feet  hisjfh, 
six  or  sev(;ii  feet  in  diameter,  and  "abominably  in- 
fested with  every  kind  of  filth  and  nasiiness."  In 
1793  nine(een  adobe  houses  were  built,  wiiich  number 
was  subse(iuently  increased  until  in  1798  there  wen; 
enough  for  most  of  the  married  neo})liytes.  In  1794 
a  new  stori?liouse  150  feet  lon<x  was  built  aiul  roofed 
with  tiles  as  were  some  of  the  old  build ings,  and  half 
a  league  of  ditch  was  dug  round  the  potrcro  and  fields. 
In  1795  another  ad»»be  building  IHO  feet  lonu'  was 
erected;  and  tile  roofs  were  completed  foi-  ;ill  the 
structures,  including  the  church,  about  whicli  from  the 
laying  of  the  coriu-r-stone  in  1782  nothing  more  is 
recorded  down  to  1800.'"^  At  the  tinu>  of  X'ancouver's 
visit  one  large  room  was  ()ccu[)ied  by  manul'acturers 
of  a  coarse  sort  of  )>lanketing,  made  iVom  v,()ol  pro- 
duced in  (he  neighborhood,  "The  looms,  thouirh 
rudely  wrought,  were  tolerably  well  contrived,  and 
hail  biHMi  made  by  the  Iiulians.  1'hu  ]»roduce  is 
wholly  a[)[)lied  to  the  clothing  of  the  conxirted  Ind- 
ians.    I   saw  some  of  the   cloth,  which  was   by   no 

"'•'  'Win  re  tlio  c'iil;i\atc(l  ticlda  wore  sitiialcil  iit  tlii.s  tiiiii?  docs  not  iippi'iir. 
In  ITO.'i  ^:'.l[l[llil's  Inrnislu'd  to  tlio  pivsidio  iiinountt'd  to  .';  L',.s;il.  I'ror.  J,'cc., 
MS.,  V.  'JO.  In  J;',iiniiry  17!'.">  cold  weatlicr  i)rcv('ntcd  tlio  ]i;Hlri's  IVoiu  nay- 
iuii  nuiiss.  /(/.,  V.  'lO-l.  I'loin  17!>7  to  1800  n';;ular  wi'mIIut  ivport.s  woi'o 
rcndiri'd  ;it  tlio  <  nd  (if  I'iU'h  yar.  17!>7  wa.s  cold,  windy  and  io;r;ry.  .S7.  Ptip., 
(S'cic,  MS.,  \i.  ICO.  In  171''^  tlio  .-^uninicr  licuan  A\  iih  -tiTril.lc  and  contiiiii- 
ouM  wiiul'  and  I'u;;,  and  the  winter  witli  fro.st,  iic.i\y  rains,  an<l  roof-dania'j;ini; 
winds.  /V>"-.  S''.  J'ii/>.,  /Ini.  Mil.,  MS.,  xvii.  -I'l-W.  In  I7;)';>  liltlc  niin, 
licavy  iKU'lli  winds,  and  nnich  iVost.  /(/.,  x.wii.  12.  ISOO,  heavy  niins,  soino 
I'roMt,  stroni,'  winds.   /(/.,  xxviii.   I'J-IH. 

<"  r,///(vw(C(/'V  Votjwir,  ii.  10-14;  St.  I'op.,  J/^-s.,  MS.,  i.  l-Jh  ii.  l.",,  7S; 
/';•(//'.  St.  I'iip.,  MS.,  xvii.  .")!•-()().  Faj;e.s  .states  tliat  in  17'S7  there  waa  hut 
a  Mnplumcuto  du  iglcsia,  a  temporary  alUiir,  J'lujro,  Iiijurim  Cut.,  MS.,  140. 


AXXALS  OF  SAN  JOSfi. 


71S 


mcnns  dosploablo;  and,  had  it  received  the  advantage 
()('  I'liHinL?,   would  have  been  a   very  decent  sort  of 


I'lotl 


unjjf. 


n 


1797    Borica    ordercul    tliat    mission 


blanlccts  yliould  be  used  at  the  presi(ho,  and  no  more 
obtained  from  IMoxico;  but  in  1799  he  (hsaj)[)rovc'd 
the  Trials'  scheme  of  buildinu"  a  fulhn<»-niill.     In  179G 


a  manufacture  of  coarse 
der  Mariano  Tapia.*^ 


pottery  was  cstabhshed  un- 


The  newestablislnnentsof  I^ranciforte,  Santa  Cruz, 
and  IMission  San  Jose  having  been  elsewhere  noticed, 
there  remain  the  annals  of  Santa  Clara  and  the  juicblo 
of  San  Jose,  the  former  within  this  noi't'icrn  jurisdic- 
tion, and  tlie  latter  most  conveniently  included  in  it, 
though  it  really  belonged  to  the  militaiy  jurisilictiou 
of  Monterey.  At  the  ])ueblo  population  increased  in 
general  terms  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  and  sev- 
enty, though  the  variation  from  year  to  year  is  so 

^'  White  .npin-cnticos  were  to  conic  to  iSan  Francisco  to  learn  to  make  pot- 
tery. /'/•(.)•.  J.'rr.,  ]\IS.,  iv.  5:5-4:  v.  7S,  '-'()(•;  vi.  '_':!0.  Some  cotton  from  Siin 
Bias  was  woven  before  1707.  AV.  I'up.,  iMlsfi.,  MS.,  ii.  !(!(>.  lii  17'JS  the  mis- 
sion conlracteil  to  furni^li  tiles  to  the  prcsiWiu  at  >,'20  per  thousand.  J'rov.  S/. 
Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  !»7;  xvi.  2,"),  -l-i. 

Such  are  the  faet^  hriilly  istated  in  'J.'l  jmims  that  I  have  to  present  i-espcct- 
ing  San  I'ranci.sLO  from  IT'.H  to  hSOO.  iMo^tol'  (ln^  facts  ai(  in  tluin.selvcs  not 
veiy  startlini;  or  im[iortant,  but  tliey  constitute  tlic  aiin.l;  for  ten  yars  of 
what  is  now  ;i  great  city;  and  they  have  been  recorded  nut  dilliiscly,  1  believe, 
but  ^\  illi  due  i-ondcnsalion.  As  1  write,  a  //islan/  nl'  t/ir  Ci/;/  nf  Stai  Fruu- 
c'lxci)  comes  from  the  ]iress.  It  was  wiitten  in  aceord.inc(!  witli  a,  resolution  of 
con;;;ress  calliii;^  for  a  historical  sUetch  of  each  town  from  il.s  foundalii>n,  as  ik 
ceniennial  memorial;  it  was  written  by  a  \iioncer,  i.u  editor,  tiie  acilnir  of 
•r.'vcr.il  j.':ood  works,  the  historian  of  the  Siicii;(y  of  < 'alifuinia  I'iomiis;  in 
fact  by  a  man  .generally  supposed,  and  \\  illi  nmeli  r.  ason,  to  be  better  ipi.dilied 
than  any  otln  r  for  liie  t.isk,  for  which  ht;  was  pai<l  by  the  city.  ]')i'in\'  a  his- 
tory of  a.  town  the  work  miijht  naturally  be  expceted  to  deal  lar';ely  in  local 
detail:!  v,  hose  alisenee  in  a  history  of  California  would  be  exeu.sable.  'J  he 
Work  has  received  no  unfavorable  criticism,  except  for  its  renderii;;^  of  n.odern 
events  invohing  jiersonal  and  ]ioHlical  prejudices.  For  the  Spanish  period 
there  is  nothing  but  praise.  Tiie  leailiug  joui'uals  of  tlie  city  credit  tim 
author  with  iinmenso  research  among  the  records  of  the  past,  and  with  an 
cxhauUive  treatment  of  his  subject.  Naturally,  theiefore,  it  was  w  itli  some 
trembling  that  1  compared  the  residts  with  tliose  of  my  own  laiiois;  but  [ 
breathe  nioie  freely  and  am  eucourai;ed,  w  hen  1  see  tliat  lespcctiug  this  dec- 
ade the  work  alhuKd  to  contains  the  foMowing,  ami  notliing  nra'c:  'Cauilion 
was  iroon  supcr.cdiil  by  Danti,  and  he  liy  Avclla,  who  serve<l  'Ji)  years,  coui 
inencing  in  17r/7;'  the  mission  had  in  'I7!'.">,  704  Indians,  'J, 7''-)  cattle,  'J.llcO 
8heei>.  anil  .'III  horses.'  For  four  ileeades,  frijiu  17^(1  to  bS'JO,  all  tliat  tlie  work 
contains  will  bai'cjy  till  one  page  of  foolseai)  manuscript.  'I  his  is  but  a  sample 
of  i\\v.  reeiid  of  larly  (  alif.iriiia  events  hitherto  called  history,  and  yet  the 
work  to  w liich  i  refer  i.s  one  of  the  best  of  its  class. 


716 


LOCAL  EVE^ITS— SAN  FRANCISCO  DISTRICT. 


great  and  incx[)licab]o  as  to  inspire  doubts  of  entire 
accuracy.''^  Of  the  nine  original  settlers  six  were  still 
left  in  I  797,  the  latest  oonipleto  rej^ort  extant,  and 
about  fifty  new  names  of  settlers,  pensionei-s,  and  sol- 
diers appear  during  tlie  decade.  Ignaeio  Vallejo  held 
the  office  of  comisionado  until  Noveni1>er  17*J'J,  and 
from  Miiy  1797  to  November  1799;  Macario  Castro 
from  1792  to  1794,  and  from  1799  to  1807;  and 
Gabriel  Moraga  from  1794  to  1797,  the  same  men 
being  coi-porals  of  the  guard.  Marcos  Chabolla  was 
alcahh^,  in  179G,  Jose  IMaria  Martinez  in  1797,  Jacobo 
A'^elarde  in  1798,  Ignaeio  Castro  in  1799,  and  Fran- 
cisco Castro  in  1800. 

Cattle  and  horses  increased  from  less  than  1,000 
head  to  G,580,  wliile  sheep,  notwitlistanding  Borica's 
cftbrts,  decreased  to  less  than  400.''^  Agricultural 
products  were  4,-300  busliels  in  1800,  the  largest  crop 
having  been  G,700  bushels  in  1797,  and  the  smallest 


^'^  Accnnlin!^  to  the  stiitisticsi  the  [topulation  in  1701  vas  S2;  in  1702,  122; 
ill  17!M,  SO;  ill  179o,  187;  in  1700,  20S;  in  1708,  l.")2;  ami  in  ISOO,  171,  from 
10  to  20  ii;itiv(^s  being  includcil  in  each  number.  Of  the  2(»  nanus  j^ivon  in  ;i 
former  chapter  (xvi.)  for  1700,  tliere  (lisap])eare{I  before  1707,  Antonio  J'omero 
ami  Francisco  Avila  (sent  away  in  1702)  of  the  pohladairs;  Juan  ^Vntonio 
Anu'z(nuta,  invalid;  and  Higuera,  Caj'uclas,  and  .Toaf|niii  Castro,  (iiiirniidns. 
The  new  iianu's  that  apjiear  during  the  decade,  most  of  tiieni  on  the  list  of 
1707,  are  as  foUows:  Francisco  Alvirez,  Javier  Ahiso,  Fniiicisco  Ah  iso,  Jos6 
Aguila,  iM-ancisco  Arias,  Jnsto  Altnmirano,  Jose  Avila,  Nicolas  IVrreyesa, 
I'edro  Jjojonpies,  .Tost;  Maria  Benavides,  .Vntonio  Riiclna,  Francisco  Jii'jar, 
Marcos  Chabolla,  Francisco  Castro,  Macario  Castro,  Leocadio  Cilnian,  Falilo 
Cibriaii,  Ignaeio  Cantua,  Nicoh'is  Camareno,  liernarilo  Fl(>res,  Reniaido  (ion- 
zalez,  I'r.'incisco  Gonzalez,  Nicolas  (liiliiido,  Ijcrnardo  Heredia,  Salvador 
Higuera,  Ramon  Lasso  do  la  Vega,  Jose  Larios,  Jose  ^laria  Martinez,  Leo- 
cadio Martinez,  Dolores  ]Mesa.  .Tnatpiiii  Mesa,  Cabriel  Moraga,  Jiiim  r^lejia, 
Miguel  Osnna,  Ignaeio  I'aclK^co,  Miguel  Facheeo,  Luis  Feralta,  Jose  Fliego, 
Peilro  Romero,  .lost!  Maria  Ituiz,  Juan  Rosas,  Jose  Sacz,  Miguel  Saez,  Justo 
Saez,  .lose  Antonio  Sanchez,  Albino  Tobar,  Rafael  Villaviccncio,  Jacolio 
Velarde,  Antonio  Soto.  List  of  170!?,  in  I'ror.  L'cr.,  MS.,  v.  410-14.  List.s 
of  1707.  in  I'n.r.  St.  J'ap.,  MS.,  xv.  i:iO-l;  LI.,  B<n.  Mil,  MS.,  x.\v.  0,  7. 

^' Three  thousand  three  hundred  and  fort^'-scven  cattle,  hor.ses,  and  mules, 
tlu!  mimber  for  1700,  m'ouM  probably  be  a  fairer  estimate,  for  the  statistics 
are  very  irregular.  All  increase;  from  04.")  cattle  in  1700  to  3, .Til  in  1800  is 
inexiilicalile.  the  number  given  for  ISOl  being  1,8!1.  ,>litip-raising  intro- 
duced in  1700,  according  to  Pror.  I?<"\,  ilS.,  vi.  7ii.  IMay  18,  170(1,' Sal  to 
comisionado,  transcribing  Rorica's  orders.  Miny  vecinos  have  not  a  single 
sheep.  1'liis  is  bad  and  (contrary  to  the  reglanii'iitcj.  Each  settler  must  at 
once  obtain  a  ram  and  10  sheep,  and  the  government  will  at  once  advance  the 
means  to  the  poor.  S.  Joyi',  Arcli.,  MS.,  ii.  S7.  A  settler  must  not  keep  moro 
than  .">')  cattle,  and  should  keep  sheep  in  f  h(  [iroportion  of  three  to  one.  Prov, 
Jhc,  J\l,s.,  iv.  204;  Uep.  St.  Pap.,  S.  JoHi\  MS.,  i.  73-4. 


PItlVATE  KANTIIOS. 


717 


1,800  in  1790.^*  These  figures  include  wlieat,  corn, 
and  beans,  but  not  benip,  the  culture  of  which  was 
introduced  into  California  in  1795,  San  Jose  being 
selected  as  the  place  for  the  exi)erinient,  and  Ignacio 
Vallejo  as  the  man  to  su[)erintend  it.  Small  cro[)s  of 
this  staple  were  raised  nearly  every  year  during  the 
last  half  of  the  decade.  Some  rude  machinery  was 
constructed  for  its  pi'oparation,  and  several  small  lots 
of  the  prepared  fibre  were  sent  tt)  Monterey  foi"  ship- 
ment to  San  Blas.'^" 

Outside  of  the  pueblo  limits,  there  is  no  evidence  of 
any  agricultural  or  stock-raising  operations  in  this 
region  or  in  the  San  Francisco  jurisdiction,  where  no 
land-grants  even  of  a  provisional  nature  had  been 
made,  except  ])erliaps  El  Pilar  on  the  peninsula  to  Jose 
Arguello  in  1797,  about  which  there  is  some  uncer- 
tainty ''*'     The  slight  structures  of  the  town  had,  as 

^*  Jan.  15,  1795,  Boricaiirges  increased  attention  to  agriculture  and  prom- 
ises preference  in  the  pureliase  of  supplies.  Dv/it.  St.  I'up.,  S.  Jim-,  .\J8.,  i. 
4.")-().  March  29,  1791),  J?orica  is  glad  to  know  the  reservoir  is  liiiished  and 
he  oilers  a  preniiuui  of  if'l't  to  the  man  wlio  shall  raise  the  liiggest  crop.  I'rov. 
Ji'ic.,  JIS.,  iv.  180.  Se[it.  I79li,  Borica  congratulates  San  Jose  on  her  wlimt 
crop.  Ill  Miiy  he  had  soundly  rated  the  coni'sionado  foi'  not  iihuiliiig  inorc 
corn.  /(/.,  iv.  18S-0,  li)U,  \H)'2.  May  ■_',  179(1,  10  sacks  seed-ccini  .scut  froiii 
^Monterey.  S.  ,/osr,  Aflt.,  MS.,  ii.  87.  Sejit.  1."),  1797,  ci)in[ilainls  of  had 
(piiditvof  San .Tosii  (lour.  A/.,  v.  ;{'_*.  ^lay  30,  I79S,  IJuriea  (>i'dcis  the  settlers 
to  enclose  their  lields.  Pror.  lln.,  MS.,  iv.  27--',  'I'Si.  Aug.  IJJ,  179',),  N'allejo 
to  r>.,  very  poor  Mheat  crojis  caused  liy  fhnhuhlc.  Asks  for  time  to  pay 
loans  and  tithes.  Prov.  St.  ]'<(}>.,  MS.,  xvii.  'J'J9. 

'•■Dec.  '23,  179."),  IJorica  to  Moraga ordering  him  toaflbrd  Vallejoaid  in  the 
way  of  grain  with  which  to  pay  native  laborers.  Pmr.  Pre.,  MS.,  iv,  "Jll. 
Dec.  '1th,  Argiiello  to  Moraga,  transcribes  15. 's  note  of  Dec.  1st,  with  vict.roy's 
order  of  Aug,  2(Jth,  iii  reply  to  Borica's  of  Feb.  1st,  with  instructions  on  picji- 
aratiou  of  hemp,  and  ]>r(iiiiise  of  instruments.  S.  ./o.v',  Arch.,  M.'>.,  iv.  "JS. 
Lands  of  Linares  taken  and  others  given  him.  Pror.  Pec,  M.S.,  iv.  177-80. 
July  11,  17'.''),  1>.  regiets  loss  of  lirst  crop;  but  live  fanegasot  seed  were  saved. 
J(l.,  iv.  19'J,  199.  August  l.'ith,  15.  to  \'alli>ji',  cai-pent(^r  IJcjar  to  make  macliin- 
cry.  Ora in  to  be  sown  for  rations  of  native  laborers.  Jil.,iv.  1!)7.  Aljnut  liO 
faiicgas  of  seed  harvested  in  179(!-7.  Twenty-live  arrobas  (l)'J.">  lbs.)  sent  to 
San  iilas  ill  1798.  PL,  vi.  lO.'i;  St.  J'(ip.,Sin:,  MX.,  iv.  70,  Xumcruus  minor 
commmncations  on  tlie  sidiject  during  1707,  showing  great  inti'iest  on  the 
l)art  of  Lorica  and  even  tlic  V.  1\.  Prur.  St.  Pop.,  M.S.,  xv.  Seven  bales 
.shipjied  ill  Septend)er  1800.  Crop  in  lSOO-1  not  good.  Pfor.  Pw.,  ^IS.,  iv. 
15;  .S'.  Jusr,  Arr/i.,  MS.,  iii.  .")9,  (i(i,  70. 

"^  Application  and  gr.intrecordid  in  Pror.  lire,  MS.,  v.  103;  but  in  1798  Ar- 
giiello himself  names  101  I'ilar  as  ))el(jiiging  to  the  mission.  Ari/in  l/n,  Jii/urmc 
t-uhtr  UaiK-hri  del  /.'(//,  MS.  In  his  report  of  171*4  An  illaga  says  tliat  tlie  settlers 
of  San  .lose  formerly  did  not  possiss  their  lands  in  property,  and  tlii'  landannu- 
uUyassigiied  them  by  the  cinnisioiiadowas  not  properly  cidtivated  lit  cause  liable 
lic.'it  year  to  fall  iuto  the  hands  of  another.    The  couiisioiiado  w  as  tliercforeor- 


718 


LOCAL  EVENTS— SAN  FRANCLSCO  DISTRICT. 


%vo  have  seen,  been  removed  before  1791  to  a  short 
di.staiK'o  from  the  oriijiiial  site,  but  there  is  iiothin<x  to 
show  that  the  buildings  on  the  new  site  ^^■erc  of  a 
more  substantial  character;"'^  neither  was  there  au}'- 
tliing  noticeable  accomplished  in  the  way  of  manui'ac- 
tures.^^ 

'  The  settlers  showed  a  spirit  of  insubordination  early 
in  1792,  owing  to  popular  dissatisfaction  with  Valkjo 
as  coniisionado,  but  on  his  removal  quiet  was  restored, 
not  to  1)0  disturbed  in  the  same  way  until  1800  under 
Castro's  administration.  At  this  time  a  gang  of  idle 
vagabonds  conunitted  all  kinds  of  depredations,  and 
finally  set  the  con\isionado's  house  on  fire  one  niufht 
when  a  *'j)eaceable  and  lawful  ball"  was  in  progress. 
A  detachment  of  soldiers  was  sent  from  San  Fran- 
cisco to  I'estore  order,  which  it  is  to  be  presumed  they 
accomplished,  though  we  have  no  particulars.'"'  Mean- 
while in  1794  there  had  been  fears  of  an  Indian  out- 
break whicli  gave  rise  to  much  correspondence  and 
caused  unusual  precautions.  Father  Fernandez  of 
Santa  Chira  was  accused  of  undue  severity  in  connec- 
tion with  this  afi'air,  a  charge  not  fully  sustained  when 
Alferez  Sal  was  sent  to  make  investigations.    No  out- 


(krod  to  distribute  four  Dvertes  to  each  on  condition  of  paying  a  fee  of  rcoonoci- 
luiiiilototlic  king,  and  of  not  selling -without  consent  of  the  authorities.  J'rov. 
S'.  I\(/).,  MS.,  xii.  18S-0.  Dec.  '2d,  17!)3,  governor  to  coniisionailo,  each 
lot  to  lie  '2(i0  yards  fquare,  for  which  half  a  fanega  of  maize  nuist  ho  jiaid. 
Js'ew  mttlois  nnist  yny  sanio  as  old  pobladorcs,  and  ■will  get  a  title.  After  a 
year  and  a  day  tluy  may  hold  ollice.  He  who  abandons  his  land  loses  all 
improvements.  Itelired  soldiers  pay  no  reconocimiento,  hut  their  heirs  nmst 
pay.  LL,  xxi.  177-S.  Feb.  7,  1800,  some  settlers  disposed  to  abandon  their 
lands  or  part  of  them.     This  must  not  be  allowed.  ,S.  Jon^,  Arch.,  MH.,  iii. 

m. 

*' Sejit.  2."),  1707,  reference  to  a  bridge  over  the  creek.  Proi\  I'cr.,  MS., 
iv.  'J."i7.  A]iril  .S,  1700.  if  the  people  want  a  chapel  they  may  use  the  commu- 
nity grain  to  build  it.  LI.,  iv.  'JO'J. 

^''.b.n.  170.'),  Doriea  urges  the  people  to  tan  hides  and  make  sad<lh'«,  boots, 
and  shoes,  etc.,  which  will  he  purchased  at  fair  prices  if  of  good  (juality.  lie 
will  have  no  idleness.  I'nn:  live,  JMS.,  iv.  '2'20.  Leocadio  Martinez,  I'arpcn- 
ter,  \ias  exiled  here  in  1700.  Sua  Jour,  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  70.  Oct.  'JS,  1708, 
Larios  and  lialestcros  allowed  to  build  a  water-mill.  Prov.  Itic.,  MS.,  iv. 
'JSIi.  July  1700,  rel'erence  to  Villaviccncio's  weavery  at  San  Jose.  Jd.,  iv. 
300. 

'» .1  rrlllaffd,  Papd  dc  Punlos,  MS.,  188.  Sept.  30,  1800,  Castro  to  Sal,  with 
ecrtilicatc  of  alcahle  and  Kanjon  Lasso.  Oct.  '2d,  Sal  to  Arrillaga  transmit- 
ting tlic  complaint.  Dec.  1 1! th,  governor's  orders  to  Sal  uud  Alberni.  Prov. 
Hi.  PuiL,  MS.,  xviii.  4-8,  10. 


PUEBLO  VS  MISSION. 


710 


brenk  oceiirrcd/'"  After  1797  a  largo  part  of  the 
inililarv  t^uard  was  witlidrawii  to  provide  for  the  new 
foundations. 

In  1797  tliere  was  a  proposition  to  nio\e  tlie  pnel)lo 
to  tlio  W(>siei'n   bank  of  the  river,  with  a  xlrw  to 


tl 


escajie  tin;  (lant^er  or  Hiun< 


f 


dat 


ion. 


It 


fj 


was  iavori'( 


I  1 


)V 


]\[or;t_tjja,  Vallcjo,  Ak'alde  Chabolla,  and  in  fact  l>y  all 
the  settlers  except  four,  Boriea,  ordei-ed  ('(H'doha  to 
examine  the  proposed  site  and  make  a  })lan  for  the 
town,  and  Ihc  change  seemed  likely  to  be  eflected; 
but  a.fter  S('plend)er  the  whole  subject  was  dropped,''^ 
j>robably  in  consequence  of  a  controversy  between  the 
pueblo  and  mission  about  boundaries.  I'his  (piai'i'el  was 
the  most  notable  local  event  of  the  decade.  In  A))ril 
1797  l^'atlier  Sanchez  of  Santa  Clara  coin])lained  tliat 


the  t 


OV.'llSliK 


II  were  encroachin<jf  on  the  mission  lanck 


Borica  thereupon  sent  the  engineer  CNa'doba  to  make 
a  survey  and  establish  the  boundaries,  taking  into 
account  tlie  views  of  both  friars  and  vecinos  and  also 
the  former  sui'vey  of  jMoi'aga.  Cordoba  rejiorted  in 
AuQ'Ust  that  the  bound,  so  far  as  it  could   be  detcjr- 


mmec 


•om 


TiF 


oiairas  rf 


ather 


vague  survey  l)\'  meas- 


uring 1,950  vai'as  down  the  river  from  wherc^  the  old 
dam  was  said  to  have  been,  w\'is  within  the  mission 
2Mtiu'i'<),  and  that  tlie  padres  refused  to  accept  it  in  a 
represent.'itlou  enclosed  in  the  report.     In  this  docu- 


)pr 


)rica. 


es, 


ment,  addressed    by  Catak'i    and  Viader    to    B( 
great  stress  was  ])laced  on  the  i-ights  of  the  nativ 
and  to  the  fact  tliat  some  time  in  the  future  the  lands 
must  l)e  (li\  i;!ed  amoniif  the  5,000  native  owners.     It 


•''"Convrpoiiilcnco  Inhvcoii  Mor.i^'n,  Arc'i'iollo,  nutl  S:il  in  Prov.  Sf.  Pa/i., 
IIH.,  xii.  ;;;),  •!'.'-.".;),  ]-2\-:.-2,  l,S!)-<)l."]May'l(i,  17!)7,  (numl  to  l.o  withdiMwii. 
yVoi".  /iVc,  ^IS.,  iv.  L'l.'i.  Aiiir.  2,  1701,  troops  ordered  to  lie  drawn  up  iimler 
arms,  and  all  ii;i.-"'ii;i  t  >  iissemMe  with  oIlieialH  to  formally  reecvrnixe  I'orioik 
us  ^'ovcinor.  .S'.  ./.-s',  -I /■'■//.,  .MS.,  iii.  'J.'l.  May 'JO,  17!)",  iSIoraf^a,  tr>  Vallcjo, 
statcuKnt  of  armament  and  amnninitioii.  There  ^vas  <ine  nioiinted  cannon. 
Pror.  ,SV.  J'a,n.,  J.IS,,  xv.  ItlS-!);  ,S'.  ,/.,,V.  Arch.,  ilS.,  i  i.  4S-;). 

s'.Ia.ii.  8,  17!;7,  Mora'  a  to  IJorica.  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  4.  -Tan.  10th, 
ClmboUa  to  n.  /  '  :.i.'l21.  ]May  11th,  15.  to  Cordolia.  A/.,  x.\i.  t.V,7.  Sept. 
7th,  Vallejo  to  li.  /-/.,  xv.  14,').  S.  pt.  '2<ith,  Vallejo  say.s  the  alealdc!  luw 
directed  llie  jx'oplc  to  hnild  aeros.s  the  river.  Id.,  xvii.  -41.  Xo  date,  .ros(3 
Maria  Murtiuez  siiy.s  the  .settlers  did  not  desire  the  removal.  Id.,  xvii.  241. 


720 


LOCAL  EVEXTS-SAN  FRANCISCO  DLSTPJCT. 


^vas  clriiraotl  that  tho  mission  had  hccii  in  actual  pos- 
session of  tho  lands  in  dispute  for  twelve  years,  and 
instances  were  cited  where  controversies  with  individ- 
uals had  heen  decided  by  Moraga  and  others  in  favQr 
of  the  mission.  Moreover,  the  natives,  both  Chris- 
tian and  gentile,  were  beginning  to  comphihi  that  they 
were  robbed  of  their  lands. 

Nothing  more  is  heard  of  the  matter  for  a  year.'^^ 
In  July  1708  the  guardian  of  San  Fernando  college, 
who  was  no  other  than  Padre  Tomas  de  la  Pena,  for- 
merly minister  of  Santa  Clara,  and  to  whom  the  mat- 
ter had  naturally  been  referred  by  the  missionaries, 
addressed  a  petition  to  the  viceroy.  !'■  "t  he  states 
that  ]\roraga  founded  the  pueljlo  nearer  the  mission 
than  Neve  liad  intended  it  to  be.  Neve  had  subse- 
quently admitted  this  and  promised  to  move  the  town; 
but  as  durinrr  liis  administration  no  lands  were  as- 
signed,  no  landmarks  fixed,  and  no  pueblo  cattle  sent 
across  the  river,  there  had  been  no  trouble.'"'^  When 
ra<>'es  came  he  determined  to  fjrant  lands  and  fix 
boundaries,  and  lie  did  so  notwitlistandinu*  the  friars' 
verbid  and  written  jirotest  and  Jinn'})ei'o  Serras  en- 
treaties, to  which  h(!  paid  not  the  sliglitest  respect. 
From  that  time  troubles  were  frequent,  and  Fages, 
the  arclienemy  of  the  friars,  seemed  to  take  })leasurc 
in  annoying  them.  In  178G,  however,  Palou  on  his 
return  to  Mexico  laid  the  matter  before  the  viceroy 
and  obtained  a  promise  of  relief  or  at  least  of  investi- 
gation; the  river  to  be  the  boundary  until  a  definite 
•settlement  should  be  made.  Owing  to  the  death  of 
the  viceroy  followed  by  that  of  Palou,  the  promise 


'''•'In  the  mean  time,  however,  the  padres  of  Mission  San  Jest';  coinplainod  of 
(lam.-ijfo  (lone  by  pucljlo  horses,  and  Vallejo  gave  orders  to  remedy  the  evil, 
though  it  Avns  dillieult  to  keep  the  horses  ofl'  the  lands  where  they  had  been 
horn  and  raised.  Oct.  9,  1708,  P.  Barccnilla  to  Vallejo.  Oct.  IStli,  Vallejo 
to  r.oriua.  Proi:  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.  l,5G-7. 

■''■' Xeve,  Iiinlriircioii  que  da  u  Fa(ics,  MS.,  147,  seems  to  have  pronounced 
in  favor  of  the  half-way  mark  between  pueblo  and  mission  as  the  boundary. 
'  Dcclaro  (jne  la  guardiaraya  6  lindero  que  divide  los  dos  terniinos  do  Oriente 
A  roaiente  es  la  nicdiaeion  del  terreno  <pic  intermedia  eutre  las  dos  poblaci- 
ones,  correspond  iendo  a  la  mision  la  parte  del  Norte,  y  al  Pueblo  la  del  Sur, 
dondu  pucdcn  poiierse  desdc  luego  mojoncras.' 


SAX  JOSK  VS  SANTA  CLARA. 


721 


was  not  fullillod;  but  duiinj^  tlio  tiino  of  Iioniou  and 
Arrillaga,  the  mission  had  never  i-ecoL'iiized  tl)e  old 
landniaiks,  and  without  hinderauee  liad  luiilt  their 
fenees  and  used  tlie  land  beyond  tliose  old  liouiids. 
Now,  however,  the  settlers  were  encroaehing  on  the 
lands  thus  occu])ied,  and  insisting  on  the  lin)its  lixctl 
by  Fages.  The  petition  calls  for  the  river  Guadalujie 
as  a  dividing  lini;,  whieli  will  leave  to  tlu^  pueblo  laud 
enough,  and  with  which  the  niission  will  be  content, 
though  its  lands  be  less  in  extent  and  of  inferior  (|ua!ity. 
This  })etition  was  referred  to  Borica,  who  in  ])ecen»- 
ber  1798  reported  in  favor  of  the  padres,  but  sugg(>sted 
that  a  part  of  the  mountains  toward  the  coast  should 
be  reserved  to  the  pueblo  for  a  source  of  wood-supply. 
On  this  basis  the  matter  was  settled,  after  some  luiim- 
j)ortant  correspondence  between  local  authorities,  by  a 
viceregal  decree  of  8e[)tcnd)er  1,  1800,  in  favor  (»f  the 
Guadalupe  as  a  boundary,  with  a  reservation  of  nioini- 
tain  woodland  to  be  agreed  upon  and  dearly  maikcd 
to  prevent  future  dis|)utes.  Ca[)tain  ArgiU'llo  was 
a[)p()intcd  connnissioner  for  the  i)ueblo,  and  I\idre 
Landaetafor  the  mission,  and  in  July  1801  tlu'  boun- 
daries were  surveyed  and  landmarks  iixed.  Thus  the 
missionaries  were  victorious.'^  1  a])pend  in  a  nott*  a 
slight  resume  of  pueblo  regulations:  at  San  Jose  as 
expressed  in  the  correspondence  o^'  this  decade.'"' 

^'.*^«/?  ./osd,  Ciicyfion  do  Limitcx  entrp  el  Pitrhlo  y  hi  Misinn  (h'  Sniiln  dfirn, 
1707-.1S01.  Viirhx  J'tijie/f.i  fo'riiitr.'i  al  A-iini/o.,  MS.  Tlioso  piipois  iiK'luilo 
Ajiril  .'50,  1707,  eoiniilniiit  </f  1*.  Sanclie/  to  IJdiica;  May  lltli,  dcoieo  of  15. 
M'itli  iiistructidii.s  tn  Cunlol).'!;  .July  '2!ttli,  t'Xiiipiiiiitioi'.  of  witnesses  jit  San 
.losi';  Aii.u.  7tli,  Ci'irdolia'.s  ii]ioit;  Aujf.  (Jtli,  i'e|irfS('iitatioii  of  Catalii  anil 
Viaik'i'tu  1). ;  .1  Illy '27,  ]'i'^^.  I'l  I'lii.  Piliriiiii  lUI P.  (hhtnlian  Kuhrc  litnili ■■<  dc Sua 
Jiiftr  y  Siitilii  Chii-ii,  l!!iS,  MS.  Aui^.  7tli,  A'ii'croy  A;:an/ii  to  1!.;  ])(o.  'Ai\,  15. 
to  V.  ];.,  iip]iiovinu]ia<lr(,''s  tlaiins,  in  Pror.  /,'ir.,  MS.  vi.  110;  .Ian.  .Sd,  ,\|iiil 
1.  ISOO,  Sal  to  uoniisionado  of  S.  ,Iosu.  S.  Jo.<r,  Arr/i.,  .MS.,  ill.  ."lO,  oli.  I'cl). 
mil,  Oov.  to  Sal.  /'i-iii:  /,Vr.,  ?»IS.,  ,\i.  i:i4.  ,So]it.  1st.  X.  R.'s  <U'tivo  of  scttld- 
incnt.  ,S'/.  Pii/i.,  S-n:,  MS.,  ix.  10,  11.  An;,'.  1,  ISOI,  Carrillo  to  Anilla^ja, 
lias  rccuivi'il  Ai'micllo's  icjiort of  .fnly-'ilst.  S/.Pa/i.,  Ml^n.  (tml  Culdii.,  .M.S., 
i.  44.  Aug.  .'ilst,  Oov.  to  ( 'ariillo,  is  adviscil  >  *■  \\w  cstaMislinu'iit  of  flu'  line 
and  of  tlic  settlers'  <liseontent.  (lo\cii:oi'  to  jaesident  to  same  elicit.  I'mv. 
St.  Par.,  Bfu.  Mil.,  :MS.,  xxxii.  .'i;  Pn,r.  /,\v.,  .MS.,  vi.  l.').  Oet.  ■_'(»,  IS(W, 
]iadio  o.sks  jierniissioii  to  mark  the  liound.'iiics  with  trenches.  S.  Josr,  Airh., 
MS.,i\.  100.  See  also  llitll'.^  I  list .  S.  Jus'\  .")7-S0. 

"'.InDc  \'l,  17fl-,  Ar.'.^iiello  to  uovenior,  only  soldiers,  jii.stiecs,  and  tiavel- 
lers  may  carry  arms;  boys  must  not  go  into  the  country  without  a  guardian; 
HiBX,  Cal.,  Vol.  I.    16 


LOCAL  EVENTS-SAX  FRAXCLSCO  DISTRICT. 


At  the  mission  of  Santa  Clam  Pcna  and  Xoboa 
served  as  niinistei-s  until  August  171)4,  wlieu  botli 
letired  ti)  tlieir  eolleijie,  tlie  former  on  account  of  ill- 
liealth,  the  latter  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  often 
years.""     l*adre  Pena  during  the  later  years  of   his 

liil  siiiL;lc  limit's  over  I'J  yeiirs  old  imist  sleep  in  tlu^  ^;mii(MK)n.si',  for  tin;  ))i'o- 
tci'iidii  (f  family  iiL'iic.'e:  si'Vlto  pniiisliinciit  fur  gaiiiim;.  S/.  /'a/).,  Sar,,  MS., 
i.  III.  i~'M,  ti'oopH  liiiil  to  t.'ikc  ciirc  of  tlu'ir  iiiiiiuals  or  ])ay  tor  it,  tiic  set- 
tlers objectinj,'.  Aiiilhuia,  Pdjul  ih'  I'tiiilns,  "Sl^.,  |S!».  J)ee.  4,  ITito,  lioricil 
;iji]ii'oves  that  no  |,'raiii  lie  f^owu  in  eonniuinity,  hut cai.li  settler  ennlrilniti!  two 
fane^jas  of  wheat  anil  two  of  eoi'ii  eiuh  year.  l'i-<ii\  /t'i\,  MS.,  iv.  '2'.VX  v\])iil 
'2iK  17!Hi,  neither  gentiles  nor  Christian  Imlians  must  he  .•illoweil  to  ride.  ,V. 
Jt>.i'\  Arch.,  MS.,  ii.  (!,">,  ,S(i.  Xov.  T),  IT!"!,  l>.'s  orders  that  no  gallllllin^^ 
(liinkin;^,  or  illieit  isexual  relations  aru  to  lie  allowed,  and  Morai^a  must  pre- 
vent them  or  lie  dismissed.  /</. ,  ii.  7-.  Sept.  H,  ITlMi,  no  neo]iliyto  to  bo 
nllowed  in  tlie  puelilo  without  ii  paper  from  the  padre.  J>('i>t.  St.  I'd]).,  S. 
Jd.ir,  MS.,  i.  ()7.  .Ian.  .'{,  IT'.IS,  three  keys  to  eomimmity  gianary,  one  kept 
liy  eiimisioniido,  one  liy  ale.dde,  and  one  liy  senior  regidor.  I'rur.  I'lC,  .MS., 
i\ .  •-'(ill.  -\pril  ;i(),  I  Tits,  eomisionado  not  to  meddli^  in  administration  of  jus- 
tiec.  /'/. ,  iv.,  •J(il)  70.  Dee.  J, 'Ith,  eaeh  invalid  and  settler,  aeeordin;,' to  re;^- 
l;;meuto,  must  keep  two  horse.s  and  ei[uipments.  Jil.,  iv.  '2S(i.  Xov.  "Jl,  I7'J1*, 
Doi'iea's  instruetions  to  Casti-o  on  reli(!vinj,' Vallejo  as  eiiinisioniulo.  ])('tails 
on  inventories,  tithes,  loan  of  si^ed,  and  moral  supervision.  S(in  .Am'',  Arcli., 
MS.,  vi.  40.  Auj,'iist  'I'l,  ISOO,  Sol  to  eomisionado.  Xo  one  from  Jiraiieifortc 
to  ;  (iw  i^'raiu  at  San  .lose.  Alcalde  ha.s  lieeii  instructed  aliout  those  who  heat 
children.  Coniisionadi^  to  look  aftercrops  which  are  heing neglected.  Mules 
Won't  sell  at  any  ]irice.  If  i.,aiios  will  not  ]iay  tithes  he  must  not  sow.  Shu 
if.)xi\  Arc/i.,  iMS.,  iii.  (IS.  Oct.  4tli,  jiatrol  after  I  I  v.  M.  to  prevent  disorder.s 
suid  lires  and  arrest  any  one  abroad  without  cause.  A  scouting  party  to  he 
oi-.fanized  for  the  ciiuiiiry.  /'/.,  iii.  (i.'i.  Oct.  7th,  if  Ueredia  refuses  to  aid  iu 
lopairs  to  the  ilr/xjullo,  give  him  40  days  to  leave  tlu^  juiisdiction  with  all  his 
family  and  lieloiinings.  Jd.,  iii.  04.  (July  those  duly  registereil  as  vecinos  can 
8ow  \\  itliout  special  license.  /</.,  iii.  "iS.  (.)et.  l.'ith,  ]ietitions  can  he  sent  only 
througii  the  eoiiiisionado.  /(/.,  iii.  4,S.  Oct.  "Jrith,  if  Ilernande;:  is  found  with 
a  knife  he  is  to  get  50  laslies;  neither  must  ho  get  drunk  nor  create  scandal. 
7'/.,  iii.  71. 

■''''I'omiis  de  la  Pena  y  Saravia,  a  u.ative  of  Spain,  left  Aroxico  in  October 
1770,  sailed  from  San  J51as  in  Feliiuary  1771,  was  driven  to  Man/anillo,  came 
li'.ck  to  Sinaloa  by  kind,  and  linally  reached  Loi'eto  Xovember  •J4,  1771.  being 
iissigued  to  Coinondii  Mission.  He  came  n]i  to  San  Diego  on  Sejiteniber  I77-, 
.■serving  there  fora  year,  and  subsecjuently  as  a  supernuinerary  forslioit  peiiods 
at  San  Luis  Obispo  and  San  Carlos.  From  June  to  August  1774  he  made  a 
voyage  with  I'ercz  to  the  north-west  coast,  keeping  a  diary  of  the  exjiedition. 
Alter  his  return  he  I'eniained  assupernumorai'y  at  San  (Jfirlos  and  neighboring 
missions  until  January  1777,  when  he  became  a  founder  of  Santa  tiara, 
fti'ving  there  until  August  11,  1704,  when  he  sailed  for  San  likis  in  the  San- 
t''i;!ii.  In  170.">  he  received  some  votes  for  guardian  of  the  college,  and  was 
.'■ubseipiently  elected,  .since  ho  held  the  position  in  170S.  He  was  also  sindic 
of  the  college  from  ISOO  to  Feb.  !»,  1800,  the  date  of  his  death.  I'.  IVfia  wa.s 
unable  and  .successful  missionary,  but  liot-teinpered  and  occasionally  harsh 
ill  his  treatment  of  the  neophytes.  He  was  accused  before  1700  of  having 
eauseil  tiic  death  of  two  boys  \)v  his  blows;  but  after  a  full  investigation  tlii! 
charge  was  proven  false,  the  Indian  witnesses  confessing  that  they  ha<l  testi- 
li(  d  falsely,  and  some  evidence  being  adduced  to  show  tliat  Commandant 
C  Hizalez,  whom  the  padre  had  reproved  for  his  immorality,  had  used  his 
intlueuce  in  favor  of  tlu^  accusation.  The  formal  decision  was  not  readied 
until  17'Jj)  after  the  padre  had  I'utircd  to  Mexico;    but  be  iutoreeded  with 


AXNALS  OF  SANTA  CLAP.  A.  723 

stay  in  Culifoniiu  was  a,  jn"*'}'  to  that  po^niliar  liypo- 
<'hondria  wliicli  aftbctcil  so  many  of  the  early  mission- 
aries, amountin;^  at  the  last  almost  to  insanity.  It 
is  possible  that  in  his  case  this  condition  was  agj^ra- 
vatcd  by  serious  Imt  unfounded  charu'es  of  haviiiL,' 
killed  two  Indian  boys  by  ill-treatment.  The  suc- 
cessors  in    the    ministrv   were    IMairin   Catala,"'  and 

*■'  ~ 

Manuel  Fernandez,  but  the  latter  served  only  a  year, 
being  accused  of  excessive^  severity  toward  the  natives, 
and  then  came  Jose  Viader.  For  three  decades  I 
shall  have  no  further  changes  in  ministers  to  record 
at  Santa  Clara. 

In  1800  this  mission  had  a  larger  neophyte  popula- 
tion than  any  other  in  California,  showing  a  gain  I'roni 
027  to  1,247,  baptisms  having  numbered  2,288,  and 
deaths  1,082,  so  that  a  margin  of  nearly  300  is  left 
for  runaways.  The  baptisms  in  1794  had  been  500, 
and  235  in  1796  had  been  the  laigest  number  of  deaths. 
Live-stock,  large  and  small,  had  increased  to  about 
5,000  each,  Santa  Clara  being  l)ehind  San  Francisco 
in  this  respect,  and  barely  equal  in  agricultural  pro- 
ducts, which  in  1800  amounted  to  4,200  bushels.  The 
best  crop  was  8,300  bushels  in  1797,  the  woi'st  3,200 
in  1792,  the  average  being  4,000  bushels.    Wheat  was 

the  authorities  in  behalf  of  his  Indian  accusers,  who  were  released  after  puh- 
licly  apologizing  ti  the  ministei's  for  tlicir  attempt  to  hriiijj;  dishonor  on  the 
ordtT.  I'lesidcnt  Lasucn  iu  ^lay  17!I4  spoke  of  his  condition  as  lieing  jiitia- 
Ide,  for  lie  iuid  became  emaciated,  talked  to  liiniself,  appealed  cfnistantly 
afraid,  and  sliowc.'d  other  symptoms  wliieh  I'aiised  fears  that  lie  niiglit  lose 
his  reason.  I'efla  had  a  patent  as  jne-sident  in  ease  of  aei;ident  to  Lasuen. 
See  Arr/i.  Sta.  liirrbani,  MS.,  x.  l.H),  'JS!I;  xi.  .">•_',  L'-JO,  124(1;  xii.  4:{(i;  Std 
<'lar(t,  L'lh.  lie  Mis'ion,  MS.;  <S7rt  Crir.,  Lih.  dr  M'i<hiii,  MS,,  10;  Avch.  Ai^.n- 
his/iadd,  MS.,  i.  ;{();  I'l-or.  l!i<\,  ]MS.,  iii.  ;;.■{-.");  iv.  'i:\X\  I'l-ur.  ,Sf.  /'tijK,  Hm. 
Mil.,  MS.,  xix.  (J;  and  Pti'iii.  Carjo  ih-  //onii'ii/in  vmilrii  el  I'dilrc  T<iiiui-i  ili-  la, 
Peiia,  178(1-!)."),  ^IS.  (>f  J)iego  de  >i"olioa  nolhing  is  known  sa\e  that  he  ar- 
rived at  San  Francisco  from  ]\Iexieo  on  .Tune  2,  17S."!,  reiiiaineil  uiiattaclied  at 
San  Francisco  and  Santa  Clara  until  .Iiiiie  17>S4,  when  he  became  minister  of 
the  latter  nussion  and  continued  to  serve  there  until  he  sailed  with  liis  asso- 
ciate on  Aug,  II,  1704. 

^" Sept  ;■{,  I7'.K),  Borica  says  that  it  is  repoi-ted  that  Catahi  has  tlireatrned 
the  comanilante  of  San  .Tos(5  to  destroy  the  houses  if  he  admits  Christian 
natives  to  the  inieblo.  He  does  not  believe  any  such  reports.  Mairin  is  a  friar, 
not  a  Kobesjnerre.  Prov.  liir.,  MS.,  vi.  l(J!>-70.  .Tan.  7,  17'.>7,  15.  ordei's 
Moraga  and  Vallejo  to  give  satisfaction  to  Catalii  for  their  rudeness,  and  asks 
the  padre  to  bear  a  little  with  the  manners  of  men  \\  ho  wei'e  not  educated  'cu 
cl  colegio  dc  nobles  ni  eu  elKomuuo.'  /(/.,  vi.  179-80. 


724 


LOCAL  FA'ENTS-SAN  FRANflSfO  DISTRICT. 


tlio  leading  prodiu-t,  uiid  no  Inirli'V  was  riiiscd  as  a 
rule.'^"* 

Vancouver  describes  the  mission  l)uiIdinL,'s  as  on 
tlie  same  general  |)lan  as  at  San  Francisco,  I'cu'niing 
an  incomplete  scjnare  of  about  100  by  170  i'rrt.  T\\o 
structnrcs  were  somewliiit  superior  to  tliose  of  San 
I'r.'uicisco,  the  church  being  l»>ng,  lol'ty,  and  as  well 
built  as  the  rude  materials  would  permit.  The  up]ter 
stories,  or  garrets,  of  the  buildings  and  some  of  the 
lower  rooms  were  used  as  granaries,  and  there  wi  ro 
also  two  detached  storehouses  recently  erected.  ( *loso 
to  the  })a(h'es'  house  ran  a  fine  stream  of  water,  but 
in  order  to  be  near  this  stream  the  site  had  l>een 
selected  in  a  low  marshy  spot  only  a  lew  hundred 
yards  from  dr}^  and  comfortable  eminences.'^'''  ]n  I'act. 
this  very  year  of  17'.)2  the  friars  had  been  conlined 
for  a  long  time  to  their  house  by  a  flood,  i.nd  it  had 
been  resolved  to  movelhe  mission  buildings  some  Mvu 
hundred  yards  to  higher  ground.""  There  is  no  further 
direct  record  of  the  removal,  and  it  is  not  likely  f  luit 
the  new  church  was  ever  moved,  but  a  report  of  1797 
that  the  ministers'  houses,  guard-room,  storehouse, 
and  soldiers'  dwellings  had  been  completed  indicates 
a  transfer  of  such  buildings  as  were  on  the  lowest 
ground."^     The  church  had  a  roof  of  tiles  and  had 

'^'Supplies  funiislietl  to  l^Iontcroy  in  1795.  $1,430;  to  R.  Francisco,  $212; 
to  Monterey  in  1790,  82,147;  in  1798,  ^SOO.  ]n  iJuLcnilar  1797  liad  a  draft 
from  Argiiello  for  S1,<»4U.  Ordered  it  Lill  of  ><oods  of  ):'4,0(H)  from  Me.xico. 
J'rcr.  SI.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvi.  2();(,  200;  xvii.  02;  J'r.(a\  7,Vr.,  MS.,  v.  7().  Fur- 
nislicd  supplies  to  San  Ciirlos  in  tbe  hard  year  of  I79.">.  Arch.  Sid  Jliirlntni, 
M.S.,  ii.  229-;{0.  liean  crop  failed  in  179.'),  Vaisin;;  price  from  !i<2..")0  to  S.">..')0. 
I'riii.  St.  }\ip.,  MS.,  xvii.  (i7-8.  Tlie  fcjlhnviiig  items  are  from  A'aneonver's 
otwervationa  in  1792.  Many  thoiusand  Imsliel.s  of  dill'erent  urai\is  in  utore. 
Hemp  and  flax  succeed  ■well.  M'^heat  yields  2.")  .and  30  fold.  ]5arley  and  oats 
not  raised  l)eea\ise  the  superior  grain  could  l)e  produced  with  the  same  lahor. 
In  tlie  garden  were  peaches,  apricots,  apples,  pears,  ligs  an<l  vines,  though 
the  latter  do  not  Uourisli.  Iiumeiise  hei'ds  of  cattle;  24  o.XlU  killed  every 
Saturday  for  food.      Vfuirniir(  /•'.•<  I'viiatji',  n.,  19-24. 

''•'  I'lnicuiirer'a  Vot/ai/c,  ii.,  18,  19. 

•■■"June  30,  1792,  Sal  to  Arrillaga,  in  .SV.  P„p.,  Sar.,  MS.,  iii.,  23.  May  28, 
1791,  Fages  to  Komeu,  the  padres  arc  forming  a  new  establishment  Prvv, 
■Si.  J'np.,  MS.,  X.  150. 

«>Aug.  17,  1790,  Amador  to  r>orica,  in  Pror.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xv.,  170-1. 
The  padres'  houses  had  8  rooms  of  5  yds.  each ;  guard-iions»>,  8  x  5 ;  store- 
liouse,  5  yds.  square ;  5  soldiers'  bouses,  each  5^  yds.    There  was  also  a  corral 


SANTA  CLARA.  7-2o 

been  lrii<;(hcnc(l  twenty-four  feet  in  1705.  At  the 
time  of  Vancouver's  visit  some  of  the  niitivcs  were 
at  work  on  tuloho  liouscs  lor  themselves.  Fourtc^en 
of  thc>se  clweliiiin's,  tli.itched,  were  coniplcited  in  I7l);{, 
nini^  more  in  17*J1,  and  before  17l).S  nearly  all  tin; 
married  neo|)hytes  were  thus  aeeonunoilated."^  The 
cloth  woven  at  Santa  Clara  seemed  to  Vancouver  of 
a  better  ((uality  than  at  San  Francisco.  In  17'.)'J  two 
thousand  hides  were  tanned,  but  veiy  few  of  them 
«'ould  be  sold.  ^Mij^uel  Samirador  was  the  master 
tanner  and  sjioemaker;  Cayetano  Lo[)ez  the  master 
car|)euter  and  mill-maker.  It  does  not  appear  that 
there  was  any  water-power  mill  either  at  Santa  Clara 
or  San  Jose  before  1800."=^ 


Hn  y<ls.  8(iii;iro  with  walls  0  feet  high,  built  of  stout  tiinhcrs  nnil  atlobca  da 
Cdjoii. 

"■^  ]»csi(l(>s  eiilai';;ing  tho  church,  a  trench  was  diif,'  in  170.5,  half  a  Icau'U" 
Ions;,  nine  feet  wiiie,  lunl  live  feet  deep.  iS7.  ]'(i/>.,  Mi^n.,  MS.,  ii.  7^,  l'_'"_'. 
Ailuliu  iiouscH  for  iicoiijiytcs.  /'/.,ii.  l(i,  I'l'.i.  la  IT'.'S  they  sccni  to  huvo  liail 
tile  rodfn.  Argiielli>'s  report  in  Pror.  St.  /V'/'.,  MS.,  xvii.  .5!l-()().  (liiiuil- 
liousi)  linislu'd  in  17!Hi.  I'ruv.  Iter.,  MS.,  v.  !)'J.  Vancouver  was  whown  ))y 
Pcfia  a  pouileroiiH  l>laek  stone  which  was  to  liu  used  for  liuilding  and  for  mill 
stones  as  soon  as  any  one  could  l>o  found  eapal)le  of  workiiiL,'  it.    I  o//";/'',  ii.  .'!."). 

'^  An-h.  Sla  jHU-hurn,  MS.,  ii.  7--  :>;  St.  J'n/i.,  Sdi:.,  MS.,  ii.  it,  10;  I'r<,r. 
St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xxi.  rJS-1).  Auj,'.  1707, '"'/.s^-^,* made  at  San  Jose  for siiiudini; 
wheat.  Priio.  Ilir.,  MS.,  iv.  '2.')l{.  A])ril  18,  I7!H),  IJorica  orders  \'alieji)  to 
seek  Kiiitalde  stones  for  u  mill;  but  ou  Muy  'Jd  he  Mas  directed  to  suspend  tho 
work,  id.,  vi.  187- S. 


CHAPTER    XXXIII. 


CLOSK  OF  IJORICA'S  RULE. 


1800. 


End  of  a  Di'cadi'.  am>  Cr.NTrnY— Hoihca's  I'oi.icv  and  CirAi!A<'ri;i!  -  Tsru-s- 
TitiAL  ]?i;vivAi,— ruriTi,Kss  Kffduts— (JovKiiNoit's  Rf.i-aiions  with 
FuiAKa,  Soi.iMF.ns,  Nkoi'iiytfs,  AM)  Skiti.kus-^ICffoui's  fur  I'uomo- 

TION — A  lvMl!iri'OFSANTl\(l(» — Ka.MII.V  Ji  F.I.A'lldN.S  —  LI'.AVK  OF  A  I'.iSF.MK, 

DKrAUTruF,  anp  J)f.ath — Auiai.r.AdA  am.  .Ai,iii;um  in  ('om;mami — Lisi- 

OF  SfJ'ONDAKV   AFTIIOUn'IF.S   ON    I'IaULY   CaUFOKNIA   lIlSTOliV  -  l,ISl' of 
InIIAIMTANI'S  of  CaI.IFOKNJA  FliOM  17()!)  TO  ISOO. 

TiiK  rulii  of  ]^i('<v()  (1(>  liorica  iVoin  170  1  t(t  IHOO 
wns  ;i  jK'i'iod  rnthoi'  of  pi'imri'ss,  or  ol"  (>J]oii  toward 
])roi^rcss,  than  of  (n'ciits.  (iioiiii^  heyoiid  (lir  routine: 
(liitios  ol"  liis  ])ositi<>n,  thi)  governor  <l('\-ot('d  liiinsoU' 
fait Id'ully  and  intelliu^ontly  to  tlic  ncni'ial  advanciMuont 
ol"  his  province.  No  one  of  (JaliloiMiia's  i'ew  classes  of 
inhabitants  was  sho'hted  or  specially  fas'ored.  Mis- 
sitMiaries,  neophytes,  ])anans,  soldiers,  and  setllers, 
each  receivt>d  sympathy,  cncouraovnunt,  and  aid  from 
tlu^  i;'oV(>rnnuMit.  No  industry  or  institution  was 
neiilci'tcd.  jNlissions  and  ]iuchl()s,  conversion  and 
colonization,  a<4i'icu!tur(>  and  trade,  civil  and  iiiilitary 
and  ecclesiastical  _i;'overnmeid.,  all  reci'i\ed  close  atten- 
tion. ^IMio  neopliyt'S  were  the  wcakt>st  class  juid 
I'lH'civcd  th(>  most  sympath\  ;  the  padres  were  the 
stronii'cst  and  reijuii'ed  least  ])rotection;  the  setthn's 
were  the  most  dillicnlt  to  manaijce  and  I'eceived  atten- 
tion pro[)  /tionatc  to  the  magnitude  of  interests  in- 
volved in  the  future  ])rosperity  of  the  country.  If 
the  rc^sults  of  .l)orit'a's  eiforts  as  presented  in  the  pre- 
ceding'   chaiiters    were    sliijht    and    unsatisfactorv   in 

( IM  1 


Tin-:  (i()vi:RXOR's  ciiaractkr. 


niniiy  I'l'Sju-cIs  as  Nifwcd  IVoni  an  Aiij^lo-iViiicrlcan 
staii(l|toiiit,  this  fact  was  due  to  iiilici'ciiidilliciilt  ics  in 
tlic  ])r<>I)lrnis  ])r('S('ni('(l  for  solution,  to  tlic  spiiit  of 
the  times,  to  the  iiJituiH;  of  the  raw  inuterial  hoth 
iiat've  and  foreign,  I'athei'  than  to  IJoiica's  sliorltcMn- 
ings  o"  to  inade(juate  royal  provisions.  J  )on  l)i»'i;() 
^va.s  n  )t  a  genius;  lir  was  u  ])rrid(!nt,  sciisihlc  man, 
lionest  {ind  zealous  in  ilie  diseharii't!  of  his  jjuhhc 
(hitics. 

I  ]ia\r  ali'eady  noted  ]]oi'i('a's  arrival  with  his  fam- 
ily at  jjori'to,  and  in  the  autunm  of  J  7!)4,at  AIoiitei(  y. 
Fortunately  a  quantity  of  his  ])rivate  letteis  or  hlot- 
ters  o!' tlic  same,  were  left  in  ( *alifoi'nia  and  lia\c  hccii 
])i'('scrvt'd  in  the  arehives  t^iNiiiL;-  us  a,  hrief  glance  at 
the  man  in  his  jirivatc  capacity,  as  an  a^i'ecahlc  com- 
])anion,  a  Ixm  clrnnt,  jovial  and  witty.  'I'lic  letters 
also  i^'ave  us  ]>oiMca,'s  early  impr(;ssions  of  (.'alifornia, 
enthusiastically  euloi^i/ed  as  the  hest,  country  in  tlie 
world  in  which  to  live;  loiii;'  iuid  well.'  l^nlortunately 
the  i^'oveiMior  took  hetti'i'  care  <if  |>ri\at(^  cori'cspond- 
ence  in  later  yeais,  and  fi'om  tlu^  lie^imiini^' of  17'.).") 
his  individuality  is  well  ni^h  sunk  in  the  e-encr;  lilies 
of  ojlicial  coimnniiications,  which  neNcrt lieless  con- 
timie  to  show  tlu;  n'ootl-humor,  kindness  of  heail, 
sym[)athy  for  all  sutferint;",  in\arial»le  coui'te.-y,  and 
hnsin-.'ss-like  n'ood  sense  which  always  charactei'i/ed 
the  man."  J  lis  I'clations  \\\\\\  tin;  IViars  were  always 
frii'udly  and  mutually  respectfid.  At.  the  lirsj,  lie 
assured  I'resident  Lasuen  of  his  desire  to  a\oi(|  .ill 
cent  I'ovei'sy  lietween  the  seculai"  and  the  mis>i(inary 
ant  hoi'ities,  a,  desir(>  reciprocated  hy  J.,asuen,"' and  suh- 
secjueiitly    kejit   in    view    hy    both    jiarties.      Lasuen 

*  Sec  cliiqjtrr  xxv.  of  tlii.s  vulniiu'. 

'■*<  iiiri'iM.  ill  '/'tii//iir'--<  J>i-<riii\  mi'l  Foiniil.,  \i>.  "J."),  ii.  M.">,  sikmUs  of  rmrica 
as  not  liUt'il  liy  tlic  |m(i)i1('  mi  .■uiniiiit  of  liis  .still' :iiiil  fniinMl  iiiiiiiiii  is;  Imt 
tlicrc  is  nothing;  in  (oiitciiiiHirjii y  records  to  .sljow  tliiit  sucli  m;is  the  IVi  1- 
iiii;  to\v;ir(l  liiiii.  Itoiiicro,  .Miniiiriiis,  MS.,  LS,  s|ic;iks  of  iiiiii  ,is  iiotcil  for 
kiiiiliicss  iiiid  couvti'sy  in  iiis  inti  rci  iiisc  \\  jtli  siiiionlin.'itr.s,  tlioii^li  iir\ cr  ]irr- 
niittiiiir  neglect  of  iliity  to  ]i,iss  iiniilinUcd. 

^Ari-li.  .'nrjiliis/iiiilo.  MS.,  i.  ,",((.  ^■ct  in  \~'.H  tlu'  lii>lio|i  of  |)m;ii;i'o  in  ii 
letter  to  1\h'  viceroy  li:id  s|ioUi  n  \  eiy  liitli  ily  imd  wirciisticidly  of  lloriciiH 
iiii.ssioji  policy  in  tliu  I'mvinciiis  interna^,   i'iiiaii,  Col.  Jjvc,  MiS.,  7. 


728 


CLOSE  OF  BORICA'S  RULE. 


often  <lo(Mnc(l  Borica  too  inucli  disposed  to  lieir  and 
credit  tlie  complaints  of  lyini^  neopliytes,  but  no 
i!oticenl>]t;  coohu'ss  ensned.  Still  IJorica's  success  in 
niaintaininnf  liarnionv  \vitli  tlie  i)adres  should  not  bo 
c()nij)arcd  with  the  failure  of  his  [)redeccssors  to  tlieir 
dis;i(lvantn<ve;  for  to  a  certain  extent  that  success 
resulted  from  the  fact  that  Xeve  and  Fuges  had  fought 
the  battle,  and  the  missionai'ics  hatl  learned  iVom  ex- 
])eriencc  that  it  was  not  wise  as  yet  to  renew  the 
contlict. 

I  find  no  evidence  that  Borica  ever  left  the  caj)ital 
durino-  his  rule  of  six  \'ears,  thoutj'h  it  is  not  uidikely 
tluit  he  may  ha\'e  visited  San  Jose  and  Sail  Francisco. 
In  -July  17!)4,  bef(jre  coming  north,  he  sent  a  petition 
to  the  king  for  [)romotion,  and  in  October  1795  received 
his  connnission  as  colonel  of  cavalry.*  In  these  early 
years  he  also  cherished  the  hope  of  still  further  })r()- 
motion  to  a  generalship,  or  at  least  to  thi-  governorship 
of  Sonora,  ]3urango,  or  Zacatecas.  3\>  this  end  ho 
s(Mit  large  sums  of  money  to  Spnin  to  be  used  at  court, 
but  his  agent  ]\[iranda  seems  to  h;)ve  spent  the  money 
to  no  })ur[)ose.''  lie  seems  to  have  been  a  man  of 
wealth,  or  at  all  events  his  wife,  ])ona  ]\Iaria  ]\Iagda- 
lena  de  I'rciuides,  had  lari^e  estates  in  Nueva  Vizcavn.*' 
Bein!>'  a  kniiiht  t)f  tlie  oicler  of  Santia^'o  he  acted  on 
l\lay  a,  179G,  as  grand  master  at  the  initiation  of  the 
Spanish  naval  ollicer  Don  Bamon  de  Saavedia,  at 
]\Ionterev.     President  Lasueii   served   as  prelate  on 

*  I'mr.  A'"'.,  :MS..  v.  71;  vi.  '2(1;  Pror.  ,9/.  Pap.,  MS.,  xi.  MI7:  xiii.  .-);.; 
xiv.  'J!t:  xvii.  "_'.  I'l'uvioiis  to  lii.s  ;\pi)(piiitiiit'iit  as  ydvi'iiior  lu'  li.iil  hicu  inl- 
jutjiiiL-iiispcctor  ill  (.'liiliiiainui,  liis  pay  in  that  position  luimiug  tu  ilay  i;i, 
17SI4.     /</.,  xii.  174. 

•'  I'ror.  SI.  l'„i,.,  MS.,  xxi.  L'OO,  LM.VKi.  2-2-2  4.  221. 

''  /'/•!//'.  J'<i\,  MS.,  vi.  124.  lli.s  wit'o  ami  (lauj;Iitci',  a  bcanty  of  10,  wore 
vi'iy  po[)ular.  (I'airii,  in  y'di/lor'-'^  Jtlsror.riiH/  F'iiniil.,J\t}.  2.1,  11.  .losr  Maria 
Koniiro,  M<  nitiriiis,  MS.,  ])S,  i^ay.s  ISotiia  liail  a.  son  of  tiu;  aj^o  of  alniiit  I."), 
whom  ill'  kni'W,  and  wliosi^  nann-  lie  tliinks  \v,is  Cosnio.  lie  may  inilcid  luivo 
1i;h1  a  son,  for  ji-'  wrote  to  tlie  jii'esiilent  on  .liily  2."(,  17'.'"'.  tliat  liis  wife  was 
ulioiit  to  lnar  him  'iin  Californico  o  una  < 'ulitdrnien,'  Pruv.  Ii'(<\,  MS.,  vi. 
1  17.  hut  lie  eould  not  have  lieeii  ].")  years  oM  in  Califoinia.  lie  had  a  sister, 
IJernarda  de  Ijuiiea,  m  ^'ieforia,  proxinee  of  Alava,  Spain,  lii.s  native  plaee; 
and  he  sent  her,  April  27,  17'.t'").  a  hill  of  exchange  fur  lOo  pounils  sterling. 
Pror.  SI.  PuiK,  MS.,  xxi.  210,  225. 


rREPAKATIOXS  FOR  DEPARTURE. 


7-'0 


that  occasion,  and  It  was  probably  the  only  ceremony 
of  the  kind  that  cvn  occurred  in  CahforniaJ 

In  April  1799  G()vernor  Borica  applied  to  tlie  vice- 
roy for  leave  of  absence  to  recuperate  his  health.    He 
said   he  had  served  thirty-six  years,  twenty-five  of 
which  had  been  spent  in  active    canii)aigns  a^■ainst 
Indian  tribes  and  in  tours  of  inspection  of  presidios, 
niining-canips,  and  other  settlements  in  the  Provincias 
Internas.       Journey inijfs    a<_*'i;rc<xatin<jf   ten    thousand 
four  hundred  and  seventy-five  leagues  almost  exclu- 
sively on  horseback  had  given  rise  to  a  malady  which 
demanded  medical  treatment.     Either  a  leave  of  ab- 
sence or  a  permanent  transfer  to  an  easier  position  in 
New  Spain  would  be  satisfactory  as  he  had  no  wisli 
to  return  to  Spain.     The  result  wiis  a  grant  of  eight 
months'  leave  signed  b}'  the  viceroy  in  June  and  made 
known  in  California  in  September.'^     The  document 
l)rovided  that  Arrillaga,  remaining  at  Loreto,  should 
be  governor  ad  interim,  wliile  Alberni,  presumably  by 
virtue  of  his  seniority  of  military  rank  over  Arrillaga, 
wns  to  take  the  position  of  comandanto  do  armas  for 
Alta  California.     It  was  the  governor's  intention  to 
depart  in  October,  but  he  was  delayed  by  new  orders 
from   ^lexico   until  the  beuinninu"  of  the  next  year. 
The  viceroy  instrufited  him,  owing  to  the  hostile  atti- 
tude of  British  vessels  in  the   Pacific,  not  t(»  avail 
himself  of  his  leave  of  absence  "until  the  aspect   of 
things  should  change."'' 

The  dd  of  January  1800  Borica  announced  his  in- 
tention to  depart  on  the  12th  or  15th,  and  the  com- 
mandants were   notified  to  publish  the  accession  of 


i 


'  .S7.  P"p.,  S'ir.,  :\IS.,  vi.  84-.-);  Pnn:  Sf.  Pap.,  IJni.  Mil.,  MS.,  xxlii.  :?. 

^April  1,  1T»".',  li<iiic;i  to  vireroy,  in  J'rov.  J!er.,  MS.,  vi.  l'_':;-4.  Sept. 
loth,  ]5.  to  Arrill,i_a.  iMln'iui,  iiiul  tln'  ciiuuiiaiidimts.  Pior.  Sf.  ]'■!/>.,  .MS., 
xvii.  ;il.S;  /'/.,  Jkii.  Mil.,  xxiv.  !•_>;  Prnr.  Uvc,  MS.,  iv.  17+-."..  ^..v.  Mh, 
Arnll:i(,'a's  ivply.   Pvor.  .V.  yV;).,MS.,  xvii.  "JDl. 

"■July  I!,  ]7!H»,  viceroy  to  Jiuiica.  I'roe.  St.  Pap.,  MS.,  xvii.  ;!ll.  Dec, 
,Slst,  tin:  \'.  Iv.  or(li'ri;<l  him  to  use  iiis  own  (lisiictiou  as  to  the  nccil  ot  hi.s 
jirusciiL'c  ill  < 'alit'oriiia.  »S7.  }'<tp.,  S<ir  ,  MS,,  iv.,  7.'!;  luit  tlii.s  coiiiimmication 
cotilil  not  have  liicii  re  ctivid  Ijvloru  U.'h  ili^iarture,  ami  possibly  the  preui.'diiiu; 
ciiu  also  laikil  to  arrive. 


730 


CLOSE  OF  KORICA'S  RULE. 


Arrillaixa  and  Alberiii.^"  On  the  lOtli  of  the  same 
month  liu  sailed  on  the  Conccpcion  from  San  Diego 
with  liis  family,  Captain  (jlrajera,  and  four  retirinjji; 
])adrcs.  Grajera,  as  we  liave  seen,  died  two  days  out 
from  port;  of  Colonc;!  ]Jorica  after  his  de[)arturc!  wo 
know  only  by  a  brief  note  in  a  subseciuent  comnmni- 
eation  of  the  viceroy  that  he  died  at  Dui-ango  July 
19,  1800/'  January  IGth,  the  date  of  BoriV-a's  •  de- 
})arture  fi'om  California,  may  bo  regarded  as  the  day 
M'hen  vVrrillaga's  third  term  of  rule  ad  ihtcrha  began. 
There  wei-e  no  events  connected  with  his  rule  fur  the 
rest  of  1800  that  require  mention  here. 

A  Spanish  account  of  California  published  in  1790, 
though  relating  chiefly  to  the  peninsula,  contains  a 
tolerably  complete  and  accurate  sketch  of  the  nortli- 
orn  establishments;  and  the  instructions  left  by  A'ice- 
roy  Azanza  to  his  successor  in  1800  contain  frequent 
allusions  to  Californian  affairs  and  have  already  been 
cited  on  special  topics.'"  It  will  have  been  noticed 
that  my  foot-notes  form  an  index  of  authorities  on 
each  succesive  phase  of  the  historic  record— 11  lat  is 
of  original  authorities  in  manuscript  and  ])riiit;  but  I 
have  not  deemed  it  best  or  worth  the  sj>ace  re(|uired 
to  extend  this  indexing  process  to  the  secondary 
authorities.     Seven  eiu'hths  of  the  events  recorded  in 


'Miiii.  .•?,  isnn,  Borioa  to  coiiimaiiduits.  Prov.  liec,  Jkl.S.,  iv.  114.  Miiv.li 
r)tli,  (iuyL'oL'clK'ii  tii.\rrilhigii.  I'roc.  St.  l'(tp.,  MS.,  xviii.  •2;i-4.  ^larcli  Stii, 
AiTillaga  and  Albcrni  ordered  to  be  recognized  by  Sal.  S.  Jusr,  Arru.,  MS., 
iii.  iTl. 

"Departure  on  tlio  Conrcpcioii.  Prov.  St.  Pup.,  MS.,  xxi.  .SO;  Prni\  Iker., 
MS.,  xii.  I.  lie  seems  to  iiavo  gone  to  San  Diego  by  land  after  .Jan.  M,  or 
at  least  sueli  had  Ijeen  his  )ilan  in  Sejitenibei',  w  hen  Sal  had  sent  an  orth'r  to 
SanJoije  for  paek-aniinals  tor  the  governor's  jonrney.  .S'.  Joxr  An-h..  vi.  4;{. 
Notice  of  lioriea's  death  in  \' .  U."s  eoniuiiiniiation  of  .(\ugust  14tli.  St.  Pup., 
Sac,  MS.,  ix.  70;  I'ini/f.t,  IitnlnicrUnii:<,  "JOl.  In  a  letti'r  of  Tadro  Curti'S 
from  Mexico  ■.iiited  April  1st,  the  \".  U.  is  said  to  have  advised  tlie  king  to 
continno  IJorica  in  olli<'e  in  ('alifornia  for  live  years  longci-.  Anh.  St'i  lln'r- 
hard,  MS.,  xii.  .'JOT.  'J'hei'e  is  a  vague  reference  to  a  settler  who  was  seveieiy 
piinishi  d  for  an  attemi)t  to  take  IJorieas  life.  (iov.  to  V.  11.,  Deo.  ■"),  1800. 
J'l-or.  S/.   Pup.,  jNIS.,  x;v1.  oO. 

'■' Cali/aniiu,  in  l'i(i<iirv  (Kl)  Uun-irxal,  6  NotUhi.  dil  MidkIo  Aiitiijiiii  y 
ynoro.  Ol/ni  irrojiniulu  dr  /o.t  in(jiirf'i  viaijcro.i  par  /).  J'.  /,'.  /'.  MadricI, 
1700.  torn.  xNvi.  I  ISO.  See  also  au  article  ou  California  in  C'(t/((,c/i('/((,  7'(7c- 
<jr(i/o  M.-.c,  00-103. 


SECONDARY  AUTIIOPaTIES. 


731 


this  and  the  followiiiiL,^  volumes  arc  licre  lueiitioncd  for 
the  first  time;  but  the  other  eighth  liave  been  often 
rc})eatc(l  on  the  autliority  of  l*ah)u,  the  old  voyagers, 
and  a  few  documents,  by  modern  writers.  The  works 
of  such  writers  I  have  fully  studied  and  utilized,  eitiiig 
them  whenever  there  has  been  any  reason  tor  so 
doing,  but  have  not,  as  before  stated,  gi\en  a  com- 
plete index  in  ni\'  notes.  Omitting  many  books  that 
contain  a  superlicial  account  of  i^arly  events  or  a  mere 
reference  to  them,  I  ap})end  in  a  note  a  list  ol"  works 
that  have  some  merit,  many  of  them  standard  works 
of  real  and  recognized  value,  as  the  reader  will  see  at 
a  glance.  They  are  grouped  here  as  secondary 
authorities  only  because  on  tlye  earliest  period  of  his- 
tory they  add  nothinijc  to  the  oriirinal  records  in  my 
collection. ^•'^ 

Having  tlius  roachetl  the  end  of  the  decade  and 
century,  I  close  my  first  volume  of  California's  annals 
with  a  list  containing  the  names  of  over  1,700  male 
inhabitants  of  the  |)rovince  down  to  tlie  year  ]  SOO. 
Tlie  names  have  been  collected  with  great  care  and 
labor  from  mission  registers  of  baptisms,  niarriages, 
and  deatlis;  from  company  rosn-rs,  pueblo  ^>f7(.//'<//<c.s', 
and  from  thousands  of  miscelltineouw  documents  in 
the  archi\es.  'J'hat  the  list  is  absolutely  complete 
and  accurate  I  cannot  pretend,  for  a  i'cw  of  the  regis- 
ters have  been  lost,  and  some   names,  especially  of 

'M/rarf(('o,  7//'.-/.  Cal.,  MS.;  BarthtCs  Pirson.  Xai:;  Brnivur.i  L'^inr 
CriL;  Jlu.-iii>ii(iii/i',Siijiliiiiiiilo;  ('til.,  J'd.tt,  I'itsi  nf,  dr.;  (Jajiron's  lli.-'t.  Cii/.; 
Cniiiisi-'.'i  2\''if.  IWali/i;  Dicrioimrii)  Unlvirxul:  J>ir'niilles  Cul.  Ilixl.  S.  J'.: 
J'iinilia!)i\'<  J.ife  in  ('((I.;  I'urlji.s'  llittt.  dil.;  Friijud,  l,u  ('iififnniic;  llmi- 
Mdiiii,  Cul'forhii  ii;  J/niii.-i'  Ki))i<innit  J^vIli;  J/<iiii:.i^  Mission  Uii'jt<;  //"//r-.' 


tijira;  Jifuiddl/i/i'.i  (.h-dlhui;  Ii'i/aii,  in  (lulibii  Km;  SIhii'k  ('tilh.  M i ■<■■<}( hik; 
S/nicL\-i  Col.  ,>n-(i/i-liii()l:.  ■i'o»/';'.s'  ^\  innils  cj' .S.  /'.;  Siilil  1/  .]/<  xlniiia,  lidif: 
'Jtn/lur,  in  J'riniii  )\  jiiid  Jiii/li/in;  'J'nylnr'.i  J)i.<iir.  (iml  Jniimli  r.i;  'I'lii/liir'.t 
Oil'iKi  anil  Eiiih;  Tiilhiir>i  Ili^t.  Cul.:  Viilliju\:  llht.  Cul.,  .MS.;  I  ;>.'■/„ /s 
.Mifstoii.'^  ('/  Cul.  Alsc)  40  Of  ;")()  county  liistoiiiH  jiuMislieil  \\itliiii  llio  piist 
ten  \ears ;  juid  iimminux  iie\v.s]iii|ii'r  unities,  os]ii!ciiilly  in  .V.  /•'.  Jinlldin, 
Call,  and  Al'ii,  and  Sdirdiinnli)  Uiiiiin.  'J'liiTc  is  liiu'dly  a  jiai«r  in  tin;  .statu 
that  liun  not  i)uljlit<hcil  sunit.'.  valualilu  uiutttT  widi  nnicli  of  no  xuliR'. 


732 


CLOSE  OF  BORICA'S  RULE. 


children,  in  the  hiter  years,  arc  tlierefore  missing. 
Again  some  of  the  persons  mentioned  in  connection 
with  the  earhest  expedition,  especially  those  to  whom 
no  special  occupation  is  assigned,  never  came  to  Alta 
California  at  all,  or  only  came  as  vaqueros  or  escorts 
to  return  iimned lately.  Another  source  of  error  is 
the  uniformity  of  Spanish  given  names  and  the  fact 
that  men  were  known  at  ditfercnt  times  by  dilferent 
names  or  combination  of  names  to  avoid  confusion; 
hence  there  is  no  doubt  that  m}^  list  contains  a  certain 
number  of  repetitions.  Yet  it  may  well  be  doubted 
if  so  complete  a  list  of  the  earliest  inhabitants  can  be 
formed  for  any  other  state  of  the  United  States  or 
]\lexico.  j\Iy  attempts  at  chronology  are  limited  to 
the  separation  of  the  names  into  four  classes,  [)utting 
each  person  in  the  class  in  which  his  name  first  appears 
in  the  records.  Number  1  includes  the  earliest  pio- 
neers who  came  hi  17G9-73;  number  2  those  of 
1774-80;  number  3  those  of  1780-90;  and  number  .4 
those  of  1790-1800. 

Inuabita>'t.  of  California,  1709-1800. 


Al)cllfi,  riaiiion,  pailrc.^ 

AcL'l)0(lii,  J-'nuicisco  Ant.,  soldier.' 

AcL'l)oil(>,  .](>s(''  AutDiiio,  .soldier.* 

Acelicdo,  Julian,  .soldier.* 

Acedo,  Jose,  .settler.* 

Aeeve.s,  Antonio,  eliilil.' 

Aeeves,  JusA  Mmiii,  ehild.' 

Aeeves,  Antonio  (4)uiterio,  soldier.' 

Aeevea,  I'.ablo,  .soldier.* 

Aeosta,  Ant(jnio,  Koldier.' 

Aeosta,  .Tost'',  Cat.  vol.* 

Aguiar,  I'lnneiseo.' 

Aguila,  Jose,  .settler.* 

Ayuila,  Juan  .Tosi'^,  child.* 

Aguilar,  Franeiseo  Javier.* 

Aguilar,  I^uLs  Antonio.' 

Alaiiis,  Antonio,  oliild.' 

Alaiis,  Kugeino  ^l'ieolas,  eluld.* 

Ala-  is,  Isiilro. ' 

Alanis.  M/ixinio,  soldier.' 

Alari,  .los(',  Cat.  vol.* 

AUieiui,  IV'dro,  lientenant-colonel.* 

Ale;Uit.\l'.i,  I'edro,  mason.* 

Alegre,  Antonio,  soldier.'' 

Alegna,  Norberto,  suldier.' 


Alipiis.  Juan  'N.,  soldier.* 
Altamirano,  Jos6  Antonio,  soldier.' 
Altamirano,  Liieas  Domingo,  child.* 
Altamirano,  .loso  jMarcos,  child.* 
Altamirano, J iisto  Itobeito,  soldier,* 
Altamirano,  l^ueas,  soldier.* 
Altamii'ami,  ,]uan,  soldier.* 
Alvarado,  Juan  J).' 
Alvarado,  IJeinardino.' 
Alvarado,  Ignaeio,  soldier.* 
AlvarT'lo,  Franeiseo  Javier,  soldier.' 
Alvarado,  .Juan  ]>. ,  eliild." 
Alvarado,  Fran.  Ma.  J).  C,  child.* 
Alvarado,  Josi5  Vicente,  child.* 
Alvarado,  Juan  Jos('',  soldier.* 
Alvarado,  Juan  X.  1).,  child.* 
Alvarez,  Juan,  soldier.* 
yvlvarez,  .Joaiiuin,  soldier.* 
Alvarez,  Luis,  soldier.* 
Alvare-;,  I'edio,  soldier.* 
Alvarez,  J'Vlipe,  convict.* 
Alvarez,  iJoroteo.* 
Alvarez,  Jost"^,  artilleryman.* 
Alvarez,  .Inan.  artilleryman.* 
Alvarez,  Jose,  child,* 


IXIIABITAXTS  OF  CALIFORNIA,  ITOO-ISOO. 


733 


Alvirea,  riaiulio,  servant.'' 
Alvires,  Juan,  solilk'!-.'' 
Alviics,  Ivstcxun.' 
Alviso,  Fiaiii-isco.  settlor.' 
Alviso,  l)ijii:iii;4o,  soldier.'^ 
Alviso,  Auastasio  tJevuiiiino,  cliilil.* 
Alviso,  FraiicL-iL'o.hivier,  soldier.'* 
Alviso,  Fraiieiseo  Solano,  child.'' 
Alviso,  (loroni.no  Antonio,  child.* 
Alviso,  Jgnacio,  soldier.* 
Alviso,  Javier,  settler.* 
Alviso,  Jost'i  Antonio,  child.* 
Alviso,  Jose  (ilahriel  Jj.,  child.* 
Alvitre,  .Sehastian,  soldier.' 
Alvitro,  Jnan  .lose  Mix.,  child.* 
Amador,  IVdi-o,  .soldier.* 
Amador,  Jose  Sinforoso,  child.' 
Amador,  .Fost';  Fructnoso.* 
Amador,  .liian  i'alilo.'' 
Anij'dor,  Jose  Maria,  child.* 
Amador,  Marros  Antonio,  child.* 
Amarrillas,  .Inaii  ^Anyel,  soldier.' 
Ame/<juita,  Jose  (ial)iiei,  child.' 
Aniezqnita,  .Jr.an  Antoiuo,  soMicr.' 
Ame/quita,   Mannel  iJom.,  settler.' 
Anu'zquita,  Floreiitino,  settler.* 
Ame/(|uita,  (Jrcgorio,  settler.* 
Anu'zquita,  }''ianciseo  Ma.,  settler.* 
Amezquita,  Jose,  soldier.* 
Amezquita,  .lose'  Miguel,  settler.* 
Amezf|nita,  Jose  Heyes,  settler.* 
Amezijuita,  Seialiii,  settler.* 
Aniurrio,  (Ircgnrio,  padre' 
Antonio,  ^lanuel,  servant.' 
Antonio,  .Jose  Crispin,  child.* 
Antonio,  ^lacedonio,  soldier.* 
Antufia.  Manuel,  sohlier.'^ 
Arana,  Jose,  soldier.^ 
Aranguren,  .lose,  soldier.' 
Aroe,  Jos(;  (!.' 
Arcc,  Sebastian.' 
Arce,  Joa(piin,  eliild.' 
Arees,  Jose,  settler.* 
Arihulcta,  .lose  Ignaeio,  servant.' 
Archuleta,  Jc  se  Xoi'lierto,  eliild.'^ 
Archuleta,  Minn  1  (len'jniino,  child.' 
Archuleta,  (.'regorio,  soldier.* 
Arellanes,  Teodoro.'' 
Arellano,  Man.  .1.  11.,  soldier.' 
Arenaza,  I'asenal  M.,  ])adre.^ 
Argiielles,  Francisco,  artilleryman.* 
Argiicllo,  l'"i'aiiei-H'o  Rafael,  chiM.* 
Argiiello,  Josi'  I)ario,  allVrez.' 
Argiicllo,  .Jose  (Jervacio,  child.' 
Ai'giiello,  L\us  Antonio,  child.' 
Argiiello,  Jose  IgnacioAf.,  child.* 
Armenta,  ( ■rist('il)al,  settler.' 
Ai'iiienta,  .loa(|nin,  soldier.' 
Airiola,  Alejandro,  soldier.' 
Arias,  Francisco,  settler.* 


Armenta,  Jost^  Ma.,  soldier.* 

Arriohi,  Jose   l''i'aneis(o,   mechanic* 

Arriola,  .lose  Kafael  15.,  eiiihi.* 

Arriola,  liafael,  convict.' 

Ari'iz,  Ignaeio.' 

Arroita,  Francisco  .To V',  padre' 

Arroyo,  Jose  Manuel,  smith.' 

Arroyo,  Juan  Isidro,  eliild.^ 

Arroyo,  Vicente,  soldier.' 

Arroyo,  Felix,  cliild.' 

Ainoyo,  Jose,  sailor.* 

Aruz,  Domingo,  soldier.' 

Aruz,  Martin,  settler.* 

Arvallo,  Fcliciano,  settlci.'.' 

Avalos,  Nicolas. ' 

Avalos,  Joa(juin,  tanner.* 

Avila,  Frauci.sco.' 

Avila,  Adanto,  child.* 

Avila,  Anastasio.* 

Avila,  Antonio  Ignaeio.* 
Avila,  Cornelio,  settler.* 
Avilii,  Ignaeio.* 
Avila,  .lose,  convict.* 
Avila,  .Tosi'.  Antonio,  settler.* 
Avila,  .Jose  Mi/iia.' 
Avila,  Miguel.* 
Avila,  Santa  Ana,  soldier.* 
Avis,  Fructuoso,  sohlicr.* 
Ayala,  Jose,  soldier.' 
Ayala,  JoscC.  ]).,  chihl* 
Ayala,  Jose  Salvadoi\  child.* 
Avala,  Juan  .lost-  <!.,  child.* 
Ayala,  Juan  1'.  M.,  child.' 
Baeilio,  Antonio,  (,'at.  vol.' 
I'adiola,  Manuel  Antonio.' 
ij.alilerrama,  rcjnvict.' 
•Jjallesteros,  Juan,  sohlier.' 
Ballcsteros,  .Tuan  Antonio,  child.' 
IJallesteros,  .Javier  Antonio,  <hild.* 
]}andcras,  Jose  F.  di;  la  (,'ruz.* 
Iiarajas,  Jose,  sailor.' 
Larhosa,  Jose,  settler.* 
15iireena,  JoSi',  convict.* 
Barcenas,  .Marcos,  settler.* 
liarcenill.-i,  Isidoro.  padre* 
IJ.n'ona,  .los<'>,  I'adie. ' 
I'.arraza,  Macedonio,  soldiei'.' 
IJarrera,  Juan  Antonio,  soliliei'.' 
Barriciitos.  .lose,  Cat.  vol.' 
]}asadre  y  Vega,  A'iccnte,  settler.' 
Ik'len,  Miguel,  servant.' 
Bello,  Mateo,  Cat.  vol.' 
ISeltran,  I'rancisco  Javier,  soldier.' 
]5eltran,  Joa(|uin,  siddier.'-' 
liclti'an,  Nicolas,  soldier.' 
lienavides,  Jose  Ma.,  settler.* 
Ijcranzucla,  Pedro,  soldier.^ 
liernnnlcz,  .lose,  soldici'.' 
Bennudez,  Jose  S.,  child.' 
Bcrmudez,  Manuel  Antonio,  child.* 


INHABITANTS  OF  CALIFORNIA,  17C0-180O. 


I'crnal,  Francisro,  .servant.* 
lU'i'iial,  .liisi'  DJDiii.sio,  sohiit'i'.^ 
lieiinal,  .liian  Fi;iiiuisci),  soldier.'^ 
iSorna],  .Manuel  llainon,  .soldier.'' 
llt'i'iial,  .\|i(ilinari(j,  cliild.* 
llernal,  .Iiian,  child. ^ 
Ucrnal,  Itanion,  settler," 
llernal,  Jiiiino,  child.'' 
])crnal,  .liia((iiin,  soldier.'' 
liernal,  Jo.si''  .Agustin,  child.* 
]>crnal,  .Jo.sc  t'ipriauo,  child.' 
lU'rnal.  Juse  C.  Cipriano,  child.* 
I'urnardo,  Jose,  settler.'' 
])Uircy(.'.sa,  Nieohi.s  A.,  settler.''' 
llurreyesa,  .Tnan  .lose,  child.'' 
Berreyesa,  .Josi'^  Nazario,  settler.* 
Berreye.sa,Josedelos  llcycs,  settler.* 
Blanco,  .liian,  smith.* 
Blanco,  Miguel.* 
Bojorges,  .lose  IJamon,  soldier.''' 
Bojorges,  Jleimenegildo,  child.''' 
Bojorge.s,  i'edro  Antonio,  soldier,''' 
Bojorges,  Fr.-incisco  J  I.,  soldier.* 
Bonnel,  Kanion,  Cat.  vol.' 
liorica,  ])iego  i'  \  governor.* 
lioronda,  ^Manuel,  soldier.'' 
]5oronda,  Cainito  .lose,  child.* 
Bosch,  Buenaxentura,  setiler.' 
Botello,  .Toa(|uin,  tailoi.* 
J5ravo,  .lose  .Mari'elino,  soldier.* 
Ih'iones,  Jgnaeio  A'ieeute,  soldier.^ 
Briones,  .l<ise  Antonio,  soldier.' 
Briones,  Jgnaeio  \'iei'nte,  child.' 
Briones,  Jos '■  .loaijuin,  child.  ^ 
Briones,  I'Vlipe  Santiago,  child." 
Briones,  Nicolas  Maria,  child. ^ 
Ihiones,  Marcos,  soldier.'' 
Briones,  Manuel,  soldier.* 
Brito,  Mariaiu),  aitillcryman.* 
Brito,  Miguel,  artilleryniaii.* 
Ih'uno,  Francisco,  soldier.^ 
Buelna.  Fuselno  .Jose  J.,  child. ^ 
'J>nelna.  Jose  .Xnlimio,  soldier.'' 
]5uelna,  Ivanion,  soldier.'-' 
Buelna,  I'lusiliio  .1.  ,[.,  I'liild.* 
Ijuelua,  .Ids''  ll.'iini,  child. ^ 
I5uelna,   )os  •  Maria,  child.' 
]>ult'erig,  (lei'('ininin.  Cat.  vol.* 
I'nniliau.  I'ranriseo,  Cat.  vol.' 
]>ustanianto,  .lose,  soldier.^ 
Bustaniante,  Manuel,  soldier.' 
Butron,  .Manuel,  .soldier.'-' 
Butron,  Seliastian,  settler.* 
Cahallei'o,  .lose,  Cat.  vol.' 
Calixto,  .lose,  soldier.' 
Calvo,  I'^raueiseo,  soldier." 
C.'il/ada,  .J<]si''  Antiuiio,  padre." 
Calzada,  .lose,  convict.* 
Cal/ada,  .losi-  T)ionisio,  settler.* 
Caniacho,  Joso  Antonio,  soldier.' 


Canincho,  Toinii.s  M.,  servant.' 
(.'ainacho,  Juan  Miguel,  soldier.* 
Caniacho,  Anastasio,  soldier.^ 
Caniacho,  Antonio,  soldici'.'^ 
Camarena,  Nicohis,  settler.* 
Canihon,  J'edro  ]5enito,  padre.' 
Camcro,  Ma  unci,  settler." 
Canipa,  I'edro,  sailor.^ 
Canipa  y  Coz,  Miguel,  padre.* 
Canipo,  Jose,  Cat.  vol.* 
Campos,  Francisco,  soldier." 
Canedo,  Alliino,  soldier." 
Canedo,  Josii  ^Manuel,  settler.' 
Cafie(U),  Jtian  Jgnaeio,  .soldier.* 
Canizares,  Jose,  ]>ih)to.' 
Cano,  Jose,  artilleryman.* 
Cantua,  Ignaeio,  soldier. -' 
Capinto,  Josi';  Ma.,  tiiilor.* 
Capinto,  ^lariano,  tailor.* 
Carabanas,  Joa(piin,  soldiei'.^ 
Carahanas,  Nicoiiis,  soldier.'-' 
Caravantes,  Jose  Salvador,  soldier." 
Caiavantcs,  \'entnia,  settler.* 
Careanio,  .lose.  Cat.  vol.* 
C;irdcnas,  Mehlior,  servant.''' 
Cardenas,  Cristi)lial,  servant.* 
Ciii'denas  y  Jiiver.-i,  'I'adeo.' 
Cariaga,  Salvailor,  soldier.^ 
Carlon,  Jiiiario  Ignaeio,  soldier." 
Carnicer,  Jlaltasar.  padre.* 
Cai'ranza,  J>oniingo,  padre.* 
Carrillo,  (iuiliernu>,  soldier.* 
Carrillo,  .Mariano,  sergeant.* 
Carrillo,  .lose  Jiiiiniundo,  soldier.* 
Carrillo,  Anasta.-,ii)  .los',  child." 
Canillo,  Carlos  Antonio,  child." 
Carrillo,  J)oniingo  ^\nt.  Jgua.,  child.* 
Carrillo,  .lose  .Antonio  J'].,  child.* 
Carrillo,  J.nis,  sailor.* 
Casasallas,  Siuion,  Cat.  vol.* 
Casillas,  .luaii  .ManiU'l.' 
Castaneda,  .Jose.-* 
Castafieda,  Jose  J!uiz,  soldier." 
Castelo,  Agustin,  soldier.' 
Castillo,  Josi'',  pldeliotomist.* 
(.'astillo,  Jose,  soldier.* 
Castro,  Antonio,  soldier.^ 
Castro,  Ignaeio,  soldier.^ 
Castro,  Joaipiin,  soldier.^ 
Castro,  .lose,  servant. - 
Castro,  Isidro." 
Castro,  Josi';  .Macai'io,  soldier." 
Castro,  .losi'  Simon  J.  X.,  child." 
(.'astro,  Maiiano.  soldier." 
Castro,  Mariano  dc  la  Cruz,  eliilJ." 
Casti'o,  .\ga]iito,  settler.* 
(-'astro,  J''i'aneiseo,  settler.* 
(.'astro,  .los('^  .loa(|uin,  settler.* 
Castro,  .lose  S.  T.,  child.* 
Castro,  Simeon,  settler.* 


INHABITANTS  OF  CALIFORNIA,  17(50- 1800. 


735 


Cavnllcr,  .T()s(',  padro.' 
Caymlas,  Fiaiicisco,  ("at.  Vol.' 
( '.lyuflas,  Kraiifisio,  .soldier.' 
(.'ayiu.'la.H,  I'l'ilro,  sidilioi'.' 
(.'urvaiitoH,  .Juan  I'ahlo.' 
('LTvantt's,  « liiaclaliipo,  soldier.* 
< 'cTvaiitL's,  Palilo  Victoriano,  soMicr.* 
(lialpiiUa,  ^Lircos,  fsolilior.^ 
(.'lialiolla,  redroR.,  cliild.^ 
('lial)iillii,  ,Tosi',  eliild.^ 
('lialxilia,  Jusii  Luis,  child.'' 
Cliahulla,  (Salvador.* 
Cliaiiiuiro,  Binith.^ 
(liaM'ti,  .JoH(5  Mateo,  settler.* 
Chaves,  .Tose,  eonviet.'' 
Chavira,  Jose  Antonio,  settler.* 
Cliavira,  Jose,  convict.'' 
('ihrian,  I'alilo,  soldier.* 
(ihiian,  Leocadio,  soldier." 
(ihiiaii,  I'm hh)  Antonio,  smith.* 
CiprL'S,  !Maroelino,  padre.* 
Cisneros,  ,I(jse,  servant.^ 
Chia,  Domingo,  Cat.  vol." 
Contieras,  J>nis,  unileteer.''' 
Contrcras,  Jose,  soldier.* 
Cordero,  .loarpiin  lynaeio.' 
( 'ordero,  Francisco. ' 
Cordero,  Maiiano  Antonio,  soldier.' 
Cordei'o,  ,U)sr.  K.,  child. - 
Cordero,  I'Vrniin,  settler.* 
Cordii'o,  flannel,  soldier.- 
( 'ordero,  .lose  i)oin.,  child.* 
('ordero,  Mijinel  K.,  child.* 
Cordcio,  Pedro,  settler.* 
('('irdolia,  Aloerto,  en,i;ineer.* 
Coruejo,  (Jasimiro,  settler.' 
Cornejo,  Casimiro,  convict.* 
(Jorona,  Fi'ancisco,  soldier.* 
Coronel,  .Juan  Antonio,  muleteer.' 
Cortis,  .fnaii  Lope,  padi'c.' 
(fortes,  Jos6  Antonio,  soldier.'' 
Cortes,  Nicolas,  soldier.* 
Cortes.  Nicoh'is  Felipe,  soldier.* 
(y'ostans''>,  ^liguel,  enj,'ineer. ' 
<..'ota,  .\ntonio,  Svildicr. ' 
Cota,  I'ahlo  Antonio,  soldier.' 
Cota,  -Maniiel  Antonio,  child. ^ 
(,'ota,  l!oi(ue,  soldier. '- 
Cota.  Cnillernio,  sergeant.^ 
Coti,  .Iiiau  Ignacio,  soldier.''' 
Cota.  Mariano,  scjldier.'' 
('ota,  Nabor  Antonio,  child.' 
Cota,  liartolomi!  .lose,  child.' 
(,'ota.  Fianciseo  Atana.sio.  child.* 
(.'ota,  .lo.se  flannel  ^la.,  child.* 
Cota.  .lose  \'alentin,  ehihl.' 
Cota,  .Juan  Francisco,  child.* 
Cota,  Manuel,  soldier.* 
Cota,  Pedro  Antonio,  child.* 
Crospi,  Jiian,  padre.' 


Cru/ado,  i\ntonii),  ]iadre.' 
Cruz,  i'austino  Jose,  soldier.' 
Cru/  y  .'"^otoniayor.  Juan,  soldier." 
Cuevas,  Luis,  settler.* 
Dandrieu,  Andres,  soldier.* 
I>anti,  Antonio,  padre.' 
1>,i\ila,  .Tosi'',  surgeon.'^ 
Diivila,  Manuel,  cirpenter." 
])avila,  .).,  soldier." 
Diivila,  Jose  Antonio,  smith.* 
Delgado,  Alon/.o,  (':it.  Vol.* 
Diaz,  .Joaquin,  soldiei'.- 
Douiilignez,  Juan  .lost',  soldier.' 
Doniinguez,  .lose  J)olores,  soldier.'' 
Doijiinguez,  .losi'^  Antonio,  ehihl." 
Doniinguez,  Jo»e  Ma.  D.,  cliihl." 
Doniinguez,  Cristohal,  soldier.' 
Doniinguez,  .Tose  .\ntonio,  cliild.'' 
Doniinguez,  .lose  Asuncion,  child.* 
Doniinguez,  .losi'  l''ranciscc>,  child.* 
Doniinguez,  IJemesio,  settler.* 
Diiaite,  Alejo  Antonio,  soldier.' 
Duarte,  Jose  Ma.,  soldier,' 
Duarte,  Pasenal.' 
])iiarte,  Francisco  Javier,  child.* 
Jhiarte,  Juan  .lose'',  servant.* 
Duarte,  Leandro,  soldier.* 
]>ucil,  Sebastian,  Cat.  vol.* 
iJumetz,  Francisco,  padre.' 
]'aiearnacion,  Jose,  .soldier." 
]'hni(piez,  Antonio,  sei-vant." 
Knri(juez,  Antonio  Domingo,  M'caver.* 
Knriquez,  Sebastian,  child.' 
J'lseainilla,  Ant(inio  Sjintos,  child.* 
Fscainilla,  Jose,  soldier.* 
Esiuiinilla,  'J'oinas,  convict.' 
]']scribano,  Sebastian,  (Jat.  vol.' 
I'sjiarza,  Jose  Lorenzo,  mechanic.' 
Mspi,  Jose  de  la  (3.,  padri.' 
Lspinosa,  Antonio,  soldier.^ 
Kspinosa,  Joa([uiii,  soldier.'' 
Espinosa,  .liian,  servant. - 
Kspinosa,  (Jabriel,  soldier." 
Lspino.sa,  .Tose  Miguel,  soldier." 
Esj)inosa,  Salvador,  soldier.^ 
J]s|iiiio.-a,  Toiiias,  soldier.'' 
Espinosa,  Cayetano,  soldier.* 
Lspinosa,  .los.'  ( iabiiel  S.' 
lispino.sii,  Jose  .Ma.  F..  child.* 
Espinosa.  .lose  Pio,  Cat.  '.'ol. ' 
Espinosa,  Juan  Antonio  .1.,  child.* 
F^iti'van,  PedrodeS.  .Iiis('',  padre.* 
J'^sti'vaii,  Ant(jnio.  sailor.' 
J'^strada.  .lost'  r.onit'aci.i,  soldier.^ 
I'lstudilht,  .lose''  Maria,  soldier.' 
Fages.  Pedro,  lieiiti  na:it. ' 
F.'Uira.  .Tosc',  padre.* 
Fcliciano,  Alejo,  settler. - 
Feliciano.  llilario,  child." 
Felix,  C'laudio  N'ictor.' 


730 


INUA3ITAiITS  OF  CALirORNIA,  17(iO-ISOO. 


lyiix,  Auiist.  Ma.,  soMior.' 

Fr'lix,  horuti'd,  hiplilit'i  .'^ 

l''i'lix,  ,l()si'  Vict'iitc,  8(il(lior.^ 

J''ilix,  .Tosi''  Francisi'o,  K)l(Her.' 

Felix,  .Jiiiia  Ji)S(''  JL;ii!ici  >,  child.' 

l-'cHx,  Aiit(iiiii)  li;it,icl,  iliilil.* 

l'\lix,  V'ii'toriiiii,  H<jlilii'r.'' 

I'.lix,  i'Vi'iiandiJ  ilo  la  T.,  cliilil.* 

J'rlix,  .!()«('',  iliild.* 

i'"ilix,  .To.si-  Liic'iiiiio,  c'iiiKl.* 

IVIix,  .Ii)s6 Vitiiitu V'ak'utiu,  child.* 

T'c'lix,  Juan.* 

Felix,  Juan  Jose  do  f\.,  eiiild.* 

I'Viix,  LeciiianU)  Ma.,  child.* 

Felix,  I'eclid  Aiitdnio,  child.* 

J'\'niandez,  (ia'^par  Antonio,  child.' 

I'ernande/,  Jose  jlosulino,  .soldier." 

l'"eriiand('Z,  I'eiln)  l^Miacio,  child.* 

Feinandc/,  liafael  Ma.  de  la  C,  child.* 

I'Vrnandez,  A'ictor,  (Jat.  vol.* 

]''erniind(!/,  (Ire,L,'orio,  padre.* 

iMiiiande/,  .lose  Ma.,  jiadrc.* 

l''eiiiande/,  Mauuel,  jiadre.* 

FcyJDO,  .lose,  sioldici'.^ 

Fcnei-,  I'ahlo,  t'at.  vol.' 

Fiu'ncr,  Juan,  i)adrc.' 

Fi.micriia,  flannel,  .soldier.* 

I''iL,'uer()a,  Nalvador  l;,'nacio,  child.* 

Florcs,  ]  lei  iiienegildo,  so.dier.^ 

FIoi'os,  \'ietoiiano,  servant.* 

Florcs,  Jose  Mij,nicl,  soldier.'' 

Florcs,  Jose  Maria,  solilier.^ 

Florcs,  Jo.si;  Teodosio,  child.' 

Florcs,  ]jcrn;irdo,  settler.* 

Florcs,  Diogo.* 

Florcs,  Francisco,  soldier.* 

Florcs,  Isiitro.  soldier.* 

Florcs,  Jose  Ma.  de  la  T.,  child.* 

Florcs,  Leandnj  Jose,  child.* 

Florcs,  Pedro,  soldici'.* 

Font,  Jose,  lieutenant.* 

]M)ntes,  ];uis  .Ma.,  soldier.' 

Fontes,  L'edro,  servant.^ 

Fragoso,  Luis  !Ma.,  soldier.' 

I'rago.so,  Kafail,  (.'at.  vol.* 

Franco,  Juan,  servant.'' 

Franco,  Jose,  convict.* 

Franco,  I'ahlo,  convici:.* 

Fustcr,  Vicente,  jiadrc* 

(lalindo,  Xicolii.s,  settler,^ 

(ialiudo,  Francisco  A.,  child.'' 

(lalindo,  Jt'se  Ivafael,  child.'-' 

(ialiudo,  .Mejandro  Fidel,  child.' 

(lalindo,  .Tose  Leandro,  child. ^ 

f'aliudo,  Juan  C'riscVstoino,  child.' 

(lalindo,  C'laudio,  Cat.  vol.* 

(ialindo,  Jos6  Ciirlos  II.,  child.* 

(ialiudo,  ^'enar■cio,  soldier.* 

(lallego,  Cirlos,  soUlier.- 

Galvcz,  Diego,  Cat.  vol.* 


fiiinic/,  'J'eodoro,  soldier.* 
( iaraieocchca,  .Jose,  corixir.'il.* 
(larcia,  I'icgo,  padre.-' 
(iarcia,  I''eli|ic,  smith. '-' 
(Jai'cia,  ]''raueisco  IJriino.  soldier.' 
(!ar(-ia,  {-"r.-iui-isco  .\la.,  child.-' 
(hircia.,  l-'rancisco  I'.,  soldier." 
(iarcia,  .losi';  lieycs,  child. '^ 
(larcia,  .luan  .lose,  child. '^ 
(larcin,  Jos('i  Antonio,  soldier.'-' 
(laicia,  l'edro,  settler.'' 
(larcia,  l'edro  (Ion/ale/.,  smith.* 
(iarcia,  (Virlos  Ma.* 
(larcia,  .lose  Antonio  Inoc,  child.* 
flarcia,  Jose'-  llilario  Uanion,  child.* 
Garcia,  .lose  de  las  Llagas,  chilil.* 
Clareia,  .Tose  Ma.  Cancio,  child.' 
Clarcia,  .lose  Ma.  Dcsiderio,  child.* 
(iarcia,  Juli.'in.* 
(larcia,  1..UZ,  soldier.* 
Garcia,  iS'ieoh'is,  (*;it.  vol.* 
Garcia,  l'edro  Antonio,  child.* 
Garcia,  l'edro  (Ion/.,  smith.* 
Garihaj',  .lose  Joaijuir.,  child.* 
(Jarihay,  Vicente,  soldier.' 
(larracino,  l'edro,  sohlicr.' 
(Icrardo.     (See  (lonzah-/  G.) 
German,  Cris.  Ant.,  child.' 
German,  Tsidro,  soldier.^ 
German,  l-'aiistin  .T.,  child.* 
German,  Manuel  ignaeio,  child.* 
'German,  Ju.-m,  solilicr.* 
German,  Juan,  child.* 
Glol,  .Tose,  servant.^ 
Gili,  IJartolonu'',  jiadrc. 
Giri')et,  Miguel,  padre' 
(iloria,  .Tacinto,  soldier.- 
Gloria,  .Tos6  ^la.,  soldier.* 
Gomez,  Francisco,  jiadi'c' 
Gomez,  Nicolas,  settler.'^ 
(loaiez,  Francisco,  soldier.* 
Gomez,  .Tose  Antonio,  ('at.  vol.* 
(4omcz,  Kafacl,  settler.* 
Gomez,  Itafael,  convict.* 
(lomcz,  Francisco,  carpenter.* 
(longora,  .Tosi''  Ma.,  soldier.' 
Gongora.  Jose  Antonio,  child.* 
Gonopra,  Jost''  Ma.,  soldier.* 
Gonzalez,  Antonio  Alejo.,  soldier.* 
Gonzalez,  Inoccneio,  s.'ulor.' 
Gonzalez,  (.'irilo,  servant.'^ 
Gonzalez,  .lose  Antonio,  soldier.* 
Gonzalez,  .Tosc  Komualdo,  child.* 
Gonzalez,  Jose  Manuel,  settler.* 
Gonzalez,  Mateo  Jaeoho,  child. '^ 
Gonzalez,  Kamon.'^ 
Gonzalez,  Nicolas,  soldier.' 
Gonz.'ilcz,  Alejandro,  soldiei-.-' 
Gonzalez,  llci-nardo,  soldier. - 
Gonzalez,  Diego,  licutenuut.' 


J 


ixu.\r.iTA\TS  01'  c.\Liroi;xrA,  itco-isoo. 


(1iin;'iil(:',  I'clipc,  siol  licr.''' 
(•()Il>:;:I   .■.,  .J(jM'  I  lllsi  liio,  tliiM.* 
(loii/i  !oz,  ■lii.-ii''  1  I  li.i;iii(),  sio'.ilii-r.' 
(ion/.  Ic'/,  ,M;;t<'()  Jiiroliii,  cIiiM.^ 
( ioii/iilcz,  'ridiiiis,  ^,l)l(lil'|•.•' 

<  lon/jili'z,  All  jo.,  Cat.  viil.* 
(loil/iiliZ,   I'"liilli  iscn,  soldier.* 
(ioiizali'Z,  l''i\'iiun.>;<'i),  iiailro.* 

<  loU/jiIcZ,  .lusi',  C'll.  vol.* 

<  loil/liicz,  iJo:;.'!  ]';  liul  M.,  rliilil.* 
(loii/ii'.cz,  Man.  Cniaeo,  fliilil,* 

<  lonziilc  z,  .li'an,  MililiiT.* 
(Joiiziiliz,  IVilro,  int'iliaiilc* 
( lonzali'/,  j;,:fa(l,  ( liilij.* 
(Jonzili'Z  (JLiiUi'.o,  Jlaliicl.' 
(loiizalcz,  Jom'!  1,(  ■iiidro,  cliild.* 

( loycoiclica,  l"<li[H',  liciiti  nant.* 
<!raj<ia,  Antonio,  liiutcnant.' 
(liijalvii,  .luaii  I'aMc  ,  scrgwint.' 
( li'.ciivro,  .Fian  Jusi.' 
(uicniM'o,  .Joa([iiin,  iioIdiiT." 
(inciT(  ni,  ,]t::n'',  Hci'v.'int.- 
(indi'iio,  .lo.-ii'' Anlonii>,  soldier.' 
(iiK  iTi'i'o,  Julian,  soldier.'^ 
(iiiei  rcro,  ^;atL•(),  iii-tillriynmii.* 
Cincvara,  Join',  solilicr.'' 
Cnevaivi,  .lo.si!  ('annto,  cliild.'' 
(luevaia,  .1(1:^(5  Soliastian,  (jliild.* 
(!nt'v;ii'a,  St'l.atitiaii,  (,'at.  vol.* 
(lucvaia,  .I(».s(5  Franeisco,  (•liiid.* 
(Juticnxz,  lunacii)  M;i.,  soldici'.'^ 
(iiiiirn-cz,  I'cliiio.  s(jldior.^ 
(iilticri-ez,  .ManiR'l,  s^.•l•^  aiit.' 
<lutii'iTcz,  F|■,•:nc•i^i(•o,  Cat.  vol.* 
(Inznian,  Isidro,  solditr.-' 
Ciiznu'n,  Juan  Ma.,  iliild.' 
(luziiaui,  'J'criliio,  .soldier.'' 
(Inztmx.ar,  Manuel,  .servant.* 
llarii,  Feli|io,  Cat.  vol.* 
lleeliido,  .jo.se  Fn.neisco.* 
llcnrii|uez,  Antonio  l)oni.,  weaver.* 
Ik'redia,  l!ernarilino,  soldier.''' 
lleredia,  ,]on\  I'.en^ardo,  .^oldier." 
Hernandez,  Jos(j  llal'ael.' 
Jleruaiidez,  ^'ieentl'  Antonio. '^ 
Kernandez,  J\ist(i,  i.oldier.^ 
]|i'rnandez,  ,lnan  Jose  Antonio, eliiUl.' 
]ienian<l<z,  Felipe,  hetllcr.* 
Hernandez,  rdipe,  eonvict.* 
Hernandez,  Jose  Antonio,  settler.* 
}|ernandez,  .Tose,  eonviet.* 
Hernandez,  J.  Jo.si'  de  l;i  Luz, sol<iior.* 
]lernaneez,  .'\nt(jnio,  sadd.ler.' 
Hernandez,  Juan  Maria,  i-adiller.* 
Hernandez,  Juan,  eonviet.* 
Herrera.  Jose,  .soldier.* 
Jliu'ueia,  .foa(|nin,  soldier.^ 
Hi.ui'rn,  Jose  Atauasio,  soldier.* 
Higuera,  Jose  I.oruto,  eliild.' 
Hi^uera,  Jo.se  Manuel,  soldier.* 

Hist.  Cal.,  Vol,  I.    47 


I!i"uern,  Jn;in  .1(  nfi,  Pf)ldier.' 

Hi;.;uera,  Jose  r;.'naeio.  Holdiei'.'' 

Hi'-juera,  lleiiiarilo  de  la  |,uz,  eiiiltl.* 

l.'iLMiei'a,  Juan  .lose,  elilM,'' 

Hi;':iKra,  Salvador,  hJohlier.^ 

Hi'in  ra,  'I  ilmreio,  ehi'id.'' 

lli'-Uei'a,  'I  ilmreio  Javier,  iliild.* 

Higuer.'i,  (Ire'joriolgnacio  ^.;i.,  eiiild.* 

lli,';n<  1  I,  Jlilmio.* 

Hi'^nera,  Jose  1',  soldier.* 

Hi; uera,  Jose  '2',  soldier.* 

HiMiera,  Jose  (  VhIoh  .'•'alv.,  cliilil,* 

Hi'uera,  Josi"' (leronnuo,  el.ild.' 

Ili.LjiRiii,  Jose's  Mil  ,  cliild.* 

lli;-;uera,  Jo. (5  Toliearpo,  child.* 

Hi'^uera,  Jo-i'-  Antonio,* 

Hi,-;uera,  Josi^  Joaijuin. ' 

]Ji,'.;uera,  Manui  I,  hold  i  r. ' 

Hi;,'uei'a,  XieoLi:i  Anlouio.* 

JIi.;U(r;i,  Salvador,  soldier.* 

Horeliai'a,  ,lose  Ht'!ari:),  ehi'd.' 

Horcliai.'a,  Jo.-o  Manuel,  eliild.' 

Horelia;:a,  ^lanml,  soldier.'' 

Jlores,  Jose,  S(  tliel'." 

]lorra,  ^Xnlonio  de  la  C.,  jiadre.* 

Horiel.  Ju:iii,  Cal.  \ol. ' 

Jliarra,  Fr  nei.seo,  servant.' 

lliarra,  Andn's  ]  Jclores.  eliilJ.* 

iliarra,  (ul  ^..'aria.  eliil.l.^ 

lliarra,  Jose  l>esiileiio,  elii'd.' 

Hiaria,  Juan  Antonio,  soldier.' 

Jliarra,  il.auK^n,  soldier." 

lliaiTa,  Alliino,  soldier.* 

lliarra,  Antonio,  child.* 

lliari;i,  Cali.\to  Josi5  Antonio,  child.* 

I'^'atlera,  Jose,  eenviet.* 

Igai'cila,  Josc'i  (lordiano,  settler.* 

Iniquez,  Juan,  Cat.  V(  1.* 

Islas,  ^!i;^'nel,  soldiei-.' 

Isvan,  Jose  Alliino,  soMier.* 

Iturrate,  l)oinin;4o  S.,  padre.* 

l;:(|Xiierdo.  Jese,  soldii^r.^ 

Jaime,  .'\nlonio,  p.idre.* 

Jjainie,  Luis,  ji'dre.' 

Jimenez,  Fram  iseo.  Cat.  vol.* 

•linu'nev..  Hil.'iiio,  soldier.* 

Jimenez,  I'aseual  Antonio,  ehilil.* 

Juarez,  I'rane-iseo,  soldier.'' 

Juarez,  Jose  .Joaquin,  child.* 

Juneosa,  Honi,  padie.' 

Lalira,  .luan  Antonio,  soldier.' 

I.ailron  de  <  luevara,  Jose  I.,  soldier.* 

Lanc'aeta,  Maitin,  ]iadre.* 

Lasuen,  Fermiii  Fr;  neiseo,  padre.* 

Lara,  Jose,  setiler.'' 

Lara,  Jose  Sostenes,  child.* 

Lara,  .luliaii,  soldier.' 

Lar.'i,  Jose  Antonio  Set'erino,  child.* 

Liirios,  Jo-e  Ma.,  soldier." 

Lasso  de  la  Veya,  Jeimon,  allerez.' 


1 


7n.s 


ixii.M'.iT.wrs  OF  ('Ar,ii".)i:\i.\,  itc:)  isoo. 


liC.ll,    I    Ml    I  .Ii';    ',   NiTV.VIlt.'' 

J^i  iv  I,  .\iiii-<t.'i  'ill,  viliUcr'.''' 

l.civii,  A.'riiiiiii,  iiiililiri'.'' 

I.i'ivii,  .1(1.1'  AiiilriH,  cliilil.^ 

Lchii,  .lii.^i'i  AiiliiiiiK  Mil.,  HiiMiti',' 

lii'ivii,  .lii.iii,  s.ililicf,'' 

J.i'iv.i,  Mi;;iiil,  Kiililii  r.'' 

JaMVII,  .111   l'  All(nlliu.< 

Lfivii,  .los.'  Ilil'.ii'l,  cliilil.' 
l.('iv;i,  Miiiui'l  liiiiiinii,  rliilil, ' 

l.('i\,l,   lilliilMI,   Hlilili'l'.  ' 

l.i'iiii,  .Iiim'  Mil,  siililiri'.''' 
Jjt'iiii,  .liisi'  M.'iiiiirl,  sdlilicr,'''  ^ 

l.iiim,  .I(iM(',  mildicr.'' 
I.iimrt'^i,  I'^ii'ii'io.  .suMii  r.' 
liiiiiircH,  .I.M'  til'  los  ,S.,  iliilil.* 
Liiiiin'f<,  M.iiiiiiin  (Id  I  )(i1iii('m,  child.''' 
l.iimiT.-i,  I'riiiici.sco,  scLlU r.* 
IJiiiirt'.i,  llimiiiii,  H()I(li(  r.' 
J.iiiiuHM,  .SiiUailiir,  soldier.* 
lAnv/.n,  Mi  ;tii'l,  (.'at.  Vdl.' 
Lisiddc,  |)ii;,M.' 
,Li.siiM<',   l'"i  li\,  siildiiT.' 
Li.^iildi'.  .liiJMi  ('rin'1.^1.  .\iit(ilii(i,  iliild. 
Liziiid.-i.  I\'ili' '  .Viiloiiio,  i^Mldur.- 
Li.iiii.-is,  Aiiliiiiio,  < 'at.  viil.' 
J.li'dii,  l!.il';ul,  ciuiiiiitci'.' 
J.!i')iin,  .Ic- ■•  .M::i  i.iii  >,  f,' rvaiit.''' 
i..()li(i,  .It);;'',  ;  .ildiiT.' 
Ldljd,  Aoiv  l;ii5;ilid,  I'liiid.'' 
ijolid,  Ccciliii.* 

Ldlld,    I'lll!'.).' 

Lope;',,  il^rMlmicni,  iiadrc* 
LojH',':,  .laiinlii,  ]),'idi'i'.' 
Ldjii'/,  .lilau  1' r;i;ici'i''>,  snidicr.' 
l.dpcz,  I'laiiciscti,  S'lldiiT." 
J.d|M!/,  l;j;iiai  ill  M.'i.  dc  .Icsiis.^ 
iiUiiC'/,  ( Ia.>i|>.,r,  i;"liii('r.- 
l.dJH'Z,  .li>ai|ui:i,  ."iilduT.- 
LdlH'/,  .Id.si'!  M;i.,  SdldiiT.'' 
i-.i>]ioz.  Lf.is,  tidlilicr." 
J-dpLV,  lVilrii,.fA'r\aiit.'-' 
Lojii-z,  Stliruian  A.,  .'^dldii  r.- 

LdjlL'Z,  .Id.:',  .\iitoiiid  <  ill,  lllild.'' 
]..()[K'/,  .Tdric  ]\]a.  llaiiiDii,  child.'' 
Ldpcz,  .luaii  .Idsi'',  child.'' 
Liipcz,  Mcloliiii',  siililicr.'' 
!<dpi'z,  .)i'..iii,  cdiivii-t;.' 
Loi'p/,  Cayt'^ljiiid,  (."ii'pi'iiicr. ' 
Ldpcz,  ( 'laiiiliii.  wildic'!'.' 
LdjU'/,  Coriiidid  .Ma.,  cnild.' 
]..ii]>i'>;,  I'^iiacid,  Ptildici'. ' 
Lopez,  I'lslcvaii  liiimcio,  I'liild.* 
Jjopcz,  .l;ian  .loMi'' 'J'l'iiiid.id,  si'ttlcl'.' 
J>ozano,  IVih'o,  Cat.  vol.' 
ijUL-o,  Luii '.!  Ill  I  za  ;;.■<,  Mdldier.' 
J«UL;d,  i'"raiicis(_'d,  .soldier.'^ 
l.li';ii,  [;'liac'id,  soldier.''' 
.l/.i;;o,  .lose  l';;iai'io,  child.''' 
].,iigo,  .Sci'oi-iiid,  soldier.'' 


Lll;ro,  'lii-i''  .\lltdllid,  i>i  Idler.' 
1,11. ;ii,  S.ilv.'idui',  i;iildi' r." 
Lie.  II,  .\iil.  .M;i  ,  Koldici'.* 
.l,il;;o,  .loHi'-,  ( 'ai.  Vol.'*  ' 

LllLjo,  .lo.se  .\litilliio.  child.* 


.liian  .Ma.,  diild.* 

liU;.;o. 

.Iilaii,  nciviiit. ' 
.Mi,'ilel,  Holdier.* 

liii';o, 

I'.lllid.ldS..,   child.' 

l.ll:o, 

Iiaiiioii  i.iirciizd,  child 

l.ii.i.m 

.  .los(',  air.  I'cz.* 

.Anlolli'i,  child. 
Manuel,  Mildiei'.' 


Maeh.'ldo,  .lose 

M.ieh.'ido,  .ld.'<r 

iMai'liado,  .lo.si''  .A^n.-itiii  .\iit.,  child.* 

IM.'ichado,  .lose  llil.irid. ' 

Much.idd,  .l(is(''  l;.;,iaciii  .\iil.,  thild.* 

iMaehliea,  .In.st'.,  netllcf.' 

IMahifet,   |)oliiill'_'o,  <  'at.   Vol.' 

iMaliiiiiiado.  .Iii.'iii,  ( 'at.  vol.* 

Malleii,  .M.iiinel.  Cat.  Vol,' 

Maiiiii|iie,  Seliastidii,  niildier.' 

iMaiiriipicz,  J,iii.'4,  iioldiei'.'^ 

Miin/.'iim.  iMiLtiiel  .\.,  Cd.  vol. 

Marin,  Antniiiu.  Cat.  vol.' 

Ma.  in.'  ySal\-,itiei'i'a,.l.,arti!leiyiiiaii.' 

Miuinei',  .liian,  padre.'' 

Mario,  'roiM.'i.-i,  h^dldiei'.''' 

Mari|iliz,  i''i'niici-((o  Ilafael, 

Mai'i|licz,  .losi'',  .xnldii'i'. ' 

Alan'. in,  liaiail,  soldier,'' 

Marliarena,  .losi''  .Miimul,  padre 

M.irtin,  .liian,  padre. ' 

iM.'irtinez,  Lnin  Antonio,  ])adrc.* 

Martinez,  Pedro  .\ili'iaiio,  jiudre 

Maiiiiiez,  l.iii.s  Maria,  noldiur,^ 

i^iartinez,  'IVailiio,  wildier.''' 

Martinez,  l)ioiiisio,  Hervaut.' 


Idier, 


^Ill'tilKZ,   .)( 


M. 


Martinez,  .fiii'iii  l;o"icio,  soldier.' 
Martinez,  Noilierto,  child.''' 
Martinez,  Antonio,  soldier.' 
Maitinez,  Hartolonu''  M.'iteo,' 
Martinez,  (iremirio,  lU'tllleryiii.'in. ' 
Maitinez,  .losi'-.  Cut.  vol.' 
Martinez,  .Jiisi''  l.eoeadio,  settler.' 
Martinez,  .lo.sii  ^Fa.,  ncttler. ' 
Mai'tinez,  .Maiuud,  Cat.  Vol.* 
Mirtinez,  M,i.\inio.' 
Murtiiiez,  M:i\inio  lianioii,  < 
:\l:i-tinez,  J!eve.'<.' 
till 


hlld.' 


Medina,  tlo.si',  artilli'rynian. 
Miiia,.  I'edro.'' 

M(  Jia,  l'"r;uicisco  .liivicr,  sohHer.^ 
Mej.a,  .Juan,  soldier.-' 
M'.deeio,  .iiisi',  soldier.^ 
^lendoza,  M.'innel,  solilier.''' 
iMendo/'.a,  .li;s(''  di"  los  Jleyes,  child.* 
Mrn.lora.  Manuel,  ('at.  vol.' 
M  ■ndo.;;i.  Maii.'uio.  tiieni.'iijer.* 
M  udo,:a,  Mariano,  .Joiji',  weaver.* 


IMIAIUT.Wrs   or  CALlKOliNrA,   17(1(1  ISdO. 


::;!) 


^Ii'litlii;!),  Mi:;iii'l,  (':it.  vol.' 
MciIIIm;,  •Iiiiiii  Alliri'n.  hiililicr.' 
iMiMi'(nl(),  Mariaiii),  iiililliryniaii,* 

Mi'l'i'li),    I-Ol'flizc),  liaillr.  ' 

^i(^ill(|,  Ajnislin,  j.iiilir.' 
Mcsii,  Mc.l.iH  Mil..  cliiM.' 
Mcsii,  V'ali'tio,  Hiililiif.'' 
M<'xn,  |)(iloi(:n,  Mnlilii  r.'' 
.McHii,  I'Miaiio,  siiMii  r.'' 
Alt'HH,  .liiaii  Alildtiin,  fiililiri'.''' 
Mi'sc,  J.iiis  Ma.,  cliil.l.'' 
Mc«a,  .Idsi'  Aiitiiiiiii,  .sdldii  !■.• 
Mi'Niij  .Icisi'' .liiliaii  Aiiloiiiu,  cliilil.' 
Mfsii,  .liiaii  .liisi'',  Kl'\aiit.' 
Mi;.'llrl,  .luMi'',  Ji.iilic/' 
Miraii'la,  .liiaii  Ma.,  sdliliir.' 
Miraiiila,  .\li  jo,  Nolilirr.'' 
Miiamlii,  .Aiitiiiiio,  soldiiT.^ 
iMiiaiiila,  .Icisi'-  Alldiuio,  cliiM.^ 
Miiiimla,  AiKiliimi  ill,  rliilil.' 
Miiaiula,  .lu.si''  llilalii),  ndldici',^ 
Miiaihla,  .lii.«i'  .Mari.iiKt,  Cat.  vol.' 
.Miiamla,  .Idst^  Saiiliavo,  cliild.' 
jMiianda,  .Inaii  (,'ri;,ii.itr.iiid.  diild. ' 
Mi.anda,  Nici'iilo  .Manilrl,  liiild.' 
Mdjii'H,  .lose'-  M.'l.,  sciltlt'i'. ' 

Moji'a,  \'i^:l'nt(^  scttli  r.* 

.Mdlas,  .l.isr,  Cat.   Vcd.' 
Mi)lilia,  .lo;ir|Mili,  S(;U!rr.- 
Moliiia,  I'lidiii,  Holdii  T.- 
Miiiii('al,.Io.S('!  ..\iit(iliiii  Xiiiil.'is,  child.' 
.Mminiy,  .lose',  .soldier. ' 
.Moiil.-iloan.  Laiiii'iiiii",  .'■"'IdiiT.-' 
Molilalia,  Aiilniiio,  (A'd.  V'll.' 
.Moiibiiio,  .Antonio,  f-oldic  r/' 
Miilit'TO,  CcsaiTO  Alltoiii  1.  cliild.'' 
Montcro,  .Maiiinl,  soldi(  i . ' 
.Monteverdi^  l'"raiii  i>co,  arlilli  r\  iiiiiii. ' 
.Moiili.a],  .liiaii  .\ndiesi,  soliliei.'' 
Moraga,  Jo.se  ,l(i,ii|iiiii,  allVre/.- 
Moni,L,'a,  (Jaliriel,  si.Idier.'' 
iMora^'-a,  X'ieelile  .Iosi%  cliild.'' 
Moreno,  !•'.  S.,  .-oldii  r. ' 
.Moreno,  I-'elijii!  Saiitia'.'o,  smilli.' 
.Moreno,   l''e!ipe,  .•■ettler.'' 
Moreno,  .losi'-,  s"ttler.'' 
Moreno,  .(■.iiiii  Kraiici-^co,  eliild,' 
.Moreno,  .Maiuiil.  soldier.' 
Moiillo.  Josi'  .lilliaii.  Soldier. I 
iMoiiniari'H,  Luis,  Cat.  vol.' 
Mniioz,  Mannel,  nieeliaiiie.^ 
^^'.ly'u•te,i.'^li,  I'alilo,  |iiidre. ' 
Mnri^nia,  .Tosi''  .\iit.,  |iadre.' 
Murillo,  Loreto,  soldier. '- 
Murillo,  I'Vaiuiseo,  c'li'jicntci'.^ 
Minillo,  jMan.  mii'li.'' 
.Mr.iii.ito,  .lo.-i('',  C;il.  vol.' 
\avano.  Josi''  .Antonio,  settler.'"' 
X;;vai'ro,  .Id.-^i'  Clemen  to.  eliild.-' 
I^iivano,  .lo.ic  -Maria,  i;Iiild.^ 


Nieto,  .Fose  Mama  I,  Holdier,' 
Nieto,  .1111111  ■loM'  .Mil.,  child.'' 
iN'ielo,  .Manuel  I'ere/,  soldier.^ 

Nieto,  .los(''  Antonio  Ma.,  soldier. • 
Noriej^a,  .lo.si-  llainon,  rolilier. ' 
Xorie^.i,  .losi'  lliiiiniiiido,  soldier.' 
Nolioa,   I  lieiro.  [laclre." 
Nocedid,  .lo.si',  |iiidi'e.^ 
Oliayi',  .losi'.  Antonio,  soldier.''' 
<)e«'jj;iiera,   l''iiiistilio,  ( 'jit.  Vol.* 
( )elioa,  I'liiiiiiHco  .la  vier. ' 
Oelloa,   l''eli  jie,  sipldier.'' 
Cjeda,  (ial.riej.' 
Olivares.  .Ids.-  Mij,'nel,  .soldier.' 
Olivares,  .lo-:.'.  I''r,iiiei  .'d  11.,  child.''' 
Olivarc.-t,  iV'dro  .Mermdii'a,  child.' 
Oliviis,  .liniii  Matins,  soldier.'' 
Oliv.'is,  Cd.snie. ' 

OlivitS,  .lo.se    iier'cill.'ino,  cliiM.' 
OliviH,  .Ids.''  l,;i/aro  .\|,i.,  child.* 
Oliviis,  .Id.-.i'  Mcdlils,  child.' 
()li\a.s,  I'al.l.).  settler.' 
Oliver,!,  .lose-  I;.;nacio,  soldier.' 
Oli\'era,  .liiaii  Maria,  soldier.' 
Oiiv.'ia,  l^'/iiacio,  servant.' 
Oliv(^ra,  .Anlonio  l.riciis  Ma.,  child. - 
(Jlivcra,  l>ic;;o  Ant.  dn  la,  l.ii/.  child 
Olivera,  .lose'  J)e.siderio,  child.'' 
Olivfti'a,  .Fosi',  Holilier.'' 
Oliverii,  .lose  Leonardo  ^L,  child.'' 
OiivcM'a,  .lose  Ma.  .Matia.s,  cliild.^ 
Olivira,  .M.isinio  .lose,  child." 
()li\cia,  'I'diiii'is  .Anloiiio,  child.'' 
( )li  vera,  ili;_'inio,  soldier.* 


.losi^  Ant.  .'>i'ciiiidino,  chili 

L'osalina.Ma.,  child.' 
1 


Oliver,!. 

Olivcr.'i, 

( )livi'i'os,  Li'icas 

Olvera,  Dic'.'o,  serv.'iiit.''' 

Olvcr.i,  I'laiici.seo,  Hcivaiit.'' 

OiiliveroH,  .Jo.se  .Antonio,  soldier.' 

Oiitivinos,  I'Vanciseo,  soldier.'' 

Ontiveros,  .ivian  de  Dios,  sctUei'.' 

Oiitiveros,  .Inaii  .Ml.' 

Ontix'ei'os,  I'aeilico  .Fuan,  child.' 

Onlivei'dS,  ratrii'io,  soldier.' 

Or.inias,  ('ristohal,  jiadre.^ 

Olihe,  'J'oiiKis  (!.,  soldier.' 

Oid/.eo,  .losi''  .M'lnnel,  si  ivaiit.' 

Orliv^a,  .lose  i'Vaiiciseo,  ,-.,■  fj.'oant.' 

Orto;,'a.  ]).'iiaeio,  Holdii  r.'- 

(Jl'tc;_m,  .lose  Fiancisi  >,  .Ma.,  child. ^ 

Ortega,  .Tdse  Ma.,  soldier.-' 

(Jrtc'v'a,  .Inan,  soldier.'' 

l)rtef,'a,  .lii.in  Cap.  .\iit.  M.  If.,c!ii:< 

Oi'tr-u'a,  .lo.s,'.  Ma.  .Martin,  child.' 

Oi'te-a,  .li;an  «  'a|i  ,  child.'' 

Oi'tc'^'a,  Mi,'nel,  servant.'' 

Oi'te^ji,  I'Vanciseo. ' 

OrtcL'a,  .losi'  .Mi'_;iiel.  child.' 

Ortega,  .lose  t^iiintili  de  los  ,'^.,  chih 


^-Ji'l 


740 


INHABITANTS  OF  CALIFORNIA,  ITCO  IfiOO, 


Ortega,  .Tosr  Vii'i'tito,  soldier,* 

t)rt(';;ii,  Antonio,  cuiivict.' 

Ortcf.'a,  -Miitias.' 

Orlt-a,  Mi;;nc'l,  Cat.  vol.-' 

(Mtcl,  .luuii,  Cat.  vol.' 

()s(i]iirra,  Faii.'jtino,  .soldier.* 

O.vio,  .lose  Ma.,  Cat.  vol.'' 

Osorio,  Jo.si'-,  ai'tilloi'yn.au.* 

Oaonio,  IVdid,  eoiiviot.* 

Ofiiina,  Jiiaii  Isinciio.' 

Osiuia,  Juan  Luis,  soldier.' 

Osuua,  .MiLTiul,  tailor.^ 

O.siiiia,  .lo.sc^  .)oaf|\iiii,  soldier." 

Osiiiia,  .losi';  Ma.* 

OsiHia,  Jnaii  Nepoimieono,  ehild.* 

(Uoiido,  l'\li)ic,  fiottler.- 

J'a<'lieeo,  .lu.'.n  Salvio,  soldier."'' 

I'aclieco,  Ijartolonie  l;.'i,ario,  settler.^ 

j'.ieheeo,  ]!iifael,  con-,  iet.* 

Paelieeo,  Miu'iul,  .soldier.''' 

rai;!ieco,  Uartijlo,  soldier.'* 

I'aclu'ici,  I'raiiciseo,  Cat.  vol.* 

raclifi'o,  I'/iiae-'o,  ehild.^ 

I'adilla,  /nan,  soldier." 

J'a.lilla,  Jacinto,  Cat.  vol.'' 

I'a j.'M'rales,  settler.* 

I'alal'ox,  Jose,  Cat.  vol.' 

l'',".loinares,  Jos(5  Cristijlial,  soldier.* 

I'aloniai'e.s,  Joso  IJaniirex,  .soldier.^ 

Falon,  Fi'aiiciseo,  padre.' 


Teralta,  Fantaleon.  el,il,l.* 

IVrex,  J  nan,  eaiitain  of  vessel.' 

Terez,  Crisjiin,  soldiei'.- 

Tei-ez,  Jos':  l.','naeio,  soldier.'^ 

Perez,  Antonio  Irinieo,  el.i'd.* 

Perez,  Antonio  Ma.,  child.* 

Perez,  ]';stovan.* 

Perez,  J(jse  !Ma.,  .soldier.* 

I'erez,  .lose  ]\Ia. ,  convict. 

I'crez,  Juan  IJ.'iutista,  Cat.  vol.* 

Perez,  Lnis,  srjldier.* 

Perez,  Manuel,  Cat.  vol.* 

Perez  l''i'inanik'Z,  Jose'',  alfi'rez.* 

I'erez  do  la,  l''u(!nte,  Pedi'o,  settler.* 

Pericas,  Miixnel,  Cat.  vol.' 

I'ey.i,  Antonio,  ];adro.* 

Pico,  Santi.'iL'o  do  la  Cruz,  soldier.* 

I'ico,  Francisco  Javier,  .':i.'dicr." 

Pico,  J().so  Dolores,  t'oldic  r.''' 

Pico,  Jose  Jla.,  .soldier.'' 

Pico,  Jnan  ]'at]'icio,  child.' 

Pico,  .I()ai|iiin,  soldier.* 

Pico,  Jos;':  Antonio  ]!;''na;-do,  child,* 

Pico,  Jo5'.(5  >'icentc,  ehiid.* 

Tico,  ^Farian:,. * 


Pane 


.1 


os<',  pailre. 


I'.'irion,  Fernando,  pailre.' 
Paterna,  Antonio,  ]>adre.' 
I'arrilla,  Leon,  lieuti'nant.* 
Pati'on,  Antonio  Jos('.,  sohlier.'^ 
Parra,  Jusi',  soldier." 
Parra,  Jose,  chiM." 
Parra,  Josi'  Antonio,  settler." 
Pari-a,  .lose  .Mi'  uel  Saliino.  child." 
Patino,  Jose  N'ictoriano,  sohlier." 
I'aycras,  .^!aliano.  jia.lre.* 
IV'dra/a,  .Jose  Antonio,  settler." 
iVdro,Jo-.'AntonioMa.deS.T.,diil.l.''' 
l'((lr,),  Josi''  Friinciscude  ^^  'I'.,  chiki.''' 
Pedro  y  <-il,  Itafat'l,  titorekeener.''' 
I'ena,  I''rauci.-<'o  j\Ia.,  soldier.' 
I'cfia,  Jos>''  Antonio,  soldier.' 
I'l  na,  (  u'rardo.  .-oldier.'' 
i'eiia,  l.iiis,  sohlier.'' 
I'eiia,  I''nst:ii|Ui'>,  <'hild.' 
i'ena,  .lose,  arti'leryniau.* 
Pcna,  Teodoro,  Cat.  vol.* 
Pena  y  S:iravi.'i,  INmui'is,  padre.' 
PeULnics,  Miiruel  Sohi-evin,  (  at.  vol.' 
Per.'illa,  fialiriel,  soldier." 
i'eralla,  .Tuan  .lose,  Pol,",ier.* 
I'eralla,  Liiifi  Ma,,  poldier.'^ 
IV'ralta,  IVdro  lie.i^alado,  soldier." 
IVralia.  1 !( I'lnciieflildu  ]giKuio,cliiId.* 
Peralta,  .)u:<n.* 


I'ico,  Mi'. 


soldier.* 


I'ico,  I'alricio,  servant.* 

I'ieras,  Mi;.'U(.'l,  padre.' 

I'inii,  Juan  Jliixinio,  foldier." 

Pina,  Mariano,  servant." 

PiUa,  Pedr'.Pafacl,  child." 

Pinto,  Jui  "I  Mari.-i,  .snldiei-.'' 

Pinto,  I'aMo,  s.Jdiei'.- 

Pinto,  "Mcrcelo,  soldier." 

I'Iniu.'S,  C-eri'minio,  Cat.  a'oI.' 

Plenclo,  v'alentin.  Cat.  vol.' 

Plie,i,'o,  Jos('',  settler.* 

Palanco,  .lose,  sohlier." 

Pollorena,  Pi'dro.''' 

I'ollorena,  ,Iu;in,  child.* 

Po'lorena,  Pafacl  l]ni.'enio,  child.* 

Portella,  Francisco,  Cat.  vol.' 

I'ortohi,  (la'-par  do,  governor.' 

Preciado,  \'cnaneio,  .■^ervant." 

Prestanii  ro,  .luan,  )iadre.' 

Pncra,  .loai|uin,  servant.'^ 

Puyol,  Francisco,  jiadre.* 

I'rat,  Pedro,  surgeon.' 

Puig,  .luan,  sirgt.  <'at.  vol.' 

Qtlcsada,  M   nnel,  soldier.* 

Quesaila,  Maiuu'l,  Cat.  vol.* 

QuiJ.'ida,  Ignacio  Ma.,  child." 

Quij.'ida,  \icente,  soh'''  r." 

Qnljada,  .lose  Xaz.'iri  . '  elaT.,  child.' 

Quij.'ula,  Jose  Loren  ,o,  child.* 

Quijada,  Simon,  ei-,id,' 

r,)uintcro,  Z-ais,  se^l'er." 

Quinti'ro,  Cleuiente, ' 

(,hiiiitero,  Teodo-  io.* 

Quinto,  Siniun  Tadco.* 


IXHABITAXTS  OF  CALIFOI^XIA,  1700-1S> 


100. 


ia,« 


j<a<]r 


Jlamiir.-,  Frnnci:Hcn,  ."-•oldu.,.  2 
luaunr/,  JKTnarilo,  »ol,Ucr> 
i;;.>m.v,:,Jo.OAntoi,i„,  carpenter.* 

Kamo.-i,  ,JuH(5,  t;iiiitli.a 

Ramus,  ,Jol^(',  crmvict  * 

Kamos   I'aljlo  Antonio.  diiUl  3 

K-'^ia,  Loi-oiixo,  tsailor.- 
itov,  (M.-iolMl,  (.'at.  vol.* 
>iey,  JostS  (lat.  vol.-i 
licy,  .Jiiaii  (111,  soldier.* 
lioye.i,  Juan  l-Vanci.-co.i 
IJcycd,  xMartin,  .soldier. • 
Iicyos,  Fraiitisco,  s.^ttlcr.' 
Ituyts,  Jo.so  Jauinto,  chiid.J 
J. eyes,  Ju..ic,  conviut.* 
LVyc.s,  Jo.si?,  saddler.* 
iieycs,  MLNinio.lnlian,  clijld  ♦ 
Alio,  1  rancisco  dul.-' 
liioljoo,  .)i:an  Antonio  (;,,.•  •i,i 
Ivios,  Fcliciano,  .':oldi(i'  ^ 
liios,  Julian,  i.oliii.jr.- 
liios,  C'lyctano,  cliild  " 

p!v^;^H™^^"'iO"i«-f'>an,,.l,i!d.* 
la\era,  'iadoo,  .soldier.^ 
i.ivc'i-a,  .J.,a.juia,  stone-cutter.* 
J.ive.a,  Salvador,  .stono-entter  * 

i.iye]ay.A!„„eada,  Fernando,  cantain.i 
J'-ol.erlo,  JiiBto,  soldier" 
l;obei-to,  :.ratias,  ehild.''' 
J.o  .-s,  ,li,;,ii  Jos6,  soldior.i 
l.olxes,  Manuel  :ja.,  soldier. 2 
Ito.iics,  Joso  Antonio,  .settler  « 

Koca,  (arlosl'edro.lose,  dul.I.* 

ijOrn,  Joso,  seiYjcant  artilhrvn.an.* 
Loeha,JnanKstevan,  soIdieV.' 
Koeia,  r..,,ciio,  f^uttJor.* 
l.oein,  r'.iiMaio,  convict.* 
lioclia,  .Tosi'',  <'at.  vol.^ 
lf'>eh:',  Juan  Jose  Lor.,  rliild  * 
J    :elini,  I-naeio,  sc.ldirr.^' 
ito(  iipK/,  .Manui.'I,  cari.cider  ' 
liOdri;:iicz,  Jos('',  ser\-aut.'-' 
Jvodri;.iicz,  I'al.lo,  .settK  >■  - 
Kodr!.,uez,  Vieeute,  soldier-' 
Kodn,:,H,z,  Alejo  Maxiu,,,,  .-hi],]  a 
Ko(  11,-u^.z,  InoceneioJos,-.,  cldl.P' 
l.f)dii:.;ue/,  .[oa.|iiin,  soldier  " 


711 


Rodri-uez.  Juan  Franeisco,  e'  ild  ' 

Wnguc.,  J.,a,!oWos,  cluhL'' 
i.odri-uc-,  .Alanucl,  cadet.* 
i;odri-uez,  J'atias,  servant  * 
|;^->nian.  J.scJoa.juin,  .';etUer  * 
j;":.Kr..,  .\nfo,„i,;,  .savant.^ 
i|^-n).;,,,  Folij.o,  tuiilh.-'' 

ix'in.ro,  AnstlnioJos-,  r-nacio,  cliil 
J;oni.ro,  ao,6  1>on,inyo,  chilu.^ 
J-.oncro,  J„.sO  K.Ht^vaii,  r.oldicr^ 

Lon,ero,.JnsCMa.  ]JaGilioF.,;.hi]d 
lioniero,  Juan  .MaWa,  ciald  » 
jvoniero,  I'cdro,  soldier.^ 
l^oniero,  JosO  Ant.  J'stevan,  ,.ld!d  ' 
Ju.inero,  Jos.' (Ji-^orio.  <'Iild  ' 

-joinero,  Jose-  .'Ian.  .Sccnn.lino,ehil. 
|""nci-c.  luaniMa..  soldi.T  » 
J.oniero,  Lnis,  soldier.* 
^    Jjonjcro,  liafael.  Cat.  vol.* 
i.o.sa|es,  IJrrnardo,  muleteer.' 
l.o.sales,  C.^riK-lio,  child. - 

l.'«aes,  Jos(^rornc]i,,,  sol.licr.* 
i^osalio,  I.urrenio,  soldier. :i 
Ivosas,  Jnan  J-'stc'van.^' 
IJiMis,  ,',1.  jo,  setiier.'' 

j;<'oas,  ]?;dtasar  Juan  JoS(^,  child.3 
l;Osas,  ]]r.sdlo,  set;lii'.3 
l'o.sas,  (Virlos,  sol.acr.^ 
Itosas,  Jos,'.  A!ej,-m<lro.  scttlu-.^ 
itosas,  Jose  Ma.'amo,  .'leftlcr.s 
l>osas,  Joh;  .MiLximo,  child.-'* 
l^iwas,  (Jil  Antonio,  child.* 
Itosas,  Jos,-.  Dario,  settler.* 
i>o.-(a.s,  Jf)S(r',  convict.* 

L'osas,  Jose  Antonio,  child.* 

i.osas,  Jos('.  Auconio,  .soldier  * 

Jjosas,  Jose  ..\ntonio  Doroteo,  eiiil.l.' 

ivosas,  r.eon  .^iaria,  cliild.* 

liosa.s,  Luis  Maria,  child.* 

Ijnbio,  Atcensio  .Ahan./,' 

lIuMo,  ]5ernardo.' 

Itul.io,  Jose  CVnhw.' 


hii 


cr. 


i;odn;^.ue/,  .Jos,-.  Antonio,  sol,!icr  ■' 
l;o(  ri.;n<.z,  .Jos^:.  F,.,,,,.  Ant.  L.,  cldld.a 


l!odrii;ucz,  J(jst'^  J 


,'naeio,  soMi( 


Itodri.ruc/,  Jos(5  do  Jesus  f.,  child  ■' 
ixodii;,iiez,  Jos,'.  Leon,  clnhl.^ 
lvodri,nuv,  .;os,:..Ma.,ehil.l.3 
Ko(  ri,:;uez,  .Sehaslian,  cliil.l.^ 
Jiodri-uez,  Alejandro,  eiiil.l  * 
-vo.  ri;ruez,  Feh'po  Antonio,  child  * 
Iv'x  ii-ucz,  J.MedelCarnun  ,'^..  ,.hild  * 
Lodri-uez,  Josi',  ]iri-ido,  chihl  * 
lvo,h-iyuez,  Juan,  eluM.* 


Kuhio,  .Iuan.\ntonio  s 
Iii:''io,  CdrloH,  sol,Ii(.r  ^ 
i;"l'io,  Fran.  Jlanion  do  la  L. 
L:diio,  Mateo,  soMicr.-'' 
Itul'io,  J,)::,'.  Antonif).  chiM  * 
J.'n  HO,  J,uis  Ma.,  ihil,!.* 
i;n  .],.    Kafael  Felipe,  cln'hl.* 
J.'i  .lol.  Francisco,  C-,;.  yol.i 
Ifniii.  ^larinno,  padre  " 
Jjuejia.  I'cdr... 
I.'n,  :;iM,  F.Tuaiido,  sol'lier.' 
Inielas,  Francisco,  s.iMii.r." 
Jvnc.iis,  \'enaneio.  Cat.  vol.* 
It'ii/,  .'\ntouio  N'icente.' 
]|niz,  .\Iejan,Jro,  soMier.' 
Ur.iz.  .Juan  Ma.,  soldn'r"' 
i;<iiz,  Die/o  .Ma...  sohjier.'' 
Ituiz,  1  raaci.ico  Ma.,  soldier.^ 


cliil 


742 


IXIIALITAXTS  or  CALiFOItXIA,   ITGO-ISOO. 


]'.;iiz,  r.ii^vnio,  .sol.lii-r.^ 

Li'.i:':,  Fruc'tiioso  Ma.,  soldifr." 

].i:i;;,  .)u;iii  I 'uiho  Jacinto,  cliikl.-' 

]'kV.v/.,  Xervii  I'odfo.^ 

i;ni>:,  IV'ilro  Jovo.^ 

];ni;c,  j;sti''van,  loiikloyor.* 

liui/.,  It;iiacio,  soldier.* 

];i!iz,  .Io.su  lliliiriii,  child.'' 

lliiiz,  JofiL'  .]n;njuin,  child.'' 

luiiz,  ^Mamul,  iiicchauic.'' 

Ihiix,  Saiilia,L;o,  lii.'isoii.' 

l!iiiz,  Toi'ihio,  inuson.' 

i^acK,  X':i/;ario,  .settler.^ 

i~at'z,  Justo,  soldier.'' 

Niicz,  .Juan,  ^i(^Ulw.'' 

Suez,  }*iigncl.'' 

I'Vcn;;,  ]i.iiacio,  convict.* 

^^::  jo,  Jose,  Foldior.^ 

i^.il,  liornicnc  ;,'ildo,  soldier.' 

Sal,  I'Tiiacio  1  r.aicir^co,  ciiikl.'' 

.*''a!,  l.)oiiiin'j:o,  chilli.* 

Sill,  Mclitou,  child.' 

Sahi/ar,  Ahmso  Isidro,  padro.'' 

Salazar,  l)(.roico  do  la  Jlnz,  child.'' 

Salaziir,  l^jvilco,  wildicr.'' 

Salazar,  Jcm-  hereto,  soldier.' 

Sa.hizar,  Jcau  Juhc,  child." 

Salazar,  Sli.ucl,  KoMicr.' 

Sabs,  Francisco,  Cat.  vol.'' 

Sah'.zar,  Jose  "Marcos,  sc^cilcr.* 

Saliizar,  J'os.',  convict.' 

Salazar,  Mi.Liu  I.  soldier.' 

Sauumiego,  .lo'-e  Ma,  (id,  so'ditv.^ 

Saniaaie;j;o,  I'ahloAnt.Xcnicsio,  child.' 

Sanianicgo,  'l'ii>nr(  io  Antonio,  child.' 

Samanieyo,  .lo-c  di  1  (Airmen,  chiid.* 

Sanchez,  Fi':nicisco  Mi  ;uel,  padre' 

Sanchez,  Joaquin.  scr\ant.- 

Sanchcz,  Jc.^i''  Anonio,  .soldier. - 

Sanchez,  Juan,  sailoi'.- 

Sanclicz,  Franci.sco,  soldier.''' 

Si.nchcz,  Jo^^c  Tadco,  sohlicr.' 

Sanchez,  Josi?  Sojiundo,  .soldier.' 

Sanchez,  Jose  Antonio,  chiid. ' 

Sanchez,  Jiian,  Roldic!'. ' 

SauduiZ,  Juan  Ma.,  child.' 

Sanchez,  \'icente.' 

Sanchez,  \'icejitt!  Anastasio.  child, ' 

^aIl}rrallor,  .Mi.rucl,  tanner.' 

f-anilov.'d,  ^\ntonio,  serv:;nt.-' 

Sisndovjil,  (iriiorio  .\nti>nio,  .soldier.' 

."■'aiiia  Ana,  Ji  ;  <'■  Francisco,  child.' 

.'•-.aita  Catarin.'!  y  Xoricj.'a,  ?*1.,  i).'iilrc.- 

'  anta  ^laria,  Vicente,  padre.'"' 

;  M'.iia^o,  Juan  .lose  M.,  padre.' 

I'arniiento,  i''ranci.sco.  Cat.  vol.' 

i^'iirco.  Jos.' Joaquin,  artillery  man.' 

iSo'.'uiido,  An^ol,  Mcttler.' 

^•cyllrll,  (In.^c  rio,  smith.' 

fcjciitui,  Jose  FlaUcibCo  de  1'.,  padre' 


Scpulveda,  li'afaci,  soldici'.' 

Sepiilvcda.,  Juan  Jose,  .soldier.^ 

Scpulveda,  I'n.ncisco  Javier,  soldier  ' 

Scpulveda,  F.mi([Ui'.' 

Scpulveda,  I'rancisco  Javier,  cliihl.* 

Scpulveda,  Jose  Dolores,  clald.' 

Se]>\ilvcda,  Jose  llnriquo  A.,  child.* 

Si  piilvecla,  Jose  de  )os  Dolores,  child.' 

Scpulveila,  raliicio.' 

Si'iailveda,  Sebastian,  soldier.* 

Scrra,  Juniviero,  padre.' 

Serrano,  Fianciscfi,  soldier.' 

Serrano,  Fciiidro  Jose,  child.' 

Serrano,  Jose  Maria,  Cat.  vol.* 

Servin.  Josi'-  Lsidro,  Cat.  vol.* 

Sierra,  Lenito,  iiadre.''' 

Silva,  Joso,  setllel'.''' 

Silva,  Ililario  Leon  Jose,  child.' 

Silva,  Jose  Manuel,  servant. '•' 

Silva,  Jose  Miuuel,  soldii'r.'^ 

Silva.  .luan  do  Dios  J.  S.,  child.' 

Silva,  liatacl,  chihl.' 

Siiva,  Hilario  Leon  Jose,  child.* 

Silva.  Josi'  do  lo.s  Sisntos,  child.* 

Silva,  .j.ise  iMa.,  chil<l.' 

Silva,  .lose'  Manuel  \'ictor,  child.* 

Silva,  Teoiloro.* 

Sinova,  Jose,  soldier.' 

Sinova,  Jose  Francisco,  servant.' 

Sitjar,  riuenaveutur,'!,  padre' 

Sola,  I'ausliuo,  padi'c.' 

Solierani-.s,  Jost':  Ma.,  sohlier.' 

Solrcraues,  A,!^ustin,  ficrvjiut.' 

SoheraiH'S,  Jose  ]Ma..  soldier.' 

S'olcr,  Juan,  store-keeper.' 

Soler,  Xicolas,  captain.' 

Soler,  I'alilo,  suryeon.* 

Solis,  j\li  jandro,  soldier.' 

Sok'irz.nno,  Francisco,  soldier.* 

Sok'irzano,  Juan,  soldier.* 

Solorzano,  Juan  jNIatco,  child.* 

Solorzano,  Fio  Antonio,  child.* 

Somern,  Jose  Antonio  F.,  padre.' 

Soino,  Jo:;.e  Xolasco,  settler.* 

Sordc,  Josi',  Cut.  vol.' 

Sotclo,  Francisco  Antonio,  soldier.* 

Soti'lo,  J(>sc  Antonio,  soldier. '- 

i*-'otclo,  JoR('  Calirii'l,  child.' 

Sotclo,  Jose  Ma.,  chihl.' 

Sot(  lo,  Jose  Antonio,  child.* 

Sotclo,  .lose  Ma.  Tihnicio,  child.* 

Soldo,  l!amon,  soldier.' 

Solo,  .Mateo  J;.'nacio.' 

Soto,  Alejandro,  soldier.' 

Soto,  1  )aniMSo,  child.' 

Soto.  l''ianiiseo  .lose  Dolores,  child.' 

Soto,  l'"ranei.seo  Ma.,  child. - 

Soto,  iL'uacio.  soldier.' 

Soto.  lsidro.  child.' 

Soio,  Fiaiici;jco  Fe.xis,  soldier.' 


I>;iIALITAXTS  OF  CaiFOrXIA,  ITGO-UCO. 


713 


Potn,  (niilliTino,  soMicr.^ 

iSoV!>,  Ivu.-iciu  J.ivioi'.'' 

(Soto,  .li)«0  •li.ui'iiiiii,  clijlil.^ 

Soto,  Jliiriano,  .scivjiiit.^ 

Soto,  Aiiroiiio,  settler.* 

Siito,  .Joji'i  ^Jil.  xVnt.,  cliiiil.* 

Soto,  Ji;;iii. ' 

Soto,  ^fiLTuil,  soMii;!'. * 

Sofi»,  l!;iM.'l.' 

Soto,  Tiiiiias. ' 

Sotoiiiayof,  Alcjaiiilro,  soldier.' 

Sotoiusiyor,  .]i)si''  ( 'lisiiKoiu). 

Sotoiiiiiyor,  .Jo.sc  l)orott'o. 

Stiai'c;':,  Simon,  liciiti'iiaiit. * 

'Ja'ai)ia:it(-i,  .solilior.'* 

'l'a]ii.i,  Fclipi'  Saiitia'.;ii.  Mojilirr.  ' 

'J"a])ia,  r.artoloiU(',  .si  i  \aiit.'' 

'Japia.  t'l'i.stolial.'' 

I'apia.  Jorsu  IJartolo,  .settler.'' 

IV.iia,  .Joso  Friiiicisco.  .-loi.lit  r.'' 

Tapia,  Francisco,  .soldier.* 

'J  ajiia,  Jooi'  Antonio,  cliiUl.* 

'Jaiiia,  .Mariano,  ])ottcr. ' 

lapinto,  iN.ariano,  tailor.' 

'Jajii.s,  Fsti'vaii,  iiache.'' 

'icjo,  Jvruii.io  i\]itoiiio.  Cat.  vol.'' 

'i  ito,  .Icse  .li.aijnin,  sa r;.iant  Cat.  vol. 

Tic('),  Fein,  .lo.se  .Ma.  lj.;n.  M.,  cliild. ' 

Tohai-,  Alliino,  setiler.' 

I'oea,  .Iij:>i5  I^iamiel,  ti'u<lier.' 

'ioral,  Jo  a;  I'crez,  cadet.' 

1'orres,  Victoriano,  ijCLtler.^ 

I'orre.s,  Xarci.-^o.  Cat.  vol.' 

lorris,  XiiiiLif-.' 

Torrcns,  laiario,  padrc.^ 

'l'ra>\  iiia.s,  Antonio,  .^(/idicr.' 

TnijiUo.  .I...-/',  Cat.  v.,1.' 

Uiloa,  J<i>e  t  antos,  f-initli." 

I'rihcs,  J,i>.;iiel,  seitler.' 

Ur.'^ctino,  J (.-!',  car];(nter.^ 

Uria,  Jo.-^e  Antonio,  )  adn  .' 

I'.'ison,  lianion,  )>;  ilro.' 

Valdcrrauia,  Jose  (.'ornoUo,  wuttkr. ' 

Valdea,  Ji:an  F.aP.li.sta,  soldier.'' 

N'alde.'j,  Antonio  Alliino,  <  Idld.'' 

Aald.H,  AiiionioMa.  de;-^ta.^I.,  thild. 

^  iiUles,  l.iij.enio,  holdier." 

Vuldi's,  Jiisr  l,-a;ii]io,  cidld.-' 

Valdts,  Jose  Loreji/.o,  .scr\i'.iit  •' 

^'!l!des,  Jo.'jt-  Mele.'-io,  .soldier.'' 

\ 

^ 

Valdi'i,  Creel  neio.' 
Vi.ldei,  I  raneiseo.  Cat 
\'.'.Mc  .1,  Creyorio. ' 


\'iiieiiyni'!a. 
\'alenzriela, 
A":  len;:nela, 
\'ali:n/nela, 
Valenxnela. 


Id*  .s,  J;. an  Mcle-io,  soMier.' 
i!<a  i,  Liu  iano  Josii'',  eldld.'' 
ilde.s,  >.ii.\inio.'Jon»iis,  cidld.' 
ddeK,  Anuinio.' 


.1. 


\'aUliei,i.  Ji :t.e  Manuel,  soldier,^ 
Vtdeiuia,  I  raiiciaco,  soldi-jr." 


A'aloncia,  I;  naeio.' 
V'aleneia,  J  nan  Iimaeio,  ^-oldier.^ 
A'aleneia,  .Juan  \'ieen;e  I'lis,,  eiiild.^ 
Valencia,  Manuel,  sillier.-' 
Valencia,  Mi.i,'ucl  Antonio,  child.''' 
Valencia,  Jo.-e  Antonio,  child.' 
Valencia,  Jose  Manud,  cldld.' 
Valen;;i!ela,  Aiin.stin.  soldier.'^ 
Viilcii/.iula,  Jose  Julian,  ihild.'' 
Va'.enzuela,  Ih-tael,  .s.ldiel'.'^ 
ViJenxuela,  An;_'e!.  si/idier.-" 
"S'alenzuela,  Antonio  Ma.,  child. '^ 
Valenzuela,  Caspar  Jose,  cliiid.^ 
Valcnzucla,  .Josf.^ 

Valenzuela,  Jose  Antonio  Ma.,  child.* 
Valenzuela,  Jose  Manuel,  soldier.'' 
Valenzuela.  Antonio  de(jr.,  cluld.' 
V:)leii;:n<!a,  .luaiiuiu,  I'hild.' 
Valeii/uela,  Jose  Antonio  Ma.,  child.* 
Vtilenzutla,  Jose  Candelario,  eluid.' 
Valenzuela,  Jose  lunacio. ' 
Valen/.iiela,  Jo:  0  lialael,  child.' 
Valenzuela,  Juan,  .sohlicr. ' 
^'alenzu(la,  Juan  Anuel,  child.' 
Juan  Ma.,  child.' 
.M;i\inio.' 
I'edro,  .soldier.' 
Siuieoti  ^l;''.\iluo,  child.' 
Vicente,  soldier.' 
^'aien/lK!a,  \  innte  Antonio,  child.' 
V;  li  nznehi,  Jose  Ma.,  child. ^ 
^'alenzueIa.  Jos.>  Matla,^'.  child.'' 
Vahnznehi,  Jose  .Mi; ml,  chiKl.^ 
Vtih  nzuila,  Jom''  i'eilro,  soldier.^ 
Valenzuela.  .losi';  Jianion.  <  hiid.^ 
Valenzuela,  .'•e^^nndo,  inldicr.^ 
Valero,  liriiaeio.  sohliir.'  , 
N'alle'io,  ] /n.  \iei  ido  Fi  rrcr,  soldier.' 
Vi'llejii,  ,luan  Jo.e,  soldier.- 
Aallejo,  J<,.se  <le  Jesu.s,  child.' 
\  anc.ua.s,  ( 'o.-;ine.* 
A  arelas,  Casiniiro.  pettier.'' 
\  rreias,  Juan,  child.'' 
\  arelas,  .Iom'  Cayetano,  child.'' 
Varclas.  Jusi;  Manuel,  lidld,' 
A'arc  las,  .luan,  suldier. ' 
\  arii.'i.s.  Ma  mil  1.  s»  r;;eant.''' 
Aa/i;uez,  (  Ul  Auasiasio,  soldier.'' 
\  azipie;:,  Jo  .'■  l''ianeisco,  child.'' 
\'a;:'|Ue/,  Jiam  Atanasio,  .soldier." 
^"aziiuez,  Juan  Mlverio,  child.''' 
A'azi|Uez,  .FoKi''  'Jilmreio.  settler. '^ 
\  azi(iu.!',  Antonio,  sohlier. ' 
N'azoue.;,  Josi',  convict.' 
\uzi|nez,  I'aus'iiiKi. * 
Vazipie/,  Feiipe.' 
ViZ(|Uez,  Fi  lix.' 
Va/quez,  ]  lemirneiildo.* 
Vuziiuez,  .lose  Antnuio  FiJiln,  ihiM.' 
\  azijuez,  Joe  Tiuiolco,  tjclller. ' 


744 


IXIIABITAXTS  OF  CALIFORXIA,  17;:;)  If.OO. 


azi'.irz,  .Ti:lii)  M;i,,  chilil. ' 

a,  Josi'i  Ahiiiiicl,  Ciit.  vol.* 
(',ua«,  il.iliiis,  iioldiur." 
(jar,  I'alilo,  carjifiitor.'' 
(■■jar,  Salv.,  (.■ar[)(]itfcr.' 

lardo,  .Josi!  .Jacolw,  solilior.^ 
clardu,  Jos(:  Ma.,  boUlii;r.^ 
(.•lardo,  A;.;iisilu.' 
olarde,  Joni  Laciaiuj.' 
(■ij,vrano,  ,l(is(5  IMa. ,  innlctcor.' 
(■la.s(.'(j,  I'friir.iido,  Holdicr.-' 
clasuo,  Jo;  i;  liiiiauio  iiatco,  t'Lild.-' 

'h/.quv/.,  .Ill:  t'.' 
(•laZ(^iu'Z,  .)(;;,;(';  Ma.,  o'>ii\i(.-t.'' 
ck'Z,  .1(18(5  iMii;iRl,  soitlor.- 
flis,  Josi',  (.'at.  vfil.* 


crdiii^i),  .loa(|ni!i. 

urdiiiio,  .)(i:;(j  i\la.,  si'ldier.' 

fi'(lil;_;(),  I'lancisco  Ma.  do  la  C'riiz.' 

ordiii;o,  Mariano  ilu  la  Liv/.,  yoldicr.^ 

erdiiyo,  Florciicio,  .soldii'r.^ 

crdugo,  l-iiacio  Leonardo  Ma.^ 

uriliigo,  .liaii  nii'Ljo,  suldicr.^ 

c^rdiigo,  Juan  Ma.,  .soldier.^ 

(.■rdiigo,  l^coli.irdo,  .soldici'.^ 

crdiiyo,  !Maiuicd  Josi'',  cluld.' 

urdilgo,  An.scliiio  Jo.si'',  child.' 

crdiigo,  Jor,([r.in.  * 

t'i'du^;o,  .i(i;;(''  Frauci'Aco,  cldld.  * 

(.'rdiiii'o,  .Jiiaii  AndrO.s  i  'olorcs,  (  liild.' 

crdiiyo,  J.'.lii)  Antonio  .losC',  child.'' 

crduL^o,  .Mv'.iton  .loso. ' 

orduzco,  Aiiasta:uo  Javier.' 

iadi'r,  .Iom',  jvidre.' 

ictoriano,  soldic.!'.' 

ila,  \'icL)itt',  captain  of  ves.sel.' 

ilia,  .r(«',  Kvtkr.^ 

ilia,  \'ii'(n'u-  I'trro',  child. ^ 

ilia,  Klentcrio.* 


^'il!•l,  .Toi'c'  Antonio  Doroton,  (  hjld. ' 
Villa,  J()S(5  Fr.UR'isco  Antonio,  vi.ny 
^'illa.,  I'asciial,  .soKlicr.'' 
Villa,  liafacL' 
Villaiha,  Onofro,  Cat.  vol.'' 
Vil!a:;dni(.>/.,  FraiK'isijo,  soldier.' 
\'illal(iho»,  .lose,  fiohlicr." 
Villaloljos,  Jos(3Ma.,  child.* 
Villascfior,  Jo.sc"',  ai  tillcrv  nuin.* 
\'ill.i\  icciicio,  ilai'acl,  .snldici'.' 
\'ill.-u  iccncio,  .FosiJ  .Xntouio,  child. - 
\'i'i]aviccnci(,),  Antonio,  (•ctilcr.'' 
\'illavic' ucio,  Fc  Ii.\,  Hctlh.i'.' 
\'illaviccncio,  I'ascu.al,  settler.* 
Villa.vic(  ncio,  .]v>-i'',  soldier.* 
\'illarino,  F('lix  Antonio,  settlor.' 
\'illcla,  .Tu;m  Manuel,  soldier.'' 


Villola,  Marcos,  ,':ol(lier.* 
Vinals,  .)o.,i'',  ];a(li-o.* 
Virjan,  JJanuel,  niulctoor.^ 


Vi; 


eaino,  .luan,  jiaMre. ' 


Vizcarra,  ,\n.<r,  soldier.* 

Vorha,  Antonio,  (.'at.  vol.' 

Yorl);i,  Fi'a.ncisco  Javier,  soldier. 

'^'oi'lia,  .)(.s(''  Antonio.' 

Yorlia,  .1(  S(''  i)oniingo,  child.* 

Yorh.i,  'J'oucis.^ 

Zamlirano,  Xieolas,  soldier.' 


Z: 


.''.ayas,  .los(>  Salvadol',  soldier.' 
Ziini;;a,  i'ldio  !>.,  child. - 
ZLnii;.;a,  J.'io  (^)uinto,  soldiei-.^ 
.)(is(',  li(. ■ut(  nant.^ 
.lo:;(''  .\ii'olHo,  child.' 
J(>:i>' VaK'nlia  (J.,  child.' 
8,  ra|ii.)  Ma.,  child." 
( Inillornio  A.,  e'lild.* 
.loL-(''  Manuel,  child.* 
A'entr.ra.* 


Zuuiua, 
Znrn;.,a, 
Zafli'.'a, 
Ztiid^a, 
Zufii;.a, 
Zurii,.a, 
ZuiUL'a, 


.11,1.' 


